2020年 度

大阪大学医学部医学科

学土編入学試験問題

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1 問題冊子及び解答用紙は、試験開始の合図があるまで開いてはいけない。2 受験番号は、解答冊子の表紙及び各解答用紙の受験番号欄に左詰めで、正確に記入すること。3 問題冊子は、表紙を除き 5枚ある。ただ し、 1枚 日、 5枚 目は白紙である。

4 問題冊子又は解答用紙の落丁、印刷の不鮮明等がある場合は、解答前に申 し出ること。5 解答は、解答用紙の指定されたところに記入すること。枠からはみ出 してはいけない。

問題冊子に解答を書いても採点されません。

6 問題冊子の余白は、適宣下書きに使用 してよい。7 問題冊子は、持ち帰ること。

2020年 度 大阪大学医学部医学科 学土編入学試験問題

【英語】 1/5 ページ

I。 次 の英文 を読んで,そ の論 旨を 150字 以内の 日本語に要約 しな さい。

Population aging is both a worldwide success story and a worldwide healthconundrum, with the increasing age of populations around the world leading tounprecedented challenges. According to the United Nations report on World PopulationProspects (2017), there is an estimated962 million people aged 60 years and above whocomprise l3Yo of the global population. The beginning of the twenty-first century hasseen health systems worldwide struggling to deliver quality healthcare amidst challengesposed by aging populations. Traditional medicine and models of care have been premisedon the evaluation and treatment of standalone and usually acute diseases occurring inrelatively younger individuals. This contrasts with the current reality of multiple,interacting, and often chronic conditions affecting older persons. It is thus necessary todisentangle the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, andinter-relationships of age-related conditions in order to personalize clinical interventionsand realign health systems to better address the unmet needs of frail older persons.

Against this backdrop, frailty and dementia have emerged as priority areas in bothresearch and clinical settings due to their high prevalence, impact on the individual'squality of life, and public health impact. These conditions aptly reflect the complexity ofage-related pathological conditions, causally underpinned by a myriad of heterogeneous,interacting, and often unclear pathophysiological processes. Indeed, a hallmark of bothconditions is the inherent difficulty in differentiating the effects of the normal agingprocess from the eventual pathophysiological deviations of the underlying disease. Theiroccurrence and trajectories over time are strongly affected by a wide array of factors anddeterminants that are not confined to single biological systems and/or health domains.Moreover, environment and social factors also substantially influence the definition ofdifferent phenotypes. This raises the clarion call for a broader, integrated, and holisticapproach that is able to more adequately capture the biological, clinical, andpsychosocial complexities of frailty and dementia, thus paving the way for improvementin the consequent outcomes.

(Wee-Shiong Lim, Marco Canevelli and Matteo Cesari, "Dementia, Frailty and Aging",Frontiers in Medicine,29 May 2018.)

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2020年 度 大阪大学医学部医学科 学土編入学試験問題

【英語】 2/5 ページ

Ⅱ.次 の英文 を読んで,以 下の設間に 日本語で答えな さい。

Aquariums have come a long way since the days of Madame Rondelet. Her husband,Guillaume Rondelet, a sixteenth-century French physician and the author of an earlyillustrated book on marine life, is regarded by many as the father of modern ichthyology.For her part, Mme Rondelet might well deserve to be called the mother of modern fishkeeping; as her story has come down to us, she managed to keep a fish alive in a glass ofwater for three years.

It is unlikely, of course, that hers was the first aquarium. Fishes have been kept andbred for millennia, for food as well as amusement, but the ancient origins of the practiceare obscure. Perhaps the Sumerians were the first fish keepers; certainly themanipulations of carp and goldfish by the Chinese, and later by the Japanese, are ofancient lineage. And a Roman notable, Quintus Hortensius, is reported to have weptwhen his favorite eel died in captivity.

(1 t toda nks on of deletconten■0orarlcs一 tO sav nothins of the ancl ents. For one thing, plate glass was notavailable until the late seventeenth century. More important, though, was the lack of themost basic understanding of the relations between aquatic plants and animals, the cyclingof nutrients, or practically any other detail about the ecology of a healthy aquaticcommunity.

In any event, the keeping of fishes as household pets did not become popular untilthe first half of the eighteenth century, and the first public aquariums appeared in Europeonly in the early 1850s. By 1928 some forty-five public or commercial aquariums hadbeen installed worldwide, and today many towns and cities have aquariums that attracthundreds of thousands of visitors a year.

As for the popularity of fishes kept as.pets, in the United States they rank behindonly cats and dogs. More than 7 million households give fishes a home. For some peoplethe animals are just color-coordinated living furniture. But for others, the family fishtank is a living laboratory that ignites the first spark of scientific curiosity and engendersan enduring love of nature.

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On the one hand, public aquariumsand the practice of keeping tanks at home increase people's awareness of aquatic nature.The resultant demand for aquatic organisms to fill the tanks creates livelihoods foranimal suppliers, and the proceeds from the trade are particularly welcome inlow-income coastal communities in the tropics. On the other hand, the burgeoningdemand for live fishes and invertebrates can put heavy pressures on tropical ecosystems.

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2020年 度 大阪大学医学部医学科 学主編入学試験問題

【英語】 3/5 ベージ

(Ⅱ の続 き )

Yet the tension between kecping up with dcnland and lllaintaining the ccOsystcnls thatsupply it necd not bccOnle a wasting, zcro―sulll galllc. If the lllethods fOr harvcstinganinlals fronl trOpical ecOsystcnls arc nlallagcd carefully, suppliers will bc ablc tOprovide lively displays fOr fish tanks in thc dentist's Officc,、 vhile helping cnsurc that theSOurce populatiOns continue tO thrivc in thc lwild.

On any list Of the rOles and cultural valuc Of aquariullls, cntcrtainlllcnt inust rankhigh. In North AnlCriCa alone sonle 134 1nilliOn peOple visit the 200 or sO accrcditcdinStitutions of thc AnlCrican Zoo and Aquariunl AssociatiOn cach ycar:1110rc pcoplc thanattCnd a11 lnttOr― leaguC SpOrtS VCnuCS combined.And beyOnd purc entcrtainment,whOwould dispute thc atnlosphcre Of rclaxing screnity aquariunls have t0 0ffer, theOpportunity tO cOntcnlplate the othcrwOrldly gracc and bcauty Of the aquatic rcalin?Aquariurns afford access tO、 vOrlds that、vc,as terrcstrial crcaturcs,nlust sharc,yct rarclyglilnpsc. Moreover nlost largc public aquariurns arc nOt Only respOnsivc tO thcCntertainnlcnt valuc of hcalthy anilnals, but fully cOnllnittcd tO educating thcir visitorsabout the aquatic cnvirOnnlcnt,its fragility,and thc nccd for its cOnscrvation.

Large public aquariunls can alsO play dircct rOlcs in conservatiOn, in additiOn tOthcir cducatiOna1 0nc.Sonle havc brecding prOgranls for lllarine inanlnlals,invcrtebrates,and other spccics,including a fcw nlarinc fish spccies thcy can raisc in captivity. N4anychannel funds tO rcserves,parks,and Other conscrvatiOn progranls in thc field.

Still, prObably the n10st cOnsequential effect of aquariunls is via their r01c aseCOnornic cngincs: that is particularly true fOr s11lall, privatcly O、 vned fish tanks inbusincsscs and holllcs. I｀ hc annual trade in livc nlarinc aninlals is cstinlated tO bc、vorthbetwcen S200 1nilliOn and $300 nlilliOn, and still grOwing.Such figures translate intolargC nulllbCrS Of｀ Vild aniinalS taken fr011l thC Sea, Inainly fr011l rccfs: solllc 24 nlilliOnOrnanlcntal fishcs, 12 inilliOn pieccs Of cOral, and 10 rnillion Ornanlcntal invcrtebratesarc sold each ycar,and nlany n■ Ore die a10ng thc way.

ThC tradC in frCSh｀ VatCr OrganiSnlS iS eVCn largCr than thC nlarinc tradc. 13ut thcfrCSh｀VatCr tradC rCliCS heaVily On aniinalS raiSed in captivity.Freshwatcr fishes,by their

VCry naturc, arc already adaptcd to lifc in relatively cOntaincd habitats. ´「 heir eggs tcnd

to bc large,wcll prOvisioncd,and thcy sOrnetinlcs evcn gct parcntal carc.ヽ 4arinc spccies,by contrast, tcnd to depOsit, fcrtilize, and thcn abandOn thcir slllall eggs tO their fatcs.Whcn thc eggs hatch,the tiny fry gcnerally havc a prOtractcd larval stagc,during whichthey are diSperSed ovcr largc occan arcas as planktOn.「 rhus thc larvac of nlost rnarincfish species are snlallcr, lcss hardy, and nlore difficult to fccd than thcir frcsh、 vatcrcountcrparts.

2020年 度 大阪大学医学部医学科 学士編入学試験問題

【英語】 4/5 ページ

(Ⅱ の続 き )

As a result, 1ry freshwater fishes tend to fare m better when raised in tanks thanmarine species do. As many as 90 percent of the freshwater fishes commonly found inaquariums have never known a river or a lake; most have been reared in large facilities inSingapore or Florida and can no longer even be considered wild animals. Ironically, infact, many freshwater habitats have become so degraded that some species are morecommon in dentist's offices than they are in the wild-some species of African lakecichlids fit into this category. A few species of pupfish are actually extinct in nature yetthrive in household aquariums.

The great majority of animals in the marine trade, however, must be systematicallyhunted and taken from the wild. Of the 1,500 marine fish species that are regularly traded,only about seventy have been successfully bred in captivity. And of those seventy, only a

handful are currently raised in quantities viable for commercial use.

(4 e fact that most marinefishes are taken from coral reefs" themsel ves amonp the most endangered of marine

reefs account for ust onhome to some 4 000 marine fish

total. Reefs also harbor some 800 reef-building coral species, and innumerable otherinvertebrate species. Yet coral reefs are threatened by a deadly mdlange that includesglobal warming, coastal development and runoff, marine pollution, destructive fishingpractices, and overexploitation.

(Melanie L J. Stiassny, "Saving Nemo", Natural History, 113.2 (2004))

(設 問 )

問 1.下 線部(1)の 主張の根拠 を述べなさい。

問 2.下 線部(2)に ついて具体的に説明 しな さい。 さ らに,下線部(2)に 関す る著者の見解 を述べな さい。

問 3.下 線部(3)の 理 由を説明 しなさい。

間 4.下 線部(4)を 和訳 しな さい。

2020年 度 大阪大学医学部医学科 学士編入学試験問題

【英語】 5/5 ページ

Ⅲ.最 近 , ヒ トの疾患の治療法 を探 る日的で ,遺伝子 工学の技術 を使 ってサルの脳 にヒ トの遺伝子 を組み込んだ実験が行われた。 こうした実験 は,倫 理的 にどのよ うな問題があると思われ るか。 こうした実験 はどこまでが許され るか。あなたの見解 を 150語 以内の英語で論 じな さい。