Министерство образования Российской ФедерацииПермский государственный технический университет

Березниковский филиалКафедра общенаучных дисциплин

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

для студентов I курса всех специальностей дневной формы обучения

Пермь 2001Составители: старшие преподаватели Ивонина Л.К.,

Кучина Е.Б., Чайникова Г.Р.

В предлагаемом пособии содержятся тексты для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы. В основе построения пособия – принцип интенсивного обучения. Каждый из предложенных текстов включает в себя основной словарь – минимум, грамматические упражнения и творческие задания для ознакомительного чтения, обсуждения и развития навыков разговорной речи.

Пособие предназначегно для студентов I курса всех специальностей дневной формы обучения и тематически связано с разговорными темами, предлагаемыми на I-м курсе.

Пособие снабжено приложениями для чтения с информацией об англоязычных странах.

© Пермский государственный технический университет, 2001

3

LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES

“He, who knows no foreign language, does not know his own one”.

Goethe

a) Answer the questions.

1. Is it necessary to learn English?2. What kind of foreign languages do you know?3. Is it difficult for you to learn foreign languages?4. Where do you learn foreign languages?5. Whom do you learn English with?6. Who teaches you English?7. Do you use your knowledge of foreign languages in your life?8. Where do you use your knowledge of foreign languages?9. Do you like to learn it?10. How long does it take you to do your English homework carefully?11. How many foreign languages do you know?12. What other languages besides English would you like to learn?

b) Read the dialogue and express the opinion “why do you learn foreign language?”

Why Do You Learn Foreign Language?— Is it easy for you to learn foreign language?— Learning a foreign language is not an easy thing. It is a long and slow

process that takes a lot of time and efforts.— Why do you learn foreign language?— Nowadays it is especially important to know foreign language. Some people

learn language, because they need it for their work, others travel abroad, for the third studying language is a hobby. Everyone, who knows foreign language can speak to people from other countries, read foreign authors in the original, which makes your outlook wider.

— Why do you. learn exactly English?— Nowadays English has become the world's most important language in

politics, science, trade and cultural relations.— Do many people in the world speak English as a mother language (tongue)?— Over 300 million people speak it as a mother tongue. The native speakers of

English live in Great Britain, the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand. English is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada, the South Africa Republic. English is one of the official languages of the United Nations Organization and other political organizations.

— What language is used by scientists?

4

— Half of the world's scientific literature is in English. It is the language of computer technology. To know English today is absolutely necessary for every educated man, for every good specialist.

— Do you like English?— English language is a wonderful language. It is the language of the great

literature. It is the language of William Shakespeare, Jonathan Swift, Walter Scott, Charles Dickens.

— Do you know how to learn English better?— Yes, there are some rules of memory. It is necessary to repeat the material

you've learnt every three days. If you don't repeat the material within three days most of the information vanishes as if you never learnt it. It is better to memorize material before you go to bed. You'll memorize it more quickly. It's very useful to listen to the material you are learning to memorize the pronunciation. One should also know that we get 90% of information by teaching others, only 20% by listening and 30% by seeing.

c) Translate these sentences into English.

1). Великий немецкий поэт Гёте однажды сказал: «Тот, кто не знает иностранного языка, не знает и своего собственного».

2). Изучение иностранных языков особенно важно сегодня.3). Некоторые люди изучают языки, потому что они нужны им в работе,

другие путешествуют за границу, для третьих изучение иностранных языков — хобби.

4). Каждый год тысячи людей из России едут в разные страны как туристы или работать.

5). Они не могут обойтись без знания языка страны, в которую они едут. 6). Современный инженер и даже рабочий не смогут работать с

импортным станком или машиной, если он не в состоянии прочитать инструкцию, как это сделать.

7). Ученый, историк, дипломат являются, как правило, полиглотами, потому что иностранные языки нужны им в их работе.

d) The great German poet Goethe said, "He, who knows no foreign language, does not know his own one." That is why in order to understand oneself and environment one has to study foreign languages. What do you think about Goether’s words?

e) Make up you own dialogue about learning foreign languages.

f) Now you begin an institute course of English. It is very important to know what you think about it. Is it necessary for a future economist (engineer) to study a foreign language?

1) Read pros and cons given below. Think of some more which are important in your opinion.

5

For Against1. I can read scientific journals in English as soon as they are published. 2. I can speak to foreign colleagues if necessary. 3. I can read English books.4. I can find out more about the world.

1. It takes a lot of time to learn a foreign language. 2. It is impossible to learn a foreign language. 3. I can read interesting articles when they are translated into Russian. 4. I think it is very difficult to learn a foreign language.

2) Discuss the problem in groups of 3-5 students. You may find the following expressions helpful:

to express your opinionI think … I suppose …Speaking for myself … I’m sure …I believe … In my opinion …

to agree with somebodyYes, I agree (with you) I think so too That's true You are quite right

to disagree with somebodyOn the other hand ... It' s not (entirely) true I don't agree (with you) I don't think so

3) Fill in the chart and give your reasons for your decision.

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4

It is necessary for a future economist (engineer) to study a foreign language. +

It's not necessary for a future economist (engineer) to study a foreign language.

-

THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Until the few centuries ago there were many natives of what we call the British Isles, who didn't speak English. The Western land of Wales spoke Welsh; in the farthest north and the islands of Scotland the language was Gaelic; and a similar

language, Irish Gaelic, was spoken in Ireland; Manx was the language of the Isles of Manx and Cornish that of the south-western tip of Britain.

6

In Scotland the Gaelic Language Society has existed for eighty years. It's dedicated to preserving the traditions of the Gaelic songs, verse and prose. And nowadays more and more people in the Lowland areas of Scotland, as well as the islands, where Gaelic is still spoken, want to learn the language. Since 1970s many people go to evening classes and learn Gaelic. Gaelic can be chosen for the final exam. In Wales the Welsh Language Society was founded in 1962 and since that time it has been trying to restore Welsh to an equal place with English. In 1967 Welsh was recognized as an equal language for use in law courts. In Wales some of the programmes of the IVth channel are broadcast in Welsh.

English is spoken as a native language by more than 300 million people, most of them living in North America, the British Isles, Australia, New Zealand, the Caribbean and South Africa. In several of these countries English isn't the sole language (e. g. in Canada — French is also spoken; many Irish and Welsh speak the Celtic language). But English is the second language for governmental, commercial, social or educational activities in the countries where native language isn't English.

In about 25 countries English has been used as an official language (either it is the sole official language there, or it shares that status with other languages).

Most of these countries are former British territories. Even more widely English is studied and used as a foreign language. It has already acquired international status. It is used for communication, listening, reading, broadcast, in commerce and travel.

Half of the world's scientific literature is in English. It is the language of automation and computer technology. It is not only the universal language of international aviation, shipping and sport, it is also the universal language of literacy and public communication. It is the major language of diplomacy and it is the most frequently used language in the general conduct of UN business.

Only in the course of the last hundred years English has become a world language. In Shakespeare's time it was "provincial" language of secondary importance. Only б million people spoke English.

From the British Isles English spread all over the world, but English hasn't always been the language of the people of those islands. When the Romans colonized England (the 1st century of our era), the country was inhabited by the Celtic tribes. Until the 5th century only the Celtic languages were spoken by the people of Britain. About the middle of the 5th century the British Isles began to be invaded by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, who spoke dialects of the language which was the ancestor of the present-day English. Now we call it Old English. During fifteen hundred years that have passed since the Anglo-Saxon invasion English has changed considerably. It was influenced by the language of the Danish (Viking) invaders (in the 8—10th century).

Between the 12th and 14th century English was influenced (both in grammar and vocabulary, and in its pronunciation) by Norman French. In the 14th—16th century quite a number of Latin and Greek words were introduced into English.

English belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages.

7

Exercises

a) Answer the questions.

1. What languages are spoken on the British Isles?2. What language is widely spread in Scotland?3. Since what time has English become a world language?4. What branch of languages does English belong to?5. In what countries is English considered to be the official language?6. Where is it spoken as the second language?7. What languages have influenced English since the 8th century?

b) Complete the sentences.

1. English is spoken in ... .2. English has become the language of ... .3. The Welsh Language Society was formed to ... .4. English is spoken as a native language by more than ....5. English is used as an official language in ....6. Most of the countries where English is spoken are ....7. In Shakespeare's time English was a language of ... .8. Until the 5th century only ... languages were spoken by the people of Britain.

c) Make up a plan for retelling the text, pointing out the main historical events.

d) Retell what you’ve learnt about the history of the English Language.

HISTORY OF EDUCATION

a) Education is extremely important for our civilization. Some countries contributed greatly to the development of educational systems. Read the text "History of Education" and complete the table containing some information about systems of education in different countries.

The name of the country

Who was taught What was taught

Egypt The sons of nobles Reading, physical education, good behaviour

Ancient IndiaChina

SpartaAthensRoman StateGreat Britain8

1. As long as we live we continue to learn, and the education we receive when we are young helps us to continue learning. We are taught to read and write, and are taught many of the essential facts about the world and shown how to sort them out' so that later in life, we shall be able to find out things ourselves and not to ask other people.

The first teachers were fathers and mothers, but very early in the history of man children began to be taught by people other than their fathers and mothers. It is thought that schools first started in Egypt 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, and that it was the invention of writing which made them necessary. Reading and writing were quite different from the skills used in everyday life, and writing made it possible to store up knowledge which grew with each generation. Specially trained people were therefore needed to teach it.

2. Only the sons of nobles attended the first Egyptian schools, which taught reading, physical education and good behaviour. In ancient India the priestly caste decided what should be taught to each of the four castes, or groups, into which people were divided.

Only the priestly caste was allowed to learn the Hindu scriptures. In China, until the 19th century, education was organized according to social classes, and consisted largely of learning the scriptures by heart,

3. A clear example of the way in which even neighbouring peoples produce different types of education comes from ancient Greece. Sparta and Athens were two Greek states. The Spartans, hard and warlike people, gave a purely military education to their children. At the age of seven all boys of noble families were taken from their homes and sent to live in schools. They were kept under a very strict discipline and were taught hunting, military scouting, swimming and the use of weapons. The Spartans despised literature, and some people think they could not even read.

At the very same time, also for the nobles only, the Athenians were building what we call a liberal education - one that helps a man to develop all sides of his nature, helps him to make and appreciate beautiful things and helps him to find the best way of life They thought it important to educate the body as well as the mind, and had a programme of physical training which consisted of running, jumping, wrestling and throwing the discus. As time went on Athenian education paid special attention to reading, writing and literature and these were taught by a special teacher, known as the "grammatist". Common people were not educated, they were trained in craftsmanship, workmanship, trades.

Greek philosophers, or thinkers, always discussed what education should try to do and what it should include. Plato wrote a book called The Republic, which is one of the best books ever written on education, and since those days Greek ideas have influenced European education, especially secondary and university education.

4. The Romans were very good at organizing, and they were the first people to have schools run by the government free of charge. Throughout their great empire there was a network of these schools which provided for three stages of education.

At six or seven all boys (and some girls) went to the primary school, where they learned “three R's”: reading, writing, and arithmetic. Most children were not taught more than this, but at 12 or 13, boys of the rich families went on to the "grammar" school to study the Greek and Latin languages and literatures, that is, what had

9

been written in those languages. At 16, young nobles who wanted to enter politics or the service of their country went to the schools of rhetoric to be trained in rhetoric, or public speaking.

5. In Great Britain the first teachers we read about were craftsmen. They taught children to read, write and count, to cook and mend their own shoes. In the early 19th century the main system of teaching was the "Monitor" system. The teacher could manage a class of 100 or more by using older pupils or "monitors" to help him. The schools had long desks which were sometimes arranged in tiers so that the teacher could see every child in a large class.

Remember the words and expressions:

essential – существенный, важный, необходимыйto sort out – отбирать, распределять (по сортам)to find out – узнать, выяснить, понятьto store up knowlegde – накапливать знанияskills – навыкиnobles – знатьthe priestly caste – привилегированная каста духовенстваscripture – библия, священное писание, священная книгаHindu [`hin`du] – индус, индусский by heart [hα:t] – наизустьto despise – презиратьa liberal education – гуманитарное образованиеto appreciate – (высоко) ценить, пониматьcraftsmanship – ремесло, мастерство, искусствоworkmanship – ремесло, мастерствоto influence – оказывать влияние, влиятьschools run by the government – школы, находящиеся в ведении государстваfree of charge - бесплатныйto provide – обеспечиватьthe “Monitor” system – Ланкастерская система образования, при которой старшие ученики следят за младшими.

b) Read the names of the countries and adjectives and translate them:

Egypt [`iʤipt] – Egyptian [i`ʤip∫n]India [`indj] - Indian

China [`t∫ain]– Chinese [`t∫ai`ni:z]Greece [gri:s]– GreekAthens [`æθinz] – Athenian [’θi:njn]Sparta – Spartan [`spα:t()n]Great Britain – British

10

c) Find in the text passages describing the organization of education in ancient Egypt, India and China and compare them with the Russian translation below. Try to find five or more mistakes in the translation.

Только сыновья из знатных семей посещали первую египетскую школу, где их учили чтению, физической культуре и хорошим манерам. В древней Индии только каста жрецов определяла что будут изучать четыре касты или группы, на которые были разделены люди.

Только касте жрецов разрешалось изучать священные книги. В Китае начиная с 19 века обучение было организовано социальными классами и заключалось в заучивании наизусть религиозных текстов.

d) Find the passage describing the difference in education between Sparta and Athens and translate it orally into Russian.

e) Answer the questions:

1. Where did first schools start?2. What made schools necessary?3. Did writing make it possible to store up knowledge?4. Who attended the first Egyptian schools?5. What were the pupils taught there?6. What did education in China consist of until the 19th century?

f) Find in the text and put down key words to speak about education in Roman Empire and Great Britain.

g) Express your opinion to the next theses:

Since the first schools starteda) education has been becoming more difficult.b) education has been becoming more liberal.

EDUCATION IN RUSSIA

1. Ancient Rus was one of the early feudal states and held a leading place in the world history.

The Slavonic written language came to Rus from Bulgaria in the 9th century. Towards the end of this century the replacement of religious books in Greek for those in the Slavonic language began.

Between the 10th and 13th centuries Russians developed a high civilization, which formed the foundation of the Russian culture in the following centuries. During this period numerous cultural treasures were accumulated. The written works of the time show that the level of knowledge on most natural phenomena was as high as that of Ancient Greece.

Monasteries were cultural and educational centres. They had large libraries and well-equipped book-making shops, in which not only church manuscripts were

11

copied and translated but original books were written. Today we can confidently say that Ancient Rus was a state of high culture and knowledge.

2. In pre-revolutionary Russia there was a network of primary schools for common people. Nevertheless illiteracy among common people was very high. Well-off people taught their children in grammar schools, commercial schools or secondary schools teaching no classics.

There were also schools for nobles only. Entrance to those schools was limited. For example, at lycee where A.S. Pushkin studied the number of pupils ranged from thirty to one hundred. Only boys at the age of 10 or 12 from noble families of high rank were admitted and studied there for six years. They were taught many different subjects. The most important were Russian literature, history, geography, mathematics, physics, logic, law, rhetoric and such foreign languages as French, English, German and Latin. Great attention was paid to different arts and physical training: riding, swimming, fencing and dancing. The aim of this school was to bring up intelligent people in the broad sense of the word. Those who graduated from such educational institutions usually entered the service of their country to realize their abilities and knowledge to the benefit of their state.

3. The history of higher education in Russia goes back to 1755 when the first University was founded in Moscow on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov and in accordance with his plan. Later, universities were opened in many other big cities of the country.

4. After the revolution in 1917, education was guaranteed to the Soviet citizens by the Constitution and was free of charge, including higher education. Teaching at schools was carried out almost in all national languages. The system of education was the same throughout the country.

School attendance was compulsory for those between 7 and 15. Those who completed their secondary education and passed entrance examinations to higher education establishments received monthly grants if they did not fail in the examinations that they took at the end of each term. Higher school education lasted five years.

5. In 1991 the former fifteen republics of the Soviet Union became independent states. The Russian Federation, the biggest and the most powerful of them began to develop as a democratic state. From the very start democratic reforms began to take place in many fields of life. Changes in political, economic and social conditions required changes in the system of education. Its aim is to prepare the growing generation for independent life and work in new conditions.

New curriculums were introduced in schools such as "The World Around Us" for younger students and "Fundamentals of Information Science and Computer Engineering", "Ethics and Psychology of Family Life" for senior students. Along with state schools where education is free of charge there appeared many private schools, colleges, lycees, gymnasiums and different courses where students can study sciences and humanities including foreign languages.

6. At some schools the leavers are sent abroad to continue their education at Sorbonne in Paris, at the Universities of Great Britain, Germany, USA and other countries.

After graduating from those Universities they return to their country to work in different fields of national economy.12

A former student of a Russian school said on his return home:"I was surprised how much there is in common between Russian and Western

young people - their love for entertainments and the same kind of music and their wish to know everything new. I hope there will be time when young people from abroad will also come to our country to study.

Such exchanges of students will undoubtedly result in better understanding among people which in its turn will bring greater stability to the whole world."

Words and Expressions

treasure – сокровищеilliteracy – неграмотностьwell-off – богатый, обеспеченныйgrammar school – гимназияsecondary school teaching no classics – реальное училищеnobles – дворянство, знать, аристократияlycee = lyceum – лицей to admit – допускать, приниматьfencing - фехтованиеto the benefit – на благо compulsory - обязательныйgrant - стипендияto fail in – провалиться (на экзамене)curriculum [k`rikjulm] – учебный план, курс обученияsciences and humanities – естественные и гуманитарные дисциплины

a) Write down the transcription of the words given below and remember them:

accumulate civilization treasurephenomenon – phenomena manuscript initiativelogic feudal privatereligious psychology gymnasiumoriginal throughout undoubtedlyintelligent

b) Read the translation of the first two paragraphs given below. Compare it with the original and say if everything is right.

Древняя Русь была одним из ранних феодальных государств и занимала одно из ведущих мест в мировой истории. Старославянский язык письменности был заимствован из Болгарии в IX веке. К концу этого века началась замена церковных книг на древнегреческом языке книгами на старославянском.

Между Х и ХШ столетиями русские создали высокую культуру, послужившую основой развития в последующих столетиях. В течение этого периода шло накопление культурных сокровищ, Письменные памятники этого периода показывают, что уровень понимания многих естественных

13

явлений был так же высок, как и в древней Греции.

c) Find in the text and put down 10-12 words or word combinations which can be used to speak about the history of higher education in Russia.

d) Answer the questions:

1. Do you agree that Ancient Rus held a leading place in the world history?2. Do you agree that the pre-revolutionary Russia was a state of high culture?3. Do you believe that the changes in the system of education were necessary?4. If it were possible to choose, where would you like to study – in the Soviet

Union or nowadays?

HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA.

Every citizen of our country has the right to education.Education in Russia is compulsory up to the 9 th form inclusive. After finishing

9 forms of a secondary school young people can continue their education in the 10th

and the 11th form. They can also go to a vocational or technical school, where they study academic subjects and receive a profession.

After finishing a secondary, vocational, technical school young people can start working or go on in higher education. They can enter an institute or a university. There are the following types of higher schools in Russia: universities, institutes, various higher military schools and academies. They train specialists in different fields. There are three departments at the universities and institutes of Russia: day-time, evening and extramural departments. The complete course of studies at an institute or a university usually takes 5 years.

Part-time students have an opportunity to study without leaving their jobs. All applicants must take competitive exams if they want to enter a higher educational establishment. Higher education institutions offer a programme of academic subjects for undergraduates in a variety of fields, as well as a graduate course. If one finishes a graduate course and writes a thesis, he or she receives a candidate’s degree or a doctoral degree.

The system of higher education in Russia is going through a transitional period. The main objectives of the reform are: to decentralize the higher education system, to develop a new financial mechanism, to give more academic freedoms to faculties and students. All institutes and universities until recently have been funded by the state, the students have got scholarships. Now universities have fee-paing departments or courses where the cost of study is high and the students have to pay for their education.

Training specialists at our Institutes combines theoretical studies with practical work and industrial training. Students have lectures and practical lessons. They attend lectures on different subjects and they take notes. During practical lessons they study the material of the lectures.

The academic year is divided into two terms from September to January and from February to July. Students take examinations at the end of a term or a study year. To pass examinations successfully students are to work hard during the 14

academic year. They must not miss lectures and they must study regularly. Sometimes students take examinations and credit tests in advance. At the end of each term the student submits a course paper, and at the end of course of studies he presents a graduation project or passes final state examinations.

Our country needs more and more specialists with higher education every year.

Exercises

a) Remember words and expressions:the right to education право на образованиеcompulsory обязательныйinclusive [in’klu:siv] включительноto finish a secondary school заканчивать среднюю школуa vocational school училищеa technical school техникумa day-time department дневное отделение

evening or part-time,extramural or correspondence вечернее или заочное

an applicant [‘æplikənt] абитуриентan undergraduate = a student [ʌndə’grædjuit] a term семестрan academic year (a study year) учебный годa graduate course аспирантураa theses [Ɵi:sis] диссертацияa candidate [‘kændidit] degree степень кандидата наукa doctoral degree степень доктора наукan objective [ɔb’ʤektiv] цельto decentralize уничтожить централизациюto be funded by the state финансироваться государствомto get a scholarship [‘skɔləʃip] получать стипендиюto take notes вести конспект

credit tests зачетыin advance [əd’va:ns] заранееa course [kɔ:s] paper курсовая работаa graduation project дипломный проектto submit [səb’mit] (to present [pri’zent]) представлять

b) Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

продолжать образование в вузе, общеобразовательные предметы, одновре-менно работая, поступать в университет, находиться в переходном периоде, высшие военные училища, иметь возможность, сдавать конкурсные экза-

15

мены, создать новый финансовый механизм, платные курсы, производст-венная практика, посещать лекции, обучение специалистов, учебный год делится на два семестра, успешно сдать экзамены, учиться регулярно и усердно работать, сдавать зачеты заранее, сдавать выпусные государствен-ные экзамены.

c) Fill in gaps by words or word-combinations in brackets.

1. My friend is a second-year student. Last year he … successfully and … the University. He studies … . He is a … student.

2. Mike studies at the day-time department. During the academic year he works hard and … lectures reqularly. Sometimes he takes exams and credit tests …. Mike gets ….

3. Did you write … and receive a candidates degree?4. In Russia the academic year … into two terms. At the end of each term the

student … a course paper.5. How many … are there at the universities in Russia? … at a university usually

takes 5 years.(a thesis, the complete course of studies, is divided, took competitive exams, departments, a scholarship, entered, part-time, attends, submits, without leaving his job, in advance)

d) Replace underlined words by antonyms and translate sentences into Russian.

1. My friend’s brother is a full-time student.2. Higher education is our country is free of charge.3. An applicant failed at the entry exams.4. John passed final state exams successfully.5. The students often missed lectures and studied inconstantly.

e) Answer the questions. Follow the model:

Model: Do you study literature at the University? No, I don’t. I study mathematics.

1. Are you a second-year student?2. Do you study at an extra-mural department?3. Is higher education in Russia compulsory?4. Does your friend get a scholarship?5. Will you present a thesis after graduating from the University?6. Do you always take exams and credit tests in advance?

f) Ask the questions to the anderlined words:

1. There are three departments at the Universities of Russia.16

2. Part-time students have an apportunity to study without leaving their jobs.3. The complete course of studies at a University usually takes 5 years.4. All institutes and universities until recently have been funded by the state.5. They regullarly attend his lectures.

g) Answer the questions:

1. Do you think it’s necessary to get a higher education? Why?2. Is your future profession prestigious?

Why do you think so? Give your reasons.3. What country would you like to get a higher education in? Why?

h) Imagine that you are a Prime Minister of Russia. What will you do for Higher Education in the country?

i) Retell the text.

MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY

Moscow State University is the oldest, autonomous, self-governing and state-supported institution of higher learning, founded in 1755 by the scientist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Located in Moscow, the university is composed of faculties of biology, chemistry, computational mathematics and cybernetics, eco-nomics, foreign languages, fundamental medicine, geography, geology, history, journalism, law, mechanics and mathematics, physics, psychology, sociology, and soil sciences, as well as an institute of Asian and African Studies. Several museums, colleges, and a number of institutes are affiliated with Moscow University, and a preparatory faculty teaches Russian language and other subjects to foreign students.

Except for the science faculties and some of the arts faculties — which are situated in south-western Moscow — the remainder of the faculties are located in the older university buildings in the centre of the city. A diploma in a given field of study is awarded after five or five and a half years of study. The highest degree, the

Doctor of Sciences, may be attained upon completion of a thesis based on independent research.

The University produced a great number of brilliant scholars such as Zhukovsky, Stoletov, Sechenov. Timiryasev, Pavlov and Vernadsky. Classics of Russian literature: Lermontov, Griboyedov, Turgenev and Chekhov also studied at the University. The list of such great names is endless.Today every fifth 'Russian academician is its graduate.

OUR UNIVERSITY.

Our country has a large net of higher educational establishments. Higher education in Russia is provided by academies, universities, polytechnical and specialized institutes where future specialists for an enormous number of fields, both in sciences and humanities are trained.

17

In our region there are more than 10 higher educational establishments. The Branch of the Perm Polytechnical University in our town is of particular concern.

In 1958 the first institution of higher education-an educational-consulting point was opened in Berezniki where only 3 teachers began to work with 150 extra-mural students. It was the only opportunity to help young people in getting of a higher education in their native town.

In 1963 the educational-consulting centre was reorganized into the general-technical faculty and then it was transfered into the Branch of the Perm Polytechnical Institute. So, all inhabitants of Berezniki had got a real possibility to have a higher educational institution in their native town. The faculty had got its own building where the first research laboratories were equipped. Now the students may carry out researches there and make experiments.

In 1981 the first chairs were organized at the faculty. Now our University has four chairs: the chair of technology and mechanical production, the chair of technology of chemical processes, the chair of general-scientific disciplines and the chair of economics. Our University trains students of different specialities.

The lectures and practical courses are delivered by highly-qualified teachers. Tuition rests on a broad scientific basis, lectures on theory being combined with practical classes. The early years are devoted to general subjects. In the first and second years there’s a common curriculum for all related faculties and specialities. Specialization usually begins in the third or fourth year.

There are two departments: day-time and evening department at our University. Part-time students have a possibility to combine their work and study at the same time. The complete course of studies lasts 5 years at the day department and 6 years at the part-time department. Our University has not extra-mural department.

Our University has a good library with a reading-hall in it. You can get books in many fields of science and engineering there.

Exercises

a) Pay special attention to the pronunciation of the following words:

polytechnical [,pɔli’teknikəl] – политехническийtechnology [tek’nɔləʤi] – технологияmechanical [mi’kænikəl] Branch [bra:nʧ] – филиалspecialist [‘speʃəlist] – специалист; speciality [,speʃi’æliti] – специаль-ность;

specialization [,speʃəlai’zeiʃən] – специализация; specialized [‘speʃəlaizd] – специализированный

enormous [i’nɔ:məs] – огромныйfaculty [‘fækəlti] – факультетresearch [ri’sə:ʧ] – исследование

18

laboratory [lə’borətəri] – лабораторияto equip [i’kwip] – оборудоватьprocess [‘prəuses] science [‘saiəns], scientific [,saiən’tifik]chair [ʧɛə] – кафедраdiscipline [‘disiplin]curriculum [kə’rikjuləm] – учебная программаqualified [‘kwɔlifaid] – квалифицированныйtuition [tju(:)’iʃən] – обучение

b) Find the equivalents to the English expressions in the right-hand column.

1. a net of higher educational establishments

2. to provide by3. to train4. an enormous number of fields5. an educational - consulting point

(centre)6. extra-mural students7. the only opportunity8. a real possibility9. to carry out (make) researches

(experiments)10. to deliver lectures11. to rest on12. different specialities13. to devote to14. a common curriculum15. the complete course of studies16. the Branch of the University

a) реальная возможностьb) разные специальностиc) образовательно-

консультационный центрd) читать лекцииe) полный курс обученияf) посвящатьg) опираться наh) обеспечиватьi) сеть высших учебных заведенийj) огромное число областейk) общая учебная программаl) филиал университетаm) студенты - заочникиn) обучатьo) возможностьp) проводить исследования (ставить

эксперименты)

c) Find in the text sentences with Passive Voice.

d) Make up general and tail questions to the sentences:

1. Our country has a large net of higher educational establishments.2. Our University has not extra-mural department.3. The Branch of the Perm Polytechnical University in our town is of

particular concern.4. In our region there are more than 10 higher educational establishments.5. The lectures and practical courses are delivered by highly qualified

teachers.6. Specialization usually begins in the third or fourth year.

19

7. You can get books in many fields of science and engineering there.

e) Retell the text using the plan:

1. A large net of higher educational establishments in Russia.2. In our region there are … .3. In 1958 … was opened in Berezniki.4. 1963 (the general – technical faculty, the Branch of the PPI).5. The first chairs of the Branch (1981).6. Tuition rests on … .7. The departments of our University.8. The complete course of studies lasts … .

f) A delegation of students and teachers from Cambridge are on a visit at your institute. You are asked to tell the guests about it. Present information on:

1) the name of your institute,2) its location;3) the departments at your institute (day-time, evening or correspondence);4) how long the complete course lasts;5) the number of students at the institute;6) the subjects you study (humanities, technical subjects, sciences);7) the equipment the institute is provided with;8) the examinations you take and the grants you receive;9) the students' hostels;10) what you like and what you don't like about your institute.

e) Your friend who is 20 years old works as a car mechanic. He wants to continue his education in order to become an engineer. He doesn't know which department to choose, day-time or evening. Help him to solve his problem. Give your reasons.

1) Your friend has already made up a list of pros and cons. Look through it and think of some more.

Day-time institute Evening instituteFor For

1. The course is a year shorter.2. You have more time for self-

study and entertainment.3. You study more subjects and

become a better specialist in your field.

1. Your practical experience makes it easier for you to study special subjects.

2. You have prospects of promotion.3. You no longer depend financially

on your parents.

20

2) Discuss the problem in groups of 3-5 students in order to make a decision.

3) Fill in the chart and give your reasons.

Group 1 Group 2 Group3Day-time instituteEvening institute

MY STUDY AT THE UNIVERSITY

Exercises

a) Read, translate and learn the expressions:

to take an exam into pass entrance examsadmission (enrolments /in’rəulmənts/, exception)to enter the Universityto graduate from the Universityfull-time studentpart-time student (sandwich course student)to attend lectures (to miss lectures)to take up (study) a subjectto be good at smthto be strong (weak) in a subjectlecture (seminar) onclass into work regularlyto work by fits and startsto make progressto be at the top of the group (to fall behind the group)to catch up with the groupto fail in a subjectto fail at an exam

to take notes at a lectureto get good (bad) marksto read up for an examtimetable (to consult the time table)curriculumto improve knowlegdethe monitor of the groupto study at … (the Branch of the Technical University, the day-time department,

part-time, evening, correspondence – extra-mural department)credit tests (credits)

21

speciality (profession: economist, mechanical engineer, computing engineer, chemical engineer)

specializationto speak English fluentlycrib /krib/

b) Find the English equivalents to the following Russian words and word-combinations:

Студент дневного отделения; студент, сочетающий учебу и работу; поступить в университет; работать регулярно; иметь способности к; быть сильным (слабым) по предмету; сдавать экзамен; сдать вступительные экзамены; заканчивать университет; лекция по; посещать лекции; готовиться к экзамену; расписание; конспектировать лекцию; семинар по; начать изучать предмет; работать урывками; пропускать лекции; староста группы; зачис-ление; зачеты; учиться на дневном (вечернем) отделении; специализация; специальность; улучшать знания; учебная программа; быть лучшим студен-том; делать успехи; провалиться по предмету (на экзаменах); получать хорошие отметки; догнать группу; шпаргалка.

c) Fill in the blanks with prepositions and postverbal adverbs wherever necessary.

1. The students … our group are very good … English. They work hard … their pronunciation and grammar. 2. When Kate fell …the group … the History … the English language everybody was ready to help her … this subject. It took her a week to catch … … the group. Now she is very strong … this subject. 3. Peter makes many mistakes … his speech. That’s because he works … fits and starts. 4. Yesterday we had a lecture … history, a seminar … philosophy and a class … English. 5. … the end … the first term we shall have three exams. 6. It’s high time to start reading … … your exams. 7. Don’t miss classes, otherwise you may fail … English. 8. What subject are you week (strong) …?

d) Complete the following sentences:

1. She has been ill for a week and now …. 2. My friend has made a good progress in English because …. 3. If you work by fits and starts …. 4. You will fall behind the group if …. 5. I’m going to the library, I must prepare …. 6. She is very good at …. 7. If you don’t know the pronunciation of a word …. 8. Will you help Ann …? 9. He is very weak in …. 10. Our course of studies runs… .

e) Translate into English:

1. В этом году моя сестра поступила в ПГУ на экономический факультет. Её будущая профессия – экономист. Она учится на дневном отделении. Курс обучения на этом факультете длится 5 лет. 2. Катя самая лучшая студентка в группе. Она регулярно посещает занятия и очень много работает. Ей нравится 22

изучать иностранный язык. 3. Какие новые предметы мы будем изучать на третьем курсе? – Я ещё не знаю, надо посмотреть расписание. 4. Звонок уже был? Что у нас сейчас? – Лекция по философии. Но я не помню номера аудитории. Давай посмотрим расписание. 5. Зимой мы сдали четыре экзамена. Меня очень беспокоит (to worry) экзамен по высшей математике. Я не очень сильна в этом предмете. 6. Он был болен и отстал от группы. Давайте поможем ему с английсикм. 7. Завтра мы сдаем последний экзамен. Я думаю, никто не провалится, хотя предмет очень трудный.

f) Ask questions so that the sentences below could be answers.

1. She is very good at English Grammar. 2. Our course runs for five years. 3. He fell behind the group because of his illness. 4. The brightest student in out group is Mary. 5. My favourite subject is English. 6. She coudn’t stay after classes because she was very busy. 7. You can get this book at the library. 8. She has made good progress in English because she works hard. 9. Ann failed in History. 10. We shall have a seminar on Culture.

g) Ask you fellow students:

… what new subjects she (he) has this year… how many classes (pairs) she (he) has every day… if she (he) attends lectures (practical lessons) regualarly… what subjects she (he) is especially good at… if she (he) fell behind the group when she (he) was ill … if it took her (him) much time to catch up with the group… what her (his) favourite subject is… if she (he) has already begun to read up for the exams… if she (he) always comes in time for classes… what subjects she (he) had in the first year

h) Answer the questions:

1. You are a student, aren’t you?

2. What faculty do you study at?3. What foreign languages do you study? Are you good at them?4. What year student are you?5. How many lectures do you have weekly? Do you attend them regularly?6. What is your favourite subject?7. How many exams will you have in summer? In what subjects?8. Have you ever failed at an exam? In what subject did you fail?9. Do you use cribs at exams?10. Do you work regularly or by fits and starts?

23

i) Ask in English.

1. Как ты добираешься до университета и сколько времени тебе на это требуется (it takes me …)?

2. Где находится расписание?3. Каковы твои любимые предметы?4. Сколько раз в неделю ты посещаешь лекции и практические занятия

(once a week, twice a week)?5. Ты всегда вовремя начинаешь подготовку к экзаменам (in time)?6. Умеешь ли ты бегло говорить по-английски и хочешь ли ты улучшить

свои знания по предмету?7. Ты надеешься стать хорошим специалистом?8. Как ты думаешь, когда ты закончишь университет?

j) Work in pairs.

A: Do you get to the Institute by bus? - Ты добираешься в институт авто- бусом?

В: No, I don’t. I go to the Institute on foot. It takes me only seven minutes.

- Нет, я хожу пешком. Это занимает всего 7 минут.

A: I seldom go by bus too. Let’s go on foot!

- Я тоже редко езжу в автобусе. Давай пройдемся пешком.

B: O.K. Come on! - Хорошо. Идем!

k) Do you agree with this and why?

The more we study, the more we know;The more we know, the more we forget;The more we forget, the less we know;The less we know, the less we forget;The less we forget, the more we know;So, why study?

l) Make up a story about your study at the University, using vocabulary and exercises given above.

m) Use the situations in free conversation:

1. You are leaving school but you haven’t yet made up your mind what you want to be. Your sister’s friend is in the polytechnical college. Ask her about student’s life and her future job.2. You are a freshman. Say a few words about your first impressions (your timetable, lectures, everyday programme, etc.).You are a freshman and your friend is a fourth year student. She has come back from her practice. Ask her how she liked it.

24

HIGHER EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN

Higher education in Great Britain is provided by a great number of universities and polytechnics. There are about 50 universities in the country. They are divided into three types: the old universities (Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh Universities), the 19th century universities such as London and Manchester universities, and the new universities. The new universities are divided into various faculties, e.g. the faculty of science, faculty of social and economic studies. In each faculty there may be a number of departments dealing with separate subjects. Some years ago there were also polytechnics (now universities). After graduating from a polytechnic a student got a degree, but it was not a university degree. 30 former polytechnics were given university status in 1992. There are not only universities in Britain but also 350 colleges and institutes of higher education (some of which train teachers or professions connected with medicine). There is a competition to get into the best universities. They accept students mainly on the basis of their “A” level results.

The rules of teaching process differ from university to university. The teaching is based on the tutorial system as well as lectures. Each student has a tutor. He decides what lectures the students must attend, recommends books for reading, discusses and criticizes their written works. All lectures and examinations for all students are organized by the University authorities.

The academic year in Britain is divided into three terms, which usually run from October to December, from January to March and from April to June. Undergraduate courses normally take three years of full-time study, although a number of subjects take longer, including foreign languages (where courses include a year abroad). Medicine and dentistry courses are 5-7 years. After these years of studies and successful final examinations the students get their first degree B.A. – Bachelor of Arts or B.Sc. – Bachelor of Science. There are various postgraduate degrees, including Master and Doctor of Philosophy. The last two are awarded for research in arts and sciences.

At present, students who have been accepted by universities or other institutions of higher education receive a grant from their Local Education Authority, which covers the cost of the course, and may cover living expenses

(accommodation, transport and food). This grant depends on the income of parents. Parents with higher incomes are expected to make a contribution. Until 1990 the grant did not have to be paid back, but now a system of loans has been introduced. That is why most students are to work. But students don’t usually have a job during term time because lectures and tutorials (small groups) are full time. However, many students now have to work in the evenings or during their vacation.

Most students live away from home, in flats or halls of residence.

Exercises

a) Remember the words and word-combinations.

to be provided by – обеспечиваться

25

to be divided into – делитьсяto deal with – иметь дело, касатьсяstatus [‘steitəs] – статусa former polytechnic – бывший политехнический институтto accept = to admiton the basis of “A” level results – на основе результатов экзаменов

продвинутого уровняa tutorial system – система наставничестваan undergratuate course – курс для студентовto take … years – занимать … летfull-time study – дневное обучениеa Bachelor’s degree in Arts or Science – степень бокалавра гуманитарных или

естественных наукa pestgraduate degree – ученая степень (присуждается после обучения в

аспирантуре или доктатуре)Master of Philosophy – магистр гуманитарных наукto be awarded for smth – присуждается за что-либоto receive a grant – получать стипендиюLocal Education Anthority – местный комитет по образованиюto cover the cost of smth – покрывать расходы на что-либоliving expenses – стоимость проживаниеto make a contribution – зд.: возщместить часть расходовto introduce a system of loans – ввести систему займов

b) Pay attention to the reading of the following words:

polytechnic [pɔli’teknik]; separate [‘seprit]; status [‘steitɘs]; medicine [‘medsin]; authority [ɔ:’ɵɔriti]; successful [sək’sesful]; final [fainəl]; bachelor [‘bætʃələ]; philosophy [fi’lɔsəfi]; residence [‘rezidəns]

c) Translate into English

1. В университеты принимают студентов в соответствии с результатами сдачи ими экзаменов продвинутого уровня.

2. Вузы Великобритании подразделяются на следующие типы: университеты (в том числе бывшие политехнические институты), колледжи и институты.

3. Обучение студентов обычно приводит к получению степени бакалавра гуманитарных или естественных наук.

4. Степень магистра присуждается за исследования в области гуманитарных или естественных наук.

5. Студенты получают стипендии от местных органов власти, которые обязательно покрывают стоимость обучения и иногда – стоимость проживания.

26

6. Была введена система займов, и сейчас студенты должны возвращать стипендию.

d) Answer the questions:

1. What is necessary to go on to higher education?2. What types of higher educational establishments are there in the U.K.?3. What is the procedure of awarding degrees?4. What are the conditions of receiving grants?5. Can you cоmpare the system of higher education in the U.K. with the Russian

оne? (taking into account the academic year, types of higher educational establishments, getting degrees, receiving a grant, ect.)

e) Make up a story about the system of Higher education in the U.K.

f) Use the situations in the conversation:

1. You work as a guide in the U.K. A group of Russian students has arrived to London. They are interested in British higher education and universities. What would you tell them about it?

2. An English student is at your university. What questions would you like to ask him about his study and higher education in Great Britain?

HISTORY OF UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE

Universities originated in Europe during the eleventh century, but they were not the first in the world. Perhaps, the University of Al-Azhar founded in Cairo in 970 is one of the oldest still operating universities in the world.

European universities developed from monastery schools and their development took place so slowly that it is difficult to know the point at which they became universities. Many scholars believe that the oldest European university is the University of Bologna [ba'lounja], Italy. It was founded in the late tenth century, but it had existed as a law school since 890. The University of Paris

developed during the eleventh century. Many other universities appeared in Europe during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

These first schools were founded largely to serve the professions. They provided the first unified teaching of law, medicine, and theology. The lessons were conducted in the Latin language, which the students were to speak even among themselves.

The oldest universities in Britain Oxford and Cambridge were founded in the Middle Ages. They have much in common and are, therefore, often spoken together, and are sometimes called collectively for convenience as Oxbridge. The word "college" originated later. There were no colleges in those early days and students' life was very different from what it is now. Students were of all ages and came from everywhere. When the students began to settle in Oxford in the 12th century they lived as they could, lodging in inns and with townsfolk, or grouping themselves together and renting a house for their use. The first college (Merton

27

College) was founded in 1249 and it was associated only with the residence for students to lodge. Life in college was strict. Students were not allowed to play games, to sing or dance, to hunt or even to fish. Later, however, colleges developed into complete educational institutions.

Words and Expressions

1. to originate – возникать, брать начало2. to develop - развиваться3. scholar [`skɔl] = scientist4. law [lɔ:] – право, юриспруденция5. to appear - появляться6. to conduct – вести, руководить, направлять7. to settle – селиться, обосноваться8. to lodge – временно проживать, снимать комнату9. inn – гостиница, постоялый двор10. townsfolk – горожане11. to rent – брать в аренду, внаем12. to hunt – охотиться

a) Try to arrange the Universities in chronological order.

Oxford, the University of Paris, the University of Bologna(Italy), Cambridge, Al-Azhar (Cairo)

b) Read the text and test yourself, write out the dates of foundation.

c) Read the text and find English equivalents of the next Russian word-combinations.

все еще действующий, монастырские школы, юридическая школа, унифицированное обучение, для удобства, всех возрастов, проживая в гостиницах, арендуя жилье.

d) Complete the following sentences:

1. University education originated in ... . 2. Lectures and lessons were conducted in ... . 3. The word "college" was at first associated with ... . 4. The first college originated in ... . 5. Oxford and Cambridge have much in ... and they are called collectively as … .

28

OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE

AOxford and Cambridge are the oldest and most prestigious universities in Great

Britain. They are often called collectively Oxbridge to denote an elitarian education. Both universities are independent and differ from the rest in many important respects. It is more expensive to study at one of these two than at one of the other universities. Only very rich and aristocratic families can afford to send their sons and daughters to these universities. Mostly they are former public schools leavers. Admission is by academic merit, but even now nearly half the places are won by pupils of public schools.

The main characteristic feature of these universities is the tutorial system (that means the individual tuition).

The normal length of the degree course is three years, after which the students take the Degree of Bachelor of Arts (B.A.). Some courses, such as languages or medicine, may be one or two years longer. The students may work for other degrees as well. The degrees are awarded at public degree ceremonies1. Oxford and Cambridge cling to their traditions, such as the use of Latin at degree ceremonies. Full academic dress2 is worn at examinations.

The most important feature about Oxbridge is also that they are based on colleges of widely varying sizes. (The largest colleges have more than 400 students, the smallest have less than 30.) Each college is different, but in many ways they are alike. Each college has its name, its coat of arms3; each self-governing and independent.

Before 1970 most of all Oxbridge universities were single-sex (mostly for men). But now the majority admit both sexes. The administrative body of the University consists of the Chancellor (who is elected for life), the vice-chancellor (who is in practice the head of the University, and is appointed annually by the Chancellor) and two proctors, whose job is to maintain discipline and who are appointed annually. Each college has its staff called "Fellows"4.

The University is merely an administrative body, which organizes lectures, arranges examinations, grants degrees.

Each college is governed by its Fellows, of whom there are usually about 20 or 30, and they are also responsible for teaching their own students through the tutorial system. The Fellows elect the head of the college, whose title varies from college to college (e.g. at Oxford Balliol College has a Master, Magdalen – a President, Exeter – a Rector, Oriel – a Provost, Jesus – a Principal5).

The colleges are financially supported partly by endowments (money given to be invested and provide an income, or land, buildings for which the colleges receive rent), partly by fees paid by students. For particular projects they can usually collect money from their former students.

Each college offers teaching in a wide range of subjects. Within the college one will normally find a chapel, a dining hall, a library, rooms for undergraduates 6, fellows and the Master, and also rooms for teaching purposes.

The University has laboratories and research institutes and other educational facilities.

29

BOxford is one of the oldest universities in Europe. It didn't come into being all

at once. Oxford had existed as a city for at least 300 years before scholars began to resort to it.

It is the second largest in Britain, after London. The town of Oxford is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle7 in 911 A.D.8 and it was popular with the early English kings (Richard Coeur de Lion9 was probably here). The university's earliest charter10 is dated to 1213.

The end of the 12th century saw the real beginning of the University. The first group of scholars at Oxford may have been joined by others from Paris, from other parts of Britain. A characteristic feature of Oxford is that many traditions of the Middle Ages are still current there. One of them is that the students have to wear gowns.

The earliest college buildings seem to have no definite plan. They expanded as the need for more room arose (the Queen's College)11. New College had the first regular quadrangle.

Perhaps the most famous colleges are Christ Church12, University College13 and All Souls14. Nowadays there are 29 colleges for men, 5 for women and another 5 have both men and women members.

Oxford is a place of great beauty, but it is not just a shrine to the past. It is a living entity and its historic buildings are the homes of masters and students whose learning, thinking and ideas have a profound influence on culture, education, science and politics. Many eminent world-known scholars and scientists have been educated at Oxford. Every Prime Minister from 1945 to 1974 was an Oxford graduate. All the graduates of Oxford never forget "spirit Oxford".

The system of teaching practised at Oxford, with its tendency to avoid set courses is aimed at encouragement of independent thought and judgement.

CCambridge University dates back as the 13th century. Today there are more

than 30 colleges. The University is situated on the River Cam15. The colleges line the right bank. The oldest college is Peterhouse (founded in 1284) and the most recent is Robinson College (1977). But the most famous is the King's College16. The building is the real example of English 15th century architecture. Its choir of boys and undergraduates is also very well known.

Until 1871 the University was only for men. In 1871 the first women’s college was opened. In 1970s most colleges admitted both men and women.

Many great men studied at Cambridge, among them Desderius Erasmus17, the great Dutch scholar, Roger Bacon18, the philosopher, Milton, the poet, Oliver Cromwell19, the soldier, Newton, the scientist, and Kapitza, the famous Russian physicist.

Bу the end of the seventeenth century the University was the home of Sir Isaac Newton20 - professor of mathematics from 1669 till 1702 whose influence was 30

deep. At that time serious tests were offered to the candidates for degrees. During the early part of the nineteenth century examinations were greatly improved and written examinations were more often used than oral.

At the same time there were built a number of laboratories for natural sciences, among them the Cavendish Laboratory21. The Cavendish Laboratory organized by the well-known Scottish mathematician and physicist Maxwell was opened in 1871. It was named after the English scientist of the 18th century Sir Henry Cavendish. Now it is one of the greatest physical laboratories known throughout the world.

Students at Oxbridge have different societies and clubs. Different sports are very popular. But the most popular sports is rowing.

Every year at the end of March (or in early April) a contest between Oxford and Cambridge universities take place on the River Thames. The inter-college rowing races in summer provide Oxford with a great and colourful social occasion.

References

1. degree ceremony [di’gri:’seriməni] – церемония вручения ученых степеней, званий

2. full academic [ækə'demik] dress – парадная форма одежды3. coat of arms – герб4. Chancellor [‘ʧa:nsələ] – канцлер (номинальный глава университета; назна-

чается пожизненно; бывает в университете лишь на торжественных церемониях 1-2 раза в год)vice-chancellor ‘[vais’ ʧa:nsələ] - вице-канцлер (фактический глава уни-

верситета; назначается из числа руководителей колледжей или препода-вателей)

proctor [‘prɔktə] – проктор, надзиратель

fellow [‘feləu] – младший научный работник колледжа или университета (занимается исследованием в какой-л. области) 5. Balliol [beiljəl] – Бейллиол - Master [‘ma:stə] мастер (титул главы

(1263 г.) колледжа)Magdalen [‘mɔ:dlin] – Модлин, -President [‘prezidənt] – президент, колледж Магдалины (1458 г.) ректорExeter [‘eksitə] – Эксетер-Колледж -Rector [‘rektər] – ректор(1314 г.)Oriel [‘ɔ:riəl] – Ориэл (1326 г.) Provost [‘prɔvəst] – провост, ректорJesus [‘ʤi:zəs] – Джизус (1571 г.) Principal [‘prinsəpəl] - ректор

6. undergraduate [ʌndə'grædjuit] – студент университета (обыкн. Оксфордского или Кембриджского)

7. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ['æŋglou'sæksən] – «Англосаксонский Кроникл» (вестник)

8. A.D. = Anno Domini [‘ænou 'dɔminai ] – лат. нашей эры31

9. Richard Coeur de Lion – Ричард Львиное Сердце (1157–1199) (английский король с 1189 г.; последний из династии Плантагенетов; англ. the Lion=hearted)

10. charter ['ʧa:tə] – хартия, грамота; устав11. Queen’s College [kwi:nz ,kɔliʤ] – Куинз-Колледж, Колледж Королев (Кем-

бриджского университета, основан в 1448 г. супругой короля Генриха VI (Henry VI) Маргаритой Анжуйской (Margaret of Anjou)

12. Christ Church [‘kraist'ʧə:ʧ] – Крайст-Черч (один из самых крупных арис-тократических колледжей Оксфордского университета; основан в 1525 г.)

13. University College [,ju:ni’və:siti ,kɔliʤ] – Юниверсити-Колледж (основан в 1249 г.)

14. All Souls [‘ɔ:l ‘səulz] – Олл-Соулз, Колледж Всех Душ (научно-исследо-вательский, основан в 1438 г.)

15. the Cam – р. Кем (на которой стоит г. Кембридж)16. King's College [‘kiŋz ,kɔliʤ] – Кингз-Колледж, Королевский колледж

(один из крупных колледжей Кембриджского университета; известен своей церковной капеллой – choir [‘kwaiə]; выдающимся памятником архитектуры; основан в 1441 г.)

17. Desiderius Erasmus [i’ræzməs ] – Дезидерий Эразм Роттердамский (1469–1536), гуманист эпохи Возрождения

18. Roger Bacon ['beikən] – Роджер Бэкон (ок., 1214–1292), английский философ; профессор в Оксфорде

19. Oliver Cromwell ['krɔmwəl] – Оливер Кромвель (1599–1658), деятель английской буржуазной революции XVII в.

20. Sir Isaac Newton [‘sə:r ‘aizək ‘nju:tən] – сэр Исаак Ньютон21. Cavendish Laboratory [‘kævəndiʃ lə’bɔrətəri] – Кавендишская лаборатория,

лаборатория Кавендиша (физическая лаборатория Кембриджского университета).

Exercises

a) Find the equivalents to the English expressions in the right-hand column.

1. public schools2. prestigious universities3. to denote an elitarian education4. the main characteristic feature5. to cling [kliŋ] (clung) to the

traditions6. majority7. to maintain discipline8. to appoint annually9. former students10. a profound influence11. eminent

a) обозначать элитарное образова-ние

b) назначать ежегодноc) поощрение независимого

сужденияd) поддерживать дисциплинуe) бывшие студентыf) выдающийсяg) престижные университетыh) главная характерная чертаi) большинствоj) привилегированные частные

32

12. encouragement [in’kʌriʤmənt] of independent judgement [‘ʤʌʤmənt]

средние школы (для мальчиков)k) огромное влияниеl) оставаться верным традициям

b) Answer the questions.

1. What does Oxbridge mean?2. Which of them is older?3. What makes these universities quite different from any other?4. How long is the course of study?5. What is the function of the University?

c) Fill in the gaps.

1. Only ... people send their children to Oxbridge. 2. Each college is ... and ... .3. The university is an administrative body, which ... .4. Chancellor is elected for ... .5. Proctor's job is to ... .6. The largest colleges have ... students.7. Oxford as a city had existed for at least... years.8. The first regular quadrangle had … College. 9. The most popular sports is ... . 10. All the students have to wear... .

d) Fill in the table.

University The time of foundation

Number of colleges

The oldest college

The most famous college

The main characteristic feature

Oxford

Cambridge

e) Make up a dialogue about your study at the University. One of you will be a student of Oxford, the other – of Cambridge.

f) Ask questions to the text and use them as a plan for retelling. Retell the text.

STUDENT’S LIFE AT OXBRIDGE

1. What tradition is popular to the students at Сambridge?

In two weeks I shall finish my first year at Cambridge. Let me tell you something about students' life and my impressions of it.

33

The students are mainly English, but there are many others, particularly so in the block of rooms in which I live, for my neighbours include a Chinese studying law, an Indian studying English, a Canadian studying history and a Frenchman studying science.

The rooms have a pleasant outlook over the College gardens. There is a very small gas-stove on which we make coffee or tea. It is a popular tradition here to invite friends in the afternoon for tea and hot buttered toast' and jam. To each room there is a man-servant who with a woman-servant, known as a "bedder",2 keep it clean.

2. What are students "sconced" (штрафоваться) for?

In the old days when Colleges were religious institutions the students were clergymen (священник), and their life was much more strict and disciplined than now. Friendship with young ladies was not allowed and the only women inside the college were washerwomen. The legend is that these had to be "old and ugly" (уродливые).

The students eat their meals in the College dining-hall. At some Colleges there is an interesting tradition. It is known as "sconcing".3 If a student comes late to dinner or he is not correctly dressed, or if he breaks one of the laws (закон) of behaviour, then the senior student orders him to be "sconced".

A large silver cup, known as "sconce cup", filled with beer is brought and placed in front of him and he must drink it in one attempt without taking the cup from his lips (it holds two and a half pints, or 1.5 litres). If he can do it, then the senior student pays for it, if not, the cup is passed round and the student who has been "sconced" must pay for it. In general the discipline is not strict.

3. What do the so-called "Bulldogs" do if a student whom they come up to runs away?

The students can stay out till twelve o'clock. Each evening a Proctor4 with two assistants, called "Bulldogs", walks about the town keeping an eye on the students' behaviour. If he sees a student breaking a rule he will come up to him and say, "Are you a member of the University, sir?", and if a student runs away, then the "Bulldogs" run after him, and if they catch him (they are chosen, it is said, because they are good runners), fine (штрафовать) him.Apart from fines a student may be dismissed (исключать) from the University for one term.

4. What students' societies are there at Cambridge and which is the most popular one?

We attend our lectures in the morning and in the afternoon we are free. I usually work in my room or play some sport. The most popular sport is rowing.There are over a hundred societies and clubs. There are religious societies and a society for those who don't believe, political, sporting and dramatic societies. There is even one for people with beards. Perhaps the most popular is the Debating34

Society at which students debate political and other questions with famous politicians and writers.The walks into the country, the talks, the games and the work, the traditions and the customs — all are part of the students' life which would be poorer if any of them was lost.

NOTES TO THE TEXT1 hot buttered toast - нарезанный ломтиками и подрумяненный хлеб с маслом2 a bedder - горничная в университетских общежитиях3 sconcing - наложение штрафа на студентов за нарушение правил4 a Proctor - административное лицо в университете, в чьи обязанности входит надзор за поведением студентов и наложение дисциплинарных взысканий

THE OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE BOAT RACE

Sporting activities at Oxford and Cambridge are varied and numerous. There are different competitions (соревнование) between the colleges. One of the most popular sports is rowing (гребля). At the end of the term long, narrow, light boats, rowed by eight men, compete in the races. Boats start at short intervals one after another and try to knock the boat in front. Those who are able to do it move one place in a table (таблица) and the college at the top of the table is known as the "Head of the River".

Rowing has a long history in England. Rowing a boat with eight oars (весло) or with four oars was first started in England in the 18th century. At that time the boats took part in festivals and processions on the River Thames.

In the 19th century people started to use the boats for racing, not only in London on the Thames but also in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. The first Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge was held in 1829.

Nearly every year since then there has been a Boat Race between these two Universities. It is held in London on the Thames, during the Easter vacation, at the end of March or the beginning of April.

The course, from Putney to Mortlake, is 4 1/4 miles long. It has many turns, and the crews usually row the 4 1/4 miles in 20 minutes.

The crews of the boats, chosen from the members of the college Boat Clubs, train together for twelve weeks before the race, first in Oxford or Cambridge and finally in London. In each boat there are eight oarsmen and a coxswain (рулевой), usually called a "cox". The cox, who is much lighter than the others, sets the speed and the rhythm, and steers.

On Boat Race Saturday the banks and bridges of the Thames are thick with people who have come to watch. Some wear dark blue ribbons (лента) for Oxford, and some wear pale blue ones for Cambridge.

THE OPEN UNIVERSITY

A university which calls itself "The Open University" (O.U.) suggests that all other universities are closed. And this is true, because they are сlosed to everyone who does not have the time, the opportunity or the qualifications to study there. For

35

those people, who missed the сhanсе оf gоing tо а сonventional universitу, the Open Universitу was set up in 1969.

Most of its students work at home or in full - time jobs and can study only in their free time. They need to study about ten hours a week. As the university is truly "open", there are no formal entry requirements and students are accepted on a “first come, first served” basis.

Today's students are there fore of all ages and come from very different backgrounds. Some, such as teachers, want to improve their qualifications. Others, like retired people or mothers whose families have grown up, are at the O.U. because they now have the time to do something they have always wanted to do. Returning to "school" is difficult fоr most students.

In addition to all the reading and writing assignments,students have got a lot of watching and listening to do, for there are weekly O.U. lectures broadcast on ВВС television and radio.

Eасh student gets the help of his tutor/councellor, who he meets regularly and can telephone in any difficulty. At the meetings students get to know other students on the course and join with them into "self-help" groups. These groups meet to discuss the texts and assignments; here too theу find support and stimulation.

In the first year you must attend summer schools. You spend a week at a college or university, taking courses, having discussions, and working hard in an exciting atmosphere. It is here that most students discover that they have begun to master the skills and discipline of university study.

By the time the exams come in October, you feel much more confident and optimistic about your return to student life. Your final mark is based, on the exam and the written assignments done during the year. If you pass - you have got one credit towards the six that you need for a degree. It will take you six years (for an ordinary degree) or eight (for an Honours degree) to get your degree.

The learning materials come in the form of study packs. Each pack is built around a main text - presented as a book or series of booklets – consisting of attractively designed and easy – to read magazine style topics. These topics are

designed to involve you in doing things - using questionnaires, observation exercises, self reports and checklists for practical action. Audiocassettes and supporting notes, information leaflets and special guides are also included to help you and get the most from your study.

Assessments packs entitle you to register as a student of the O.U. and to send in a series of assignments for computer marking and feedback. The assignments сheсk уоur understanding of the topics and your level of involvement in using the study packs. If you complete the assignments satisfactorily you receive a Statement of Course Participation from the O.U.

Exercises

a) Learn the words and word-combinations.

a conventional University = an ordinary Universityentry requirements – вступительные требованияretired people = pensioners36

reading and writing assignments [ə’sainmənts] – устные и письменные заданияa councellor = a tutorto feel confident – чувствовать увереннымto get a degree – получать степеньan ordinary degree (an Honours degree)easy – to read – легко читаемый (ая)attractively designed – привлекательно офрмленныеspecial guides – специальные руководстваself reports, checklists, leafletsaudiocassettes and supporting notes – аудиокассеты и сопровождающие записиassessments paсks, study packsto entitle = to involve

b) Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

Был учрежден; упустил возможность (шанс); потребуется 6 лет; приоб-щиться к студенческой жизни; работать упорно; волнующая (захватывающая) атмосфера; из различных слоев населения; повысить квалификацию; объеди-няться в группы взаимопомощи; овладевать умениями (мастерством); вовле-кать в выполнение видов деятельности; принцип «первый пришел, первого взяли».

c) Find in the text and read the paragraphs about:

- entry requirements;- difficulties the students face during their study and measures to overcome

them;- organizational structure of the University

d) Read information in Russian and translate it into English:

Открытый университет (О.У.) был учрежден в 1969 году. Студенты О.У. – заочники и работают с присылаемыми материалами, которые дополняются специальными радио- и телепередачами БИ-БИ-СИ. К 1970г. в О.У.было подано 40 тыс. заявлений для учебы в новом учебном заведении. Спустя 20 лет (1990г.) «Университет радиоволн», как его первоначально назвали в правительственной Белой книге, в которой была разработана идея его создания, закончило 100 тыс. человек.

О.У.отличается от других университетов тем, что студенты не посещают регулярно занятия в виде лекций и семинаров, а работают дома заочно в удобное для себя время и в собственном темпе. Для тех, кто не может бросить работу, чтобы учиться, это большое преимущество. О.У. не требует образо-вательного ценза для поступления. В О.У. учатся студенты с различным образовательным уровнем, представляющие все слои общества.

37

Средний период времени для получения диплома (необходимо получить шесть зачетов) составляет пять лет, а для получения диплома с отличием (восемь зачетов) – восемь лет.

В О.У. 134 курса. Для учебы в О.У. необходимы два качества: терпение и упорство. Средний возраст студентов О.У. – 33 года. Однако можно здесь найти представителей всех возрастных групп.

В 1986г. Рей Таффлер получила диплом бакалавра искусств в возрасте 81 года. Была учреждена ежегодная премия для старейшего ввыпускника университета. В 1992г. её получил 86-летний инженер-электрик Фред Вальдшмидт. Его основными предметами были математика и естественные науки, он закончил и курс по музыке. Самому старому выпускнику за всю историю О.У. было 92 года.

В настоящее время свыше 20 тыс. студентов изучают управление, информатику и производство, а также обучаются на курсах, по окончании которых выдаются дипломы в таких новых сферах, как образование, здравоохранение и социальное обеспечение.

У О.У. прекрасное будущее. Он хорошо подготовлен, чтобы внести заметный вклад в перемены в современном высшем образовании не только в Британии, но и в Европе в целом.

С февраля 1992г. в О.У. принимаются на учебу студенты из любой страны – члена Европейского сообщества. В О.У. уже зарегестрированы студенты из Ирландской Республики, Бельгии, Люксембурга и Нидерландов.

e) Answer the questions to the text (use the answers as the plan for retelling):

1) When and where was the O.U. set up?2) Who was it set up for?3) Who can study at the University?4) How many hours a week do the students need to study?

5) What can you say about the age of the students?6) Are entrance examinations required at this University? How are the students

admitted?7) Must the students do a lot of watching and listening to the weekly lectures on

BBC television and radio?8) Do the students get the help of the tutor?9) Must they attend summer school in the first year? What do they do during

summer study?10) The degree of this University is built up on a credit system, isn’t it?11) How many years does it take the students for an ordinary degree ( an Honours

degree)?

f) Retell the text using additional material.

38

HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE USA

1. Skim through the text and say which of its paragraphs gives the information about:

a) state universities;b) the first institutions of higher learning in the country;c) the two broad fields of higher education.

Private and State Colleges and Universities

Harvard College was established in 1636, with the principal purpose of providing a literate ministry1 for colonial churches. It was a small institution, enrolling only 20 students in 1642 and 60 in 1660. It soon became more than a theological training school2 and established itself as a liberal arts college. The next institution of higher learning established in the American colonies was the College of William and Mary, which opened in 1693 at Williamsburg, Virginia. Other colleges were founded in the next century, but all of them remained small schools for long periods. Students entered at the age of 14 and remained until they were 18, and the curriculum, while rigidly academic and classic was by modern standards rather secondary in nature.

Private colleges and universities were established in various states. The first state university was the University of Virginia, founded in 1819. Some state universities have large endowment funds3 which provide a substantial portion of their support. Other sources of income are student fees, gifts and endowments.

In general, higher education in the USA may be divided into two broad fields: liberal arts and professional. Each of these fields may be further subdivided into undergraduate and graduate levels. The liberal arts program, on the undergraduate

level, may be a two-year junior college course, or a four-year course leading to a degree of Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science. The four-year course is usually subdivided into a lower division (which may be called the junior college), consisting of the two first years, and the upper division, which is the last two years. The first two years continue the general education and specialization begins in the third year.

(Cramer John Francis, Brawne George Stephenson. Contemporary Education)

' literate ministry — грамотные священнослужители. 2 theological training school — школа богословия.3 endowment [ in'daumənt ] funds — фонды пожертвований.

2. Find sentences with the following words and phrases in the text and translate them into Russian:

ministry, to enroll, a liberal arts college, an institution of higher learning, curriculum, modern standards, private college, state university, endowment funds, student fee, gift, undergraduate level, graduate level, junior college, Bachelor of Arts (Science), general education, specialization.

39

5. Find answers to the following questions in the text:

1) When was Harvard College established?2) What was its original purpose?3) Was it a big or small institution?4) How many students studied at it at first?5) What was the next institution of higher learning established in the

American colonies?6) Which was the first state university?7) Which sources does the income of a state university come from?8) Does a state university charge student fees?9) What are the two fields of higher education in the USA?10) What are further subdivisions of these fields?

American Universities and Colleges.

Higher education in the United States includes educational programmes which usually require for admission 12 years of elementary and secondary schooling. It is carried on under a number of forms.

The most common type of higher education is the college. It requires for admission graduation from a standard secondary school; its four-year curriculum leads to the bachelor's degree in arts and sciences.

A college prepares the student for two things: either graduate study leading to master's or doctor's degree or a job immediately after graduation. A student who majors in business administration for example, may be fully prepared for a career in business when he has finished college.

On the other hand, a student majoring in psychology often must do a great deal of graduate work before he is competent in this field.

The American college is known by various titles such as the college of liberal arts, the college of arts and sciences, the college of literature, science and arts. The college may be the central unit around which the university is organized, or it may be a separate corporate entity, independent from the University.

The university in the United States is an educational institution comprising a college of liberal arts and sciences, a professional school leading to a professional degree and a graduate college (school). A graduate college provides programmes for study and research beyond the levels of the bachelor's and first professional degree.

The word «university», however, is also used in a broader sense, for almost any type of educational institution offering instruction beyond the level of the secondary school.

Thus in the United States there is some confusion in the use of the terms «college» and «university». Some institutions that are in fact colleges of liberal arts have been incorporated in the universities. Some institutions incorporated in colleges are in fact universities with graduate and professional schools.

American colleges and universities are either public or private, that is, supported by public funds or supported privately by a church group or other groups acting as private citizens although under a state charter.40

In addition to colleges and universities there is a large number of professional schools, separate from universities. They provide preparation in one or more professional fields, such as law, music or theology. Junior colleges or professional schools do not offer the full four-year curriculum leading to a degree.

An institute of technology is a degree-granting institution that specializes in science and technology; some of them have graduate study, An institution offering programs of technological study only at the junior college level is known as a technical institution.

The colleges in the United States differ greatly in size- they may include from 100 to 5000 students and more. Most of the larger institutions fall into the category of universities, the largest being University of California, State University of New York, New York University, Columbia University and others.

Higher educational institutions usually are governed by a board of regents or a board of trustees.

The executive head of a college or a university is usually called the president. The various colleges or schools which take up a university are headed by deans. Within a school or college there may be departments according to subject matter fields, each of which may be headed by a professor who is designated as department head or chairman. Other members of the faculty hold academic ranks, such as instructor, assistant professor, associate professor, and professor.

Students are classified as freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors. A freshman is a first year student, a sophomore, a second year student, a junior, a third year student, and a senior, a fourth year student. All students who have graduated from the senior class and who continue studying at a university are classified as advanced students or graduate students. Some graduate students receive grants which cover the cost of their education; a person on such a fellowship is called a university fellow.

EXERCISES

a) Learn the words and word-combinations:

to require [ri’kwaiə] for admission требовать при поступленииelementary and secondary schooling начальное и среднее образованиеto be carried on осуществлятьсяgraduation from a standard secondary окончание средней школы schoolto lead to приводить к чему-либоarts / sciences гуманитарные / технические наукиto be the central unit быть центральным звеномa separate corporate entity [‘entiti] отдельная составная единица to comprise smth. включать что-либо (в состав) a college of liberal arts and sciences колледж свободных искусств и наукa professional school профессиональный колледж; про-

фессиональное отделение универ-ситета

41

a graduate college (school) аспирантура to provide a programme for study предоставлять программу обуче- and research ния и исследований beyond the level of smth. выше уровня чего-либоto offer instruction давать образованиеto be incorporated in a university быть включенным в университетto be separate from a university быть независимым от университета to provide preparation in a professional давать подготовку в профессио- field нальной области a junior college первая ступень колледжаan institute of technology технический институт a degree-granting institution учебное заведение, присваивающее

степень a technical institution технический колледжto include smth. включать что-либо (в состав) to fall into the category of попадать в определенную кате-

горию

b) Translate the following words and phrases into English. Find the sentences with them in the text; use the words and phrases in sentences of your own.

Образовательная программа, колледж, степень бакалавра гуманитарных и технических наук, образовательное учреждение, программа, отдельная составная единица, карьера, специализироваться по какому-либо предмету, путаница, аспирантура, технический институт, совет попечителей, ректор, декан, заведующий кафедрой, преподаватель, адъюнкт – профессор, студент первого курса (второго, третьего, четвертого курса), аспирант.

c) Answer the questions:

1. What do higher education institutions in the USA require for admission?2. What degree does a college lead to?6. What does a college prepare the student for?7. What sense is the word «college» used in?8. What kind of educational institution is the University?9. What sense is thе word «university» used in?10. What is the devision of American universities and colleges?11. What kind of preparation do professional schools provide?12. What is an institute of technology?13. What is the size of colleges and universities in America?14. Who usually governs higher educational institutions?15. Who is the executive head of a college or a university?16. Who governs the departments of a college?17. Who are other members of the faculty?18. How are students classified?

42

d) Read the text again and decide if the following statements are true or fаlse:

1. The most common type of higher education is the college.2. All American colleges and universities are supported by public funds.3. Junior colleges or professional schools offer the full four-year curriculum

leading to a degree.4. The executive head of a college or a university is usually called the dean.5. A sophomore is a second year student.

e) Translate into English.

1. Для поступления в университет или колледж в Америке необходимо закончить среднюю школу.

2. В США существует несколько типов вузов: колледж, университет, профессиональный колледж и др.

3. Университет обычно состоит из колледжа гуманитарных и естественных наук, профессионального отделения и аспирантуры.

4. После 4 лет в университете студент получает степень бакалавра гуманитарных или естественных наук.

5. Аспирантура предлагает программы выше уровня степени бакалавра и первой профессиональной степени.

6. Университет может иметь колледж в своем составе; колледж может входить в университет или быть самостоятельной единицей.

7. Профессиональный колледж – это учебное заведение, существующее отдельно от университета.

8. Колледжи и университеты предлагают программы, после прохождения которых присваивается степень бакалавра.

9. Технические институты также присваивают степени и часто предлагают курс аспирантуры.

f) Read the following text and translate words and phrases in dark type into English using a dictionary. Practise their pronunciation.

Единственным критерием для определения характера какого-либо учебного заведения США может служить лишь .качественный уровень подготавливаемых им специалистов и выполняемых в нем научных исследований.

В США существует группа, состоящая из ведущих вузов, резко отличающаяся по своим показателям от всех остальных вузов страны. Именно эта группа прежде всего и определяет качественный вклад высшей школы в развитие научно-технического и экономического потенциала страны.

В их число входят «супервузы», которые являются безусловными 43

лидерами в образовании и науке США. Список этих 16 «супервузов»: Кали-форнийский университет — Беркли, Массачусетский технологический институт, Стенфордский, Висконсинский, Мичиганский, Иллинойский, Гарвардский, Корнельский, Вашингтонский (г. Сиэтл) университеты, Калифорнийский университет — Лос-Анджелес, Колумбийский, Йельс-кий, Чикагский, Пенсильванский, Принстонский университеты и Кали-форнийский технологический институт.

Причем, несмотря на развитие сети государственных вузов, частные вузы продолжают играть весьма существенную роль в формировании научно-образовательного потенциала США. Внутри группы «супервузов» качественный вклад частных вузов пока значительно выше, чем государственных.

g) Summarize the information about higher education in the USA.

h) Retell the gyst of the article in English.

Чего стоит знаменитый Гарвард

Гарвардский университет представляет особый интерес и как старейшее высшее учебное заведение страны (основан в 1636 году), и как самое престижное.

Помимо факультета искусств и наук, здесь имеется девять так называемых школ — бизнеса, стоматологии, дизайна, богословия, педагогики и т.д. Эти

школы во многом напоминают нашу аспирантуру. Чтобы поступить в ту или иную из них, надо предварительно закончить колледж, а затем какой-нибудь факультет, дающий университетское образование. Выпускники, как правило, защищают диссертацию. В США их качество определяют сами колледжи и университеты. Так что в Америке сказать, что ты являешься, к примеру, доктором философии, — вроде бы ничего не сказать, если не добавить, где ты защищал диссертацию. И все учебные заведения — в зависимости от того, какие ученые степени они могут присуждать, — разделяются на семь уровней. Гарвардский университет как раз принадлежит к высшему — седьмому, с правом присуждения всех трех степеней — бакалавра, магистра и доктора философии.

При поступлении в Гарвард нужно выдержать солидный конкурс (иногда на каждое место претендует примерно десять абитуриентов), а за саму учебу — платить. Интересно, за сколько же «неудов» студента вправе отчислить. В Америке среди студенческой молодежи вообще не существует такого вопроса. Как можно подойти к сессии с плохими знаниями, если надо преодолеть «частокол» промежуточных зачетов и контрольных работ? Отчисляют как раз на этих предварительных этапах. А после отчисления можно вновь поступить на тот же курс, правда, это обойдется примерно в 15—20 тысяч долларов.

44

Надо сказать, что многие из студентов имеют возможность частично покрывать свои расходы на учебу за счет самых разнообразных субсидий и системы грантов (целевых денежных средств). Величина гранта для студентов колеблется обычно от ста до тысячи долларов. Эти деньги можно тратить только на нужды, связанные с научной работой, — скажем, на оплату фото- и ксерокопий, приобретение химических реактивов и книг, пользование компьютером и лабораторным оборудованием. Самые солидные гранты выделяют, естественно, крупные американские компании. Всемирно известная компьютерная компания ИБМ создала фонд в два миллиона долларов, учредив на проценты с этого капитала стипендии для тех немногих студентов Гарварда, у которых выявились «интересы в области компьютерных наук и математики».

Гранты или стипендии достаются не всем, а только избранным после тщательного изучения академической успеваемости претендентов, финансового положения их родителей (более обеспеченным денег не дают), научных интересов и склонностей. О последнем чаще всего судят по публичным выступлениям на разного рода конференциях, симпозиумах. Поэтому американские студенты придают им чрезвычайно большое значение.

45

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

After its 200th birthday the United States of America still holds the leading position in the western world. A country that inspired many appellations — "Land of Opportunity," "Melting Pot," "God's Country," is still referred to us as a land of superlatives — "the richest," "the greatest," "the most."

What makes the USA the leader of the western world is its economic, political and military dominance over other countries.

The United States lies in the central part of the North American Continent between the two oceans: the Atlantic Ocean to the East and the Pacific Ocean to the West. Friendly Canada to the north and friendly Mexico to the south are the only countries bordering it.

The USA consists of three separate parts. They are the Hawaiian Islands, situated in the central part of the Pacific Ocean, Alaska separated by the Canadian territory and the rest major part of the USA. The states differ very much in size, population and economic development.

There are many big cities and towns in the USA: New York, San Francisco, Washington, Chicago, Los Angeles are the biggest of them.

The United States of America is a parliamentary republic. The government is divided into three branches: legislative (the US Congress), executive (the President and his Administration) and judicial (the US Supreme Court).

There are two main political parties in the USA: the Democratic (symbolized by a "donkey") and the Republican (its symbol is an "elephant"). The US President is both head of state and government. He is elected for a four-year term. Presidential

elections are held every leap year on first Tuesday after first Monday in November. The President is assisted by Secretaries who are the heads of the executive departments.

The Supreme Court consists of Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices who are appointed for life. It is supposed to decide whether a law of the Congress or an executive order of the President is constitutional or not.

The form of US government is based on the Constitution of September 17, 1787, adopted after the War of Independence. In December 1791, the Congress adopted ten amendments to the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights. The latter enumerated what the government controlled by the oligarchy was not going to be allowed to do, which was, of course, an important democratic gain for people.

The Congress of the United States is composed of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate represents the states and the House represents the population according to its distribution among the states. All states have electoral requirements of the same nature. First of all they are residence requirements.

Through its power over the purse, the US Congress can control much that relates to foreign policy, also it is a governmental body that determines taxation.

Each of the fifty states of the USA has a constitution patterned after the federal Constitution, with its divisions of power: legislative, executive, and judicial.

The Presidency means not only a man: means an institution — the "executive branch" of the government.

46

The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country and the head of the judicial branch of US government. The federal and state courts have the power of "judicial review." Also there are about ninety district courts in different parts of the United States. American judicial practice is firmly committed to the idea of jury trials. The Constitution guarantees them for both criminal and civil cases. According to the US judicial doctrine, "justice is a relationship in which each citizen or group receives due respect and return."Learn the words:1. to hold (the leading position) – удерживать2. to inspire – вдохновлять, воодушевлять3. appellation – имя, название4. to refer – приписывать; говорить, упоминать5. superlative – превосходная степень6. dominance – господство, влияние, преобладание7. to border (on, upon) – граничить8. branch – ветвь9. legislative - законодательный10. executive - исполнительный11. judicial – судебный12. donkey – осел Donkey – прозвище Демократической партии13. leap year – високосный год14. court [ko:t] - суд Supreme Court – Верховный суд

15. justice - судья Chief Justice – главный судья16. amendment – поправка17. to enumerate - перечислять18. gain – выигрыш; выгода, прибыль19. to represent - представлять20. the House of Representatives – палата представителей (нижняя палата в конгрессе США)21. purse – кошелек, денежный фонд22. taxation - налогообложение23. to pattern – делать по образцу, копировать24. divisions of power – разделение власти25. judicial review –судебная проверка26. committed – преданный, приверженный ч.л.27. jury trial – суд присяжныхTranslate the words:To consist, to differ, to appoint, to elect, to assist, to decide, to adopt, size, head of state, government, executive department, oligarchy [`o:lig:ki], foreign policy, Read the names, pay attention to your pronunciation:the North American Continentthe Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific OceanCanada, Mexico [`meksiku]Hawaiian Islands [hα:`waiin`ailndz]

47Alaska [æ`læsk]New York [`nju:`jo:k]San Francisco [`sænfrn`sisku]WashingtonChicagoLos Angeles

Answer the questions:1. What are the main political parties in the USA?2. When are presidential elections held?3. What does the Supreme Court consist of?4. When was the US Constitution adopted?5. Is the USA the biggest country in the world?

Prove that:1. the USA have a very favourable geographical position;2. the climate of the USA differs very much in different parts of the country;Represent the political system of the USA in a scheme.What additional information do you know about the political system of the USA?Test:

Who can be electeda) a Senator?b) a representative?c) the President?

1. at least 35 years old, be a natural citizen of the USA, must have lived in the US for at least 14 years, and be a civilian;

2. at least 30 years old, a citizen of the USA for 9 years, and live in the state she or he will represent;

3. at least 25 years old, a citizen of the USA for 7 years, and live in the state.

GREAT BRITAIN

Learn the following words:1. the total area – общая площадь2. total population 3. to include - включать4. to be divided - делиться5. an insular climate – островной климат 6. humid - влажный7. to consist (of) – состоять из8. a county – графство (админ. единица в Англии), округ (в США)9. to occupy - занимать10. to amount to – доходить, составлять, равняться11. a parliamentary monarchy12. the head of state – глава государства13. to act on the advice of – действовать по совету14. legislation - законодательство15. to decide – решать, принимать решение48

16. judicature – суд, отправление правосудия, судоустройство17. to elect - избирать18. a general election 19. a nation-wide representative body – общенациональный представительный

орган20. to appoint - назначать21. to compose – составлять; состоять из22. highly-developed

Разделите слова и выражения по темам:1. географическое положение2. климат3. административное деление4. политическое устройство5. экономикаto be situated, total area, the head of state, total population, to be divided, king, highly-developed, parliament, island, to compose, leading party, capital, to include, to appoint, machine-building, to be washed, to elect, mild, government, to be separated, a county, ship-building, parliamentary monarchy, peninsula, river, insular, to occupy, humid, to consist, to amount, the queen, metallurgy, absolute, to act on the advice of, written constitution, legislation, electronics, a nation-wide

representative body, a general election, moderating influence of the sea, official language.

Read the text and answer the following questions:1. What are the main parts of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern

Ireland?2. How many islands is the UK situated on? What are the largest?3. When was the British constitution adopted?4. Who is the head of the state in Great Britain?5. Who is appointed the head of the government?

GREAT BRITAIN

Great Britain (official name — the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) is situated on two large islands, the larger of which is Great Britain, the smaller is Ireland. In addition to these two islands Great Britain includes over five hundred small islands. The total area of Great Britain is 240,000 sq. kms, its population is 56,000,000 people.

In the north-west and west the country is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea, in the east — by the North Sea. The island of Great Britain is separated from France by the English Channel. Northern Ireland, which is a part of Great Britain and which is situated on the island of Ireland, is separated from Great Britain by the North Channel.

The island of Great Britain is divided into two parts: mountainous (in the north and west of the island) and lowland (in the south and east). There are no very long rivers in Great Britain. The most important rivers are the Thames (the deepest) and

49

the Severn (the longest). The rivers seldom freeze in winter. Due to moderating influence of the sea Great Britain has an insular climate, rather humid and mild, without striking discrepancy between seasons.

Great Britain consists of four main parts: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Administratively Great Britain is divided into 55 counties. The biggest cities of Great Britain are London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Edinburgh, and Cardiff.

England is the largest part of Great Britain (it occupies over 50% of the territory and its population amounts to 83 % of the total population of Great Britain). Wales is a peninsula in the south-west of the island of Great Britain. It occupies about 9 % of its territory with the population of 4.8 % of the total population. The Welsh speak their own language. Scotland is the most northern part of Great Britain with the territory of 32% of the total territory and with the population of 9 % of the total population of Great Britain. Northern Ireland occupies the north-east part of the island of Ireland. Its territory amounts to 5.2 % of the total territory of Great Britain. The main cities of Nothern Ireland are Belfast and Londonderry.

Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the Queen (or the King). However, the power of the Queen in Great Britain is not absolute. She acts only on the advice of the ministers and Parliament. There is no written constitution in Great Britain. The main principles of British legislation are expressed in other documents, like "Magna Charta"*, "Habeas Corpus Act"**,

"Bill of Rights", the Parlimentary Act which decided the position of the House of Lords, the Judicature Act, etc. The British legislation does not provide written guarantees of individual political rights.

Parliament in Great Britain exists since 1265 and is the eldest Parliament in the world. It consists of two Houses — the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords consists of 1000 peers who are not elected by the people. The House of Commons is a nation-wide representative body which is elected by the people at a general election not less frequently than once in 5 years. After the general election the Queen appoints the head of the government — the Prime Minister. As a rule the Prime Minister is the leader of the party that has won the election. The Prime Minister appoints the ministers to compose the government.There are two main political parties in Great Britain: the Conservative party and the Labour party. The Conservative party came into being in the 19th century as a result of the evolution of the Tory party. The Labour party was founded in 1900. Since 1906 it has borne the name of the Labour Party. For the first time the Labour Party won the election in 1945.Great Britain is a highly-developed industrial country. The main fields of British industry are machine-building, ship-building, metallurgy, electronics, etc.

* “Magna Charta”[`mægn`k:t] – Великая хартия вольностей (1215)** “Habeas Corpus Act” – анг. закон 1679г. о неприкосновенности личности

50

What was for you new in this text?Explain why

1. the climate of Great Britain differs from that of the Continent.2. the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is often called Great

Britain or England.3. the English people like to say that the Queen (or a King) reigns, but does not

rule (царствует, но не правит).4. the Conservative party is often called the Tory.

Сформулируйте данные высказывания в виде вопросов.Закончите предложения по политической системе Великобритании:1. UK is …2. Officially the head of the state …3. The power of the Queen in GB …4. There is no …5. Parliament in GB …6. The House of Lords …7. The House of Commons …8. The Prime Minister …

9. There are …

CANADA

Canada consists of almost all of the North American continent north of the US except Alaska. Its total land area of more than 9 mln sq. km makes it the second largest country in the world.

Canada's topography is dominated by the Canadian Shield, an ice-scoured area covering half the country. Most of northern Canada has subarctic or arctic climates, with long cold winters lasting 8 to 11 month, short sunny summers, and little precipitation. In contrast, the populated south has a variety of climatological landscapes.

The total population according to the census 1981 was about 24 mln people with the average population density of 2.8 per sq. km.

English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equal status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all governmental institutions.

Canada is a federation of 10 provinces and 2 northern territories. The federal Parliament is made up of the House of Commons and the Senate. The leader of the party that wins the largest number of seats in a newly elected House of Commons is asked to form the government.

The civil law follows English common law everywhere except in Quebec, where it follows the Napoleonic Code.

Canada is a world leader in the production of asbestos, nickel and different other elements, forestry products, and ranks first in the world in export of minerals. Although no longer the foremost sector of the economy, agriculture is of major

51

importance to the economy as a whole and still is basic in many areas. Canada is among the world's leading wheat producers and is second in the export of wheat.

Basically, Canada has a free-enterprise economy. A recurrent problem for Canada has been the dominant position of US corporations and investors.

AUSTRALIA

Australia is lying south-east of Asia, between the Pacific and Indian oceans. It is the world's smallest continent which is almost completely surrounded by ocean expanses. Its total area is 7,682,300 sq.km.

The continent of Australia is divided into four general topographic regions: a low, sandy eastern coastal plain, the eastern highlands, the central plain, and the western plateau. Although Australia has a wide diversity of climatic conditions, the climate of Australia is generaly warm and dry, with no extreme cold and little frost. It changes from comfortably mild in the south to hot in the central inferior andnorth.

The total population in 1986 was about 16 min people with the average population density of about 2 persons per sq.km. Most Australians are of British or Irish ancestry. More than 99% of the population speaks English.

The capital of Australia is Canberra. Australia has a federal parliamentary government. The Australian federation was formed on January 1, 1901, from six former British colonies, which thereupon became states. The Australian constitution combines the traditions of British parliamentary monarchy with important elements of the US federal system. Powers of the federal government are enumerated and limited. The government consists of the British sovereign and the Australian Parliament.

Australia is the world's largest wool producer and one of the world's largest wheat exporters. The main sources of foreign earnings are wool, food and minerals which also provide raw materials for home processing industry.

NEW ZEALAND

New Zealand is situated in the southwest Pacific Ocean on two large islands: the North Island and the South Island. Its total area ia 268,112 sq.km.

Less than 1/4 of the territory of the country lies below the 200 m contour line. The South Island is significantly more mountainous than the North Island. New Zealand has a temperate, moist ocean climate without marked seasonal variations in temperature or rainfall.

The total population in 1986 was about 3.3 mln people with the average population density of about 12 persons per sq.km. About 85 % of the population is classified as Europeans. Most of them are of British descend. English is the universal language.

The capital of New Zealand is Wellington. Like the United Kingdom New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the British Queen (or the King) whose representative, the governor-general, is appointed for a

52

five-year term. The government of New Zealand is democratic and modeled on that of the United Kingdom.

The economy of New Zealand has traditionally been based on pastoral farming. The last decades have seen a large expansion in the light industries. New Zealand draws many thousands of tourists to its shores because of the beauty, diversity, and compactness of its natural attractions.