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Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

Publications Department

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Washington, DC 20036

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i For comprehensive assessment of economic developments in Egypt from the 20

th century until recently,

see Ibrahim Issawi, The Egyptian Economy in 30 Years (in Arabic), (Cairo: Al-Maktaba Al-Akademiyya,

2007). ii For details on the stabilization period, see Arvind Subramanian, "The Egyptian Stabilization Experience:

An Analytical Retrospective," Working Paper No.18, The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies, October

1997. iii

Anton Dobronogov and Farrukh Iqbal, Economic Growth in Egypt: Constrantis and Determinants (Cario:

Ecnomic Research Forum 2007). iv Fareed Ezz-Edine, "Egypt: An Emerging "Market" of Double Repression," Middle East Report Online,

18 November 1999. http://www.merip.org/mero/mero111899.html v Ibid.

vi Ulrich G. Wurzel, "Fiscal Reform Policy in Egypt," in Steven Heydemann, Networks of Privilege in the

Middle East : the politics of economic reform revisited (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004). vii

Ibid. viii

Gamal Essam El-Din, "Parliamentary Business, " Al-Ahram Weekly, issue no. 831, 8-14 February 2007

(Cairo: Al-Ahram). ix

Information collected from the Egypt State Information Service

http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Executive/Ministries/ x John Sfakianakis, “The Whales of the Nile: Networks, Businessmen, and Bureaucrats during the Era of

Privatization in Egypt,” in Networks of Privilege in the Middle East, ed. Heydemann. xi

Ibid. xii

Essam El-Din, op. cit. xiii

See Egyptian National Competitiveness Council, The 4th

Egyptian Competitiveness Report (Cairo:

ENCC, May 2007). xiv

Ragui Assaad, "Unemployment and Youth Insertion in the Labor Market in Egypt," Working Paper

No.118, The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies, February 2007. xv

Ahmed Galal and Nihal El-Megharbel, “Do Governments Pick Winners or Losers? An Assessment of

Industrial Policy in Egypt,” Working Paper 108, Egyptian Center for Economic Studies, December 2005. xvi

Information on poverty from World Bank, Arab Republic of Egypt: A Poverty Assessment Update,

(Forthcoming). xvii

For a recent update see Michele Dunne, Amr Hamzawy, and Nathan Brown, "Egypt—Don’t Give Up on

Democracy Promotion," Policy Brief No. 52, July 2007 (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for

Interional Peace). xviii

Gamal Essam El-Din, "Stand off escalates", Al-Ahram Weekly, issue no. 860, 30 August – 5 September

2007 (Cairo: Al-Ahram). xix

Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index 2006,

http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi. xx

See John Sfakianakis, “The Whales of the Nile: Networks, Businessmen, and Bureaucrats during the Era

of Privatization in Egypt,”. xxi

The World Economic Forum, Arab World Competitiveness Report (Geneva: The World Ecnomic

Forum, 2007). xxii

World Bank, Doing Business 2007: How to Reform, (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2006). xxiii

World Bank, Doing Business 2008: Making a Difference, (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2007). xxiv

World Bank, Investment Climate Survey 2004. xxv

“Taking Care of Business,” USAID II 2006. xxvi

Alia El Mahdi and Ali Abdallah, "Gender and Rights in the Informal Economy of Egypt," paper

presented at the CAWTAR-ILO Conference on Gender Rights in the Informal Economies of Arab States,

Tunis, April 2007. xxvii

This is quoted from

http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/2007/2007_Special_301_Review/asse

t_upload_file884_11123.pdf xxviii

See Mariz Tadros, "State Welfare in Egypt Since Adjustment: Hegemonic Control with a Minimalist

Role," Review of African Political Economy No.108:237-254, 2006.