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telencephalon

(cerebrum)

Shen Xinhua 2015/10/12

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Comparative anatomy of brains from

various vertebrate species

海豚

大猩猩

短尾猿

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Contents

• Introduction

• Gross structure

• Cerebral cortex (gray matter)

• Functional Areas

• Lateral ventricle

• Basal nuclei

• Medulla (white matter)

• Limbic system

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Proportion by Volume (%)

Rat Human

Cerebral Cortex 31 77

Diencephalon 7 4

Midbrain 6 4

Hindbrain 7 2

Cerebellum 10 10

Spinal Cord 35 2

(Reference: Trends in Neuroscience, November 1995)

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Longitudinal

fissure

Shape & lobes

2裂3极3面3沟5叶

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Transverse fissure

gyrus sulcus

Shape & lobes

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3 poles：

frontal

occipial

temporal

3 surfaces：

superolateral

medial

inferior

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3 sulci:

central sulcus

lateral sulcus parietooccipital sulcus

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5 lobes 额叶 frontal lobe 顶叶 parietal lobe 颞叶 temporal lobe 枕叶 occipital lobe 岛叶 insular lobe

顶叶

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Insula

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Sulci and gyri of superolateral surface

Precentral sulcus

Precentral gyrus

Superior frontal sulcus

Inferior frontal sulcus

Superior,

middle

and inferior

frontal

gyri

Postcentral sulcus

Postcentral gyrus

Superior parietal lobule

Supramarginal

gyrus

Angular gyrus

Superior temporal sulcus

Inferior temporal sulcus Superior temporal gyrus

Middle temporal gyrus

Inferior temporal gyrus

Intraparietal sulcus

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Transverse temporal gyrus

Short gyrus

Long gyrus

Central sulcus

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Sulci and gyri of medial surface

Corpus callosum

Callosal sulcus

cingulate gyrus

Cingulate sulcus

Marginal ramus

Paracentral lobule

Calcarine sulcus

Cuneus

Parietooccipital sulcus

Lingual gyrus

Precuneus

Isthmus of cingulate gyrus

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Sulci and gyri of inferior surface

Olfactory bulb

Olfactory tract

Olfactory trigone

Anterior perforated

substance

Collateral sulcus

Occipitotemporal

sulcus Medial and lateral

occipitotemporal

gyri

Parahippocampal

gyrus

Uncus

Orbital gyri

Straight gyrus

Olfactory groove

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Dentate gyrus

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海马 hippocampus

在齿状回的外侧，侧脑室下角底壁上的弓形隆起。

海马结构 hippocampal formation

hippocampus + dentate gyrus

dentate gyrus

hippocampus lateral

ventricle

dentate gyrus hippocampus

parahippocampal

gyrus

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Deep structures

cortex

medulla

basal

nuclei

lateral

ventricle

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• Position:

located in cerebral

hemispheres

• Four parts

– Central part: lies in parietal lobe

– Anterior horn: extends into frontal lobe

– Posterior horn extend into occipital lobe

– Inferior horn: extend into temporal lobe

Lateral ventricle

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Cast of

Ventricles

Lateral

view

Inferior

view

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Basal nuclei

• Corpus striatum

– Lentiform nucleus豆状核

– Caudate nucleus 尾状核

• Claustrum 屏状核

• Amygdaloid body 杏仁体

• Subthalamic nucleus 底丘脑核

• Substantia nigra 黑质

Globus pallidus

Putamen Neostriatum 新纹状体

－Paleostriatum 旧纹状体

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Basal Ganglia & Associated Structures

(Coronal brain section at the level of mammillary body )

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The basal nuclei

caudate

amygdaloid

body

lentiform head

body

tail

putamen

globus pallidus

claustrum

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Stained Transverse Section through the Basal Ganglia

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Major afferent and efferent connection

of the striatal system

Striatum

Globus

pallidus

Substantia

nigra

Subthalamic

nucleus

VA,VL CM

Thalamus

Neocortex

DA GABA

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Basal ganglia function

• As parts of the extrapyramidal motor

system.

• Facilitate purposeful behaviour and

movement via direct pathway and inhibit

unwanted movements via the indirect

pathway.

• Disease include

Parkinson’s disease

and Huntngton’s disease.

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大脑皮质主要神经元类型

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Cerebral cortex archicortex

>90％ cortex

hippocampus, dentate

olfactory brain

三层

六层

三层 过渡区

(4～6层)

SGL

粒上层

IGL

内粒层

IGL

粒下层

接受和发出联络纤维，完成一侧皮质内的联系

接受来自间脑的特异性传入纤维

发出躯体和内脏运动的投射纤维

}

}

paleocortex

neocortex

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

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Layers of the cerebral cortex

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Original Brodmann Map – Colorized Outlines - with Functional Attribution

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4 6 3 1

2

41 42

A. Primary somatic

motor area

(area 4、6)

B. Primary somatic

sensory area

(area 3、1、 2)

D. Auditory area

（area 41、42 ）

C. Visual area

( area 17 )

Functional Areas

6 4

17

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躯体运动中枢

躯体感觉中枢

•Decussation (contralateral control)

•Invertion (head is upward)

•The size of the cortical area

is determined by:

运动精细度

感觉灵敏度

布局特点

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iii. Auditory speech area (22)

ii. Writing area (8)

iv. Visual speech area (39)

E. The language area

dominant hemisphere

17

i. Motor speech area (44,45)

Broca’s area

Wernicke area

Functional Areas

45 44

8

22

39

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Language area

It is dominant in left hemisphere in right-handed person

• Motor speech area

– Located in posterior portion of inferior frontal gyrus

– Damage: motor aphasia

• Writing area

Located in posterior portion of middle frontal gyrus

– Damage: agraphia

• Auditory speech area

Located in posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus

– Lesion: sensory aphasia

• Visual speech area Located in angular gyrus

– Lesion: alexia

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运动性失语症，表达性失语症，以口语表达障碍为突出特点，语量少，说话费力，字句跳跃不连贯，常使用一两个字或手势来表达。理解话语的能力和阅读能力正常。“爱你在心口难开”

感觉性失语症，病变位于左Wernicke区，病人不能理解别人谈话内容，不能阅读，自己说话流畅，内容则不知所云，没有意义，但病人不明白其本身有语言异常，故不显得烦躁不安。“有听没有到，有看没有懂” “答非所问”

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大脑半球的不对称性：

左侧大脑半球——语言、意识、数学分析等；

右侧大脑半球——非语言信息，如音乐、图形、时空概念等。优势半球

（有语言中枢半球）已被大脑半球特化区的概念所代替。

美国著名脑生理学家罗杰尔-斯佩里，经过多年解剖研究证实，人的大脑的

左右两半球确实是各司其职而且又是互相协调的。左侧大脑是主抽象思维的

，右侧大脑是主形象思维的。整个大脑与两个大脑半球，好比一车的两轮，

只有双轮同步运转车才能前行。也就是左右脑必须交叉并进，抽象思维与形

象思维协调运作，人的大脑才能发挥出其聪明才智。

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Nobel laureate

Roger Wolcott Sperry

"The great pleasure and feeling in my right

brain is more than my left brain can find

the words to tell you."

抽象脑

学术脑

艺术脑

创造脑

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Medulla of the Hemisphere

Association fibers

Commissural fibers

Corpus callosum

Fornix

Projection fibers

Internal capsule

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Run between gyri within the same hemisphere

• Cerebral arcuate fibers

• Uncinate fasciculus

• Sup. longitudinal fasc.

• Inferior longitudinal fasc.

• Cingulum

Association fibers

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Association fibers

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Commissural fibers 连合纤维

run between left and right hemisphere

• Corpus callosum胼胝体

• Anterior commissure 前连合

• Fornix and commissure of fornix 穹隆和穹隆连合

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Close-up of Corpus Callosum, Medial View

1. Rostrum

2. Genu

3. Trunk

4. Splenium

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Dissection of

Corpus

Callosum,

Superior View

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Split brain syndrome

Why？

什么叫裂脑人呢？60年代为了治疗癫痫病人进行割裂脑手术将人脑连接左脑

和右脑的胼胝体切断以减轻癫痫发作，结果癫痫是有所好转了，但却产生了裂脑人这个很奇妙的现象。

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Fornix and commissure of fornix

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Projection fibers:

connect cortex with lower part of brain and spinal cord and they include both ascending and descending fibers.

Internal capsule

Position: a thick lamina of white

matter lying between caudate

nucleus, thalamus and lentiform

nucleus.

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Internal capsule

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3 part

• 内囊前肢 Anterior limb

• 内囊膝 Genu

• 内囊后肢 Posterior limb

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Anterior thalamic radiation

Frontopontine tract

Lentiform nucleus

Corticorubral tract

Parieto-occipito-

temporo-pontine tract

Acoustic radiation

Optic radiation

Head of caudate nucleus

Corticonuclear tract

Corticospinal tract

Dorsal thalamus

Central thalamic

radiation

Medial geniculate body

Lateral geniculate body

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Clinical Correlation

Voluntary motor

paralysis

Impairment of

general sensation

Blindness in the

opposite visual field

“三偏”症状

(偏瘫、偏感、偏盲)

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The Limbic System

Conception and Its Historical

Evolution

Compositions and functions

Rhinencephalon

Hippocampal formation

Amygdaloid body

Septal nuclei

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The Limbic System Conception and Its

Historical Evolution

• 1878 Paul Broca first called this

part of the brain

• 1937 James Papez described his

anatomical model of emotion, the

Papez circuit.

• 1952 Paul D. MacLean

"limbic system," was formally

introduced.

The concept of the limbic system has since been further

expanded and developed by Walle Nauta, Lennart Heimer

and others.

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Limbic lobe

1.Septal area

2.Cingulate G.

3.Parahippocampus G.

4.Hippocampus

5.Dentate G.

1

2

3

4 5

Individual survival, Species generation, Olfaction & Visceral

activities, Emotion, Learning & memory, etc.

Functions:

Limbic System

subcortical nuclei

septal nuclei, amygdaloid body, hypothalamus, epithalamus,

anterior nucleus group of thalamus, tegmentum of midbrain.

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bulb tract

stria

trigone

Amygdaloid body

Include: olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, olfactory stria,

olfactory trigone, piriform lobe, and uncus.

Rhinencephalon

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Piriform lobe

• Entorhinal area

(Brodmann 28)

Primary olfactory cortex

（ Brodmann 34）

Prepiriform area

Periamygdaloid area

34 28

Rhinal sulcus

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Pathways of the olfactory system

Prepiriform

Periamygdaloid area

Olfactory receptors

Olfactory bulb

Olfactory tract

Lat. olfactory tract

Primary olfactory cortex

Int. olfactory tract

Septal area

Bulb, Amygdala

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Hippocampus

Dentate gyrus

Hippocampal formation

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Fimbria of hippocampus

Crus of fornix

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Hippocampal formation development

Hippocampus

Subiculum

Dentate gyrus

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General Anatomy of Hippocampal formation

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Hippocampal formation

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Parahiopocampal

gyrus

Hippocampal

formation Cingulate gyrus

AN

Thalamus

Learining

Memory Mamillary

body

Papez ciruit

Emotional

modulation

Septal

area

forn

ix

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Brain is still a mystery!

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Summary---Cerebral cortex

• Functional Areas

• The language area

Broca’s Area

Wernicke’ s Area

• Histology of the cerebral cortex

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Summary--- Medulla

Association fibers

Commissural fibers

Corpus callosum

Anterior commissure

Fornix

Projection fibers

Internal capsule

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Three parts of the Internal capsule • Anterior limb of internal capsule

– Lies between caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus

– Containing frontopontine tract and anterior thalamic radiation

• Genu of internal capsule

– Is angle at which anterior and posterior limbs meet

– Containing corticonuclear tract

• Posterior limb of internal capsule

– Lies between thalamus and lentiform nucleus

– Contain corticospinal tract, corticorubral tract, central thalamic radiation, parieto-occipito-temporo-pontine tract, acoustic radiation and optic radiation