25
F S G D K B F [ K [ K \ : B K K C G ) P E T " C ( B . P I N G Y \ B P G Z B K O C F N M G \ T Z C F , G E K G Q C E T F F Z B [ G R F ~ 1 | B P Z Z C K B P K : T Z C F X Z K M F [ K T G Z , G B K R F R K J N \ B N B C V R K T X P F , G B K Q B E O K G X B K E K I G C \ G C T Z C F [ C N G N C . ~ 2 | M K G Q E B P Z P Z : B K R F R K J N \ B N B C V R K T X P F , V [ K J B E B K Q B E O K G X B C T Z C F [ C N G N C ! ~ 3 | P F G E \ K P B : F R K P K N K F K M B E N B B D C F K F G F E Z B D C F K F , B C N B D C F K F G F E Z B D C F K F , B K P B : N B , Y B P [ P T N Q . ~ 4 | G Z C I S E B B P Z Z C K K X I Y : B E O K G X B K E K I G C \ G C T Z C F [ C N G N C . C . P I N G Y \ B P G Z B K O R G S V \ C F N M G \ T Z C F , G E K G Q C E T F F [ R K K F ~ 5 | G M P F [ K T G Z F ? ~ 6 | B P Z Z C R I P Q : [ N [ F C E K T N K Q N I K Q . ~ 7 | G Z C [ [ \ B P Z : B V K N G T N F B I E G C E B I E . ~ 8 | T N F B I E G C E B I E S N Y B E T \ L ? B N B B K P B : B V K N G T N F B I E C C E B I E . D . [ R K P T [ K O E G P K O C E P G K G \ C [ O B K K C G G C T Z C F ~ 9 | B P Z B K K C G : F G F Y B K P R B Y P K F E Z C K B N T H Z C Z X E G Y > K [ D G Z S K O : " E Z C K B N T H Z C Z K X I Y " , G K [ D G Z S K O : " E Z C K K X I Y " , G M X " N < , G B K K \ K F F G B D C Z B T Z C F Y P K F . [ Y K N , I C K J I C K J G N B C Z K L . ~ 10 | Y S C Z : P R F D R C K B K O F G B . ~ 11 | B K K C G G I H Y K F , C R K C Z \ K F E Z C , B K K \ G T Z C F N Y P K F E Z C . I C K J I C K J G N B C Z K L . ~ 12 | Y B S C Z : P R F D R C K B K O F G B . E . P T [ F R G S U , F P G C B T N K E K B K K C G F Z B [ G Q , G E K G Q C G ~ 13 | B P Z B K K C G : F G F Y B K P R B Y P K F E Z C K B N T H Z C Z X E G Y > K [ D G Z S K O : " Z C K B N T H Z C Z K X I Y " , G K [ D G Z S K O " Z C K B N K T H Z " S \ O , G R Z B F [ X " N : " Z C K B N T H Z " S \ O < , B \ B N Y P K F F F G B D C Z B . B P Z N K F : Y Z K K \ B B K \ N K , M Z P K B B K \ N K , H K \ K B B K \ N K , G B \ G C R K Y Z K K \ B G P Y [ Y [ K Q C M Z P K B G B G M N K Q C H K \ K B { B Z K L B G N B B Z K L ? B P Z N K F : N B B Z K L . F G F Y B [ C K Y N K F G B H K N . B P Z : M E G F G K \ K E K K Z K C B Z T B F E B B Z C T K Q [ R K Q G N B I P K \ K C Z B K R [ P F N L C B Z I Q E \ Y R Q M E K Q . F E Z G B \ K G B P Z N K F : P B K P K T C E ? B P Z N K F : B V Y Z H K \ K B N I [ G M K B G \ Q V Z K J K B N Y [ Y G [ K M Z P K O . ~ 14 | G Y [ Y G [ K P K [ Z K ? G F B \ R K B : G F [ C K T K \ \ [ P J R F G R J [ \ F . \ [ P J R F { P N Y [ Y [ ; G R J [ \ F { P N S Y N ! ~ 15 | B P Z Z C T G Y C B C Z I P B : \ Z K Y [ Y G [ K F G G { I E S \ G P K V K N K , G I E B C Z G K K B K N R K . B C Z G K K B K N R K { B S G Z ; S \ G P K V K N K { [ Z K . 137

GMNFC · 2015. 3. 31. · (c"t ep) ’gckkb’ :\k[k[f bkdgsf \ygnip .b okbzgpb,fczt \gmnfc ftec qgkeg frg[bzf oe q v \n jr,g [ mx f t :k c zpb |1~.cngnc[fcztcg\cgi!cngnc[ fcztc bxgk

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  • FSGDKBF[K[K\:’BKKCG’)PET"C(

    B.PINGY\BPGZBKOCFNMG\TZCF,GEKGQCETFFZB[GRF

    ~1|BPZZCKBPK:TZCFXZKMF[KTGZ,GBKRFRKJN\BNBCVRKTXPF,GBKQBEOKGXBKEKIGC\GCTZCF[CNGNC.

    ~2|MKGQEBPZPZ:BKRFRKJN\BNBCVRKTXPF,V[KJBEBKQBEOKGXBCTZCF[CNGNC!~3|PFGE\KPB:FRKPKNKFKMBENBBDCFKFGFEZBDCFKF,BCNBDCFKFGFEZBDCFKF,BKPB:NB,YBP[PTNQ.

    ~4|GZCISEBBPZZCKKXIY:BEOKGXBKEKIGC\GCTZCF[CNGNC.

    C.PINGY\BPGZBKORGSV\CFNMG\TZCF,GEKGQCETFF[RKKF

    ~5|GMPF[KTGZF?

    ~6|BPZZCRIPQ:[N[FCEKTNKQNIKQ.

    ~7|GZC[[\BPZ:BVKNGTNFBIEGCEBIE.

    ~8|TNFBIEGCEBIESNYBET\L?BNBBKPB:BVKNGTNFBIECCEBIE.

    D.[RKPT[KOEGPKOCEPGKG\C[OBKKCGGCTZCF

    ~9|BPZBKKCG:FGFYBKPRBYPKFEZCKBNTHZCZXEGY>K[DGZSKO:"EZCKBNTHZCZKXIY",GK[DGZSKO:"EZCKKXIY",GMX"NK[DGZSKO:"ZCKBNTHZCZKXIY",GK[DGZSKO"ZCKBNKTHZ"S\O,GRZBF[X"N:"ZCKBNTHZ"S\O

  • FPKPZB[NBKKCGC[OZCKBNTHZCZXEGY,G[\KFTZG\[NZCMFRB

    ~16|BPZBKKCGP[GOZCKBNTHZCZXEGY:BNKFNLBEOCTZCK[C\G\KG\ZP[N[VZSBG\.

    ~17|BPZZCMFRB:NBBPZQBNBNCK\KF,BCNNBG[VKHKF{BPBKERYKJSPKL.

    ~18|GBKMBEBPZK,BPZZCMFRB:NBRXZMBBNBBVKNGNCK\KF.

    ~19|BPZZCMFRB:CEKEKFGFTGCEB,GBVKNGMSBEFZSRBNBB[MI.

    138PSM\SGMF{VZYZCKTK:NGNCGTZCF

  • PSGZ\F\NPGE~1|BPZZCKBPKTZCFXZKMF[KTGZGBKRFRKJN\BNBCVRKTXPF{KZG[NPKSGMFED,RET"C=T"D)C[OZCKBKKCGCZRDZK(.~3|BDCFKFGFEZBDCFKF{ZBGECZKBCKKNTKN,PET"B)VZYE,SGDKBD,’TZCF’,~36|(.~4|BEOKGXBKEKIGC\GCTZCF[CNGNC{F[GGECZKZCFNTKN,[O)~35|(.~5=7|GMPF[KTGZF?BPZZCRIPQ[N[FCEKTNKQNIKQ.GZC[[\BPZBVKNGTNFBIEGCEBIE{KZG[NPK[O,RET"D,GF[GGCCNKSGMFNDT"B.~9,11|GBKK\KFFGBDCZBTZCFYPKF...BKK\GTZCFNYPKF{NTKN,PDT"C=PET"B)VZYE,SGDKBD,’TZCF’,~6|,"TZCF{[NGIKCK\EKQFGBEPKK\KNF"(.ICKJICKJ...ICKJICKJ{F[GGP[RFSGMFEG;\GSV\BSGMFDB)PFE’NKCZPQ,TP’266(;NTKN,PDT"C=PET"B,)VZYE,SGDKBD,’TZCF’,~27|(.GNBCZKL...GNBCZKL{ZBGKZG[NPKSGMFED,RET"C=T"D.~10=12|PRFDRCKBKOFGB...PRFDRCKBKOFGB{NTKN,PET"B=T"C)VZYE,SGDKBF,’RCKBKO’(.~14=15|PGTEYJQDT"B.~14|GF[CKTK\\[PJRFGRJ[\F{[PG\MDKB.~15|TCGEFHZFRT"C.~16|BNKFNLBEOCTZCK[C\G\{F[GGVSIKORT"C)"CRKCKK[QRFGDENBFGGBHNKQPXGZNXKEGQCPTNK[C\B"(.

    Z["KTZCFXZKMF[KTGZNYPQPVZ[[KTGZF.BKRFRKJN\BNBCVRKTXPF{BKQECZBIZRBDETPF,EPGMI[FKBPXGF.BCNFKMBEBDCFKFN[ORJKN\NGNC,GFEZBDCFKFN[OTZCF{BKPBNKVGYCF,EBKMBFGMIFJGCB.GMPF[KTGZFEBPZQNTKN{XZKMF[KTGZ.[N[FCEK{[K[CMNBIETNKQNIKQ.TNFBIEGCEBIESNYBET\L{TNFP[PTCNBCE,GCECNBTNF,GPBKNYKIFCTNFCNBCE,FBNBPKRMZ.TNFBIECCEBIECEBIEGCGTNFBIE,GEKG,GMKBPZKRQNTKN)SGMFNC,C([N[FJVIKO{NDCKNGNCFGBEBPZKRQ,[\FBTZCFBZGMF[N[FJVIKO,BCNTZCF[FKGPYKVKQCFCVRKTXPF{MNEFGSDK,GF[\BRFDGNFCKBPGZCKG\,TRVKOBZGMKOGKVKO,[PRMZBPXGFCTKQKVF.BKKCGBCGFEZC.ICKJICKJN[GQRKTRGT.PRFDRCKBKOFKBCDCGNKQ,GNBKSGERCKBKO,FNMLBKRFXZKMFCZMF.YZKK\BBK\NKMVZKOGKG[CKFO.GPY[Y[KQCMZPKBTGEZKQB\FMZPKOC[CKTK\.GBMNKHK\KBC[MZIVKZ\FMZPKO,GBKRQPVYKZKQNTRKKO.BZKLBGNBBZKLJGCNT[G\MQBGNB,BZKL{N[GQECZFDGQ,GCTHZBK[NGEGPF:GTZG\PNMBNBBZKLNRBNPKIHK.BPZNKFNBBZKLNVK[B\FVGZTVTGN\OPVKZG\[CKTK\GF\GZFBPZF:NBMNFGNBNSIGZF,BCNFY[YG[PG\Z,MENYPQ.BPZZCKBNTHZCZXEGYMEGFGK\KEBKZ{MCZTCZGBZCTKO[RF[BRKEZCBZWFHB\.GNBIPK\KCZBKR[NBZBK\KCQBEO.EPFNLCBGZIBE\YRQMEKQ[PFNLCEZLK[ZMBEOHF.BVYZHK\KBNI[GMKBNTRKKO.GFCVZKJKBG\QVZGJG\PMKSLNY[Y[FMZPKO.GPK[ZKY[YG[C[CKTK\.PNSYNNF[NKLBCRKONIGW.S\GPKVKNK[F[Z[KOPDGNKO,GXZKLNMSG\O[NBKKC[FBKNQ,GBGYGPKBKNRKFGB[NBKPG\,GBKRGTG[FNF[CKIQBNBNYKKPQ{[ZK.VKNKCYTKO.GIEBCZGKKBKNRKMPGGCZBBG\OCIZCG\O)KIHYBNMD({NRYGCFTVZ[TNF[Z[KOGNFHKHG[KFBZLG\KIGI,GFBKNQP[CKI,ML[PT\K,NK[RBBIZKRB:NFCZKBB\FBKNQGNF[CKIG.NBKFNLMG’BNBK[CG\NGCTGEKGODEGN,GKMKQNGSTGE\[C\.BNBNCK\KF[FGNLNCK\G,GFOBKROKGETKO[KCBFKGO,GBKQPMKRKONXGZMG,GFGBMGTSTNKFO.BCNNBG[VKHKFBPBKERYJSPKLBKRGSPGLTNCRKFCK\,GRG[BTPGSTGE\G,GTNPF[CKEGRSPL.BVKNGNCK\GEPF[PGXBBOPTJBOZC[NGFGB,BUTNVKMQNBKFNL,GMN[MQNBG[VKHKF,[NBKPXBMNGO.MSBEFZSRBSTGEFPGTJ\,EDKOYJRKOPJGDRKQCYPIC[GPQ[NFQ.

    139 FSGDKBF[K[K\:’BKKCG’)PET"C(

  • \YXKZ

    CKSGESGDKBHGTGPEYGCW[NBZCTPSGZG\FY[GZG\CEPG\P\YGV\FBPGZBKOC[OBKKCG.FZB[GRF,PKPZBGCFFRIKG\NRGFDFTZCF,PKGIS\CCCNKNZCKBPK,NBNBKKCG,BLP\GLF[GGBFNPYCKNFCKZG[NPKSGMFED,RET"D=T"E,GPRK\GIFSGDKBFCCNK\TXPF,TGNF[PKPZBHGRPSZFCPYGZTNKEKZCKBPKC[OBKKCG.ZCISEBIGNYC[OZCKKXIYTNBI\FFRIKG\[CPKPZBHGGNVKFBKQKGXBKOKEKIGCFCTZCF[CNGNC.ZCRIPQGZC[[\RINYKOCY[ZNFRIKFRGSV\,[K[NTZCF[KTGZ:NVKZCRIPQF[KTGZFGB[NG[FTRVKONIKO,GNVKZC[[\EKCTRUBIETOTNFBIE.NVKFPSGZ\F[RKKFRMIBKKCGC[TF[BPGZB{TEKFRGSIINGYKOCB[ZNHKFGKG{RJNTZCFPCNKNCZLYGEO.CPSGZ\F[NK[K\P\BZBKKCG[KIFCKQBPGZB{MRZBFZCKBNTHZ,BLDOTNMLINGYKOTEKFRGSI{NCKQBEO[FYVKETNFNMG\[CKTK\.FPSGZ\FZCKTK\FKBPKPZB[CFPGSZBKKCGP[GOF\RBZCKBNTHZCZCKXEGY[BSGZNNM\KG\ZP[NG[VZSBG\CTZC[C\.ZCMFRBPTKZTNMLPRKSKGRGFBK[K,GPECZKGTGNF[JTOFBKSGZFGBNGGEB[KFKFBGMNPGMQNSTGEG\F[C\.

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

    PFNLFSGDKBG\GNEG\KF

    FSGDKBFBPGZBK\FPYGZK\

    TNVRKFRZBK\SGDKBHGM[\KSGDKG\RVZEG\,GMLFKBR\VSFTNKEKIGYZKFCCNK[TSYGCF:1

    INYKOB=C{[TRKKRO[KTGZTZCFGRJKN\FCVRKTXPF{RI[CGNSGDKBCVRKTXPF,

    FPYCKNFNSGDKB[CKZG[NPKSGMFED,RET"D=T"E:

    ZCKHTGZB[NI[BKNNZCKERKBNCZKFEZCYJKRB,[PT\PBCKL:JTGRFCZMFGRKJN\CVRKTXPFGK[NF[KTGZ?B\BZCKBKKCGCZRDZKC[OZCIGRFGBPZJTPB:2JTGRFCZMFGRKJN\CVRKTXPF,GK[NF[KTGZNB[PT\K.\PQBPZKQZC[[\GZCRIPQCZKTYC,IEBPZ:[N[FCEKTNKQ,GIGZRB:BVKNGCEBIE.

    1ZBGK[ZBNCGZDRSYK,PSM\SGMF[N\NPGECCNK,PYGZG\KFGEZMKTZKM\F,EKSZJXKF,ZP\DQ\[N"J,TP’628=629;RITPKRI,TZKM\PSM\G\SGMFGPGTEYJQPQF\NPGEFCCNK,\NBCKC\[P"J,TP’.131GMLP[\PTDOPECZKBCZFOGKKS,TNFKXKZFFSVZG\K\[NFBPGZBKO,RKGKGZY\[M"C,TP’212,FTZF26,FP\KKISNVKSYBG\~9=19|[NFSGDKB[NRGMBNYGCWTXPBK[BKRGMGNNB\INY)B([NFSGDKB.

    2RZBF[K[NPIGYB\FPKNF’JTPB’[BKQNFP[PTMBQ.PS\CZ[PEGCZCEKJGDZVKF[NFPKNFFCBF:’JTGRF’.

    140PSM\SGMF{VZYZCKTK:NGNCGTZCF

  • NTGP\HB\,INYKOD=FRI[CGNYGCWTXPBK[NBZCTFPKPZG\GPT[KO[TRKKROBPGZBBG

    BPGZBKOC[OBKKCG,M[CINYOK[NBPGZBHFHKYFNZCKBNTHZCZXEGY.NVKFDKZSB

    [CEVGSGKNRFMGNNYGCWHFBZCTFVZKJKO:

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    )C(PT[FEGPFCBKKCGGCIHYKF,RMEKZC,[FCKBGNGTZCF,GBUFGBICJCFNNB

    CZMF~11|;

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    [PKJF~13|;

    )E(PKPZB[NBKKCGC[OZCKBNTHZCZXEGYCTRKKQFNKMFNPZIYKOCTZC[C\~16|.

    BGNO\KBGZHF[NPCRFFIGPZ[NVRKRG,EFKKRG[\KSGDKG\RVZEG\{SGDKBCTRKKQ[KTGZTZCF,

    G’YGCWBKKCG’{PTGZZMPF\FKG\,[TNINYPFQMCZTPEGFIGYZKO[IKNYGMLB\FSGDKG\:

    .1SEZF’SGDKG\’FKFXZKLNFKG\FVGL:SGDKBF,’RCKBKO’,PET"B=T"C,TGSY\

    C[BN\PTPERGFDFTZCF{PRFDRCKBKO,KSGERCKBKOBGPXGGFPF\GZF.NYGCW

    ’BKKCG’HKYFK[KZFNTRKKQHF:[RKFPT[KOFZB[GRKOP[P[KONCTNFSGDKB[NRG

    FGMIFNML[ZCKBNTHZCZXEGYGZCSCZG[TZCFFKBPRFDRCKBKO.FKKRGPXVKO

    BVGB[YGCW’BKKCG’KGCBNVRKFSGDKBCTRKKQ[KTGZTZCF,GNBBIZKG.3

    .2VKSYB~4|VG\I\CPKNKO’GZCISEBBPZZCKKXIY...’,NNBIHZFTNFPKNF’BPZ’{

    RKSGIF[PGZCEZLMNNNPINGY\FRPSZ\CPSKZFPBGHR\,EFKKRG,M[PSZRKO

    [GRKOPGSZKOPSGZG\PGINVG\PVKBG\GBPGZBBGM[PSZRKO[GRKOPGSZKO

    PINGY\PVKCRKVNGD\B.ZCKBPKGZCKKXIYFOBPROCRKVNGD\B,GFOBPRO

    INGYKODOCSGDKB[NRG,BGNONBGZFSDRGQ[CGPRGSI\VKSYB~4|FKKRGPXVKO[DO

    ECZKZCKBPKCVKSYB~1|KKPSZGPVKBPGZBBIZ,CQEGZG[NZCISEB.4

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    TPKRIPSCKZ[CSKEGZYEGOFGCBFPT[FCRMEKZCGCTZCFPKENBIZVZYE,SGDKBF,’RCKBKO’,PET"B=T"C.CTNDPZBBIZ)"PIGHBK?"(,FKFNGMCZYGCWRVZE[NPT[FGPKPZBCBKKCG)FPT[FCTRKKQF[PKJFGFPKPZBCTRKKQTZC[C\(,GFGBZXFNFGSKUBG\ONYGCW[NVRKG,GNMQFGXKBB\FPT[FCRMEKZCPPYGPGG[KNCFMNCSGUFSGDKB.)NET\TPKRI,C[NCFBIZGQReSIPIE[FPT[FCRMEKZCMEK[K\BKONVZKJKOFBIZKOCYGCW,GFVLNPT[FCBKKCGGCZCKBNTHZCZXEGY,G[RKFSKVGZKOR[\PZGHFNXEHFCRGSIEVGSGKNRFGCTEKORGSVKO(.BGNOTPKRIBKRGPSCKZPEGTFKFXGZLN[C[B\FSEZC[T\FGSV\FPT[KOPFSKEGZFPIGHBK:FNGBBV[ZFKFNFGSKUPT[KOBNGNBIZFPT[FCRMEKZCGYGEOFSGDKBCTRKKQ[KTGZTZCF,GMEZMO[NYCXKO[RGXZGC[KJFHG.ZBGGKKS)NTKN,FTZF1(,TP’.231P[MRTKOCPKGIEECZKGKKS[O,[BKQCKQFGSV\PKPZG\NYGCWNCKQFGSV\"[MCFRGSV\[CIGPZF\NPGEKFZDKN",G["FYGCW[RYCTCPYGOPSGKORT[FINY[NF\NPGEFFGNLGP\V\IEZLFGSV\[MCFTN[MCF,FQ[MCFCXGZ\FP[LBGCKZGZSGDK\KRGSUFQ[MCFCXGZ\PYGZG\KSGEKKORGSVKO[HFT\FFGCBGNCKFP"E".GBKQHGEZMO[NCTNKFSGDKG\N[C[B\SEZFIGPZ[NVRKFO[NBNXGZLCCGBONFGSKU[MCF.

    4ZYCTKZGCKQVBT"CGCPYCKNFCIGNKQVDT"BPXBRGCZGCFTEKOPCRFB-SKPJZKTORKSGIHF[NFTPEFFBIZGRF,GCPINGY\P[GN[\EGGYB:"ZCFGRBBPZ...GZC[PGBNCZKXIYBPZ...GZCKBKNTB/BNTHZBPZZCKKGIRQ...".CPYZKOBIZKO,DOM[PXBRGCT+ECGEEPCRFB=SKPJZKMHFTO[\KETG\CNCE)MDGQCM"KPKRMQ[NCCBPXKTBPHT"C(,PXBRGC[BZFTEKO[RKPSZRKONMNETFBGN[GQFXTFPSGDBIZ.

    5ZBGNTKN,FTZF.2

    141 FSGDKBF[K[K\:’BKKCG’)PET"C(

  • FNMG\TZCF,GYGCWRVZE[NPKPZG\GPT[KOFY[GZKOCEPG\C[O’BKKCG’,TNKRG

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