1ac Borders - DDI 2015 KQ.docx

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1AC Borders



Contention 1: HarmsBorder surveillance produces a site of perpetual warfare

Miller 13 (Todd, has researched and written about US-Mexican border

issues for more than 10 years. He has worked on both sides of the border for

order!inks in Tucson, "ri#ona, and $itness for %eace in &axaca, Mexico. Henow writes on border and immi'ration issues for ")!" *e+ort on the"mericas and its bo' order $ars, amon' other +aces, Sureiance Sur'eon the order/ How to Turn the US-Mexican order into a $ar one, Truth&ut, 2-11-13, htt+/44www.truth-out.or'4news4item412513-sureiance-sur'e-on-the-border-how-to-turn-the-us-mexican-border-into-a-war-#one644M7

The 8rst thin' 9 did at the order Security :x+o in %hoenix this March was cimb the brown ex+osion-resistant tower, 30 feet hi'h and 10 feet wide, directy in the center of the s+acious room that hods this

annua trade show. ;rom a +atform where , assumedy, a border 'uard woud stand,you coud take in the consteation of sma booths o<erin' the sureianceindustry=s 8nest +roducts , incudin' a sta''erin' mutitude of ways to

monitor, chase, ca+ture, or een ki +eo+e, thanks to modernistic arrays ofcameras and sensors, u+-armored >ee+s, the atest in 'uns, and eensureiance baoons. "thou'h at the time, headines in the Southwest em+hasi#ed +otentia cuts

to future border-security bud'ets thanks to )on'ress=s se?uester, the ast %hoenix )onention )enterha -- where the defense and security industries strut their stu< for aw enforcement and the @e+artmentof Homeand Security (@HS6 -- tod ?uite a di<erent story. )eary, the ex+andin' 'oba industry of bordersecurity wasn=t about to 'o anywhere. 9t was as if the miin' crowds of business +eo+e, 'oernmentoAcias, and order %atro a'ents sensed that they were about to be truy in the money thanks toimmi'ration reform, no matter what ersion of it did or didn=t +ass )on'ress. "nd it ooks ike they wereabsoutey ri'ht. " around me in that tower were +oster-si#ed 8ery +hotos demonstratin' ways it coud

he+ thwart massie attacks and 8reba-stye ex+osions. " border ike the one >ust oer 100mies away between the United States and Mexico, it seemed to say, was not somuch a +ace that diided +eo+e in situations of un+recedented 'oba

ine?uaity, but a site of constant war-ike dan'er. eow me were booths as far as theeye coud see surrounded by @isneyes?ue fake desert shrubbery, barbed wire, sand ba's, and desertcamouBa'e. Throw in the +roducts on dis+ay and you coud amost beiee that you were wanderin'throu'h a miitari#ed border #one with a Hoywood Bair. To an awed +otentia customer, a saesman in asuit and tie demonstrated a mini-drone that 8ts in your hand ike a ;risbee. 9t seemed to catch thetechnoo'ica fetishism that makes :x+o the extraa'an#a it is. !ater 9 asked him what such a drone woudbe used for. To see what=s oer the next hi, he re+ied. Unti you isit the yeary :x+o, it=s easy enou'h

to for'et that the U.S. borderands are today 'round #ero for the rise, 'rowth, ands+read of a domestic sureiance state. &n 7une C2th, the Senate +assed the orderSecurity, :conomic &++ortunity, and 9mmi'ration Moderni#ation "ct . "on'with the caim that it o<ers a +ath to citi#enshi+ to miions of the undocumented iin' in the United States

(with many strin'ent re?uirements6, in its more than 1,000 +a'es it +romises to buid thear'est border-+oicin' and sureiance a++aratus eer seen in the United

States. The resut, Senator 7ohn Mc)ain +roudy said, wi be the most miitari#edborder since the fa of the erin $a. This border sur'e, a +hrase coined by

Senator )huck Schumer, is aso a sureiance sur'e. The Senate bi +roides for thehirin' of amost 1D,000 new order %atro a'ents, the buidin' of 200additiona mies of was, fences, and barriers, and an inestment of biions of doars in the atest sureiance technoo'ies, incudin' drones. 9n this, thebi ony continues in a +ost-D411 tradition in which our southern diide hasbecome an on-the-'round aboratory for the deeo+ment of a sureiance



state whose mission is aready moin' we beond those borderands. )ain'this immi'ration reform is ike cain' the ationa S ecurity " 'ency=sex+andin' 'oba sureiance system a domestic teecommunicationsu+'rade. 9t=s reay a about the country that the United States is becomin'-- one of the +oice and the +oiced . ut whateer ha++ens, it=s time to sto+

thinkin' of a this as immi'ration reform. 9t re+resents what may be themost intense concentration of the sureiance state in a sin'e ocation eerwitnessed -- a +ace where the )onstitution has an asterisk, which means thatanythin' 'oes and dysto+ian words of a sorts can be inented. The !os "n'ees

Times has written that, if +assed, the bi woud aso be a boost to defense contractors and an economicstimuus for border communities, creatin' thousands of >obs that coud raise home +rices and s+urconsumer s+endin' around border security stations. 9t sounds ike Eeynesian economics, but of a whoedi<erent sort. 9n a word where basic serices are bein' cut, an emer'in' +oicin' a++aratus in theborderands is Bourishin'. "s Mattea Eramer and )hris Heman re+orted at Tom@is+atch in ;ebruary, sinceSe+tember 11, C001, the United States has s+ent F2D1 biion on homeand security aone, an inBation-

ad>usted F300 biion more than the cost of the entire ew @ea. 9n those borderands, we areseein' the birth of a miitary-industria-immi'ration com+ex. 9t seemsdestined to sha+e our future.

Militarized surveillance leads to a signicant number of

deaths on the border

Johnson !" (Eein *., Eein *. 7ohnson is Mabie-"+aas %rofessor of

%ubic 9nterest !aw and )hicano4a Studies at the Uniersity of )aifornia @ais, &+enin' the ;ood'ates/ $hy "merica eeds to *ethink its 9mmi'ration%oicies, htt+/44nyu+ress.or'4books4D2G0G1230DI46 ;ran#y

9n the 1DD0s, the U.S. 'oernment hei'htened immi'ration enforcement bymassin' forces aon' its southern border with Mexico. #hese measures

have resulted in a human toll that is nothing less than horric$ %

wee& rarel' goes b' without press reports of undocumented Me(ican

immigrants who have died on the long) treacherous *ourne' to the

+ nited , tates$D3 The tite of one oember C00C ew Jork Times artice tes it a/ Skeetons Te

Tae of Kambe by 9mmi'rants.D Unfortunatey, many mi'rants die in the desertseekin' nothin' more than to make a better ife for themsees and theirfamiies in the United States.D5 The ast ma>ority of the border crossers in noway can be characteri#ed as dan'ers to the nationa security or the +ubicsafety of the nation . They are sim+y seekin' economic o++ortunity in thiscountry. Militar'-st'le operations on the southwest border have

channeled immigrants into remote) desolate locations where

thousands have died agonizing deaths from heat) cold) and

deh'dration$DI "t arious times, to add to the dan'er, miitary forces hae+atroed the border. 9n one infamous incident, Marines a few years a'omistakeny shot and kied a teena'e 'oatherder (and U.S. citi#en6, :se?uieHernande#, 7r. "s of March C00I, the )aifornia *ura !e'a "ssistance ;oundation attributed more

than 3,000 deaths to a sin'e southern )aifornia border o+eration known as &+eration Katekee+er.D2

umerous other o+erations hae been +ut into +ace in the U.S.-Mexicoborder re'ion. " hae had simiar deady im+acts. @es+ite the death to, the U.S.

'oernment continues to +ursue enforcement o+erations with 'reat i'or. 9ndeed, )on'ressconsistenty enacts +ro+osas desi'ned to boster border enforcement, with

http://nyupress.org/books/9780814743096/




such +ro+osas often re+resentin' the ony items of +oitica consensus whenit comes to immi'ration reform. &+eration Katekee+er demonstrates the U.S.'oernment=s caous indi<erence to the human su<erin' caused by itsa''ressie border enforcement +oicy$ .n the words of one informed

commentator) /0the real traged' of 02peration ate&eeper $ $ $ is

the direct lin& $ $ $ to the staggering rise in the number of deathsamong border crossers $ L The U.S. 'oernment has forced these crossersto attem+t entry in areas +a'ued by extreme weather conditions and ru''edterrain that Lthe U.S. 'oernment knows to +resent morta dan'er .DG 9n+annin' &+eration Katekee+er, the U.S. 'oernment knew that its strate'ywoud risk many ies but +roceeded nonetheess. "s another obserer concudes,

/2peration ate&eeper) as an enforcement immigration polic'

nanced and politicall' supported b' the +$,$ government) 4agrantl'

violates international human rights because this polic' was

deliberatel' formulated to ma(imize the ph'sical ris&s of Me(ican

migrant wor&ers) thereb' ensuring that hundreds of them would

die $5DD "++arenty, the 'oernment rationai#ed the deaths of mi'rants as coatera dama'e in the

war on ie'a immi'ration. :en before the 1DD0s, the order %atro had are+utation for committin' human ri'hts abuses a'ainst immi'rants and U.S.citi#ens of Mexican ancestry.100 )reated to +oice the U.S.-Mexican border,the order %atro has historicay been +a'ued by re+orts of brutaity,shootin's, beatin's, and kiin's.101 "mnesty 9nternationa, "merican ;riends Serice

)ommittee, and Human *i'hts $atch hae a issued re+orts documentin' recent human ri'hts abuses bythe order %atro.10C Mi'rants face other +eris on their >ourney throu'h the U.S.-Mexico border re'ion.

)riminas fre?uenty +rey u+on unawfu entrants seekin' to eade border ins+ection. 6obberies)

murders) and rapes of immigrants are commonplace$ 7awlessness

reigns along the +$,$-Me(ican border$ %bsent serious reform e8orts)

nothing seems li&el' to change$

,urveillance also leads to se(ual violence and labor

e(ploitation

Johnson !" (Eein *., Eein *. 7ohnson is Mabie-"+aas %rofessor of

%ubic 9nterest !aw and )hicano4a Studies at the Uniersity of )aifornia @ais, &+enin' the ;ood'ates/ $hy "merica eeds to *ethink its 9mmi'ration%oicies, htt+/44nyu+ress.or'4books4D2G0G1230DI46 ;ran#y

;or years, many mi'rants hae de+ended on smu''ers for +assa'e into theU nited S tates. Howeer, since the new border o+erations went into e<ect,

hei'htened immi'ration restrictions and bostered immi'ration enforcementhae caused a ra+id increase in the fees char'ed by smu''ers . Smu''in'fees increased from a few hundred to a cou+e of thousand doars. 9t now ismuch more ex+ensie to come to the United States than before the newborder o+erations went into e<ect in the 1DD0s .103 Some mi'rants ack thecash to trae. #o pa' for the trip) man' are forced to become indebted

to their smugglers . Smu''in' debts hae been +aid throu'h forced abor,thus takin' the ex+oitation of undocumented workers to new and fri'htenin'





ees. 9ailure to wor& o8 the debts ma' result in brutal

conseuences $ ut a mi'rant=s abiity to +ay is not the ony +robem with human traAckin'. The+assa'e itsef is re+ete with ha#ards. "mon' the many risks faced bymi'rants is the +ossibiity of bein' abandoned . 9n May C003, nineteenmi'rants, incudin' a 8e-year-od chid, died of as+hyxiation, heat ex+osure,

and dehydration in the back of a smu''er=s truck in South Texas. Thesmu''er had Bed, eain' the mi'rants to die. &ne of the dead had worked 8e years in

the United States before he returned to Mexico to fetch his chidren, ho+in' to +roide them comforts he

coud not 'ie them in Mexico.10 #oda') because of the mone' to be made in

this blac& mar&et) criminal s'ndicates thrive in the tra;c&ing of

human beings. " +roduct of i-considered aw enforcement, these syndicates resembe the crime

networks that emer'ed in res+onse to the federa 'oernment=s e<orts durin' %rohibition=s ban on thecommerce in acoho. )rimina eements 'rew and asserted contro oer a new ucratie industry. ut it

'ets worse. ,ome undocumented immigrants have been enslaved$

6eports of slaver' have increased dramaticall' in the past few 'ears$

&ne C005 re+ort concuded as foows/ &ur research identi8ed 52 forced aboro+erations in amost a do#en cities in )aifornia between 1DDG and C003,

inoin' more than 500 indiiduas from 1G countries. . . . Nictims abored inseera economic sectors incudin' +rostitution and sex serices (2.O6,domestic serice (33.3O6, mai order brides (5.3O6, sweatsho+s (5.3O6, anda'ricuture (1.GO6. . . . Nictims of forced abor often su<er seere hardshi+sand de+riations. #heir captors often sub*ect them to beatings)

threats) and other forms of ph'sical and ps'chological abuse. They ie in

conditions of de+riation and des+air. Their ca+tors may threaten their famiies. %er+etrators exert neartota contro oer ictims, creatin' a situation of de+endency. Nictims come to beiee they cannot

eae. . . . They are terri8ed of their ca+tors but aso fear aw enforcement, afear often based on bad ex+eriences with +oice and other 'oernmentoAcias in their countries of ori'in.105 Today, in no sma +art because of theo+eration of the immi'ration aws, cases of inountary seritude re'uary

make the news.10I

Curtailing surveillance is &e' < its the l'nchpin of border

militarization

=alhan 1> ("ni, 9MM9K*"T9& SU*N:9!!"):, Maryand !aw *eiew,

Noume 2, umber 16

These four sets of mi'ration and mobiity sureiance functionsPidenti8cation,screenin' and authori#ation, mobiity trackin' and contro, and informationsharin'P+ay crucia but undera++reciated roes in immi'ration contro +rocesses

across the entire s+ectrum of mi'ration and trae. 9n the 'rowin' number of contexts in which

immi'ration contro actiities now take +ace, enforcement actors en'a'e in extensiecoection, stora'e, anaysis, and dissemination of +ersona information, inorder to identify indiiduas, screen them and authori#e their actiities,enabe monitorin' and contro oer their trae, and share information withother actors who bear immi'ration contro res+onsibiities. 9nitiay de+oyed for

traditiona immi'ration enforcement +ur+oses, and ex+anded ar'ey in the name of security, thesesureiance tech noo'ies and +rocesses are ?uaitatiey remakin' the natureof immi'ration 'oernance, as a number of exam+es iustrate.

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,tructural violence is the largest pro(imate cause of war-

creates priming that ps'chologicall' structures escalation

,cheper-Hughes and Bourgois ?>

(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn)

(Nancy and Philippe, Introduction !aking "en#e of $iolence, in $iolence in %ar and

Peace, pg& '-)

*hi# large and at fir#t #ight +e##y Part $II i# central to thi# anthology.# the#i#& It encopa##e# e/erything fro the routini0ed,

1ureaucrati0ed, and utterly 1anal /iolence of children dying of hunger and aternal de#pair in Northea#t Bra0il ("cheper-2ughe#,

Chapter 33) to elderly African Aerican# dying of heat #troke in !ayor 4aly.# /er#ion of U" apartheid in Chicago.# "outh "ide

(5linen1erg, Chapter 36) to the raciali0ed cla## hatred e7pre##ed 1y Briti#h $ictorian# in their olfactory di#gu#t of the +#elly

8orking cla##e# (9r8ell, Chapter 3:)& In the#e reading# /iolence i# located in the #y1olic and #ocial #tructure# that

o/erdeterine and allo8 the criinali0ed drug addiction#, interper#onal 1lood#hed, and racially patterned incarceration# that

characteri0e the U" +inner city to 1e norali0ed (Bourgoi#, Chapter 3 and %ac<uant, Chapter 3)& $iolence al#o take# the for

of cla##, racial, political #elf-hatred and adole#cent #elf-de#truction (=ue#ada, Chapter 3>), a# 8ell a# of u#ele## (i&e& pre/enta1le),

ra8ly e1odied phy#ical #uffering, and death (?arer, Chapter 3)& A1#olutely central to our approach i# a

1lurring of categorie# and di#tinction# 1et8een 8artie and peacetie /iolence & Clo#e

attention to the +little /iolence# produced in the #tructure#, ha1itu#e#, and entalite# of

e/eryday life #hift# our attention to pathologie# of cla##, race, and gender ine<ualitie#& !ore

iportant, it interrupt# the /oyeuri#tic tendencie# of +/iolence #tudie# that ri#k pu1licly huiliating the po8erle## 8ho are often

forced into coplicity 8ith #ocial and indi/idual pathologie# of po8er 1ecau#e #uffering i# often a #ol/ent of huan integrity and

dignity& *hu#, in thi# anthology 8e are po#iting a /iolence continuu copri#ed of a ultitude of +#all 8ar# and in/i#i1le

genocide# (#ee al#o "cheper- 2ughe# ':; '; 1) conducted in the norati/e #ocial #pace# of pu1lic #chool#, clinic#,

eergency roo#, ho#pital 8ard#, nur#ing hoe#, courtroo#, pu1lic regi#try office#, pri#on#, detention center#, and pu1lic

orgue#& *he /iolence continuu al#o refer# to the ea#e 8ith 8hich huan# are capa1le of

reducing the #ocially /ulnera1le into e7penda1le nonper#on# and a##uing the licen#e - e/en

the duty - to kill, ai, or #oul-urder & %e reali0e that in referring to a /iolence and a genocide continuu 8e are

flying in the face of a tradition of genocide #tudie# that argue# for the a1#olute uni<uene## of the e8i#h 2olocau#t and for/igilance 8ith re#pect to re#tricted puri#t u#e of the ter genocide it#elf (#ee 5uper '6>; Chaulk '; ?ein '; Chor1aian

')& But 8e hold an oppo#ing and alternati/e /ie8 that, to the contrary, it i# a1#olutely nece##ary to ake u#t

#uch e7i#tential leap# in purpo#efully linking /iolent act# in noral tie# to tho#e of a1noral

tie# & 2ence the title of our /olue $iolence in %ar and in Peace& If (a# 8e concede) there i# a oral ri#k in o/ere7tending the

concept of +genocide into #pace# and corner# of e/eryday life 8here 8e ight not ordinarily think to find it (and there i# ),

an e/en greater ri#k lie# in failing to #en#iti0e our#el/e#, in i#recogni0ing protogenocidal

practice# and #entient# daily enacted a# norati/e 1eha/ior 1y +ordinary good-enough

citi0en#& Peacetie crie#, #uch a# pri#on con#truction #old a# econoic de/elopent to ipo/eri#hed counitie# in

the ountain# and de#ert# of California, or the e/olution of the criinal indu#trial cople7 into the late#t peculiar in#titution for

anaging race relation# in the United "tate# (%a<uant, Chapter 3), con#titute the +#all 8ar# and in/i#i1le

genocide# to 8hich 8e refer& *hi# applie# to African Aerican and Datino youth ortality #tati#tic# in 9akland, California,

Baltiore, %a#hington 4C, and Ne8 Eork City& *he#e are +in/i#i1le genocide# not 1ecau#e they are#ecreted a8ay or hidden fro /ie8, 1ut <uite the oppo#ite& A# %ittgen#tein o1#er/ed, the thing# that

are harde#t to percei/e are tho#e 8hich are right 1efore our eye# and therefore taken for

granted & In thi# regard, Bourdieu.# partial and unfini#hed theory of /iolence (#ee Chapter# 3 and ) a# 8ell a# hi# concept of

i#recognition i# crucial to our ta#k& By including the norati/e e/eryday for# of /iolence hidden in the inutiae of +noral

#ocial practice# - in the architecture of hoe#, in gender relation#, in counal 8ork, in the e7change of gift#, and #o forth -

Bourdieu force# u# to recon#ider the 1roader eaning# and #tatu# of /iolence, e#pecially the link# 1et8een the /iolence of

e/eryday life and e7plicit political terror and #tate repre##ion, "iilarly, Ba#aglia.# notion of +peacetie crie# - criini di pace

- iagine# a direct relation#hip 1et8een 8artie and peacetie /iolence& Peacetie crie# #ugge#t# the



po##i1ility that 8ar crie# are erely ordinary, e/eryday crie# of pu1lic con#ent applied

#y#teatically and draatically in the e7tree conte7t of 8ar & Con#ider the parallel u#e# of rape during

peacetie and 8artie, or the faily re#e1lance# 1et8een the legali0ed /iolence of U" iigration and naturali0ation 1order

raid# on +illegal alien# /er#u# the U" go/ernent- engineered genocide in '36, kno8n a# the Cherokee +*rail of *ear#&

Peacetie crie# #ugge#t# that e/eryday for# of #tate /iolence ake a certain kind of doe#tic peace po##i1le& Internal

+#ta1ility i# purcha#ed 8ith the currency of peacetie crie#, any of 8hich take the for of profe##ionally applied +#trangle-

hold#& F/eryday for# of #tate /iolence during peacetie ake a certain kind of doe#tic +peace po##i1le& It i# an ea#y-to-

identify peacetie crie that i# u#ually aintained a# a pu1lic #ecret 1y the go/ernent and 1y a #cared or apathetic populace&!o#t #u1tly, 1ut no le## politically or #tructurally, the phenoenal gro8th in the United "tate# of a ne8 ilitary, po#tindu#trial

pri#on indu#trial cople7 ha# taken place in the a1#ence of 1road-1a#ed oppo#ition, let alone collecti/e act# of ci/il di#o1edience&

*he pu1lic con#en#u# i# 1a#ed priarily on a ne8 o1ili0ation of an old fear of the o1, the

ugger, the rapi#t, the Black an, the unde#er/ing poor& 2o8 any pu1lic e7ecution# of

entally deficient pri#oner# in the United "tate# are needed to ake life feel ore #ecure for

the affluentG %hat can it po##i1ly ean 8hen incarceration 1ecoe# the +norati/e #ociali0ing e7perience for ethnic

inority youth in a #ociety, i&e&, o/er 33 percent of young African Aerican en (Pri#on %atch )& In the end it i#

e##ential that 8e recogni0e the e7i#tence of a genocidal capacity aong other8i#e good-

enough huan# and that 8e need to e7erci#e a defen#i/e hyper/igilance to the le## draatic,

peritted, and e/en re8arded e/eryday act# of /iolence that render participation in genocidal

act# and policie# po##i1le (under ad/er#e political or econoic condition#), perhap# ore ea#ily than 8e 8ould like to

recogni0e& Under the /iolence continuu 8e include, therefore, all e7pre##ion# of radical #ociale7clu#ion, dehuani0ation, deper#onal- i0ation, p#eudo#peciation, and reification 8hich

norali0e atrociou# 1eha/ior and /iolence to8ard other#& A con#tant #elf-o1ili0ation for

alar, a #tate of con#tant hyperarou#al i#, perhap#, a rea#ona1le re#pon#e to Benain.# /ie8

of late odern hi#tory a# a chronic +#tate of eergency (*au##ig, Chapter 3')& %e are trying to reco/er here

the cla##ic anagogic thinking that ena1led Fr/ing Hoffan, ule# 2enry, C& %right !ill#, and ?ranco Ba#aglia aong other id-

t8entieth-century radically critical thinker#, to percei/e the #y1olic and #tructural relation#, i&e&, 1et8een inate# and patient#,

1et8een concentration cap#, pri#on#, ental ho#pital#, nur#ing hoe#, and other +total in#titution#& !aking that

deci#i/e o/e to recogni0e the continuu of /iolence allo8# u# to #ee the capacity and the

8illingne## - if not enthu#ia# - of ordinary people, the practical technician# of the #ocial

con#en#u#, to enforce genocidal-like crie# again#t categorie# of ru11i#h people& *here i# no

priary ipul#e out of 8hich a## /iolence and genocide are 1orn, it i# ingrained in the

coon #en#e of e/eryday #ocial life & *he ad, the differently a1led, the entally /ulnera1le

ha/e often fallen into thi# category of the un8orthy li/ing, a# ha/e the /ery old and infir, the

#ick-poor, and, of cour#e, the de#pi#ed racial, religiou#, #e7ual, and ethnic group# of the

oent& Frik Frik#on referred to +p#eudo- #peciation a# the huan tendency to cla##ify #oe indi/idual# or #ocial group# a#

le## than fully huan - a prere<ui#ite to genocide and one that i# carefully honed during the unreark- a1le peacetie# that

precede the #udden, +#eeingly unintelligi1le out1reak# of a## /iolence& Collecti/e denial and i#recognition

are prere<ui#ite# for a## /iolence and genocide& But #o are foral 1ureaucratic #tructure# and profe##ional

role#& *he practical technician# of e/eryday /iolence in the 1ackland# of Northea#t Bra0il ("cheper-2ughe#, Chapter 33), for

e7aple, include the clinic doctor# 8ho pre#cri1e po8erful tran<uili0er# to fretful and frightfully hungry 1a1ie#, the Catholic

prie#t# 8ho cele1rate the death of +angel-1a1ie#, and the unicipal 1ureaucrat# 8ho di#pen#e free 1a1y coffin# 1ut no food to

hungry failie#& F/eryday /iolence encopa##e# the iplicit, legitiate, and routini0ed for# of

/iolence inherent in particular #ocial, econoic, and political foration#& It i# clo#e to 8hat Bourdieu

(', ':) ean# 1y +#y1olic /iolence, the /iolence that i# often +nu#-recogni0ed for #oething el#e, u#ually #oethinggood& F/eryday /iolence i# #iilar to 8hat *au##ig ('6) call# +terror a# u#ual& All the#e ter# are eant to re/eal a pu1lic

#ecret - the hidden link# 1et8een /iolence in 8ar and /iolence in peace, and 1et8een 8ar crie# and +peace-tie crie#&

Bourdieu (') find# doination and /iolence in the lea#t likely place# - in court#hip and arriage, in the e7change of gift#, in

#y#te# of cla##ification, in #tyle, art, and culinary ta#te- the /ariou# u#e# of culture& $iolence, Bourdieu in#i#t#, i# e/ery8here in

#ocial practice& It i# i#recogni0ed 1ecau#e it# /ery e/erydayne## and it# failiarity render it in/i#i1le& Dacan identifie#

+rneconnai##ance a# the prere<ui#ite of the #ocial& *he e7ploitation of 1achelor #on#, ro11ing the of autonoy, independence,

and progeny, 8ithin the #tructure# of faily faring in the Furopean country#ide that Bourdieu e#caped i# a ca#e in point

(Bourdieu, Chapter ; #ee al#o "cheper-2ughe#, 1; ?a/ret-"aada, '6)& ?ollo8ing Hra#ci, ?oucault, "artre, Arendt, and

other odern theori#t# of po8er-/iolence, Bourdieu treat# direct aggre##ion and phy#ical /iolence a# a crude, uneconoical

ode of doination; it i# le## efficient and, according to Arendt (':), it i# certainly le## legitiate& %hile po8er and #y1olic



doination are not to 1e e<uated 8ith /iolence - and Arendt argue# per#ua#i/ely that /iolence i# to 1e under#tood a# a failure of

po8er - /iolence, a# 8e are pre#enting it here, i# ore than #iply the e7pre##ion of illegitiate phy#ical force again#t a per#on or

group of per#on#& ather, 8e need to under#tand /iolence a# encopa##ing all for# of +controlling proce##e# (Nader '1)

that a##ault 1a#ic huan freedo# and indi/idual or collecti/e #ur/i/al& 9ur ta#k i# to recogni0e the#e gray 0one# of /iolence

8hich are, 1y definition, not o1/iou#& 9nce again, the point of 1ringing into the di#cour#e# on genocide e/eryday, norati/e

e7perience# of reification, deper#onali0ation, in#titutional confineent, and accepta1le death i# to help an#8er the <ue#tion %hat

ake# a## /iolence and genocide po##i1leG In thi# /olue 8e are #ugge#ting that a## /iolence i# part of a

continuu, and that it i# #ocially increental and often e7perienced 1y perpetrator#,colla1orator#, 1y#tander# - and e/en 1y /icti# the#el/e# - a# e7pected, routine, e/en

u#tified& *he preparation# for a## killing can 1e found in #ocial #entient# and in#titution# fro the faily, to #chool#,

churche#, ho#pital#, and the ilitary& *hey har1or the early +8arning #ign# (Charney ''), the + priing (a# 2inton,

ed&, call# it), or the +genocidal continuu (a# 8e call it) that pu#h #ocial con#en#u# to8ard de/aluing

certain for# of huan life and life8ay# fro the refu#al of #ocial #upport and huane care to /ulnera1le +#ocial

para#ite# (the nur#ing hoe elderly, +8elfare <ueen#, undocuented iigrant#, drug addict#) to the ilitari0ation of e/eryday

life (#uper-a7iu-#ecurity pri#on#, capital puni#hent; the technologie# of heightened per#onal #ecurity, including the hou#e

gun and gated counitie#; and re/er#ed feeling# of /ictii0ation)&

@ou should privilege ever'da' violence for two reasons- %A

social bias underrepresents its e8ects BA its e8ects aree(ponential) not linear which means even if the onl'

causes a small amount of structural violence) its terminal

impacts are huge

i(on ?11

(o1, achel Car#on Profe##or of Fngli#h, Uni/er#ity of %i#con#in-!adi#on, "lo8

$iolence and the Fn/ironentali# of the Poor, pg#& -3)

*hree priary concern# aniate thi# 1ook, chief aong the y con/iction that 8e urgently need to rethink -politically,

iaginati/ely, and theoretically-8hat I call J#lo8 /iolence&J By #lo8 /iolence I ean a /iolence that occur#

gradually and out of #ight, a /iolence of delayed de#truction that i# di#per#ed acro## tie and #pace, an

attritional /iolence that i# typically not /ie8ed a# /iolence at all& $iolence i# cu#toarily concei/ed a# an e/ent

or action that i# iediate in tie, e7plo#i/e and #pectacular in #pace, and a# erupting into in#tant #en#ational /i#i1ility&

%e need, I 1elie/e, to engage a different kind of /iolence, a /iolence that i# neither #pectacular nor

in#tantaneou#, 1ut rather increental and accreti/e, it# calaitou# repercu##ion# playing out acro## a

range of teporal #cale# & In #o doing, 8e al#o need to engage the repre#entational, narrati/e, and

#trategic challenge# po#ed 1y the relati/e in/i#i1ility of #lo8 /iolence& Cliate change, the tha8ing

cryo#phere, to7ic drift, 1ioagnification, defore#tation, the radioacti/e afterath# of 8ar#, acidifying

ocean#, and a ho#t of other #lo8ly unfolding en/ironental cata#trophe# pre#ent forida1le

repre#entational o1#tacle# that can hinder our effort# to o1ili0e and act deci#i/ely& *he long

dying#-the #taggered and #taggeringly di#counted ca#ualtie#, 1oth huan and ecological that re#ult fro 8arK# to7ic afterath#

or cliate change-are underrepre#ented in #trategic planning a# 8ell a# in huan eory & 2ad

"uer# ad/ocated in/ading Africa 8ith 8eapon# of a## de#truction, hi# propo#al 8ould ha/e fal len under con/entional

definition# of /iolence and 1een percei/ed a# a ilitary or e/en an iperial in/a#ion& Ad/ocating in/ading countrie#

8ith a## for# of #lo8-otion to7icity, ho8e/er, re<uire# rethinking our accepted a##uption#

of /iolence to include #lo8 /iolence& "uch a rethinking re<uire# that 8e coplicate

con/entional a##uption# a1out /iolence a# a highly /i#i1le act that i# ne8#8orthy 1ecau#e it i# e/ent

focu#ed, tie 1ound, and 1ody 1ound& %e need to account for ho8 the teporal di#per#ion of #lo8



/iolence affect# the 8ay 8e percei/e and re#pond to a /ariety of #ocial affliction#-fro doe#tic a1u#e to

po#ttrauatic #tre## and, in particular, en/ironental calaitie#& A aor challenge i# repre#entational ho8 to de/i#e arre#ting

#torie#, iage#, and #y1ol# ade<uate to the per/a#i/e 1ut elu#i/e /iolence of delayed effect#& Crucially, slow

violence is often not *ust attritional but also e(ponential)

operating as a ma*or threat multiplier it can fuel long-term)

proliferating con4icts in situations where the conditions for

sustaining life become increasingl' but graduall' degraded $



#he Control#he biopolitics of borders *usties the management of life

and death) pushing immigrants to e(treme situations and

insurmountable danger

%*ana ?!D (tiha>, !ecturer in )uture, @i'ita Humanities Q )reatie9ndustries :ducation !ead (@i'ita Humanities, Sureiance, and io+oitics6,htt+/44www.socioo'y.or'4content4C0054tier14a>anaRbio+oitics.+df 6 ;ran#y

#he biopolitics of borders is precisel' the management of that

waiting-to-live) the management of that non-life (the waitin'-to-ie and the

non-ife of those who are forciby +aced in detention centres6, and at times, it is the mana'ement of

death. #he death of thousand of refugees and ?clandestine migrants

drowned in the sea (for instance, in the Strait of Kibratar which is ar'uedto be becomin' the word=s ar'est mass 'rae6 , asph'(iated in truc&s (aswas the fate of 5G )hinese immi'rants who died in C000 inside an airti'httruck at the +ort of @oer6) crushed under trains (the case of the )hanne

Tunne6 and &illed in deserts (in the US-Mexican border for exam+e6. .t is

the management of ?bodies that do not matter$ .t is the

management of the bodies of those to whom the status of the ?homo

sacer ("'amben, 1DDG/ G6 is attributed. 9t is the mana'ement of those whose death has faen

into the abyss of insi'ni8cance and whose kiin' is not sacri8cia (exce+t to the few6. &n the otherhand, the bio+oitics of borders is aso the mana'ement of ife= the ife ofthose who are ca+abe of +erformin' res+onsibe sef-'oernment= (*ose, 1DDD/

C5D6 and sef-sureiance i.e. those who can demonstrate their e'itimacy=throu'h worthy= com+uter-readabe +ass+orts49@ cards that +roide theontoo'ica basis for the exercisin' and 8xin' of identity and citi#enshi+ at theborder. #he *u(taposition of death and life at the borders is by no means an

ad hoc occurrence but an a;rmation of the inadeuate immigration policies

and the immanentist= (ancy, 1DD1/ 36 +oitics of absoute encosure. ;rom this emer'es theissue of sortin'= that may oerride the term racism= as on' as it is notdesi'nated to a s+eci8c race or insofar as it is racism without race= as aibar

+refers to +ut it. *acism for ;oucaut (C003 L1D2I/ C556 (and here racism has a8'uratie function >ust as the meta+hors of e+rosy and +a'ue do6 is thatwhich creates fra'mentation within the bioo'ica continuum and caesuraswithin s+ecies-bodies so that bio+oitica sortin' and (sub6diisions coud take+ace between those who are deemed to be su+erior= and those who aremade to be +erceied as the inferior= ty+e a with the aim to +resere thewe-bein'=, safety=, security= and +urity= of the heathy= (+owerfu6

+o+uation (irtues= which are undoubtedy contributin' to the naturaisation and taken-for'rantedness of institutiona racism, and the inscri+tion of modes of excusionary di<erentiations in many

subte ways so that the need of accountabiity is made redundant.6 :mbedded within thisbio+oitica oerdetermination is a murderous enter+rise. Murderous not insofar as it

inoes extermination (athou'h this mi'ht sti be the case6 but inasmuch as it e(erts a

biopower that e(poses ?someone to death) increasing the ris& of

death for some people) or) uite simpl') political death) e(pulsion)

re*ection) and so on (;oucaut C003 L1D2I/ C5I6, and inasmuch as it is based on a certain

http://www.sociology.org/content/2005/tier1/ajana_biopolitics.pdf

http://www.sociology.org/content/2005/tier1/ajana_biopolitics.pdf



occuded but ineitabe and thus constitutie ioence= (yinska, C00/ 5306 a symboic ioence(manifested, for instance, in the act of namin'= as uter (in yinska, C006 and @errida ar'ue asyumseekers=, detainees=, de+ortees=, ie'a immi'rants=, etc6 as we as a materia one (for exam+e, +acin'asyum seekers= and ie'a immi'rants= in detention centres6, attestin' to that e+istemic im+use toresuscitate the eftoer of ate modernity and the residua of disci+inary +owers that seek to eiminate andostracise the unwanted-other throu'h the insidious refashionin' of the 8na soution= for the asyum andimmi'ration ?uestion=. Such an ima'e has been ca+tured by raidotti (1DD/ C06/ &nce, andin' at %aris9nternationa "ir+ort, 9 saw a of these in between areas occu+ied by immi'rants from arious +arts of theformer ;rench em+ire they had arried, but were not aowed entry, so they cam+ed in these uxurioustransit #ones, waitin'. The dead, +ano+tica heart of the new :uro+ean )ommunity wi scrutini#e them and

not aow them in easiy/ it is crowded at the mar'ins and non-beon'in' can be he. #he

biopolitics of borders stands as the uintessential domain for this

&ind of sorting) this &ind of racism pervading Eestern socio-political

imaginar' and permeating the rhetoric of national and territorial

sovereignt' despite its monolithic use of euphemism$ 9t is +recisey this task

of sortin' and this act of fra'mentin' that contem+orary modes of border security and sureiance aredesi'ned makin' the mana'ement of misery and misfortune a +otentiay +ro8tabe actiity= (*ose,1DDD/ CI06 and ea+oratin' the +oitica into a +er+etua state of technicism ()oward, 1DDD/ 1G6 wherecontro= and security= are restin' u+on ast inestments in new information and communicationstechnoo'ies in order to 8ter access and minimise, if not eradicate, the in8tration and riskiness= of theunwanted=. ;or instance, in cha+ter six of the $hite %a+er, Secure orders, Safe Haen= (C00C6, the UE

'oernment outines a host of techni?ues and strate'ies aimed at controin' borders and ti'htenin'security incudin' the use of Kamma V-ray scanners, heartbeat sensors, and miimetric wae ima'in' to

detect humans smu''ed in ehices. &ther sureiance techni?ues inoe the use ofbiometrics which consists of an enroment +hase= (:uro+ean )ommission, C005/ I6

where +hysica attributes such as 8n'er+rints, @" +atterns, retina, iris, face, oice, etc are used tocoect, +rocess, and store biometric sam+es onto a database for subse?uent usa'e durin' thereco'nition +hase= in which these data are matched a'ainst the rea-time data in+ut in order to erifyidentity. "uthorities hae been keen on inte'ratin' biometric identi8ers into 9@ cards and +ass+orts as ameans of stren'thenin' security, enhancin' modes of identi8cation and faciitatin' the exchan'e of databetween di<erent countries. ;urther a++ication of biometrics in information sharin' can be seen in the :U-wide database :U*&@") (Eosowski, C003/ 116, used to store the 8n'er+rints of asyum a++icants in orderto +reent muti+e a++ications in seera member states or what is referred to as the so-caed asyumsho++in'=. "dded to that, the em+oyment of a broad array of +riate actors (em+oyers, banks, hos+itas,educationa institutions, marria'e re'ister oAces, etc6 to +erform the roe of 'atekee+ers= (!aha, in

Eosowski, C003/ 56 (or more accuratey, borderkee+ers=6 and reinforce immi'ration contros from withinthe interna and ubi?uitous borders, constitutin' a muti+icity of +oints for the coection, inscri+tion,accumuation and distribution of information reeant to the mana'ement of risk= (*ose, 1DDD/ CI06, andthe administration of ife and death.

This surveillance causes two forms of biopolitical control in the form of extreme order

and extreme exclusion.

%*ana F!!D (tiha> ">ana. !ecturer in )uture, @i'ita Humanities Q

)reatie 9ndustries W Ein'=s )oe'e !ondon. Sureiance and io+oitics,:ectronic 7ourna of Socioo'y thw_ 6

9n a cha+ter caed %ano+ticism, ;oucaut (1D256 be'ins by outinin' two ma>or forms throu'h whichdisci+ine and sureiance were exerted. The 8rst bein' the s+atiaisation of the +a'ue-stricken town by

means of se'mentin' and immobiisin' s+ace as we as +acin' indiiduas within encosures and underseere and +ermanent su+erision. Such sureiance inoes tactics of indiiduai#in'disci+ines= (;oucaut, 1D25/ 1DD6 which +roceed from a system of +ermanentre'istration = (re'isterin' the detais of each inhabitant of the town6 as we as

mechanisms of distribution (in which each inhabitant is reated to his Ltheir +ace , hisLtheir body and his condition6 so that the disease is met by order, eradicatin' any confusion

that may emer'e out of the mixin'= of bodies, be these iin' or dead. The second or'anisationa form isthat of the treatment of the e+er which, unike the +a'ue and its se'mentations=, functions by means of

se+aration and excusion of the e+er from the heathy community throu'h



mechanisms of brandin'=, dichotomisation= and exie-encosure=. ;rom thesetwo di<erent ima'es (+a'ue and e+rosy6 which underies the two di<erent +ro>ects (se'mentation

and se+aration6, ;oucaut 'oes on to ex+ain the two ways of exertin' (+oitica6 +ower/disci+ine on the hand (as is the case with the +a'ue6, and excusion on the other (as is

the case with e+rosy6. Howeer, and des+ite the di<erence of the two modes, they are not incom+atibeones= (;oucaut, 1DD5/ 1DD6 for +ower functions by way of excudin' the infected= (here, the ima'e of the

e+er stands as an embematic 8'ure of be''ars=, a'abonds=, madmen=, etc, >ust as the ima'e of the+a'ue symboises a forms of confusion and disorder=6 and indiiduaisin' the excuded so much so thate+ers (a those who are symboised by this ima'e6 are treated as +a'ue ictims (a those who are cau'htu+ within disordery s+aces6. Hence, +ower is but a concurrent ama'amation of the two forms, andaccordin' to ;oucaut, entham=s %ano+ticon is +ar exceence the architectura 8'ure of this com+osition=

(1D25/ C006. entham=s utiitarian +an for a +rison which is based on an obserin' su+erisor

+aced in a centra tower and who can see without bein' seen, seres as a com+ein'+aradi'm for the kind of surveillance that is intrinsic to the compound

power of e(clusion and individualization $ "s :den (C00C/ C6 ex+ains, the mode

of the %ano+ticon is where the s+ace of excusion (of the 8'uratie e+er6 is ri'idyre'imented and controe d= (as is the case with the 8'uratie +a'ue ictim6. The idea that

isibiity is a tra+= (;oucaut, 1D25/ C006 (i.e. the +resence of the ta tower at the centre does not

necessariy mean the su+erisor is watchin'6, that coectie= indiiduaities are oerridden by se+arated

indiiduaities= (the treatment of e+ers as a +a'ue ictims X the trinity of se'mentation, indiiduaisation

and se+aration6 and that +ower is uneri8abe= (uncertainty about whether4whenone is bein' watched6 , is what makes the mode of %ano+ticon such a subte ande<ectie architectura a++aratus . %ower does not need to be enforced butmerey internaised= throu'h mechanisms of sef-re'uation. Suchmechanisms render the obsered a s simutaneousy the bearer (sub>ect6 ofand the one sub>ected to +ower . ot that the %ano+ticon is merey a method of obseration

deoid of other disci+inary modes of +ower but it is aso a machine that coud be used to carry outex+eriments, to ater behaiour, to train or correct indiiduas= (;oucaut, 1D25/ C036 within a ariety ofinstitutiona s+aces, ran'in' from +risons to schoos, hos+itas, factories, etc. 9t is, hence, the way in which

the meta+hor of the %ano+ticon enca+suates di<erent technoo'ies and s+aces ofsureiance and disci+ine that ;oucaut +aces the notion of disci+inary society under the umbrea of

+ano+ticism in order to ca+ture the dia'rammatic strate'ies underyin' +ower reations and in which+ositions= and identities= are fundamenta features is-Y-is the functionin'of +ano+tica= sureiance./

#he e(treme order is achieved b' the creation of a

homogenized identit'Gbodies are classied into

hierarchical schemes b' processes of racialization and

se(ualization

7ulbheld F (:thne, :ntry @enied )ontroin' sexuaity at the order,

book6

Historicay. sexuaity, 'ender, race, and cass were ex+icity considered whenU.S. oAcias made decisions about whom to admit and excude . ut contrary to

both conseratie and ibera critics. 9 su''est that these were neer sef-eident attributes that +eo+e

aready Zhad.Z *ather, ;oucaut[s framework su''ests that immi'ration-contro+ractices, down to their most mundane +rocedura detais, +roduced and naturai#ed theseidentities . Therefore, sexuaity-and by extension, race. 'ender, and cass-hae beencentra to immi'ration contro since its ince+tion not because these areessentia or bioo'ica identities that can be discoered within indiidua



bodies. but because sexuai#ation. raciai#ation, and so on are ar'er socia+rocesses whose +resence is made eident by the cassi8cation of bodies intohierarchica schemes. Such cassi8cation schemes. which were rooted inhistories of im+eriaism and modern state formation. ensured that those'ranted admission were incor+orated into reations of sureiance and

disci+ine within the U nited S tates. "thou'h immi'ration oAcias no on'er ex+icitycate'ori#e bodies within racia taxonomies or automaticay excude esbians and 'ay men. that does notmean that raciai#ation, sexuai#ation. and other simiar +rocesses hae been aboished. or does it meanthat there are no on'er dis+arities inimmi'ration access on the basis of sexuaity, race, and other

cate'ories. &n the contrary. @aid *eimers[s research com+ein'y su''ests that een when raciacriteria were excised from immi'ration aw in 1DI5.awmakers nonetheessintended for neutra admission criteria to hae distincty racia e<ects. y

re+acin' the discriminatory nationa ori'ins ?uota system with +references that were based mainy onfamiy ties. awmakers ex+ected that Zthe 'reat buk of immi'rants henceforth wi not merey hai from thesame +arent countries as our +resent citi#ens[ but wi be their coser reeties.w 9n other words,

athou'h o+eny racist +roisions were remoed, the aw was nonetheessintended to u+hod the irtua excusion of immi'rants of coor . *eimer[s ar'ument

echoes the decades of research on e?ua access to education and em+oyment, which shows that

seemin'y neutra bureaucratic re?uirements often 'enerate racist, heterosexist, and cassist e<ects. Narious architects of the 1DI5 9mmi'ration and ationaity "ct (9"6

a++arenty understood and tried to mani+uate this fact. ut een if they had not intended to discriminate,the 1DI5 9" mi'ht sti hae had discriminatory conse?uences. "s aomi ack ex+ains, Zmuchinstitutiona Ldiscrimination in the United States at this time is not intentionaZ but is nonetheess eidentwhen one examines the outcomes, rather than intentions, of +articuar +oicies.Z Thus, to su''est that theseemin'y neutra +roisions of immi'ration aw mark the ZendZ of immi'ration discrimination i'nores both*eimers[s s+eci8c research on the 1DI5 9" and the ouminous 'enera schoarshi+ on institutiona

discrimination. ;oucaut[s work +articuary contributes to our understandin' ofhow immi'ration ine?uaities are institutionay re+roduced by drawin'attention to su++osedy neutra , mundane +ractices of ins+ection andre'imes of knowed'e that actuay disci+ine and sub>ect immi'rants inraciai#in', sexuai#in', and other ways.\Z )onse?uenty, rather than +rocaimin' the demise

of discrimination in immi'ration access, we woud be better sered by deeo+in' morecom+ex and nuanced accounts of how sexuai#ation, raciai#ation, and other+rocesses continue to be im+osed and contested at muti+e ees in theimmi'ration system today, incudin' throu'h ins+ection +rocedures andknowed'e re'imes. The im+ortance of such anayses inheres not ony in thescae and im+act of contem+orary immi'ration, but aso in the fact thatreations of +ower and ine?uaity at the border cannot be se+arated fromine?uitabe 'oba reations that structure mi'ration +atterns or from sociahierarchies within the U nited S tates. ;inay, ;oucaut draws attention to the ways thatins+ection +rocedures and decision-makin' at the border are tied to record-kee+in' and writin' +ractices that com+rise Za means of contro and a

method of domination ,Z\[ "s he ex+ains, ins+ection is accom+anied by Zasystem of intense re'istration and of documentary accumuation [- Thesewritin' +ractices at once constitute each indiidua as a Zdescribabe,anaysabe ob>ect Z and as +art of a ar'er cor+us of knowed'e that inoesZthe measurement of oera +henomena, the characteri#ation of coectiefacts, the cacuation of 'a+s between indiiduas, of their distribution in a'ien [+o+uanon.Z[] This knowed'e is used for distincty disci+inary ends. ;oucaut[s anaysis of

how oAcia immi'ration records function as essentia eements of a ar'er disci+inary system hasim+ortant im+ications for immi'ration schoarshi+. "t the ery east, it su''ests that schoars need to



criticay eauate how the written materias on which we draw are +art of, and therefore he+ to re+roduce,the disci+inary a++aratus that sub>ecti8es immi'rants. :?uay, methods for readin' oAcia documentsa'ainst the 'rain, utii#ed by schoars such as those en'a'ed in subatern studies, may +roe to hae 'reatreeance for immi'ration schoarshi+ too.

%F % things < the % gets its impact o8 of enem'

images) and those are self fullling

However) biopolitics ensures that the normalized identit'

does not prevent the immigrants from being dichotomized

into the /evil5 foreign as opposed to the /secure5

domestic$ #his process creates the boundaries that *ustif'

&illing in the name of saving life$ #his societ' of control

spreads across the globe as the domestic populous

becomes ever more isolated$ #hose binaries create

opposing identities that dehumanize all 2thers and induce

unending con4icts

#albot I (Ste+hen Tabot W the @efence Science and Technoo'y&r'anisation, C1 March C00G[Us[ and [Them[/ Terrorism, )onBict and (&6ther@iscursie ;ormations htt+/44www.socresonine.or'.uk41341412.htm thw_ 6

This, accordin' to )oeman is the fundamenta as+ect of the in-'rou+=s identity= (126. 9dentitycreation throu'h ne'ation entais makin' a statement of in-'rou+= identitywith reference to what it is not, or does not consist of, for exam+e 9 am a )hristian, not a

Musim.= Strate'ies em+oyed in the ne'ation of the &ther aso i ncude /mar'inaisation of ethnic and rei'ious 'rou+s throu'h namin' raciaisationcriminaisation and sti'matisation . *es+onse strate'ies of the out-'rou+=incude/ coectie resistance to ascribed identities 'rou+ em+owerment

demands for coectie 'rou+ ri'hts (territoria caims6 in an attem+t to secure'reater autonomy, e'itimisation and socia contro (*ummens, C001, +.1G6.^ I. The

out'rou+ ima'es become ne'atie, homo'eneous, abstract and stereoty+ica=+articuary in re'ards to

the +roductions of enemy ima'es= which contain an emotiona dimension of stron' disikethese

ima'es tend to become sef-fu8in' and sef-reinforcin', serin' im+ortant interests and

needs= ()oeman, C00, ++.12-1G Stein, 1DDD Toscano, 1DDG6.^ 5.15 9m+icit within Us4Them,= :ast4$est,=

Kood4ad= and Sef4&ther= binaries is the notion that o++osin' identities are reatiey homo'enous. Theuse of these non-s+eci8c yet a-incusie ta's aso seres to dehumanise andde+ersonaise a hi'hy abstracted &ther . 9n turn, de+ersonaisation aows socia

stereoty+in', 'rou+ cohesieness and coectie action to occur. The construction of absoutist discoursesof this kind are an im+ortant ehice for understandin' conBict/ ^ Lathou'h 'eneray described as

inte'rated and homo'enous, communities as oci of +roduction, transmission, and eoution of 'rou+

membershi+ foster conBict throu'h the ne'otiation and mani+uation of sociare+resentations= (!)), C001, +.I6.^ 5.1I Here, the demarcation of the commonenemy4&ther assists with the mobiisation of one 'rou+ a'ainst another ("ho,

1DD6. 9dentity demarcation of this kind further aow s the mobiisation of audiences tocarry out conBict. %resident ush for exam+e has made many references to ei doers=. He has

been ?uoted as sayin' we[re on the hunt...'ot the eidoers on the run...we[re brin'in' them to >ustice=and they ki without mercy because they hate our freedoms...= (Sam+e, C00I, The $hite House, C0016.

The emotie an'ua'e used in s+eech acts= of this kind are desi'ned to eicitin-'rou+= distinctieness and cohesion throu'h the ne'ation and

http://www.socresonline.org.uk/13/1/17.html

http://www.socresonline.org.uk/13/1/17.html



dis+ara'ement of the out-'rou+= (terrorist or'anisations6. The use of terms ei doers,=

them,= and they= are interestin' howeer in the sense that they refer to an enemy that extends beyondthe con8nes of terrorist or'anisations ike " _aeda.^ 2. " cear and sim+i8ed de+iction of 'ood (us6 and

ei (them6 that seres many functions= (rown and Kaertner, C001 )oeman, C00, +.1G6. ^ 5.12 yframin' their conBict within a discourse which accentuates a stru''ebetween 'ood and ei, both rei'ious terrorist 'rou+s and their $estern-ed +rota'onists,

iew non-members of either cam+ to be in8des= or a+ostates= ()ronin, C0036 and

immora= or fanatica= res+ectiey. The maintenance of such a discourse can be

seen as serin' a dua +ur+ose namey, to dehumanise the res+ectie icti ms on bothsides of the conBict, and sustain in-'rou+ and out-'rou+ identities .



#he plan#he +nited ,tates federal government should

substantiall' curtail its surveillance of the +nited ,tates <

Me(ico border$



,olvenc'asier immigration solves a m'riad of problems < deaths)

racism) technological competitiveness) and national

securit'

Johnson !" (Eein *., Eein *. 7ohnson is Mabie-"+aas %rofessor of%ubic 9nterest !aw and )hicano4a Studies at the Uniersity of )aifornia @ais, &+enin' the ;ood'ates/ $hy "merica eeds to *ethink its 9mmi'ration%oicies, htt+/44nyu+ress.or'4books4D2G0G1230DI46 ;ran#y

#he presence of undocumented immigrants in the +nited ,tates is a

plain realit' that needs to be addressed. 2pen borders would provide

a pragmatic) long-term solution to this nations undocumented-

immigrant and related immigration problems. ;reein' u+ mi'rationthrou'h a ibera admissions +oicy woud reco'ni#e that the enforcement ofcosed borders cannot stiBe the stron', +erha+s irresistibe, economic, socia,

and +oitica +ressures that fue today=s internationa mi'ration.Bordercontrols , as currenty con8'ured in the United States, simpl' waste

billions of dollars and result in thousands of deaths$ #he' have not

ended) and cannot end) unlawful immigration. !ike the United States=sfaied +rohibition of the acoho trade in the eary twentieth century, e<ectieenforcement of the immi'ration aws to hat undocumented immi'ration has+roen irtuay im+ossibe. To make matters worse, border enforcementshares many of %rohibition=s ne'atie side e<ects/ increased crimina actiity,abusie aw enforcement +ractices, and a caseoad crisis in the courts. "ninabiity to enforce the aws, whether they +rohibit acoho or dramaticayrestrict immi'ration, undermines and dama'es the e'itimacy and moraforce of the aw. :imination of border contros woud he+ eiminate thesecosts by makin' the aws more reaistic. "s summari#ed in )ha+ter C, history shows that

the cycica fear of a Bood of immi'rants of di<erent races destroyin' U.S. society often reaches feer

+itch. These natiist outbursts hae neer been >usti8ed. The United States, howeer, hasres+onded to the anti-immi'rant im+use and has taken extreme action in thename of sef-+reseration. Time and time a'ain, it has tar'eted unerabeminorities, excudin', de+ortin', and otherwise +unishin' them for rea andima'ined o<enses. History records these e+isodes with re'ret, embarrassment, and disbeief. ut

the errors are re+eated and entirey +redictabe. :en thou'h it may seem ridicuoustoday, U.S. society once considered the Kerman and the 9rish unassimiaberaces that diuted and de'raded "n'o-Saxon racia +urity. "thou'h )hinese and

7a+anese immi'rants were des+ised 'rou+s that 'enerated a +ethora of immi'ration restrictions in the

ate nineteenth and eary twentieth centuries,5 today +eo+e of )hinese and 7a+anese descent in theUnited States hae hi'her aera'e incomes than whites.I Southern and :astern :uro+eans, whoseimmi'ration ed to the creation of the nationa-ori'ins ?uota system in 1DC, are now 'eneray iewed as+art of the mainstream, rather than as +eo+e of di<erent, inferior races.2 The United States unfortunatey

has faied to earn from its mistakes. Since Se+tember 11, C001, security concerns haedistorted immi'ration aw and +oicy in ways that, years from now, historyamost assuredy wi record with re'ret.G Some obserers, incudin' the restrictionist

Samue Huntin'ton, hae com+ained that current ees of immi'ration hae made the assimiation ofimmi'rants diAcut.D Howeer, the United States has a on' history of successfuy inte'ratin' immi'rantsinto U.S. society. The waes of immi'ration in the eary twentieth century were, as a +ercenta'e of the U.S.





+o+uation, ar'er than the current ees of immi'ration.10 &er the course of the twentieth century, the

nation sowy but surey ad>usted. Unassimiabe aiens are now +art of mainstream"merica. This +ast success su''ests that the United States coud fuy inte'rate immi'rants into cii

society in a e'a re'ime without borders. Moreoer, 'ien the inBuence of U.S. cuturethrou'hout the word in this hi'h-tech information a'e, we mi'ht we ex+ectimmi'rants today to be much more famiiar with the United States, to be+re+ared for faster inte'ration into society, and to be more ca+abe of makin'informed >ud'ments about immi'ration than were immi'rants of +reious'enerations. "s time 'oes by, inte'ration into U.S. society may be easier than it currenty is. 9n any

eent, !atina4os currenty are assimiatin' into U.S. socia ife. @es+ite +o+uar +erce+tions, most !atina4oimmi'rants, the ar'est com+onent of the current immi'ration cohort, assimiate into the United States toa ar'e de'ree. "s a 'rou+, they earn :n'ish, +artici+ate in the workforce to a ar'er extent than natie-born citi#ens, and embrace widey acce+ted "mericanPoften denominated famiyPaues.11 yeconomic and +oitica measures, for exam+e, )uban "mericans on aera'e are better o< than theaera'e U.S. citi#en.1C ot a !atina4os are )uban, or course, and many hae not achieed simiar eesof economic success. ut the fact remains that immi'rants assimiate to a far 'reater de'ree than isreco'ni#ed by the restrictionists. The assimiation of !atina4os can aso be seen in their increasin' +oiticaim+ortance. %oiticians across the +oitica s+ectrum, incudin' %resident ush, increasin'y anda''ressiey court the !atina4o ote. Mainstream +oiticians often take care to aoid takin' +ositions onimmi'ration and reated issues that woud tend to aienate this 'rowin' se'ment of the eectorate.13 The

backash a'ainst )aifornia 'oernor %ete $ison=s su++ort for %ro+osition 1G2 in 1DD tau'ht *e+ubican+oiticians the +otentia downside of takin' stron' anti-immi'rant +ositions that an'er !atina4os.1 Sincethen, most mainstream *e+ubican +oiticians hae studiousy aoided takin' +ositions that coud becharacteri#ed as anti-immi'rant and anti-!atina4o. ot sur+risin'y, 'ien the 'rowin' !atina4o +o+uation,!atina4os in recent years hae 'reaty increased their re+resentation in eected oAces,15 which

demonstrates their increasin' inte'ration into U.S. socia ife. " moe away from cosedborders is caed for at this time in U.S. history. #he law should be changed

to create the legal presumption that a noncitizen can enter the

countr' unless it can be demonstrated that he or she would pose a

danger to the national securit' and public safet'. This, of course,e<ectiey woud turn current U.S. immi'ration aw on its head. &+en, not cosed,

borders woud be the norm. :asy, not diAcut, entry woud be the resut. " ess dramatic chan'e in the awwoud be to aow abor mi'ration within the nations that are a +arty to the orth "merican ;ree Trade

"'reement. &er the +ast thirty years, a re'iona common market, which incudes abor mi'ration betweenand amon' the member states, has eoed in the :uro+ean Union. " simiar abor mi'ration a'reementamon' the ";T" nations woud reco'ni#e that mi'ration from Mexico, +erha+s !atin "merica 'eneray, is

ineitabe,1I and must be mana'ed res+onsiby, eAcienty, and safey. Kobai#ation,technoo'ica adances, and chan'in' conce+tions of the nation-state re?uireserious study of new a++roaches to immi'ration and border contros.12esides imitin' the abuses and in>uries that enforcement of the currentimmi'ration aws cause immi'rants and U.S. citi#ens, a system of easy entry+romises many bene8tsPeconomic and otherwisePto the United States.9m+ortanty, aowin' free abor mi'ration woud +ermit the U.S. 'oernmentto e<ectiey and eAcienty focus enforcement e<orts on +rotectin' nationasecurity and +ubic safety, a hi'h +riority after the terrorist acts of Se+tember11, C001.



F%C to #error % < ach t'pe of surveillance technolog'

has its limitations and is proven to be widel' ine;cient

2rtega 13 (ob, order technoo'y remains Bawed,

htt+/44www.a#centra.com4news4artices4C01305Cborder-technoo'y-Bawed.htm6

;auty 'round sensors

The 'round sensors o<er one exam+e of the chaen'e of makin' sure technoo'y

works +ro+ery. "bout 13,00 hae been de+oyed +iecemea aon' the border oer seera decades. Theyare ty+icay +aced aon' known or sus+ected mi'rant or smu''er routes, and may detect ibrations (forfoot traAc6, meta (for ehices6 or hae acoustic or infrared sensors. Sensors from the Nietnam $ar eraremain in use.

" +ossibe fase aarm from a 'round sensor, and fauty radio communications, may haecontributed to the death of order %atro "'ent ichoas 9ie in a friendy-8reincident &ct. C. "s is often the case with sensor aarms, a'ents didn=t detectanyone but each other when they arried. 9ie, res+ondin' se+aratey, a++arenty

mistook the other a'ents for smu''ers and o+ened 8re . &ne of the a'entsshot and kied him.

ut fase aarms are nothin' new.

9n C005, Homeand Security=s ins+ector 'enera re+orted that ony +ercent of the aarmsi'nas detected mi'rants or smu''ers (3 +ercent were con8rmed faseaarms, IC +ercent coudn=t be determined6. The sensors, which run on batteries,

fre?uenty fai because of corrosion or bu's eatin' throu'h wires.

They were su++osed to be re+aced as +art of the F1.1 biion Secure order 9nitiatie, a massie C00Ie<ort to boost security at the border. ut most of the money was s+ent on a +robematic network of hi'h-tech towers, known as S9net.

The towers, to be e?ui++ed with ideo and infrared cameras and radar, were to coer the whoe border. ythe time Homeand Security +ued the +u' in C010, after a host of +robems, the contractor, oein', hadcom+eted ony 15 towers coerin' a 2C-mie stretch of "ri#ona=s border. Most of the od 'round sensors Pwith their fase-aarm +robems P remained.

9n 7anuary C011, Homeand Security aunched another initiatie, the "ri#ona order Sureiance Technoo'y %an.

That +an caed for s+endin' F1.5 biion oer 10 years to inte'rate the S9net towers, buid new cameratowers, buy trucks oaded with sureiance 'ear P and re+ace 5C5 'round sensors in "ri#ona with moreso+histicated miitary modes. The miitary sensors use a combination of technoo'ies that can distin'uishmore accuratey between, say, a four-e''ed coyote and the two-e''ed kind, and can een detect thedirection of trae.

ut )% con8rmed this +ast week that P ei'ht years after the +robems were identi8edP the sensors sti had not been re+aced .

Howeer, under the new technoo'y +an, "ri#ona a'ents hae receied/

Twenty-three hand-hed therma-ima'in' deices (ike ni'ht-ision binocuars6.

Two sco+e trucks X modi8ed ;ord 150 x trucks with day and ni'ht cameras mounted on retractabe+oes.

Twee a'ent +ortabe sureiance systems, which incude radar, ideo and infrared ideo sensors andcan be carried in a box and set u+ on tri+ods.



@rone +robems

@rones, too, hae +roen +robematic. So far, )% has ac?uired 10 drones, a ersions of the

%redator made by Kenera "tomics, for about F1G miion a+iece. )%=s unarmed drones carry radar,ideo and infrared sensors.

Theoreticay, the drones can By for u+ to C0 hours at a time. ut ast year, accordin' to )%, the drones

Bew an aera'e of D minutes a day. The main +robem/ )% s+ent so much of its bud'etbuyin' the drones that it hadn=t set aside enou'h to o+erate them.

They=re on the 'round most of the time for ack of fundin', said "dam 9sacson, a re'iona security-+oicyanayst for the $ashin'ton &Ace on !atin "merica, a human-ri'hts or'ani#ation that studies the e<ects ofU.S. +oicies on !atin "merica. They cost F3,C3 an hour to o+erate. They haen=t had the bud'et formaintenance or crews.

!ast year, Homeand Security=s ins+ector 'enera found that, because of +oor+annin', )% not ony Bew the drones ess than one-third the number of+anned hours in C011, but aso had to use FC5 miion from other bud'ets+ay for the hours the drones did By.

)% aso didn=t hae enou'h o+erationa su++ort e?ui+ment at the air8eds

where the drones are based, and didn=t +rioriti#e missions e<ectiey, the ins+ector 'enera

found P a 8ndin's with which )% concurred. ;i'ht hours ast year rose 30 +ercent from the year before,to 5,200, but were sti we beow haf the tar'et hours. ud'et cuts this year because of the con'ressionase?uester are ikey to further imit Bi'ht hours, 9sacson said.

The drones are sensitie to hi'h winds and thunderstorms . They face ;edera "iation

"dministration Bi'ht restrictions because they are ess abe than manned aircraft to detect other aircraft

and aoid coisions. "nd their use raises +riacy concerns.

"t a Senate hearin' in March, Sen. Tom )oburn, *-&ka., cited re+orts that @HS has customi#edits drone Beet to carry out domestic sureiance missions such as identifyin' ciiians

carryin' 'uns ... that By in the face of cii iberties. $e must ask whether the trade-o< interms of border security is worth the +riacy sacri8ce.

ut )% oAcias hae said they beiee ;"" concerns and other issues can be addressed, and that dronescan he+ increase sureiance whereer it=s most needed.

More coordination

9n +ractice, ever' piece of technolog' at the border has limitations :

:i'ht aerostats, or tethered radar bim+s, that )% is takin' oer from the miitary, can=t beBown in hi'h winds, and the ine-of-si'ht radar makes them ess e<ectie inru''ed, mountainous areas, which is much of the Tucson Sector. 9n May C011, an aerostat

crashed in a Sierra Nista nei'hborhood after comin' oose in 50-mie-an-hour wind 'usts.

)% imits the use of its 1I ackhawk heico+ters because the hi'h rate at which they 'u##e fue makes

them ery ex+ensie to o+erate, accordin' to +iots and )% bud'et documents con8rm +ans totem+orariy 'round nine of the 1I ackhawks next year +endin' enou'h money for renoations.

The 1I workhorse %-3 &rion sureiance aircraft are, on aera'e, C years od. *efurbishin' costs FCGmiion a+iece.

ut the bi''er issue is a ack of coordination in 8ttin' a of the +ieces to'ether and makin' e<ectie use of the data they +roide, said *ick Nan Schoik, director of the orth "merican )enter for Transborder Studiesat "ri#ona State Uniersity in %hoenix. 9t=s sti hard for )% to 8'ure out what we 'et out of a thesebiions that hae been s+ent, he said, which ham+ers +annin' for the future.



%F #errorK,ecurit' %: framing politics through the ris& of

individuals and the border produces a police state bent on

racist purges$ 0&eep in the 1%C *ust ma'be not in the

same space#his homogenized standard of normalit' culminates in the

ultimate police state that must continue to purge the

undesirable in order to survive$

,alter F!!> (Mark ., Schoo of %oitica Studies, Uniersity of &ttawa,

&ntario, %ass+orts, Mobiity, and Security/ How smart can the border be\6

"t the border, a isitors, incudin' "mericans, hae a 'reaty circumscribed set ofri'hts. order oAcias hae wide +owers of search, sei#ure, detention, and ofcourse, the abiity to excude traeers from the country. &nce admitted into the

country, howeer, one[s ri'hts, incudin' the ri'ht to due +rocess, come into e<ect. Under this system, theintense a++ication of state +ower throu'h the examination at the border substitutes for wider +oice+owers of sureiance once inside "merican territory. Sim+y, an examination at the border cannot deter ordetect a motiated crimina. !imits in intei'ence-'atherin' and information-sharin' wi ineitaby ead tothe admission of more terrorists. The o+enness on which "merica +rides itsef +roes to be a weakness in

terms of terrorist actiities. Thus, contros hae been ti'htened at the border and thesureiance of hi'h-risk nationas wi be extended domesticay . ecause the

examination of the D411 terrorists faied, the Homeand Security @e+artment and other federa awenforcement a'encies aim to continue the sureiance of hi'h-risk indiiduas within "merican territory.

The transition from undesirabe isitors to hi'h-risk marks a si'ni8cant shift in discourse. Theexcusion of undesirabe isitors indicates knowed'e of the indiidua, if onyas undesirabe . Howeer, de8nin' indiiduas as hi'h-risk indicates a ackof +recise knowed'e, su''estin' ony sus+icions based on statistics,socioo'y , and narraties. "s the 'oernment de8nes indiiduas as hi'h-

risk, it encoura'es a cyce of insecurity that eads to the increase of +oice+owers and bureaucratic structures of contro. i'o (C00C6 has made this ar'ument in the

:uro+ean context, but we beiee that it can be extended to the +ost-D411 "merican context aso. ;orexam+e, after the ca+ture of "bduah " Muha>ir (born 7ose %adia6, "ttorney Kenera 7ohn "shcroft said," _aeda oAcias knew that as a citi#en of the United States hodin' a aid U.S. +ass+ort, " Muha>irwoud be abe to trae freey in the U.S. without drawin' attention to himsef (C00Cb6. " Muha>ir washi'h-risk +recisey because of his mobiity, not because of somethin' that had been +roen in court."shcroft +etitioned to hae " Muha>ir decared an enemy combatant, eadin' to a seere circumscri+tionof his ri'hts, which woud normay be unconceiabe.

$hereas +reious border security re'imes focused on the actua examinationbetween the a'ent of the 'oernment and the traeer, the sureiancere'ime aims to make the a'ents of the 'oernment +resent but inisibe so

that traeers +oice themsees. y sureiance we inoke the workof ;oucaut who describes an architecture of +ower and authority by whichindiiduas come to +oice themsees in addition to bein' +oiced fromoutside (1D22/1GD6.G This sureiance strate'y o+erates most eAcienty whensureiance is +ermanent in its e<ects, een if it is discontinuous in itsaction Lconse?uenty the +erfection of +ower shoud tend to render its actuaexercise unnecessary” (;oucaut, 1D22/C016. The to+o'ra+hy of these sureiance strate'ies hae

been studied +roductiey by !yon (C001, C0036and i'o. This sureiance system a++ies to

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the border security re'ime, and in the case of the US-N9S9T, to the entire mobie+o+uation of border-crossers.

9n addition to an extended examination at the border, the US-N9S9T s+ecia re'istration +ro'ram continuesthe work of domestic monitorin' of hi'h-risk isitors. "iens are initiay 8n'er+rinted and +hoto'ra+hed atthe border. They must re+ort any chan'e in their em+oyment, schooin', or residence detais to the'oernment within ten days, and must aso re+ort in +erson to an )9S oAcia after one month and one

year, where they are interiewed and are com+ared to the records of their 8n'er+rints and +hoto'ra+h,after which their are aso recorded. The function of the +ro'ram is to de8ne, re'uate, and identify forei'n

isitors in the country. $hie the extended examination stren'thens thediscernment functions of the contem+orary border re'ime, the coection anderi8cation of biometric information and residence detais indicate a shift inthe mode of +oicin' from examination to sureiance .

This sureiance re'ime imitates the 1DD )aifornian %ro+osition 1G2 that re?uired a state em+oyees toact as de facto immi'ration ins+ectors and the 9e'a 9mmi'ration *eform and 9mmi'rant *es+onsibiity "ctof 1DDI that o<ered a mechanism by which anyone coud re+ort ie'a immi'rants or their em+oyers. The+ro+osed Terrorist 9nformation and %reention System (T9%S6 creates a nationa nei'hborhood watch+ro'ram. Throu'h a to-free tee+hone number "merican trans+ortation workers, truckers, etter carriers,train conductors, shi+ ca+tains, utiity em+oyees, and other members of the US" )iti#en )or+s mayidentify sus+ected terrorists, who wi then be ?uestioned by authorities.

Tom *id'e, the head of Homeand Security, has aso aunched a +ubicawareness cam+ai'n. The )iti#ens[ %re+aredness Kuideencoura'es eery citi#en to be i'iant

toward sus+icious indiiduas, +acka'es, and situations. The 'uide enists a CG0 miion "mericans

into the war on terror. ;or exam+e, Shies re+orted +ro'rams that trained airine +assen'ers to restrainhi>ackers (C00C6 andUS" Today ran a feature Here[s what to do if you[re hi>acked, in which an ex+ert on

terrorist attacks su''ested/ Jou want to take a 'ood ook at who[s 'ettin' on board. @o your ownscreenin' and +ro8in'. Jou want to ook into their eyes. Jou can te a otabout +eo+e by ookin' in their eyes. "re they shifty\ "re they nerous\

(Soan, C00C6. This is e+itomi#ed in the cam+ai'n so'an/ @on[t be afraid, be ready. D $e woud ar'ue

that the cam+ai'n in fact ur'es citi#ens to be afraid in an economy of dan'er .

Sim+y +ut, buyin' duct ta+e and extra water does not attack the roots of 'oba terrorismPrather it +aces"merican citi#ens in the +osition of continuous threat a'ainst which they can ony be ready to ictims. The+rimary functions of this +ubic cam+ai'n are to distract the +o+uace from the externa war on terror

(which seems unabe to reach its 'oasPwitness the absence of Saddam Hussein or &sama bin !aden6 andto enist the +o+uace[s he+ in +oicin' the nationa +o+uation. *einforcin' the notion that aciti#ens are watchin' each other eads each indiidua to attem+t to a++earas norma as +ossibe. :xamination has been su++anted by a sureiancere'ime, in which eery citi#en is both watched and a watcher









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1ac Borders - DDI 2015 KQ.docx