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23,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
Mrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; ngsjpf> khdpl Rw;whly;
2
gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; jdpj;Jtk;.
Gtpapd; epyg;gug;gstpy; Vwj;jho 1/3 gq;fpidf; nfhz;Ls;s Mrpahtpd;
gug;gsT 43.6 kpy;ypad; rJu fpNyh kPw;wu; MFk;. jiu Nkw;gug;gpy;
,j;jifa gue;j gFjpiaf; nfhz;Ls;s Mrpah gy;tifj; jiuj;Njhw;w
mk;rq;fisAk;> fhyepiyfisAk;> ,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fisAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd; tpisthf ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; gy;NtWgl;l kdpj
eltbf;iffs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzyhk;. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; ngsjpf
kw;Wk; khdpl #oypd; ,ay;G> mjd; khw;wKWk; gz;Gfs;> nrad;Kiwfs;
vd;gd gw;wp tpupthf Muha;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
,g;gue;j msT gpuNjrj;ijf; nfhz;l Mrpah cyfg; glj;jpy;
mike;Js;s rhu;G ,lj;jpid ,g;NghJ fhzyhk;.
Njrg;glk; 2.1
Mrpahtpd; miktplk;
24 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
Mrpag;gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; rhu;G uPjpapyhd miktplj;ijg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ
� tlf;fpy; - Ml;bf; rKj;jpuk;
� njw;fpy; - ,e;J rKj;jpuk;
� fpof;fpy; - gRgpf; rKj;jpuk;
� Nkw;fpy; - INuhg;ghf; fz;lKk;> nrq;flYk;
vy;iyfshf mike;Js;sijf; fhzyhk;. Njrg;glk; 2.2 ,id
mtjhdpj;J mg;gpuNjrq;fis ,dq;fhz;f.
jdp miktplj;jpw;Nfw;g Mrpah kj;jpa Nfhl;Lf;F
� tlf;Nf - tl mfyhq;F 800 tiuAk;
� njw;Nf - njd; mfyhq;F 100 tiuAk;
� nel;lhq;F fpof;F 250 - 1800 tiuAk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,t;thW gue;jpUg;gjhy; fpof;F miuf;Nfhsk; KOtJk; Mrpahf; fz;lk;
gutpAs;sijf; fhzyhk;. INuhg;ghtpypUe;J A+uy; kiyj; njhlupdhYk;
Mgpupf;f fz;lj;jpypUe;J nrq;flypdhYk; Mrpah gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mrpahtpd; jdp miktplKk; jiuj;Njhw;w mk;rq;fSk;
Njrg;glk; 2.2
25,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
nraw;ghL
1. Njrg;glg;Gj;jfj;jpd; JizNahL cyfg; GwTUtg;glj;jpy;Mrpahitf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf mjd; vy;iyfisf; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.mjd; jdp miktplj;ijf; fhl;Lk; tifapy; mfyhq;F>nel;lhq;Ffisf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
2. Mrpahf; fz;lj;jpd; gug;gstpid Vida fz;lq;fSld; xg;gpl;L
ePq;fs; mtjhdpj;j %d;W tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
cyfpd; kpfg;Guhjd epyj;jpzpTfspy; xd;whd Mrpag;gpuhe;jpak;
cyfpd; kpfg;gue;j fz;lkhFk;. ,J Vida fz;lq;fis tpl
(Kidg;ghd) jdpj;Jtkhd ngsjPf> khdplg;gz;Gfs; gytw;iwf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. cyfpd; Guhjd kdpj ehfupfq;fshd A+gpuB]; -
ijfpwp];> ,e;J ntsp> Fthq;Nfh Nghd;w ehfupfq;fs; ,q;Fjhd;
fhzg;gl;ld. ngsj;jk;> ,e;J> ,];yhk;> fpwp];jtk;> nfhd;gpA+rpa];>
\pd;Nuh Mfpa rkaq;fspd; jhafKk; ,JNt. kpfg;Guhjd ePu;ts
ehfupfq;fSf;F cupa kPAau; ePupay; njhopDl;gk; Njhd;wpa ,yq;if>
,e;jpah Nghd;w ehLfSk; ,q;NfNa mike;Js;sd.
Mrpahtpd; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gila ejpf;fiu ehfupfq;fSk; efuq;fSk;
Njrg;glk; 2.3
26 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
cyfpd; kpf cau;e;j kiyr;rpfukhd
vtnu];l ; (8848m) ; > cyfpd ;
kpfj;jho;e;j epyg;gFjpahd rhf;fly;
(fly; kl;lj;jp;ypUe;J 8399m fPo;)
vd;gdTk; ,g ;g puNjrj ;j pNyNa
mike;Js;sd.
Mrpag ;g puhe ;j paj ;ij
INuhg;ghTld; xd;whf ,izf;Fk;
NghJ A+Nu\pah (Eurasia) vd mio-
f;fg;gLk; gue;j epyj;jpzpitf;
nfhz;l fpof;Fg; gFjp mikfpwJ> Mrpahtpd; kiyj;njhlu;fs;>
fhyepiy> fyhrhuk; Mfpa gz;Gfisf; nfhz;L MW tyaq;fis ehk;
,dk; fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ. mjid glk; 2.4 ,y; mtjhdpf;f.
� tl Mrpah
� njd; Mrpah
� fpof;F Mrpah
� kj;jpaMrpah
� njd;fpof;F Mrpah
� kj;jpa fpof;F my;yJ njd;Nkw;F Mrpah vd;gdthFk;.
cU 2.1
vtnu];l ; rpfuk;
Njrg;glk; 2.4
Mrpag;gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; gy;NtW tyaq;fs;
27,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
tl Mrpah
• irgPupah rkntsp Je;jpuhg;
gpuNjrk; ,jw;FupadthFk;.
• gue;j rkntspg;gFjpahFk;.
• Xg;> nadrp> yPdh> m%u; Mfpa
ejpfs; Kf;fpakhditahFk;
• ijf;fh vdg;gLk; Crpapiyf;
fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• mupkuj;njhopy;> ehNlhb tpyq;F
Ntshz;ik vd;gd ,lk;ng-
Wfpd;wd.
• rdr;nrwpT Fiwe;j tyak;
njd; Mrpah
• ,e;jpah> ,yq;if> ghfp];jhd;>
G + l ; l hd ; > gq ;fshNj\ ; >
Neghsk;> khiyjPT Mfpa
ehLfs; ,jw;Fupad.
• ,kakiyj;njhlu;> Riykhd;
,e;JF\; kiyj;njhlu;> gPJW-
jhyfhiy Mfpa kiyfis-
Ak; ,e;Jfq;if rkntsp>
N`hl;ld;rkntsp> jf;fz
gPlG+kp vd;gtw;iwAk; nfhz;-
Ls;sd.
• ,e;J> fq;if> eu;kjh> jg;jp>
gpukGj;jpuh> kfhtyp> epy;ts
fq ;if Mf pa ej pfs ;
gha;fpd;wd.
• mad tyaf;fhLfs;> fhzg;g-
Lfpd;wd.
• ney;> NfhJik> gUj;jp> Njapiy
Nghd;w gapu;fisAk;> gy;NtW
ifj;njhopy;fisAk; fhzyhk;.
• rdj ;njhif nrwpT kpf ;f
tyakhFk;.
fpof;F Mrpah
• [g;ghd; jPTfs;> jha;thd;>
njd;nfhupah> rPdh vd;gd
gpujhd ehLfshFk;.
• cau; gPlG+kpfs;> rkntspfs;
cs;sd.
• ahq;\p> \pf;fpahq;> Fthq;Nfh
vd;gd Kf;fpa MWfshFk;.
• ney;> NfhJik Nghd;w gapu;fis
gapupLk; tptrha eltbf;iffs;
Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;Js;sd.
• Kd;dzpf;ifj;njhopy; ehLf-
isf; nfhz;lJ. Nkhl;lhu;
thfdq;fs;> fg;gy;fs;> kpd;dpay;
cgfuzq;fs; vd;gd cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
• rdj;njhif nrwpthd tyak;.
njd; fpof;F Mrpah
• kpad;khu ; > ,e;NjhNdrpah>
jha;yhe;J> kNyrpah> fk;g+r;-
rpah> tpal;ehk; Mfpa ehLfs;
mlq;Ffpd;wd. gyjPTfSk;
cs;sd.
• kiyj;njhlu;fSk; mtw;Wf;F
,ilapyhd rkntspfSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• kPdk;> kPf;nfhq;> ry;tPd;> Iuhtjp
Nghd;w ejpfs; Kf;fpakhdit.
• mad tya kiof;fhLfSk;
gUtf;fhw;Wf;fhLfSk; cs;sd.
• new;gapu;r;nra;if> ngau;r;rpg;-
gapu;r;nra;if vd;gd gpujhd-
khdit.
• nghUj;Jk; ifj;njhopy;fs;
kpd;dpay; rhu;; cgfuzq;fs;
vd;gd cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
28 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
• rdj ;njhif nrw pthd
tyakhFk;.
kj;jpa Mrpah
• jPngj; gPlG+kp> nkhq;Nfhypah>
u pahd ;\d ; > frf] ;jhd ; >
rPdhtpd; Nkw;F gFjp vd;gd
,jw;Fs; mlq;Fk;.
• kiyfshy; #og;gl;l cau;e;j
gPlG+kpfs;> rkntspfs; cs;sd.
• Nfhgp> jf;ykhfd; Nghd;w ghiy-
tdq;fs; cs;sd.
• jhuPk;> ahq;rp> Fthq;Nfh Mfpa
ejpfs; cw;gj;jpahFk; ,lq;fshf
,Ug;gJld; rPu;jhupah> mKlhupah
Nghd;w cz;zhl;L Vupfspy;
fyf;Fk; ejpfSk; cs;sd.
• tuz;l ghiytdf; fhyepiy>
njg;G (];nugP];) Gy;ntsp
vd;gtw;iwf; fhzyhk;.
• ehNlhb tpyq;F Ntshz;ik
eilngWfpwJ.
njd;Nkw;F Mrpah
• muhgpah> <uhd;> <uhf;> JUf;fp
Mfpa ehLfs; ,q;F cs;sd.
• kiyfs;> gPlG+kpfs; vd;gd
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rhFu]; kiy>
fhf;fr];kiy vd;gd Kf;fpa-
khdit. muhgpa gPlG+kp> <uhd;
gPlG+kp> mdNlhypad; gPlG+kp
vd;gd ,jDs; mlq;Fk;.
• A+gpuB]; ijfpwp]; ejpfs;
gha;fpd;wd.
• tuz;l ghiytdg;gz;Gfs;
cs;sd.
• fd pa vz ;nza ; Kf ;f pa
tUkhdk; ngWk; topahFk;.
ghiytdg; gRQ;Nrhiyfspy;
(Oasis) NguPe;J jpuhl;ir Nghd;w
gokuq;fs; gapuplg;gLfpd;wd.
cU 2.2
cau;kiyg;gpuNjrKk; gPlG+kpfSk;
k
29,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
2. khztu;fis MW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J ,t;tyaq;fspd; gy;NtW
jfty;fs; mlq;fpa rpW ifNaL xd;wpidj; jahupf;fr; nra;f.
Mrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; ngsjpf jiuj;Njhw;wk;
Mrpag;gpuhe;jpakhdJ mjw;F xg;ghd NtW fz;lq;fspy; ,y;yhj
msTf;Fg; gy;NtW ,aw;ifg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhf cs;sJ.
,t;thwhd gy;tifik nfhz;l Mrpahtpd; ngsjpfj;jiuj;Njhw;wk;
gw;wpa tplaq;fisf; fz;lwptjw;F Njrg;glk; 2.2 ,id mtjhdpf;Ff.
Mrpa tyaj;jpd ; tlgFjpr ; rkntsp xU jdpj ;Jtkhd
jiuj;Njhw;wg; gz;ghFk;. ngUkstpyhd MWfs; flypy; rq;fkpg;gJ
,g;gpuNjrj;jpyhFk;. ,t;tl gpuNjrk;. Mz;L KOtJk; gdpahy;
%lg;gl;bUg;gjhy; ePu;gha;e;J nry;tjpy; Vw;gLk; jil fhuzkhf
tlgFjpr; rkntspfspd; rpy gpuNjrq;fs; Nrw;W epyq;fshfp cs;sd.
,it tptrha eltbf;iffSf;Fj; jilahf mikfpd;wd.
ngupa irgPupag; Gifapujg; ghij ,jD}lhfr; nry;tjhy;; mijr;
Rw;wpAs;s gFjpfs; XusT Kd;Ndw;wkile;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk;
,g;gFjp nghJthf rdj;njhif kpff;Fiwe;j gpuNjrkhFk;. ghjfkhd
fhyepiy epyTtJld; Fspu ;fhyepiyf;F ,irthf;fKila
v];fpNkhtNu ,q;F tho;fpd;wdu;. (cU 2.3)
Mrpag;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; cs;s kpfg;gioa kiyj;njhlu;fSk;
Nkl;Lepyq;fSk; ,d;DNkhu; rpwg;ghd ngsjpf jiuj;Njhw;wkhFk;. gkPu;
Kbr;ir ikakhf nfhz;L fpof;fpYk;> Nkw;fpYk; ez;bdJ fhy;fs;
tpupe;jpUg;gJ Nghy gue;J nry;Yk; kiyj;njhlu;fs; Mrpahtpd;
KJnfYk;ngd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,k;kiyfs; Nkw;Fg; Gwj;jpy;
mdl;Nlhypad; gPl G+kp tiuAk; fpof;Fg; Gwkhf rPdh> fpof;fpe;jpa
nraw;ghL
1. gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; g+u;j;jp nra;f
tyak; cupagpuNjrq;fs;
jiuj;Njhw;wk;
MWfs; nghUshjhueltbf;iffs;
tl Mrpah
njd; Mrpah
fpof;F Mrpah
kj;jpa Mrpah
njd;fpof;F Mrpah
njd;Nkw;F Mrpah
30 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
jPTfs; tiuAk; gue;jpUg;gij Njrg;glk; 2.2 njspthfg; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.
,kakiy> fhuf;Nfhuk;> ,e;JF\; Mfpa kiyj;njhlu;fis Mrpahtpd;
jiuj;Njhw;wj;ijf; fhl;Lk; Njrg;glk; 2.2 ,y; ,dq;fhz;f.
KOikahfg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJMrpahtpd; kiyg;gpuNjrq;fs;
• fuL KulhdJk; Fj;jhdJkhd jd;ikahy;
kf;fs; trpg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhditad;W.
• ePNue;J gpuNjrq;fs; gy cs;sd.
• my;igd; tif Gy;ntspfs; cs;sd.
• tptrha eltbf;iffs; eilngWtjpy;iy
• (Kd;Ndw;wkilahj) ehfupfkw;w goq;Fb
kf;fl;$l;lj;jpdu; tho;fpd;wdu;.
• gdpr;rWf;fy;> kiyNawy; Mfpa
nghOJNghf;F eltbf;iffs;
Kf;fpakhdit. (cU 2.4)
,k;kiyfSf;fpilapy; gPlG+kpfs;> ghiy
tdq;fs; vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nropg;gw;w Gy;
epyq;fs;> kzy; nrwpe;j ghiy tdq;fs;>
gPlG+kpfs; cs;s ,t;tyaj;jpy; rdj;njhif
FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; <uhd;
gPlG+kp> jf;fz gPlG+kp Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; tus;
jhdpaq;fs; gapu; nra;ag;gLtJld; eLj;ju mstpyhd
rdj;njhifAk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
cq;fs;mwpTf;F
,khya kiyj;njhlu;
cyfpd; Gtpr;rupjtpay;
Rtu;f;fkhFk;.
cU 2.4
kiyNaWgtH
Fspu; fhyepiyAk;> v];fpNkhtupd; ,f;S ,y;yKk;
cU 2.3
31,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
nraw;ghL
1. i. Mrpag;glj;ij tiue;J Njrg;glg;Gj;jfj;jpd; JizNahL
mq;Fs;s cau; gpuNjrq;fSf;F epwk; jPl;Lf.
ii. ,kakiyg; gpuNjrq;fspUe;J cw;gj;jpahFk; MWfisf; Fwpj;Jg;
ngaupLf.
2. Mrpa tyaj;jpy; mike;Js;s kiyfs;> gPlG+kpfis ,dq;fz;L
ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
cyfpd; Guhjd ehfupfq;fs; gytw;Wld; njhlu;Gila Mrpahtpd;
Mw;Wr;rkntspfshf rpe;J> Fthq;Nfh> A+gpub]; ijfpwp]; Mfpa
ejpfisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
nghUshjhu uPjpapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; Mw;Wr; rkntspfs; gy
njd; Mrpahtpy; mike;Js;sd. mit fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. Njrg;glk;
2.2>2.4 Mfpatw;iw mtjhdpj;J ,e;j Mw;Wr; rkntspfspd;
miktplj;ijf; fz;lwpAq;fs;.
• fq;if ejp
• Fthq;Nfh ejp
• Xg; ejp
• rpf;fpahq; ejp
• kPdk; ejp
• yPdh ejp
• rpe;J ejp
• A+gpub]; ejp
• ijfpwp]; ejp
• ahq;rp ejp
• kPnfhq; ejp
• nadprp ejp
• Iuhtjp ejp
• mKu; ejp
,e;j MWfs; ngUkstpy; vg;NghJk; nts;sg;ngUf;fpw;F cl;gL-
tdthf cs;sd. ,jdhy; nropg;ghd kz;iz cila rkntspfs;
cUthfpAs;sd. nts;sg;ngUf;fpdhy; tptrha epyq;fSk; kdpj
tho;f;ifAk; mopTf;Fl;gLk; epiy fhzg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ ghupa
jLg;gizfs; %yk; nts;sg;ngUf;iff; fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$bajhapUg;gjhy;
rdj;njhif nrwpTs;s ,lkhfkhwpAs;sJ.
• njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpy; kPdk;> kPf;nfhq;>
ry;tPd;> Iuhtjp Mfpa Mw;Wr;
rkntspfspd; mz;ikapy; new;-
gapu;r;nra;if gutpf;fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
• new;gapu;r;nra;ifia tpl fUk;G>
NfhJik> ghu;yp Nghd;w gapu;fSk;
,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; gapuplg;gLfpd;wd.
• rdr;nrwpT $ba gpuNjrkhFk;.
• mjdhy; tptrha epyq;fs; Jz;lhlg;gLjy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ.
cq;fs;mwpTf;F
rPdhtpd; Jauk;/Gyk;gy;
vd;w ngauhy;
Fthq;Nfh ejp
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
32 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
,f;fly;fSk; VupfSk; gy;NtW tiffspy; kdpjDf;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
• kPd;gpbj; njhopYf;F Kf;fpak; tha;e;jJ [g;ghd;
fliyr; #oTs;s gpuNjrk; Kf;fpa kPd;gpbj;jskhFk;.
• Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. Kf;fpa
flw;ghijfs; mike;Js;sd.
• KUiff;fw;ghiw> Kj;J vd;gd ngwg;gLk;.
• tq;fhs tpupFlh> muGf;fly; vd;gtw;iwr; #oTs;s
,lq;fspy; vz;nza; tsk; cs;sJ.
• fly; tsk; mDgtpf;Fk; NghJ fLk;Nghl;b
Vw;gLtJld; Nkhjy;fSk; Vw;gl;Ls;sd.
fly;
Mrpa tyaj;jpy; Mw;Wr;rkntspfspd; mz;ikapy; gy efuq;fs;
mike;Js;sd. cjhuzk; gP[pq;> n`hq;nfhq;> uq;$d;> lhf;fh
Mrpa gpuNjrj;jpy; VupfSk;> fly;fSk; mjpfstpy; cs;sd. ,it
gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; kdpjDf;F gad;gLfpd;wd.
ml;ltiz 2.1
Vupfs; fly;fs;
[g;ghd; fly;
mugpf;fly;
rPdf;fly;
me;jkhd; fly;
kQ;rl; fly;
Vuy;
igfhy; Vup
ghy;fh]; Vup
cq;fs;mwpTf;F
Mrpahtpd; kpf ePskhd
ejp ahq;rpf;fpahq;.
33,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
nraw;ghL
fh f ] ]; tp l f; fh na f Nfh
uh fh e; g kP u; Nrh jp ny d gp
r; q; R iy kh d; [ a; , rP rp
rp F th q; Nfh l; lh a e; d yp
V u y; k; kp y; n[ a J f; iy
f dp d rh m R ir y; F f k
q; kP m U d; ig u gP \; l a
if nfh gP [p q; A+ fh n` up y; k
f A+ gp u B ]; jp y; uh ah ,
1. gpd;tUk; fl;lq;fs; mlq;fpa khjpup xd;iw cq;fs; mg;gpahrg;
Gj;jfj;jpy; gpujp nra;f. ,f;fl;lq;fSf;Fs; kiwe;Js;s jiuj;-
Njhw;w mk;rq;fs; efuq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; ngau;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;J
milahskpLq;fs;.
2. cyfg; Gwtup;g;glj;jpy; NkNy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ml;ltizapy;
ePq;fs; ,dq;fz;l Mrpahtpy; cs;s fly;fs;> Vupfs;> ejpfs;>
kiyj;njhlu;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.
Mrpag; gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; fhyepiy
Mrpahtpd; fhyepiygw;wpa jfty;fisj; njhFj;J Muzp jdJ
ghlrhiy rQ;rpiff;F vOjpa fl;Liu fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
cyfpYs;s midj;Jf; fhyepiyg;gz;GfSk; Mrpa tyaj;jpy;
gutpf;fhzg;gLfpwd. Vnddpy; kj;jpaNfhL njhlf;fk; KidTg; gpuNjrk;
tiu ,t;tyak; gue;J fhzg;gLtjhyhFk; ,q;F xU Gwj;jpy; gdpf;fl;b
tz;bfspy; kf;fs; gpuahzk; nra;Ak; NghJ ,d;ndhU Gwj;J kf;fs;
ghiytdj;jpd; kj;jpapy; xl;lfj;jpd; KJfpy; gpuahzk; nra;tu;. vdpDk;
jPTfSf;F mz;ikapYk; fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspYk; twz;l fhyepiy
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s jpwe;j epyq;fspd; ngUk;gFjp
ghiytd ghiytdq;fshFk;.
34 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
Mrpahtpy; epyTk; fhyepiyia vspikahf fhl;Lk; Njrg;glk;
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ. njw;F kw;Wk; njd;fpof;F Mrpatyaj;jpy;
gUtf;fhw;W fhyepiy rpwg;ghdjhFk;.
gdpg; ghiytdk; tuz;l ghiytdk;
cU 2.5 cU 2.6
Mrpahtpd; fhyepiyg; gpuNjrq;fs;
madtya fhyepiy
,ilntg;gf; fhyepiy
tuz;l fhyepiy
Fspuhd fhyepiy
kiyf; fhyepiy
Je;jpuh fhyepiy
Njrg;glk; 2.5
35,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
Njrg;glk; 2.5,w;Nfw;g Mrpa tyaj;jpd; Kf;fpa fhyepiy tiff-
shfg; gpd;tUtdtw;iw ,dq;fhz KbAk;.
1. mad tyaf; fhyepiy
2. tuz;l fhyepiy
3. ,ilntg;gf; fhyepiy
4. Fspuhd ,ilntg;gf; fhyepiy
5. Je;jpuh kw;Wk; kiyg;gpuNjrf; fhyepiy
mad tya <uf;fhyepiy
cU 2.7
mad tyaf; fhyepiy
� ,jpy; gy tiffs; cs;sd. (madtya
<uf; fhyepiy> gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhyepiymadtya ghiytdf;fhyepiy)
� madtya <uf; fhyepiy> madtya
gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhyepiyg; gpuNjrq;fspy;Mz;L KOtJk; gutyhf mjpf ntg;gKk;kioAk; fhzg;gLk;.
� xt;nthU NtWghl;Lf;FNkw;g kio> ntg;gk;
vd;gd $bAk; Fiwe;Jk; fhzg;gLk;.
� madtya gUtf;fhw;W fhyepiy epyTk;
gpuNjrq;fs; tptrha eltbf;iffSf;Fg;nghUj;jkhditahFk;.
� njw;F> njd;fpof;F> J}u fpof;F Mrpa
tyaj;jpy; madtya gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhy-epiyiaf; fhzyhk;. ngsjpf #oy;nghUj;jkhdjhf mike;Js;sjhy; rdr;-nrwpTs;s gpuNjrkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.cU 2.7 ,y; madtya <uf; fhyepiyf;Fcupa ,yq;ifapd; rpq;fuh[h fhl;bd; xUgFjpNa fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tuz;l fhyepiy
� njd;Nkw;F Mrpah> kj;jpa Mrpah Mfpa
gFjpfspy; tuz;l fhyepiyiaf; fhzyhk;.
� njd;Nkw;F Mrpa tyaj;jpy; mjpf ntg;gk;;epyTk;.
cU 2.8
ehNlhb tpyq;FNtshz;ik
cU 2.7
36 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
� kj;jpa Mrpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; Fspu;
mjpfk;. ,jdhy; rdr;nrwpTk; Fiwthfcs;sJ.
� kdpj eltbf;iffspy; ehNlhb tpyq;FNtshz;ik Kf;fpak;; ngWfpwJ. cU2.8 ,y; kj;jpa Mrpahtpd; tpyq;FNtshz;ik fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. XusTkio ngwf ;$ba gpuNjrq;fspy ;NfhJik> ghu;yp> Nghd;w tus; jhdpatiffs;> gog;gapu;fs; vd;gd nra;ifgz;zg;gLfpd;wd.
,ilntg;g tyaf; fhyepiy
� ,jpy; gy tiffs; cs;sd.kj;jpa
jiuf; fly; fhyepiy ,ilntg;g
tyag; ghiytdf; fhyepiy vd;gd
Kf;fpakhdit
� ,iyAjpu;fhyj;jpy; kioAk; Nfhilapy;
twl;rpAk; kj;jpa jiuf;fly; fhyepiy
apd; Kf;fpa gz;GfshFk;.
� ,f;fhyepiy kdpjupd; tho;f;iff;F
kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. Mrpahtpy;
kj;jpa jiuf; fliyr; #oTs;s
gpuNjrq;fs; ,jw;FupadthFk;.
� ,g;gpuNjrk; mg;gps;> jpuhl;ir Nghd;w
gog;gapu;r; nra;iff;Fk; mtw;wpd; Vw;W-
kjpf;Fk; Gfo; kpf;fit. (cU2.9)
� ,ilntg;g tyag; ghiytdf;fhyepiy
jpngj;gPlG+kp> Nfhgp ghiytdk; Nghd;w
gpuNjrq;fspy; gutpf;fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jht-
uq;fspd; tsu;r;rp kpff; FiwthFk;. rdr;
nrwpT Fiwthd gpuNjrkhFk;. ,Uk;G>
nrk;G> nts;sp Mfpa fdpa tsq;fs;
cs;s ,lq;fspy; kf;fs; trpf;fpd;wdu;.
cU 2.10
Fspuhdfhywpiy
gog;gapu;r; nra;if epyk;
cU 2.9
Fspuhd fhyepiy
� tl Mrpah> irgpuPah> tl[g;ghd; vd;gd ,jw;F cupadthFk;.
� mjpf Fspuhdjhy; kdpj tho;f;iff;Fk; nghUj;jkhdjd;W.
� Crpapiyf; fhl;by; mupkuf;ifj;njhopy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ. cU 2.10
,idg; ghUq;fs;.
37,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
Je;jpuh kw;Wk; kiyg;gpuNjr fhyepiy
� Mz;bd; ngUk;gFjp gdpahy;
%lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
� ghrp jtpu NtW jhtug;Nghu;it
vJTk; ,y;iy (cU 2.11).
� kdpj tho;f;iff;Fg; ghjfkhdit.
nraw;ghL
1. Mrpa tyaj;jpy; gutpf; fhzg;gLk; %d;W fhyepiy tiffspd;
ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
2. mit xt;nthd;wpdJk; fhyepiyg;gz;Gfs; ,t;tpuz;bid tpsf;Ff.
3. ePq;fs; thOk; gpuNjrj;jpy; epyTtjhf fUjf;$ba fhyepiy
tifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf. mjd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; %d;wpidj; jUf.
,aw;if tsq;fs;
Gtpapy; kdpjdpd; jiyaPbd;wp ,aw;ifahf cUthdit ,aw;if
tsq;fs; vdg;gLk;. Mrpah ,j;jifa tsq;fs; gy epuk;gg;ngw;wjhFk;.
,t;tsq;fspilNa fhLfs;> fdpa vz;nza; ,t;tsq;fSs;;> ,aw;if
thA> rKj;jpuq;fs; vd;gd Kf;fpak; tha;e;jdthFk;. fhl;L tskhdJ
%d;W gpujhd gpupTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
cU 2.11
kiyg;gpuNjfk;
Mrpah gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; fhLfSk; mtw;wpd; gad;ghLfSk;
fhLfs; mike;Js;s ,lk; jhtu tif gad;fs;
• mupkuk; ngWjy;
• vupnghUshfg;
gad;gLj;jy;
• kl;ghJfhg;G
• #oy; moF
• rkepiyia
ghJfhj;jy;
• epyf;fPo; ePu;
Nrkpg;igg;
ghJfhj;jy;.
• ifj;njhopYf;F
%yg;nghUshfg;
gad;gLj;jy;.
tl Mrpah(u\;ah)
irgPupah
kQ;rl; igd;
nrk;igd;
ntz;igd;
lf;y];Ngu;
(fUq;fhyp)
kNfhfdp
Njf;F
re;jd kuk;
nghf;];T+l;
,e;jpah
kNyrpah
,e;NjhNdrpah
gpypg;igd; jPTfs;
,yq;if
kpad;khu;
3. mad tyak;
1. Crpapiy
2. ,iyAjpu;
ml;ltiz 2.1
38 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
u\ ;aht py ; mu pkuq ;fs py ;
ngUkstpyhdit tPLfs;
fl;Ltjw;Fk; tPl;Lg;ghtidf;Fk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Vw;Wkjpf;F
20% kl;LNk gad;gLj;jg;-
gLfpwJ. cU 2.12 ,y; tPl;Lg;
ghtidf;F tpwF nfhz;L
nry;Yk; kf;fl; $l;lk; fhl;lg;-
gl;Ls;sJ.
cU 2.12
tPl;Lj ;NjitfSf;fhf tpwF Nrfupj;jy;
fdpavz;nza;
� Mrpa tyaj;jpy; kj;jpafpof;F gpuhe;jpak; fdpa
vz;nzapdhy; mgptpUj;jpAld; njhlu;Gila
Gul;rpfukhd khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;l gFjpahFk;.
� kj;jpa fpof;Fg; gpuhe;jpakhdJ fdpa
vz;nzapdhy; ngWk; tUkhdj;jpd; fhuzkhf
Kd;du; xU NghJk; ,y;yhj msTf;F mgptpUj;jp
fz;Ls;sJ.
� vz;nza; tpiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
xngf; (OPEC) mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld;
cyfg; nghUshjhuj;jy; mjD}lhfr; nry;thf;F
nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
� ,e;NjhNdrpah> ,e;jpah> Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy;
vz;nza; tay;fs ; fhzg ;gLf pd ;wd.
tay;fSf;F mz;ikapNyNa ,aw;if thA
tsq;fs; cs;sd.
� ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; vz;nza; cw;gj;jpapy;gy;Njrpa fk;gdpfNs <Lgl;Ls;sd vd;gJKf;fpa mk;rkhFk;. vz;nzapdhy; me;epanryhtzp fpilj;j NghJk; tUkhdg;gq;fPl;by; ngUksT rkkpd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.,jdhy; kdpj tsmgptpUj;jp kpfj;jho;e;j
kl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
39,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
nraw;ghL
1. Mrpupaupd; cjtpAld; gpypg;]; Njrg;glg; Gj;jfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
Mrpah gpuNjrj;jpd; Kf;fpa vz;nza; tay;fs;> ,aw;ifthA cs;s
,lq;fisf; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.
rKj;jpu tsk;
Mrpag; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fupa flw;fiuNahuk; 62>800 fpNyhkPw;wuhFk;
(39>000iky;). ,t;tyaj;jpw;Fupa fly;fs;> rKj;jpuq;fs; vd;gtw;iw
ePq;fs; Vohk;; tFg;gpy;; fw;Ws;sPu;fs;. Mrpa tyaj;jpd; rKj;jpu tsk;
gy;NtW NjitfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Nghf;Ftuj;J> kPd;gpb>
Rw;Wyh eltbf;iffs; vd;gd ,tw;Ws; gpujhdkhditahFk;.
cyfpd; gpujhd kPd;gpbj;jsq;fspy; xd;whd tlgRgpf; kPd;gpbj;jsk;
Mrpahtpy; Ig;ghidr; Rw;wp mike;Js;sJ. ,J cyfpy; ghupa
mstpyhd kPd; ,dg;ngUf;fikakhFk; ; rKj;jpu tsq;fisg;
ngWtjw;F ehLfspilNa jw;nghOJ fLk; Nghl;b ,lk;ngWfpwJ.
rKj;jpuq;fspdhy; ngWk; gad;fs;
nraw;ghL
KUiff;fw;ghiwfs; ePu;g;Nghf;Ftuj;J ,aw;if moF
fdpa vz;nza; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy;
cU 2.13
40 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
rKj;jpuq;fspypUe;J ngwf;$ba gad;fs; mlq;fpa ifNaL xd;iwj;
jahupf;Ff.
khdpl epyj;Njhw;wk;
Kd;du; $wg;gl;Ls;sgb cyfpd; gue;j epyj;jpzpit nfhz;l Mrpah
tyaj;jpd; ngsjpfg; gy;tifik khdpl epyj;Njhw;wj;jpd; Kidg;ghd
NtWghLfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. xd;Wf;nfhd;W
NtWgl;l kdpj tu;f;fk;> gy;tiff;fyhrhuk;> gpuNjrj;jpw;Fg; gpuNjrk;
khWgLk; tptrha eltbf;iffs;> ifj;njhopy;fs; Mfpa Kf;fpa kdpj
eltbf;iffspD}lhf ,g;gy;tifikia ed;F tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.
cU 2.14> 2.15 vd;gtw;wpdhy; Mrpa tyaj;jpy; thOk; ,uz;L kdpj
tu;f;fj;jpdu; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sdu;. mtu;fspd; guk;giug; gz;Gfs; gpd;tUk;
ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
nkhq;nfhypau;
cU 2.14
Nfhf;Nfrpau;
cU 2.15
� fLk; fWg;Gepw Kul;L jiykapu;
� nghd;dpw my;yJ kQ;rs; epwj;Njhy;
� jl;ilahd Kfk;
� jl;ilahd %f;F
� fLk;fgpy epw nky;ypa fz;fs;
� RUz;l fz;zpikfs;
� ruhrup caukhd kw;Wk; Fl;ilahd kdpju;
rPdh
[g;ghd;
kNyrpah
nfhupah
nkhq;fnyhapl;
41,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
Mrpahtpd; xt;nthU tyaj;ijAk; mtjhdpj;jhy; kdpj
tu;f;fq;fSf;fpilapy; njspthd NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLtij cU 2.16
,id mtjhdpj;J tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. fhyepiy kw;Wk; #oy;
fhuzpfSf;F mikaNt khdpltu;f ;fj;jpd; cly; mk;rq;fs;
NtWgLtijf; fhzyhk;. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s khdpl tu;f;fq;f-
NshL kyha; kf;fs; $l;lj;Jld; fyg;G Vw;gLtjhy; ,t;tyaq;fspy;
gy;tif fyg;gpd kf;fs; $l;lj;jpdu; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. mtu;fspilNa
K];ypk;> rPdu;> [g;ghdpau;> nfhupau;> mNugpau; Mfpa kf;fl;
$l;lj;jpdiu cjhuzkhff; fhl;lyhk;.
nraw;ghL
Mrpa tya ehLfspy; thOk; gy;NtW ,dj;jtu;fisAk; cs;slf;Fk;
tpjj;jpyhd glq;fspd; njhFg;NgL xd;iwj; jahupf;Ff.
� ,sQ;rptg ;G Kjy; fLk;fgpyepwk ;
tiuahd Njhy;
� fWg;G my;yJ nghd;dpw jiykapu;
� $upa %f;F
� fz;zpikfspy ; RUf;fk ; ngupJk ;
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
� jhil vYk;G fd;d vYk;G Kd;
js;sg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
mNugpah
Mg;fhdp];jhd;
ghfp];jhd;
,e;jpah
nfhf;firl;
cU 2.16
,yq;ifau; mNugpau; ,e;jpau; rPdu;
Mrpa tyaj;jpd; gy;NtW ehl;ltu;fs;
42 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
fyhrhu kuGupikfs;
r%fj;jpy; thOk; kf;fspd; nkhop> Milazpfs;> czTtiffs;>
fiyak;rq;fs;> ,yf;fpak;> fy;tp> rl;lk;> gof;ftof;fk;> xOf;fju;kk;>
ek;gpf;iffs; Mfpa midj;Jf; $WfSk; fyhrhuk; vd fUjg;gLfpwJ. kf;fs;
r%fj;jpy; fhzf;$ba rfy eltbf;iffSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;fhd
rf;jpNa fyhrhukhFk;. fyhrhuk; vd;gjw;F gy;NtW tiutpyf;fzq;fs; fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iw thrpj;J fyhrhuk; vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtdtw;iw
tpsf;fkhf mwpe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.
mwpT> ek;gpf;iffs;> fiyfs;> rl;lk; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> tpOkpa
elj;ijfs;> fUj;Jfs; kw;Wk; kdpjd; r%fj;jpy; thOk; xUtd; vd;w
uPjpapy; ngw;Ws;s gof;fq;fs; Mw;wy;fs; vd;gd fyhrhuk; MFk;.
(<.gp. nlapyu;)
,yf;fpak; tuyhW fiyfs; vd;gdtw;Wf;F mbg;gil cupikahf
cs;sit fyhrhuk; MFk;.
(gpuG Ngu;wd;l; u]y;)
r%fk; vd;w uPjpapy; FwpaPLfshf cilikahf;fg;gl;L guk;giuahff;
ifaspf;fg;gl;l midj;J elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fspdJk; $l;Lg; ngaNu
fyhrhukhFk;.
(rhs;]; V vy;Tl;)
fyhrhuj;Jld; njhlu;Gila gy;NtW $WfisAk; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;-
Ls;s tupg;glj;jpy; fhzyhk;.
fyhrhuf; $Wfs;
cU 2.17
ek;gpf;iffs;> topghLfs;>
gof;ftof;fq;fs;> tpOkpa
elj;ijfs;
nkhop> ,yf;fpak;> fy;tp> rl;lk;
fiy mk;rk;> czT ghd tiffs;>
Milazpfs;
fyhrhuk;
43,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
r%fj;jpd; %yk; guk;giu guk;giuahff; ifaspf;fg;gLk; fyhrhuf;
$WfSf;FNfw;g fyhrhuj;jpd; epiyj;jpUg;G jq;fpAs;sJ. fyhrhu
jd;ikfs; khWtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; gy cs;sd.
cU 2.17 ,id mtjhdpj;J mtw;iw ,dq;fhz;f
fyhrhu khw;wq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj VJthd fhuzpfs;
,dq;fs;
nkhop
rkak;
Gtpapay; miktplk;
gpuhe;jpa jdpj;Jtk;
fhyepiy
tho;thjhu topfs;
kdpj tu;f;fk;
f y h r h ukhw;wq;fSf;fhd
g p u j h df h u z p f s ;
cU 2.18
midj;Jf; fyhrhuq;fSf;Fk; nghJthd mk;rq;fs;
nkhop> Milazpfs;> ek;gpf;iffs;>
rkak; > ey;nyhOf;ftpjpfs; >
jpUkzk;> njhopy; fiyak;rq;fs;>
ifj;njhopy;fs;> gof;ftof;;fq;fs;
rk;gpujhaq;fs;
jkpou;> K];ypk;fs;> rpq;fs-
tu;fs;> kyhau;fs; Mfpa gy;NtW
,dj;jtupd; fyhrhuj;jpw;Nfw;g
mtu;fspd; Milazpfs;> czT>
ghdq;fs;> rkag;gof;ftof;fq;fs;
vd;gdTk; gy;tifg;gl;ldthFk;.
,jw;Nfw;g ve;jnthU ehl;bYk;
gy;NtW ,dj;jtUk; rkaj;jtUk;;
tho ;tjdhy ; xd ;Wf ;nfhd ;W
NtWgl;l fyhrhuq;fSk; cUthfp
As;sd. kf;fs; r%fj;jpy; thOk;-
ngsj;j tpfhiu ,e;Jf;Nfhapy;
cU 2.19
fpwp];jt Njthyak; ,];yhkpa gs;spthry;
44 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
NghJ gy;NtW fyhrhuq;fSf;fpilapYk; njhlu;Gfs; Vw;gLtjw;F
,lKz;L. cU 2:19 ,y; rka topghl;Lj; jyq;fs; rpytw;iw ghu;f;fyhk;.
nraw;ghL
fyhrhuq;fs; epiyj;jpUg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd $Wfs; cs;slq;fpa
vz;zf;fUg;glnkhd;iw cUthf;Ff.
cyf kuGupikfs;
ahjhapDk; xU fyhrhuj;jpd; kpfr;rpwe;j Guhjd nry;tk; cyf
kuGupikfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ePq;fs; vl;lhk; tFg;gpy;
fw;Ws;sjd;gb cyf kuGupikfs;; ,U tifg;gl;ldthFk;
� njhl;Lzuf;$bait - rPdg;ngUQ;Rtu;> rpfpupah> jh[;k`hy;
� njhl;LzuKbahjit - gof;ftof;fq;fs;> eldk;> nkhop ,yf;fpak;.
,e;j cyf kuGupikfs;> topghl;blq;fs;> tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f
,lq;fs;> ,aw;ifaofpdhy; rpwg;gplk; ngWk; ,lq;fs;> ghJfhg;gpw;Fupa
,lq;fs; vdg; gy tpjq;fspy; kdpjDf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wdthf
cs;sd. ,jidnahl;b Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jpailtjhy;
tUkhdk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F me;j ehLfSf;F topNaw;gLfpwJ.
Mrpag; gpuhe;jpak; cyfpd; Vida gpuNjrq;fis tpl rpwg;ghd
jdpj;Jtj;ijg; ngWtjw;F ,e;j fyhrhu kuGupikfSk; nry;thf;F
nrYj;jpAs;sd.
cU 2.20 ,y; ,yq;ifapd; cyf
fyhrhu kughf rPfpupah fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J
,aw;ifahf mike;j vr;rf;Fd;W MFk;.
,aw;ifahd ghJfhg;G fhuzkhf
gpw;fhyj;jpy; Nfhl;ilahf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
fyhrhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpdhy; mJ cyf
kuGupikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW cyf
kuGupikahf;fg ;gl ;l gy ,lq;fs;
Mrpahg;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
gy;NtW fyhrhuq;fSld; ,ize;j cyf
kuGupik-fs; gy cs;sd. Njrg;glk; 2:6y;
,tw;iw ,dq;fhz;f.
rpfpupah
cU 2.20
45,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
nraw;ghL
1. Mrpa tyaj;jpy; fhzf;$ba cyfkuGupikfs; cs;s ,lq;fspd;
ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L ghlrhiyr; rQ;rpiff;F fl;Liu xd;iw
jahupf;Ff. glq;fisAk; Nrfupf;Ff.
2. ,yq;ifapy; cyf kuGupikfs; vdf;fUjg;gLk; ,uz;L ,lq;fspd;
ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpl;L mitgw;wp RUf;ff; Fwpg;Gfs; vOJf.
cyf fyhrhu kuGupikfs;
Njrg;glk; 2.6
N[hu;jhd;
kf;fh
,yq;if
Mg;fhdp];jhd;
Mf;uh
yhNth];;;;;
`pNuhrpkh
nkhq;Nfhypah
fk;G+r;rpah
rPdh
ghkpad; rpiy
Xfhd; gs;sj;jhf;F rPdg;ngUQ;Rtu;
f/gh gs;spthry;rkhjhd Qhgfhu;j;jk;
yhNth]; Gj;ju; rpiy
mq;Nfhu;Fl;lk; nghf;FzNahu;jhd; ngl;uh
jh[;kfhy;; ;; ;
fk;G+r;rpah
46 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
tptrhak;
gue;j epyg;gug;gpidAk; gy;NtWgl;l fhyepiyiaAk; nfhz;l
Mrpah gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; tptrhaj;jpYk; gy;tifj; jd;ikiaf; fhzyhk;.
,jid Njrg;glk; 2.7 %yk; njspthf mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;.
1. ngau;r;rpg; gapu;r; nra;if
2. ehNlhb tpyq;F Ntshz;ik
3. Efu;Tg; gapu;r;nra;if
4. tu;j;jfg; gapu;r;; nra;if
Njrg;glk; 2.7
Mrpahtpd; tptrhag; gpuNjrq;fs;
tu;j;jfg; gapu;nra;if
Efu;Tg; gapu;r;nra;if
ehNlhb ke;ij tsu;g;G
ngau;r;rpg; gapu;r; nra;if
ngau;r;rpg; gapu;r;nra;if
Mrpahtpy; jw;NghJ eilngWk; Guhjd tptrha Kiwahff;
fUjg;gLk; ngau;r;rpg;gapu;r;nra;ifKiw ,d;W mUfp tUfpwJ.
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; kl;Lk; ,t;tptrha Kiw vQ;rpAs;sJ.
47,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
ngau;r;rp gapu;nra;iff;fhf fhLfs; my;yJ gw;iw epyq;fs;
rtd;dhg;Gy;epyq;fs; vd;gd gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. epiyaw;w
kiotPo;r ;r p> NtW tptrha eltbf ;iffis ,e;e pyq ;fspy ;
Nkw;nfhs;sKbahik> ,q;F thOk; kf;fspd; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tsk;
MfpadNt ,j;jifa tptrhak; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;Fk; epyTtjw;Fk;
fhuzq;fshFk;.
Njrg;glk; 2.7 ,y; Mrpahtpd; ngau;r;rpg; gapu;r;nra;if gutpAs;s
gpuNjrq;fisf; fhzyhk;. fhl;Lepyq;fSf;Fj; jPapl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;-
gLk ; ngau ;r ;r p gapu ;nra ;ifapy ; tptrhaepyj ;j pd ; tsj;ij
ghJfhg ;gjw ;F ,ilapilNa epyj ;ij khw ;Wk ; eltbf ;if
,lk;ngWfpwJ. ,jdhy; njhlu;e;J ,lk; ngWk; fhlopg;gpypUe;J
#oiyg; ghJfhj;jy;> kz;fOtpr; nry;yg;gLtijj; jLj;jy;> capu;g;
gy;tifikiag; ghJfhj;jy; Mfpa Nehf;fq;fis Kjd;ikahf
nfhz;L murhq ;fj ;j pdhy ; gy ;NtW jLg ;G eltbf ;iffs ;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.
,t;tifr; nraw;ghLfspdhYk; mjpfupf;Fk; rdj;njhiff;Ff;
fhzpfis toq;Fjy;> ngau;r;rpg; gapu;r;nra;if epyq;fis epiyahd
tptrha epyq;fshf khw;Wjy; Nghd;wtw;whYk;; nfhz;L ngau;r;rpg;
gapu ;r ;nra;iff;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epyq;fs; gbg;gbahff;
Fiwtile;J tUfpd;wd. ,e;epyq;fis epiyahd tptrha
epyq;fshf khw;Wtjpy; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfs; nry;thf;F
nrYj;jpAs;sd vdyhk;.
� murpd; nfhs;if
� tptrhaj;Jld; $ba tdtsh;g;G.
� ePu;g;ghrd Kiwfis mwpKfQ; nra;jy;
� gris kw;Wk; tptrha ,urhad Kiwfisg;gad;gLj;jy;
� ,ae;jpu cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jg; goFjy;
� tu;j;jfg; gapu;r; nra;ifapy; <LgLjy;
ehNlhb tpyq;FNtshz;ik
kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; njg;Gg; Gy;ntspapy; ,Ue;J gRgpf; flw;fiu-
Nahug;gpuNjrk; tiuAs;s gFjpfspy; ,ilapilNa ehNlhb tpyq;F
Ntshz;ik ,lk;ngWfpwJ.
tpyq;F Ntshz;ikahdJ tuz;l ghiytdj;ij vy;iyahff;
nfhz;lgpuNjrq;fspy; eilngWfpwJ. mq;F kio tPo;r;rpahdJ 500kpy;yp
kPw;wUf;Fk; FiwthdjhfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ. MtpahjYk; mjpfstpy;
48 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
,lk;ngWfpwJ.
,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; Fl;ilahd
Gw;fs;> gw;iw kw;Wk; Fl;ilahd
jhtuq;fs; vd;gdNt ngUkstpy;
cs;sd.
kiyg;gFjpfspy; gapu; nra;a
Kbahj ,lq;fspy; tpyq;FNtshz;ik
,lk;ngWfpwJ. ,e;epyq;fspy; ML>
nrk;kwpahL Mfpa tpyq;fpdq;fs;
tsu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tyaj;jpy;
gRikahd epyq;fspYk; mit Nghd;w ngsjpf #oy; cs;s
tyaq;fspYk; epiyahd tptrhak; ,lk;ngWfpwJ.
Mrpah tyaj;jpd; tlf;Nf Je;jpuh gpuNjrq;fspy; ngsjpf
#oYf;Nfw;g mjpf Fspiuj;jhf;Fg; gpbf;ff;$ba fupG JUtkhd;
Nghd;w tpyq;Ffs; tsu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ehNlhb tpyq;FNtshz;ikia Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tptrhapfs;
Muk;gfhyj;j py ; Mapuf ;fzf;fhd fpNyhk Pw ;wu ; J}uj ;j pw ;F
fhy;eilahfr; nrd;wdu; #oy; khw;wq;fs;> Gjpjhfj; Njhd;wpa kdpj
eltbf;iffs; vd;gd fhuzkhf ,d;W ,t;Ntshz;ik Kiw
eilngWk; ,lq;fs; Fiwtile;J tUfpd;wd. mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
� NghJkhd kio ngWk; gpuNjrq;fspy; epiyahd gapu;r;nra;ifapy;;
<LgLjy;
� epr;rakw;w kiotPo;r;rp
� ngu pa irg Pu pad ; Gifapujg ;ghijapd ; ,UkUq;f pYk ;
tpyq;FNtshz;ikf;fhf mikf;fg ;gl ;Ls;s epyq;fspy;
epiyahd gapu;r; nra;if nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
� tul;rpiaj; jhf;Fg;gpbf;ff;$ba jhdpaq;fs; gapu; nra;ag;gLjy;
� epiyahd trpg;gplq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murhq;fk; MjuT
toq;Fjy;.
Efu;Tg;gapu;r; nra;if
kdpju;fspd; Efu;Tj; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;Fg; gapu;
nra;ifapy; my;yJ tpyq;F Ntshz;ikapy; <LgLjy; ,jd; fPo;
cU 2.21
Ml;L ke;ij
49,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
mlq;Fk;. ney;> jhdpaq;fs;> fha;fwp> gog;gapu;fs;> gUj;jp Mfpad
gapu;r; nra;ifapy; Kf;fpak; ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wd. jw;NghJ Efu;Tg;gapu;r;;
nra;ifapy; gy khw;wq;fs; ,lk; ngw;WtUfpd;wd.
� tptrha epyq;fs; etPdkag;gLj;jg;gLjy;
� tu;j;jfkag; Nghf;fpid nfhz;bUj;jy;
� cau; rpwg;gpay;Gfis cUthf;Fjy;
� Gjpa gapu; tiffis mwpKfk; nra;jy;
,t;tptrha Kiwfs; Mrpag;gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; ngsjpfr; #oYf;F
nghUj;jkhdnjhd;whFk;. ,t;tyaj;jpy; cs;s Mw;Wr; rkntspfs;>
tz;lw; rkntspfs;> mjpf kiotPo;r;rp vd;gd fhzg;gLk;
epyq;fspy; new;gapu;r; nra;if eilngWfpwJ. mWtilf;fhyj;jpy; 270c
ntg;gk; new;gapu;r; nra;iff;F cfe;jjhFk;. kdpj NjitfSf;Nfw;g
nghUj;jkhd <uypg;Gs;s rupTg;gFjpfspy; gbf;fl;Lg;gapu;r; nra;if
Kiwapy; new;gapu;r; nra;if ,lk; ngWfpwJ.
nraw;ghL
1 Mrpa tyaj;jpy; nrwpthd Efu;Tg;gapu;r; nra;if guTtjpy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; ngsjpf khdpl fhuzpfis tpsf;Ff.
tu;j;jfg; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r; nra;if
Mrpahtpy; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r; nra;if gutpAs;s gpuNjrq;fshf
njw;F kw;Wk; njd;fpof;F tyaq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.
INuhg;gpau;fshy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r; nra;if
,d;Wk; me;j ehLfspd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.
Mrpa ehLfspd; ngsjpfr; #oy; nghUj;jkhf ,Ue;jikahYk;
INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; ,t;Tw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;F ngUksT Nfs;tp
,Ue;jikapdhYk; INuhg;gpau;fshy; ,g;gapu;r;nra;if mwpKfQ;
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r;nra;if vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfs;:
� Kjdpiy cw;gj;jpfs; re;ijf;F mDg;gg;gLjy;.
� vg;NghJk; tpiyj;jsk;gy;fSf;F cl;gLjy;.
� md;dpa nryhtzp tPo;r;rp miljy; fhuzkhf tptrha
cs;sPLfspd; gad;ghLfs; Fiwtiljy;.
50 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
� Njapiy> njd;id> ,wg;gh; vd;gdtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpfSf;F
gpujpaPLfs; fhzg;gLjy; gotiffs; (ghk; vz;nza;> nraw;if
,wg;gu;>)
� gapu;fs; goikahdit vd;gjhy; mWtil Fiwtiljy;.
,j;jifa gpur;rpidfis ,optsthf;Ftjw;Fk; tUkhdj;ijmjpfupg;gjw;Fk; gy;NtW cj;jpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.
� Njapiy Nghd;w tu ;j ;jfg ;gapu ; nra;if my;yJ NtW
gapu;r;nra;iffspy; rPtNdhgha gpur;rpidfis ,optsthf;Ftjw;Fg;
gapu;fs; gy;tifikg;gLj;jypd; fPo; ,wg;gu; njd;idg; gapu;r; nra;if
epyq;fspy; thioAk; nfhf;Nfh gapu;r;nra;if epyq;fspy; ntw;wpiy
kpsF Nghd;w gapu;fisSk; gapupLjy;.
� ghuk;gupa nghUl;fSf;F gjpyhf mjpf ngWkjp tha;e;j
nghUl;fis re;ijf;F mDg;Gjy; c-k; tdpyh Njapiy
gRe;Njapiy (Green tea) fl;bj;Njapiy
� tptrhak; njhlu;ghd Muha;r;rpfspd; ngWNgWfisg; gad;gLj;jy;
(c-k; Gjpa tpij tiffs;> grisfs;.)
ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r; nra;if
njd;id nfhf;Nfh
cU 2.22
,wg;gu; Njapiy
Nfhg;gp
51,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
� re;ijf;F cw;gj;jpia mDg;Gk; NghJ tpNrl nghjpaply;
Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jy;
� Kjdpiyg; nghUl;fisr; re;ijf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;tjw;Fg;gjpyhf
KbTg;nghUl;fis jahupj;jy;
(c-k; lau; bA+g;> ghjzpfs;> tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fs;)
mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; tptrha eltbf;iffis nrwpthf;Fjy;
%yk; XuyF epyj;jpypUe;J ngwf;$ba mWtil miltpid mjpfupf;f
Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.
� Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ePu; toq;fYf;fhf jFe;j ePu;g;
ghrdKiwia Vw;gLj;jy;.
� tptrha MNyhridr; Nritfis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
� fhg;GWjp Nritia Vw;gLj;jy;
� mjpf tpisr;ry; ngwf;$ba tpijfis mwpKfQ; nra;jy;.
� tptrha cs;sPLfis khdpakhf toq;Fjy;
,e;eltbf;iffSf;fhf tptrha Muha;r;rpfs; %yk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk;
gzpfs; kpfKf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jitahFk;.
nraw;;ghL
1. Mrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; tptrhak; rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfs; Gjpa Nghf;Ffs;
vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpa Fwpg;NgL xd;iw jahupf;Ff.
ifj;njhopy;
gioa fhye;njhl;Nl Mrpa tya ehLfs;
ifj;njhopy;Jiwapy; tpUj;jpaile;j kl;lj;jpy;
tpsq;fpd vd;gJ Guhjd ehfupfq;fspy; fz;nlLf;-
fg;gl;l rhd;Wfs; %yk; njspthfpAs;sd.
� ,e;J ntsp ehfupfj;jpy; ntz;fyk; nts;sp
fspkz; Mfpatw;iwg ; gad;gLj;j pa
ifj;njhopy;fs; epytpd vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;Wfs;
cs;sd. cjhuzk; eld khjpd; cUtk;.
� A+gpuB]; ijfpwp]; kf;fs; ntz;fyj;jpd;
gad;ghl;il mwpe;jpUe;jdu;.
� Fthq;Nfh rkntsp kf;fs; myq;fhu kl;ghz;-
lq;fis mOj;jkhf;fp Nfhyq;fs; ,l;ldu;.
eld khJ
cU 2.23
52 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
,t;tplaq;fs; %yk; Mrpa ehLfspy; ifj;njhopy; gw;wpa mwpT
Gjpanjhd;wy;y vd;gJ vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. ,f;ifj;njhopy;fs;
midj;jpw;Fk; ngsjpf #oypy; cs;s ,Uk;G> nrk;G> nts;sp> fspkz;
Mfpa tsq;fNs gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpypUe;J Fwpj;j gpuNjrj;jpy;
cs;s ngsjpf #oYf;Nfw;g kdpj eltbf;iffs; cUthfpd;wd vd;gJ
ep&gzkhfpd;wJ.
Kw;fhyj;jpy; md;whl NjitfSf;Fk; ehl;bd; NjitfSf;Fk;
Vw;gifj;njhopy; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lNghjpYk; ,d;W-
tu;j;jfj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;fs;
cUthf;fg;gLjy; Mrpa tya ehLfspd; nfhs;iffshf cs;sd.
,jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfshf cs;s rpy tplaq;fs; fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;sd.
� ,Uk;G> jq;fk;> nts;sp> jfuk; Mfpa ,aw;if tsq;fs;
fhzg;gLjy;.
� fdpa vz;nza;> ,aw;if thA Nghd;w vupnghUs; tsq;fs;
ngUkstpy; fhzg;gLjy;.
� Nju;r;rpAw;Nwhu; Copak; vspjhf fpl;Ljy;.
� muRfSk; cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L fk;gdpfSk; KjyPL nra;J
ifj;njhopy;fis Muk;gpj;jy;.
jw;NghJ ,j;jifa tplaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp vy;yh ehLfSk;-
ifj;njhopiy mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sd.
,t;thW Muk;gpf;fg;gLk; ifj;njhopy;fs; ehl;Lf;FehL gpuNjrj;jpw;F
gpuNjrk; NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rPd kl;ghz;lk;
cU 2.25
NghiuAk; rkhjhdj;ijAk; fhl;Lk; nrJf;fy;gyif
cU 2.24
53,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
,f;ifj;njhopy;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gk;rq;fshtd :
� ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jpapy; ,wf;Fkjpg; gpujpaPLfSf;F Kd;Dupik
toq;Fjy;.
� nfhupah> jha;thd;> rpq;fg;G+u; Mfpa ehLfs; nghUj;Jk; ifj;-
njhopy;fis Muk;gpj;jy;
� rpwg;Gf; ifj;njhopy; tyaq;fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;. cjhuzk;
,e;jpahtpy; jhNkhju;> [g;ghdpy; Nlhf;fpNah> NfhNg Nghd;w
ifj;njhopy; tyaq;fs;.
� Nrhtpaj; u\;ah Nghd;w ehLfs; ghuf;ifj;njhopy;fSf;F Kjyplk;
mspg;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
vy;yhg; gpuNjrq;fspYk; ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd
cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;> epjp trjpfs; vd;gtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
KbahjpUj;jy; Mrpa tyaf;ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jpf;Ff; jilahf
cs;sd. epjp tsk;> cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; vd;gdtw;iw vspjpy;
ngwf;$ba ehLfs; NjrpauPjpapy; %yg; nghUl;fs; ,y;yhjpUg;gpDk;
gykhd ifj;njhopy; mbg;gilia Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; ntw;wpfz;Ls;sd.
cjhuzkhf [g;ghdpy; tsk; ,y;yhjpUe;jNghJk; epjp tsk;> etPd
njhopDl;gk;> tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f Copak; vd;gtw;wpy; kpf Kd;Ndw;wk;
miljy; %ykhf mJ ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jpiag; ngw;Ws;sJ. Mrpa
tya ehLfspd; Copa tsk;> re;ij tsk; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J gad;-
ngWtjw;fhf gy;Njrpa fk;gdpfs; <u;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
rPdh> ,yq;if> gq;fshNj\;
Mfpa ehLfs; ntspehl;Lr; re;-
ijfSf;fhf Milfis cw;gj;jp
nra;tjw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;-
Js;sd. ,tw;Wf;fhd re;ijfshf
If ;f pa mnku pf ;fh > If ;f pa
,uhr;rpak;> N[u;kdp Nghd;w mgptp-
Uj;jpaile;j ehLfs; tpsq;F-
fpd;wd.
Milf;ifj;njhopy;
cU 2.26
54 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
Mrpahtpd; ifj;njhopy;fSk; mtw;wpy; <LgLk;Kf;fpa ehLfSk;
nghUj;;Jk;
ifj;;njhopy;fs;
fg;gy;Mrpahtpd;
ifj;njhopy;fs;
Nkhl;lhu;
thfdk;
u\;ah> [g;ghd;
njd;nfhupah>
jha;yhe;J>
,e;jpah
,yj;jpudpay;
ifj;njhopy;
Jzptif
Milfs;
Mfha
tpkhdf;
ifj;njhopy;
jha;thd;> kNyrpah
njd;nfhupah> [g;ghd;
n`hq;nfhq;
,e;jpah
[g;ghd;> rPdh
,e;jpah> rPdh
gq;fshNj\;>
,yq;if
u\;ah> [g;ghd;> rPdh
,e;jpah> kNyrpah
njd;nfhupah
[g;ghd;>
njd;nfhupah>
,e;jpah>
jha;yhe;J>
kNyrpah
cU 2:27
nraw;ghL
1 Mrpa tya Njrg;glj;jpy; cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;fspy; <LgLk;
gpuNjrq;fs; Ie;jpidf; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.
Gjpa ifj;njhopy; ehLfs;
1980 jrhg;jq;fspy; Jupj ifj;njhopy; tsu;r;rpf;Fs;shd njd;nfhupah>
jha;yhe;J> kNyrpah> n`hq;nfhq;> rpq;fg;G+u; Mfpad Gjpa ifj;njhopy;
ehLfs; vdg; ngau; ngWfpd;wd. ,e;j ehLfspy; Jupj ifj;njhopy;
tsu;r;rp Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;
� Copak;> re;ij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ifj;njhopy;fs;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.
� ntspehl;L %yg;nghUl;fis mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jy;
� gy;Njrpa fk;gdpfs; ,f;ifj;njhopYf;fhf ngUkstpy; KjyPL
nra;jikAk; Gjpa njhopDl;gg; gupkhw;wq;fSk;.
55,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
Gjpa ifj;njhopy; ehLfspy; fzpdp kw;Wk; NtW ,yj;jpudpay;
fUtpfis nghUj;Jk; ifj;njhopy;fs; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jdthFk;.
cjhuzkhf:- IBM fzpdp cw;gj;jpiaf; $wyhk;. ,f;fzpdpapy;
tpirg;gyif - rpq;fg;G+u;
mr;Rg; nghwp - [g;ghd;
nkd;nghUs; - mnkupf;fh
nghUj;jy; - jha;thd; %yk;
ngwg;gLfpwJ
Mrpahtpy; NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ehLfis
tpl rPdh kw;Wk; ,e;jpahTk; ,jDs;
mlq;Ffpd;wd ,e;jpah rPdh ,];Nuy;
Nghd;wehLfs; jpwe;j nghUshjhutu;j;jff;
nfhs;ifahy; ntspehl;L %yjdj;ij ngw;W
ngUksT Rje;jpu tu;j;jf tyaq;fis
Muk ;g pj ;Js ;sd. Fiwe ;jsT %yg ;
nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jp cr;r msT
gad;jUk; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jpnra;jNy
Gjpa ifj;njhopy; ehLfspd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.
,g; nghUs;fSf;fhd re;ij MrpahtpNy
,Ug;gjhy; mjpf ,yhgj;ijg; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;ld. Fiwe;j tpiyapy; nghUl;fis toq;ff;$bajhf ,Ug;gjhy;
mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfspYk; mjpf Nfs;tp fhzg;gLfpwJ.
khdpl ngsjpf nraw;ghLfspdhy; Mrpa ehLfspy;Vw;gLk; ngsjpf khdpl rthy;fs;.
cU 2.28 ,y; nra;jpg; gj;jpupiffspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l rpy
jiyg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j nra;jpfshy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; xU
tplak; ahnjdpy; gy rthy;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd vd;gjhFk;. Mrpa
tyaj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; ,e;j rthy;fis vg;NghJk; kf;fs;
vjpu;Nehf;fNtz;ba epiy cs;sJ ,j;jifa rthy;fshtd:-
� rdj;njhif mjpfupg;G. � tWik.
� murpay; cWjpapd;ik. � ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;
� czTf;fhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jy;. epyg;gad;ghl;Lld;
njhlu;Ggly;.
� rdj;njhifapy; KjpNahu;njhif � epyg;gad;ghl;Lld;
mjpfup;j;jy;. njhlh;Gila gpur;rpidfs;
cq;fs;mwpTf;F
Mrpahtpd; cwq;Fk;
,uhl;rrd; vd rPdh
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
cq;fs;mwpTf;F
rpq;fg;G+h;> njd;nfhupah>
jha;thd;> n`hq;nfhq;
vd;gd Mrpahtpd; ehd;F
rpWj;ijfs; vdg;
ngau; ngw;W
tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
56 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
nraw;ghL
Mrpa tya ehLfs; vjpu; Nehf;Fk; rthy;fs; gw;wp nra;jpg;gj;jpup-iffspypUe;J ehshe;jk; ntsptUk; tplaq;fis Nrfupj;J jftw;
njhFg;nghd;wpidj; jahupf;Ff.
khdpl kw;Wk; ngsjpf nrad;Kiwfspd; tpisthf ,j;jifa
rthy;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. khdpl nrad;Kiwfshy; Vw;gLk; rthy;fs;
rpytw;Wf;Fj; jPh;T fhz KbAk; vdpDk; ngsjpf nrad;Kiwfshy;
Vw;gLk; rthy;fisj; jtph;f;f KbahjpUg;gpDk;
mtw;wpD}lhf tpisaf;$ba jPq;Ffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j
KbAk;. ,tw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ehLfs;
gy;NtW eltbf;iffisg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. c+k;
[g;ghdpau; GtpeLf;fj;Jf;Fj; jhf;Fg;gpbf;ff;$ba
tPLfisf; fl;Ljy;> Fthq;Nfh nts;sr ;
rkntspfspy; ePu; ngUf;nfLg;gijj; jtpu;g;
gjw;Fj; jLg;gizfs; fl;baik.
Mrpa tya kf;fs; vjpu;Nehf;fNeupLk; Kw;Fwpg;gpl;l rthy;fs;
fhuzkhfg; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs; vOe;Js;sd. mit ml;ltiz
2.2,y; RUf;fkhfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
gq;fshNj\py; nts
;sg;ngUf;fpd;
fhuzkhf 3000 ,w;F
k; Nkw;gl;l kf;f
s;
jkJ nrhe;j ,
Ug;gplq;fis ,oe
;jdu;
mfjpfis Vw;wpr; nrd
;w g]; kPJ
Ky;iyj;jPtpy; jhf;F
jy;
[g;ghdpy; Gtp
eLf;fk;
,yq;ifapd; r
dj;njhifapy;
tUlh tUlk;
mjpfupj;Jr;
nry;Yk; KjpNahu; njhif
,yq;ifapd; f
pupf;nfl; mzpapdu;
kPJ gaq;futh
jpfs; jhf;Fjy
;
Jupjkhf mjpfupj;J
nry;Yk;
czT tpiyfs;
ehshe;jk; mjpfupj;J
nry;Yk;
tWik
cU 2.28
rthy;fs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpj;jiyg;Gfs;
cq;fs;mwpTf;F
cyfpd; mjpFbalHj;jp
kpf;f tyaq;fs;
,uz;L Mrpahtpy;
cs;sd
57,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
Mrpa ehLfs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rthy;fs;
rthy;fs;
� czTg;gw;whf;Fiw.
� epyg;gw;whf;Fiw.
� Rfhjhug;gpur;rpid.
� rKfg; gpur;rpidfs;.
� #oy; khriljy;.
� Ntiyapd;ik.
� czT toq;fypy; cWjpapd;ik.
� epahakhd tpjj;jpy; gfpug;glhik.
� mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfs; czit murpay; MAjkhf
gad;gLj;jy;.
� tpiyfs; Jupjkhf mjpfupj;Jr; nry;yy;.
� Nfs;tpf;F rkkhf cw;gj;jpia ngwKbahik.
� tUkhdj;ij mjpfupg;gjw;F KjyPL nra;a Kbahik.
� fy;tp ngWtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; ,of;fg;gLjy;;.
� Fiwe;jsT fy;tp> gapw;rpapd;ik Mfpa fhuzq;fshy;
njhopy; ngWtjpy; rpukk;.
� etPd njhopDl;gq;fis ifahSk; Mw;wypd;ik.
� r%fj;jpypUe;J xJf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.
� fhzp Jz;lhf;fg;gLtjhy; tptrha epyq;fs; rpwpjhFjy;.
� ghuk;gupa Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
� cs;sPLfspd; tpiy mjpfupj;jy;.
� etPd njhopDl;gq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd trjpfs;
,d;ik.
� epy cupik gw;wpa gpur;rpidfs;.
� epyj;ij tpisjpwd; kpf;fjhf vLf;Fk; Kaw;rp
ke;jfjpapy; epfOjy;.
� jq;fpapUg;Nghu; njhif mjpfupj;jy;.
� eyd;Gup eltbf;iffSf;fhf $Ljy; gzk; xJf;fNeupLjy;.
� KjpNahu; ,y;yq;fs; elhj;Jk; epiyAz;lhjy;;.
� KjpNahu; ghJfhg;ig epiwNtw;Wk; r%fk; kw;Wk;
rl;luPjpahd nfhs;iffs; tYtpoj;jy;.
� Gjpa KjyPLfspy; Cf;fkpd;ik.
� cWjpahd muRf; nfhs;iffs; ,d;ik.
� rka my;yJ goq;Fbfspd; fpsu;r;rpfs; Vw;gLjy;.
� rpWghd;ikapdu; vOr;rp ngWjy;.
� mgptpUj;jp ghjpf;fg;gLjy;.
� ehLfs; gFjpfshf gpupe;J Rahl;rpia NfhUjy;.
� ,uhZtk; murpay; mjpfhuk; ngWjy;.
� rdj;njhifapy; Fwpg;gpl;lgFjpapdu; ,lk;ngaUjy;.
rdj;njhif
mjpfupg;;;;G
czTf;fhg;ig
cWjpg;gLj;jy
epyg;gad;ghL
gw;wpa
gpur;rpidfs;
tWik
murpay;
cWjpapd;ik
Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;
KjpNahu; njhif
mjpfupj;jy;
,optsthd tho;f;if
kl;lj;ijNaDk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;s Kbahik
tWikahFk;.
58 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
,aw;if
mdu;j;jq;fs;
ml;ltiz 2.2
rthy;fs;
� nrhj;Jf;fs; mopTWjy;
� capu;r; Nrjk; Vw;gLjy;
� gapu;epyq;fs; kz;tsk; vd;gdmopTWjy;
� fhLfs; mopTWjy;
� Neha;fs; Vw;gLjy;
� cw;gj;jp Fiwtiljy;
� ehshe;j eltbf;iffs; jilg;gLjy;
� cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; jilg;gLjy;
� tho;thjhu topfs; mw;Wg;NghFjy;
� mdu;j;jq;fSf;F cs;shNdhu; ,lk; ngaUjy;
Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;
nraw;ghL
1. ahjhapDk; Mrpa ehnlhd;wpy; tWikfhuzkhf Vw;gl;Ls;s
gpur;rpidfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
2. KjpNahu; njhif mjpfupg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; ahit?
3. murpay; cWjpapd;ikahy; Vw;glf;$ba ghjfkhd tpisTfs;
%d;wpidj; jUf.
rthy;fis ,optsthf;f vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kaw;rpfs;
Mrpa tyaj;jpy; cs;s ehLfs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; ,j;jifa
rthy;fis ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;F jdpj;J xU ehlhf vijAk; nra;jy;
,ayhJ. ,jdhy; tyak; vd;w uPjpapy; ,e;ehLfs; mikg;Gfshf
,ize;J nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tifapy; gy mikg;Gfs; Mrpa
tyaj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rhu;f; (SAARC) Mrpahd; (ASEAN)
gpk;];nuf; (BIMSTEC) vngf; (APEC) vd;gd ,j;jifa mikg;GfshFk;.
,it ,t;tyaj;jpd; gpur;rpidfis ,optsthf;f vLj;Jf;nfhz;l
Kaw;rpfs; gw;wp ,dp Muha;Nthk;.
rhu;f; mikg;G
tya mikg;G vd;w tifapy; rhu;f; mikg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fs;
gythFk;. ,e;Nehf;fq;fspilNa Mrpa tya rthy;fis ntw;wp
nfhs;tjpy; Kf;fpak; ngWk; Nehf;fq;fs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
59,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
� njd;dhrpa ehLfspilNa $l;L ek;gpf;ifia mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;
kw;Wk; tYg;ngwr; nra;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
� gaq;futhjj;ij xopj;jy; kw;Wk; murpay; cWjpapd;ikiag;
Nghf;Fjy; vd;gd njhlu;gpy; tyaj;jpd; nghJg; gpur;rpidfspd;
NghJ ru;tNjruPjpapy; tyakl;l mbg;gilapy; Kd;tUjy;.
� czTf;fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf rhu;f; tptrha epiyak; kw;Wk;
ghJfhg;ghd czTf;fsQ;rpaj;ijAk; gq;fshNj\py; mikj;jy;.
� gaq;futhjj;ij xopg;gjw;F muR kl;lj;jpy; jiytu;fs;
jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;. gaq;futhjj;ij jtpu;g;gjw;fhd
cld;gbf;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
� njd; Mrpa ehLfspd; tWikia xopj;jy;.
� nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk;> Rfhjhug;gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;T
fhZjy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhf [g;ghd;> rhu;f; ntspehl;L epjpak;
njd; Mrpah mgptpUj;jp epjpak; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; [g;ghd; epjp
kw;Wk; nghUs; cjtpfis toq;Fjy;.
� tu;j;jfk; njhlu;gpy; vOe;Js;s gpur;rpidfis ,optsthf;Fjy;
Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhf rhu;f; mikg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cU 2.29
rhu;f; mikg;gpd; cWg;G ehLfs;
,yq;if
,e;jpah
ghfp];jhd; gq;fshNj\;
khiyjPTfs;
Mg;fhdp];jhd;
G+l;lhd;Neghsk;
rhu;f;
60 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
1. njd;Mrpa Kd;Dhpik tu ;j ;jf cld;bf ;ifia eil-
Kiwg;gLj;jy; (SAPTA)
2. njd; Mrpa Rje;jpu tu;j;jf miog;gpid Vw;gLj;jy; (SAFTA)
2008 Mk; Mz;L rhu;f; kfhehl;Lf;fhf ,yq;iff;F tUifje;j mur jiytu;fs;
cU 2.30
nraw;ghL
1. E}yfj;jpidg;gad;gLj;jpAk; nra;jpjhs;> fl;Liufis gad;gLj;jpAk;
Mrpupaupd; cjtpNahLk; rhu;f; mikg;gpdhy; ,yq;if ngw;Ws;s
Nritfisg;gl;baw; gLj;Jf.
2. rhu;f; tya nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;gpdhy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Nehf;fq;fs;
epiwNtw;wg;gLk; epiwNtw;wg;glhJ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; thjk; xd;iw
elj;Jf.
njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; $l;likg;G (ASEAN)))))
1967 Mf];l; khjj;jpy; jha;yhe;jpYs;s ghq;nfhf; efupy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ
Mrpahd; mikg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fspilNa NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l
rthy;fis ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;F gpd;tUk; Nehf;fq;fs; Neubahf
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd.
� tyaj;jpd; rkhjhdk; ];jpuj;jd;ik vd;gtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;j
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
� ,aw;if mopTfspd; NghJ md;dpNahd;dpa cjtpfs; toq;Fjy;.
� nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;FjYk; tu;j;jfj;ij
Nkk;gLj;jYk;.
� czTf;fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gpd;tUk; eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd
61,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
tpyq;F Ntshz;ik mgptpUj;jp td mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fSf;F
epArpyhe;J Mjuitg; ngWjy;> kw;Wk; kPd;gpb mgptpUj;jpf;F
fdlhtpd; cjtpiag; ngWjy;.
,aw;if mdu;j;jj;jpw;F Kd;duhd vr;rupf;ifia toq;fy;.
njupTnra;ag;gl;l njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfspy; ,lu;njhlu;ghly;
Nfe;jpu epiyaq;fis mikj;jy;.
Mrpahd; tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; njhopDl;g FOf;fis mikj;jy;.
� tu ;j ;jfk ; njhlu ;ghd rthy;fis ntw;w p nfhs;tjw ;F
me;ehLfSf;F epthuzk; mspf ;Fk ; tifapyhd Rq;f
tupf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
cU 2.31
Mrpahd; mikg;gpd; jw;Nghija cWg;G ehLfs;
jha;yhe;J rpq;fg;G+u;
kNyrpah
gpypg;igd;];
fk;G+r;rpah
tpal;dhk;
kpad;khu;G&iz
yhNth];
,e;NjhNdrpah
nraw;ghL
1. Mrpahd; mikg;G tya mikg;G vd;w uPjpapy; nghUshjhu
r%f Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s eltbf;iffis
tpsf;Ff.
ASEAN
SUMMIT
62 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
gpk;];nlf; mikg;G
1997 ,y; jha;yhe;J> kpad;khu;> ,yq;if> ,e;jpah Mfpa ehLfs;
,ize;J ,e;j mikg;gpid Muk;gpj;jd. 2004Mk; Mz;by; G+l;lhd;>
Neghsk; vd;gd Nru;e;Jnfhz;lJld; gy;Jiw njhopDl;g kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu njhlu;GfSf;fhd tq;fhs tpupFlh tya mikg;ghf
,J ,dq;fhzg;gLfpwJ.
cU 2.32
gpk;];nlf; mikg;gpd; cWg;G ehLfs;
1997
,e;jpah
kpad;khu;gq;fshNj\;
,yq;if
jha;yhe;J
Neghsk;
G+l;lhd;
tyaj;jpd; nghUshjhu r%f xj;Jiog;G ,zf;fg;;ghL vd;gtw;iw
tpUj;jp nra;jy; ,e;j mikg;gpd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jDhlhf
tyaj;jpd; ngsjpf khdpl rthy;fSf;F Kfk; nfhLf;Fk; nraw;-
ghLfis Muha;Nthk;.
� gaq;futhjj;ij xLf;Fjy; kw;Wk; td;KiwfSf;F vjpuhf
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
� ,aw;if mopTfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F thdpiy mtjhd
epiyaq;fis mikj;jy; njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.
� tu;j;jfk;> KjyPL Mfpa eltbf;iffis Nkk;gLj;jy;.
� gz;lq;fis Vw;wp ,wf;Fjy; njhlu;ghly; eltbf;iffis
Nkk;gLj;jy;
63,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F
� Rw;Wyh eltbf;iffs;> kPd;gpb eltbf;iffs;> tptrhaj;ij
Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
� tWikia xopg;gjw;F xd;wpize;J nghJthd nfhs;ifiag;
gpd;gw;Wjy;
� capu;g;gy;tifikiag; ghJfhg;gjw;F eltbf;iffs; vLj;jy;.
� #oy; kw;Wk; ,aw;if mopT vd;gtw;iw Kfhikg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
eltbf;iffis vLj;jy;
tq;fhs tpupFlhTf;F mz;ikapYs;s ehLfSf;F ,j;jifa
xUq;fpizg;G njd;MrpahTld; njd;fpof;F Mrpahit ,izf;Fk;
tYthd ghykhFk; vd 2008 ,y; ,lk;ngw;w kfhehl;by; ,g;jpfh
m`kl; nrsj;up (IFTICA AHAMED CHOWDHURI) (gq;fshNj\; ru;tNjr
tptfhu MNyhrfh;) mtu;fs; $wpAs;shu; njd; fpof;F Mrpa tyaj;jpd;
1.3 kpy;ypad; mstpyhd kf;fs; jdpj;jdpahf nraw;gLtij tpl xU
$iuapd; fPNo nfhz;Ltug;gl;L tyaj;jpd; gpur;rpidfs; rpytw;wpw;Fj;
jPu;T fhz;gjpy; ,e;j mikg;G ntw;wp fz;Ls;sJ.
xg;gil
gpk;];nlf; mikg;G jhgpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L> gq;Fgw;wpa ehLfs;>
Nehf;fq;fs;> nraw;ghLfs;> ,yq;if ngw;Wf; nfhz;l cjtpfs;
Mfpa jfty;fs; mlq;fpa rpW ifNaL xd;iwj; jahupf;Ff
Mrpa gRgpf; tya nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;G mikg;G (APEC)
mT];jpNuypahtpd; gpujkuhf ,Ue;j nwhNgl;N`hf; (ROBET HAWKE)
vd;gtupd; MNyhridf;Nfw;g 1989 etk;gu; khjj;jpy; Mrpa gRgpf;
nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;G mikg;G jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; [g;ghd;>
mT];jpNuypah> fdlh> If;fpa mnkupf;fh muRfs;> epA+rpyhe;JNghd;w
mgptpUj;jpaile;jehLfSk; Nru;e;jpUg;gJ rpwg;ghd mk;rkhFk;. Mrpa
tyaj;Jf;F ntspNa cs;s ehlhd nkf;rpf;NfhTk; ,jw;F cupj;jhd-
jhFk;.
,e;j mikg;Gk; tya mikg;G vd;w tifapy; gyNehf;fq;fis
nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mrpa tya ehl;L kf;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; rthy;fis
ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;F fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs; Neubahf
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