T.C.KLTR BAKANLIGI ve Mzeler Genel 20. SONULARITOPLANTISI2. 2731 MAYIS 2002ANKARAT.C. KLTR BAKANLIGI No: 295112 ve Muzeler Genel No: 92YAY/NA HAZIRLAYANLARKoray Fahriye BAYRAMDr. Adil ZMENeslihan GDER Meryem UYANIKERISBN: 975-17-3082-1 (Tk.No)975-17-3084-8 (2. Cilt)ISSN: 1017-7663Not: Bildiriler, sahiplerinden ve gre ya- KLTR BAKANLIGI ANKARA-2003 PeterLAMPEThe FirstCampaign of the Pepouza and TymionArchaeological Surface Survey 2001 1Adnan ve Leleg 2001.. .1iM. ZIMMERMANNFeldforschungen auf dem Gebiet der Antiken PolisKyancai und in Tyberissos Sowie Teimiusa 23Guido ROSADA, Ermanno FINZISurvey 2001 A Tyana (Kemerhisar) 29nder Smer ATASOY, Fuat GKE, DNMEZ2001 Samsun Yzey .41Mustafa Hamdi SAYAR Trakya' da Epigrafi ve Tarihi 51Mustafa Hamdi SAYARKilikya'da Epigrafi ve Tarihi 59Blent Pamfilya ve Likya'da 2001 71Thomas DREW-BEARFrigya ve Pisidya'da Epigrafik Yzey 77Thomas CORSTENKibyra 2001 83Ender Pierre DEBORDHyllarima 2001 85Wolfgang BLMELEpigraphische Forschungen im Westen Kariens 2001 93Nevzat Burhan VARKIVAN, KIZGUTTrebenna ve evresi 2001 97Sevin GNEL ve 2001 Yzey 113Mehmet 200 1 Samsun ve Amasya Yzey 127Nurettin ,2001 Suru Yzey 141Engin ZGEN, Barbara HELWING, Lothar HERLING, Atilla The Oylum Hyk Regional Project: Result of the 2001Prospection Season 151Oktay 2001 Blgesi'nde Urartu Baraj, Glet veSulama 159Hasan BAHARKonya-Karaman Yzey 171SeviI GLURAksaray, 2001 Yzey 181Harun Metin KARTAL200 i Baraj Gl Paleolitik Yzey 191Levent Egemen VARDARGalatia Blgesi Yzey 2001 203Roger MATTHEWSProject Paphlagonia: Regional Survey in and Karabk Provinces, 2001 2 i 9Karl STROBEL, Cristoph GERBERFeldforschungen in Tavium: Bericht ber die Kampagne 2001 223Mehmet 2001 Isparta Yzey 233Hans LOHMANNSurvey in Theben an Der Mykale 1. Kampagne 2001 247Anneliese PESHCLOWDie Arbeiten des lahres 2001 in Herakleia am Latmosund Umgebung (Bafa 261Sachihiro OMURA200 i Anadol u' da Yrtlen Yzey 271Tun 2001 orum ve Blgeleri Yzey 275Taciser 2001 Yzey 285Bakiye YKMEN EDENSHatay ve 2001 299Alpaslan CEYLAN200 i Erzincan, Erzurum ve Kars Yzey 311Bill LEADBETTER, Robert L. VANN, Justine HOBBSSurvey of Aperlae in Lycia: The 2001 Season 325Raffaella Pierobon BENOITSurvey of the Mandalya Gulf Report on the 2000 and 2001 Campaigns 335THE FIRST CAMPAIGN OF THE PEPOUZA ANDTYMION ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURFACESURVEY 2001Petcr LAMPE*Can/enis1 A bricf introduction tnto Monlanism and s imponance in Iate antiqcity2. The search for Pepouza and Tymion, the two losl towns, and the-ir discovery:3. The archaeological surlaw survey of the ancient silas 07 PCpOUZH and Tymi-on in the province ol 3.1 Findings3.2 Methods4. Acknowicdgemcnts1 A Brief In/roduction inlo Monlanism and its Importance in AntiquityFor tour centuries. belween approximately 165 and 550 A D. the part ofancient Phrygia that is taday the province of was the center of a Christian rnove-men! known as which was widespread in the ancient world lt was aprophetlc-charismatic movement foundcd around 165 A,D in Phryqia by a certainprophet narneo and by two prophetesses narnce and Priscifia.From Phrygia, the mavement sproao rapidly over the entire Roman Empire. tts adhe-rents lived, for example, North Africa, Home, Constantinople (Istanbul) and (Ankara)' lls prophets claimed that they had received new revelatons about the app-ropriaie Christian life style: they stressed escetle ethlcal practices, prornotec fastingand did not auow rernarrtaqee. On the other hand, they raised the status of women byallowing them lo partielpats luliy in all aspccts of the movcrncnt: women COLJld even be-come and bishops''. The prophcts and prophetesses deliveredtheir oracl es in an ecstatic trance. There is a good chence that, at lcast in the his-tory of Phrygian Montanlsrn. elements ol the Cybele CLJlt afso absorbed-.I'rol. IJe. r'c:c- Di-ector ol ard sunnce s-rvev ol the University o' Ilc-rlclbc-q, ',,'/TS 1, LJ - ( Hcidc GI-'iMANYSee, e.g., Anonymus in h.l:::. S.1RA: I/aa,'. 4fUL..2: TC':'J .ian. ,Prax, Icrtull'a- hlrT5clf 00-CillT'." J Mo-,Ianisl in Nrlh Atnca? e.q.. Tulullia" ie/unionp "they teo.":'] i" f'ecveCltly to 3 .'iaar 49,:> 4 rf., c.., '/.... rctccrncc, MoniJnist in.';criptior;s a0rf TesrimoniJ'- Soerccs iitust.filiing oi Mon'''-IJI8m, Mor SHLes 16 1G97), 17, i e.2. The Search for Pepouza and Tymion, the Two Lost Montanist TownsThe center and headquarters of this widespread rnovement was a smail Phrvqi-an polis ealled Pepouaa. Not far away, anotner settlement caueo Tymion alsa was in-habited by Mentarusta. the early third-century author Apouonfus mentionedboth towns as Montanlst plaees where Montanus triod to gather people "from everyw-bere'>.Montanus callee Pepouza and Tymion "Jerusalem," according to Apoonius.And an ereele from a Montanist prophetess from around 300 A.D. preolcted that Pepo-uza would be the sacred place where the new heavenly Jerusalem would descencfrom hcaven, as deseribed at the ono of the Christian Biblee.in Pepcuza, masses of pilgrims over the centuries venerated the shrtnc of Men-tanus, and Pnscta. the founding mothers and father of the rnovement, andof anather prophetess".Beginning in the fourth century A.D., the Montanists were persecutec by the Ho-man emperors". in approximately 550 A.D., John of Ephesus ordered the cestructlonof the shrine and confiseated buildings in Pepouzae. At least in Phrygia, themavement ceased lo exist. Pepouza became an orthodox Byzantine town. lls orthodoxbishop and abbot were mentioned as Iate as the Sth and 9th centuriestc, but then thetown was forgotten and disappeared from the map. And so did Tymion.Modern scholars for more than a century have puzzled about thelocations of thelwo lost towns, Pepouza and Tymion. The first prominent senetar searching for Pepo-uza was the British epigrapher, Sir William Ramsay, who starteo in the early 1880s, to-uring Phrygia on horseback and by in order to solve the mystery of the test towns.He and quite a tew successors have proposed numerous solutions, trying to identifyknown ancient settlements as Pepouza. But none of these hypotheses convinced thescholarly world, because none of the proposed rnet aLi the criteria that the an-cient literary sources estabsh for Pepouza.Our team colleague, Prof. William Tabbernee, oevered a paper atYalva, Turkey, at the Second International Syrnposium on Antioch-in-Pisldia on 2 July2000. where he sumrnanzed ali the known c1ues about the locaticn of Pepouza. Someof those c1ues relatec to a monastery at or.. very near to Pepouza. In his paper, Prof.Tabbemee proposed Klky, and Ukuyu as the most likely locations for Pe-pouza based on the ancient flterary evioence.. He thus ruled out numerous other suq-gestions (Delihirdirli, Bekil, Ikizbaba. ete.) that had been made sincethe of Sir William Ramsayand his successors. Later in July.,2000, members ofthe team were led by Dr. Tabbernee to visist Klky, Ukuyu, Bekn andDelihirdirli, as well as other p'aces. However, none of those ancient settlements exhi-bit structures that could be interpreted as a monastery-one of the critena needed forthe icentication of Pepouza.We thus had excluded all identifications of Pepouza that had been oftered up un-til that point. But where was the real Pepouza? In a conversation with the director ofthe Archaeoloqical Museum, we were lucky enough to learn5 Apollonius' f'ragm, in Eusebius. H.E 518.2.6 Eptphamus. Haer. 49.1 ,3: in the Bible a. Revelation 21 12.7 Ci Pseudo-Dtonysius of Teli MahrE!, Chron. (for year 861 of Seteucid em oc 550 AD.), which is besec on enrlip.rsourccs: Michel fhe Synan. nnm. 9.33. For an excoont sources. see 'Jabbmnee (1997; abovetcotnote 4), 28-4l, For as a Di see alsa Fppnantus, Haer. 48.14?8 Euscbius, ViI. 3.66; coooc ttoca XVIS34.19 Ct, an(j Michel lhp, Syrian in 7 atove. as well as fp. 4.1.3i O O. O Mansi, conciliorum nova di amplissima colledio (Plorence A. Zalta. ll6162: repr. 1960-61),13 631C(il bishop /87 A-D.) and 13. 153 (an abbot 78l AD.); 17311 be (n bishop A.D, in "Pepcuz-,"tne Grcek retterspiand tau wcre lnterchaneable. ct. A. Das {and oer MOIII'lIIislen [Berim- New YorkW dEl Gruyter. 1980], 27-2B}2about another ancient site completely unknown to the scholarly world. He deseribed a"church in a cave" that could be found there. On 22 July, 2000, ledus to this site. Tramping through a secluded canyon and scrambling up a steep slopein the drenching rain of a thunderstorm, we elimbed up to what turned out to be an imp-ressively huge rock-carved monastery with Byzantine graffiti. Further east, we identifi-ed traces of an extensive settlement and necroplis. As there is no known evidence fora monastery at the other proposed sites, nor indeed in the whole general area wherePepouza must have been located, the existence of this monastery near the remains ofa substantial town was a convincing reason to identify this unknown site as the arici-ent Pepouza. According to the ceramic shards, this settlement already existed in Ro-man times. Moreover, the location of this previously unknown site south of in theUlubeyCanyon at the Banaz-River corresponds perfectly to the geographic clues rela-ted to the location of Pepouza in the extant Iiterary sources, especially in Hierokles'Synecdemus (667,6). This newly discovered settlement meets all the criteria for Pepo-uza. Thus, the old mystery about the location of Pepouza seems to have been solved.But where was Tymion? In July 2000, we also discovered an unpublished insc-ription that had recently been given to the Museum by a local person. This im-portant inscription mentions the inhabitants of Tymion. It enables us to identify the 10-cation of Tymion exactly 12 km. north of Pepouza. The proximity of these two townswas already suggested by the early third-century writer Apolloniusu. The ancient lite-rature and archaeological evidence fit well toqethert-.3. The Arcneeolcqice! Surface Survey of the Ancient Sites of Pepouza and Tymion3. 1. FindingsIn October 2001, the team started an intensive regional survey. In this initial pha-se, we created preliminary maps both of the Pepouza and Tymion areas, based onGPS bearings of well over 200 historical objectsts. These GPS-based maps were mer-ged with the already-existingtopographical maps that we had collected and digitalized.In 2002, we will establish more accurate maps based on laser-tachymetrical bearings.In addition, the extensive area of Pepouza will be divided into a fine grid by our landsurveyors so that the surface finds, ineluding the ceramic shards, can be fully docu-mented!-.In 2001, Pepouza was graphically documented by videotape, slides, photog-raphs and digital images. The monastery (Figs. 1, 3, 4), located west of the town sett-lement, includes three stories of monk cells. In one room, probably a refectory, graffitirepresent Christian crosses. In the center, a rock-carved dome (Fig. 4) covers a spa-cious room that most probably was used for worship.East of the rock-carved monastery, the Pepouza settlement streches on both si-des of the river (Fig. 1), as the concentration of shards and marble blocks indicates.The expanded necropolis in the east (Figs. 1, 2)15 comprises-among other elements-rock-cut tombs. These burial grounds were chiseled into the rocky ground. A law corrl-dor leads from the to the underground inner area. Along the corridor, niche-like grave chambers open up on both sides. These grave complexes served for rnultip-11 See above lootnote 5.12 For lurther details, see our lorthcoming oublication: William Tabbernee and Peter Lampe, The Discovery of Pepouza:The Holy City of the Montanists in Phrygia (Mnster - Hamburg - Berlin - London: Ut); see Peter Lampe, ThePhrygian Archaeological Sur/ace Survey Project ol the University of Heidelberg and the Discovery of Pepouza andTymion, in: Zeitschrift fr antikes Christentum 6 (2002) 117-120.13 As well as of dozens ol non-historical points that are clearly identifiable on the already-available maps and that enab-le the merging of GPS maps with the already-existing rnaps,14 As a supplement to the mapping, we in the luture hope to be able to view previous aerial photographs Irom the 1970s,which might reveal even more histerical structures than present aerial pictures.15 The panorama in Fig. 2 is the panorama A in the map of Fig. 1.3le funerals. The smail hypogaeum "grave 1" (Fig. 1) exhibits five niches, each one lar-ge enough for one body. Anather complex, which needs further exploration, exhibitsover a dozen niches".These hypogea were closed by ornamental marble panels, such as the one in"grave 1" shown in Fig. 9. The Museum owns examples for comparison, most ofthem dating from the third century A.D. They demonstrate that in the province of tomb stelae as well as broad marble slabs, which served for clasing the rock-out gra-ves, were very comman. The clasing panels are usually shaped like double doors andare richly decorated with plant motives. As a rule, one arch is decorated with symbolsfrom female life, with spinning equipment (whorls, drop spindles, balls of wool) and to-ilet (e.g., combs and hand mirrors). The decorations on the other arch repre-sent the occupations of men (e.g., tools and agricultural devices). A table and a platewith bread indicate that a deceased person was a priest and had the right to break theChristian eucharistic bread.Further east of the necropolis the canyon narrows, and rock-cut donkey paths(Figs. 5, 6, 7) lead to a marble quarry (Fig. 1), where thin marble plates for marble re-vetements seem to have been cut. The lower of the two paths even had a Jane for on-coming traftic: often it is double tracked (Figs. 6, 7). A second ancient marble quarrysouth of the river (Fig. 1) served for cutting marble blocks. Thus, it is not surprising thatwe find so many marble blocks in the settlement area. Marble appears to have beenone of the cheapest building materials in Pepouza. However, Tymion, 12 km. away, se-ems to have been built mainly with bricks.While the rock-cut paths are mostly directed east-west, following the canyon, thetraces of a Roman road show that it flowed in a general north-south directian (Fig. 1)and crossed a bridge (Figs. 1, 2). Remains of the bridge's middle pillar can be seen atthe edge of taday's river (Fig. 8).Of particular interest are the traces of a large public building resting on Byzanti-ne substructure walls on a terrace right above the river. It was presumably a church(Figs. 1, 2). The locatian of this building is extremely endangered by the ploughing offarmers and needs to be rescued. In view of the histarical significance of Pepouza (seeabove), the remains of this apparently onee-central building would definitely be worthpreserving. .In the immediate vicinity of this public building is a catacomb-like burial ground.Inside, a bricked-up doorway can be recognized. But large parts of the hypogaeum arefilled with ancient debris (tiles, pottery shards, etc.). The ceramic shards indicate thatalready in ancient times this hypogaeum was demolished and filled. If this burial gro-und, so close to the large public (church) building, was the locatian of the veneratedshrine of the founders of Montanism, then this archaeological finding would fit very wellto the literary sources!/, according to which the shrine of the founders was destroyedaround 550 A.D. by soldiers acting on the orders of John of Ephesus. A narrow path,built by modern grave robbers, leads inside. Using this path is perilous. The catacombis the verge of collapse and poses a Iife-threatening risk to anyone ente-ring it. Here again, security and salvage measures are amatter of urgent necessity. Formore than 300 years, the shrine of the founders of Montanism was the goal of pilgri-mages to Pepouza. The locatian therefore is of particular histarical significance and ur-gently requires protection.South of the river, across from the public (church) building, remains of anatherspacious (possibly public) building can be identified.16 The team thoroughly cocumented two of these rock-cut tomb complexes by means of measurements, drawings andphotographs.17 See above footnote 7.4In the necropolis area, the team documented a stratographic profile by rneasu-rements, drawings and photographs. The profile Iies on the edge of a dirt road that waswidened by local farmers to allow the passage of tractors. The remains of four ancientwalls as well as tiles, animal bones and pottery shards were visible in the profile. Thedocumentation of this stratographic profile will help the future investigations of the pot-tery of the region, which never has been thoroughly investigated.In 2001, wealso studied the Museum inventClry books inorderta identifyall items that had been found inar in the vicinity of Dur survey areas and that are pre-served by the Museum. Besides Roman and Byzantine coins, a glass-coatedbronze needle, for example, could be identified, as well as arobed Roman marble sta-tuette (possibly Attis in a Phrygian robe with boots) and a smail iran axe, which presu-mably once decorated a lost Roman statuette representing a gad. A pre-historic stonehatchet had been found not far away from Tymion. This tatter item i1lustrates paradig-matlcally that Dur survey will not be a so-called"thematic survey," whichleads to samevery brief remarks about the method of the survey.3.2. Method of the SurveyThe Pepouza and Tymion archaeological surface survey of the University of He-idelberg will, of course, have alarger scope than only the approximately seven centu-ries of Christian history of this settled environment. All periods of settlement will be fullydocumented.Furthermore, as a regional survey covering an entire cultural landscape (moder-nized "transect method"), our work will not only focus on "settlements" but alsa on thewider surroundings and on other "sites" (such as isolated cisterns, terraces, bridges,etc.) as well as on indications of ancient land use. Thus, the "natural" environment andhuman settlernent will be broughtinto relation to one anather. Therefore, alsa paleobo-tany (and phytogeogra,phy) will be important. Our survey will contribute to theunderstanding of thelife circumstances of the ancient rural population of Phrygia, acontribution that produce resultsrelated to social, economic and reJigious history.As far as the socio-economic context of our Pepouza site isconcerned, unpublishedepigraphic evidence reveals that the settlement was located close to an imperial esta-te. The inscription shows that here, in the time that Montanism was flourishing, calanicomplained in vain about their oppressive economical situation. This might give us oneexplanation for why the ecstatic Montanist mavement spread so rapidly in this rural hin-terland of the Roman empire. Economically stressed groups apparently found a vent inecstatic religious praxis. More generally, the survey hopefully willlead to same unders-tanding of rural polytheistic and monotheistic religiosity. We know much about its anel-ent urban forms in big cities, but relatively little about its rural manifestations in smal-ler towns and villages.One of the challenges and opportunities of this survey is its interdisciplinary andinternational character, intergrating team members from four nations (Turkey, Austra-lia, the USA and Germany) and various scientific fields, such as land surveying, car-tography, computer graphics, archaeology, epigraphics, early Christian history, anthro-pology, paleobotany, geology and geophysics.4. AcknowledgementsSpecial thanks and appreciation need to be given to the General Directorate ofMonuments and Museums in Ankara and its leadership for granting the permit and itssupport.The government representative, archaeologist supported uswith all his skills in the field. So did the Director of the Museum, lu, as well as our team colleagues from the Anadolu University in Dr. 5 a l k Ross and her students Hakan Bilgi and Banu Bykgn, who provided crucialsupport and were a great emichment. The other team members were Richard Engle,an engineer from Sioux City, lowa, USA, Henning Hupe, an assistant at the Universityof Heidelberg, Dr. Richard Petrovszky, an archaeologist from the Speyer Museum ne-ar Heidelberg, Hsam Sleymangil, an Islamist from Istanbul, and Prof. Dr. Willam Tab-bernee, the Australian Montanist expert from Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA. Consulting mem-bers of this first campaign in 2001 were the archaeologist Prof. Dr. Reinhard Stuppe-rich of Heidelberg, the engineers and land surveyors Jrgen Otto and Andreas Riegerof the Fachhochschule Karlsruhe, Germany, the Roman roads expert and visiting pro-fessor at the University of Heidelberg, Prof. Dr. h.c. mult. Robert Jewett of Chicago, 11-Iinois, USA, David Killen of Conifer, Colorado, USA, a GPS expert, and the survey spe-cialist Dr. Jens Kamlah of the University of Kiel, Germany. Last but not least, we thankthe offices of the K a r a h a l i district and especially the local farmers and their families fortheir kind cooperation and hospitality.6Fig. 1: Rough sketch of a map (Ulrike Neuner)Fig. 2: Panorama of the Banaz Valley looking from the west (Ulrike Neuner/lris Hrner)Fig. 3: The monastery7Fig. 5: Rock-cut path8Fig. 6: Rock-cut double pathFig. 7: Rock-cut double path9Fig. 8: Pier of bridgeFig. 9: Closing panel of grave 110DAMLlBOGAZlHYDAi VE LELEG 2001Adnan OiLER*2001 Milas (Kybersos) ve Akro-polnde yzey bir blge taranarak GPS lm-leri Ky merkezinin 600-700 m. kadar kuzeyinde Eski Tun nekropol srdrlen burada belirlenen izlerinden, alandakikaak devam 2001 srrasrnda' alanda Kiel niversi-tesi Jeofizik Enstits Dr. Ercan Erkul ve ekibi jeofizik n st daki bir pamuk ve kaz: gneyalanda jeomanyetik gradiyent ls (Harita: 1). Olm gridi kuzey-gney olarak, lm en iyi kaplayacak biimde tur.Yksek jeomanyetik lmlerin 5 Fluxgate sensor ile 2x40 cm. gridinde manyetik gradiyent verisi Bu lmlerin harita 2 ve harita 3 de gsterilmektedir.Harita 2: Pamuk (40x50 m.) iinde pamuk ekimi ile ilgili blmeler jeoman-yetik haritada ok bir grlmektedir. Bunun modern metal dan kaynaklanabilecek dairesel iki kutuplu anomalilere g- koyu bir anomali grlmektedir; ar-keolojik bir anomaliye Harita 3 : Nehrin gneyinde lmler,(10x40 m) pamuk (Harita: 2) jeomanyetik gre ok daha ve belirgin anomaliler gstermektedir. gzlenen birimle-ri jeomanyetik lmlerin gre gneye devam etmektedir. Milas Mzesi Blmmzve Karya ve Uygulama Merkezi ile 2000 kur-tarma tm konservasyon Prot, Dr..Adnan DiLER, niversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Tarihi Blm, 48000 lafTURKiYE. iin izin veren ve Mzeier Genel ve temsilcisi olarak Nihai Metin'e, zellikle ilgi ve ederim. Bodrumve Milas rnze mdrlklerine, Pedasa'daki jeolizik Kiel Universitesi Jeolizik Enstits Dr.Ercan Erkul ve Universitesi Arkeoloji ve Sanat Tarihi yksek lisans Gr. Ufuk rtk, Leventimen ve borluyum.11 kurtarma ile temizlenen oda gmtlerin evre dzeni ve sergileme projesi, Kltr ve Tabiat Koru-ma Kurulu 2002 bu mezar- sergileme Bodrum 500 m. isimle bir tepenin yeni kn-t toprak ierisinde el Kalkolitik ve Tun seramik (Resim: 1). evresinde yzey yzey ye-ni kntler nedeniyle alanda dogal nlmektedir.Bodrum Yzey Kalesi (Aspat Kalesi) ve Territoriumu: Bodrum antik evresinde kale-nin 250 m. kuzey ve ynnde 500 m. kadar de-vam eden bir alana antik Bu Aspat Ka-lesi'nin 350-400 m. biri kk, 500 m. kadarkuzeyindeki byk iki tepe zerinde Alak tepenin Aspat Tepesi'nebakan gneyalt bir kaya yer En yksek 2m. ve cephesi dik bir kaya iine olan me- 0.81xO.95 m., dikdrtgen mezar ise 2.00x1.90 m. Kaya ve ynde tepenin bir sur qrlr.Yan sur ykseklik-leri 1 metreden fazla iri bloklar Sur olduka iyi kuzey ve zellikle de kesiminde izlemek mmkndr; llebilen ka- burada 2.40 metredir. tepe yzeyine konuttr aittir.Tepenin olankaya 5 m. kadar bir kaya 3.5 m. bir kaya yzeyine olan 1.20 m. pres ve nde bir kanalla toplama ha-vuzundan toplama havuzunun n tahrip ancak izlerden 0.94 m. ve 0.83 m. Pres yan ta- ndeki toplama yerine bir bir pres daha yan tarafta yer alan yuvarlak pres alak dik kaya iine 0.20 m. ve 0.27 m. ve 0.20 m. bir yuva Bas- kolunun bu yuvadan koli u-pres" 20 m. kadar tepe da bir pres (litus) (Resim: 2). 1.12xO.87 m. ve 0.67m. her iki yan ve st yzeyinde sisteme layan geme Orijinal yerinde litusun yan tara- byk bir dikdrtgen ait duvarlar izlenebilmektedir. 11.20x1 0.40 m. bu bir iftlik evine aittir. Tepenin surlarla evrelenen g- yan nnde zerinde izlenen byk bir teras du- grlmektedir. Gnmze Aspat Kalesi'ne olan al-ak tepenin de daha ok etkinlikler Te-penin kaya presi ile bunun 20 m. kadar gneyindeki2 Konservatr Didem Taner 2 bir srete sonucunda 2 No.lu odamezarda bulunan 60 toprak tam konservasyonu tamamlanarak Milas Mzesi'nde iki yeni vit-rinde bu bir blm sergiye Bu konservasyonu Didem Taner'e, konservas-yonun stlenen bu destek veren Milas ve bize her trl gsteren Milas Mzesi ve ederim.3 dip tarihi iin byk nem 1990'11 Bodrum Mzesi ve B. AI-pagut ve i. sreli bir Bu Eski Tun hayvan kemikleri ve balta gereken dnya kltr zelli- ivedilikle koruma gerekmektedir.12kk kaya ktleleri zerine ve taneleri n iinde kaya havan-Iari bu tr etkinliklere yneliktir. yzeydeki izlerden bu tepenin zamanda olarak da Kalesi'nin territoriumunda dahaok ve nekropol olarak bu iki tepenin kuzeyinde BizansDnemi ile bu kaynaktan su su Mevkii: Halikarnassos 'mn (Terrnerikon) Mahallesi'nin Gkbelen Tepesi zerinde ger- mezar ve ieren ve bugne dek bilinmeyen antik bir Bunlardan antik merkezine yerde pres 0.70 m. ezme yeri ve onun olan 0.22 m. oluktan (Resim:3); pres ait evredeki yo- bitki rts nedeni ile tamolarakgremiyoruz. Pres ancak bir-ka dizisiyle duvarlarantik Bu teraslardan birinnde bulunan pres 1Om. kadar OJ?? ve)ten 0.25m. bir kaya (mortarium) yo- ile Topografik uygunbir edilen bu 20-30 m., derinlikleri ise 4-5 m.. Iri vekaba kyklopik tarzda teras 1 m. dek yer yer Pres alalan yamalar zerinde arazinin antik Bu teraslar 1.00-1.50 m. ve 3-4 m. evresinde kuyu ile ezme teknesi ve pres yerin bulunan pres 0.50xO.85m. da ve 0.40 m. litusun 0.05 m. Gkbe-len mevkiinde olduka bir alana olan bugn yzey zerinde gr- ve olduka biralana olan 250-300m. t-myle yneHk Bu etkinlikler olan bir oda mezar ise tepenin zerinde (Resim:4). Mezar 2.00x1.67 m. birereve iine mezarda ve her iki yanda olmak zere l mevkiinin AsarTepe'de antik En yksek 271 m. kotunda olan ve g- ynndeki tepenin evresini vadi ve yamalar zerinde ve bunlar Bunlardan tepe-nin alt ykselen tepe zerinde irili ufak- moloz teraslar 1 m. Ta- ve kuzeyindekitepe boyunca gsterir. kentin evresinde da saptan- Bunlardan biri, alt 0.84 m. a- ve 0.17 m. zerinde nde bir yuvarlakbir kanal ieren pres Bunun de Daha ilkel bir pres ise alt ta- bir plaka kaya blokuna pres 1.50 m ve 1.07 m. 0.05-0.07 m. pres yata- nde bir Yzey olarak akropol ise zellikle Klasik ve ncesine tarihlenebilecek erken tarihli ve nemli ka- (Resim: 5). Akropol tepesinin alt ise surlarla (Resim: 6). Bu surlar tm tepeyi evreleyecek ve en iyi noktada bir alt tepeye sren surlar gney kesimde olduka iyi alt yamatayer alan veya iri ve kaba bloklardan s-t gen bir rtye sahiptir. Benzer bir rt sistemini ve cephe dzenlemesini, min alt bir oda gmtte de izleyebiliyoruz. Duvar 13la 5. Theangela'da Pigres'e ait kabuledilen mezarla birlikte bu trn Halikarnassos bilinen az r-neklerinden biridir. en iyi kesimini ve evresinde gr- surlar iri bloklardan. ancak yamuk kesimli ve kaba ilgi ekicidirler. Iri kk boyutlu yer grl-mektedir. Bu grnmleriyle salt Leleg tm Karya'da enderzelliktedirier. Bu durumun sre ve kltr degzden uzak tutmamak gerekir. Tepe'nin zellikle gney ve sivil ok sa- yer Ancak tahribat ve nedeni ile teras zerindeki ka- tr konusunda her hangi fikir edinilememektedir. Akropoln isetm evreleyen sur ierisinde ortada byk ve daha sonra eski bir Akropol Tepesi'nin gneyalt byk teras ise bir sivil olarak Turgutreis'te srdrlen denizden 500 m. kadarierideki tepe zerinde nemli bir ta- ve burada byk lde retime ve olarak kul- gstermektedir. pres ezme teknesi gibi zellik-teki kaya presleri de Bunlar ara- kaya gmt 3 m. bir yzeyde pres,yan yana iki ezme yeri ile nde bir toplama havuzundan Alazeytin Ky ve evresi: Surlarla evrili ve en nemli Leleg biri olarak bilinen Alazeytin Kalesi (Side ?) ve evresindeki ok antik de yolu zerinde, AlazeytinKy'ne 1.5 km. mesafedeki yuvarlak sivil Leleg duvarla- ve yer yer 1.5 m. bloklarla il- ile tm en erken tarihli "Leleg" biri Uzerinden geirilen yol nedeni ile byk blm yok edilse de yolun stndekalan alanda gelecekte kurtarma tarihlemesi ve levi konusunda nemli sonulara devasa bu tek rnek, Alazeytin Kalesi merkezinde bulunan yer yer 2 m.yi bulan bloklardan dikdrtgen biimli olan ii bindirme tonoz rtldr. Gz-lemlerimiz, ilkel nedeni ile en eski olan bu bir ya da bir yneticinin ynn-dedir. Alazeytin yolu zerindeki yuvarlak avlulu ile birlikte bu hi Klasik daha eski bir tarihte Bu iki iin bugn nere- tarih, Erken Demir ile erken Geometrik Dnem bir sretir.Alazeytin'deki antik kuzeyinde, Tepe ile Byk Keneli Tepe ok Leleg konum, tarih ve ta- Bunlar birbiri ile benzer zgn Leleg BykKeneli Tepe gney ve avlulu grubu bunun en tipikrneklerinden biridir. Burada ana her iki iki dikdrtgen vearkadan ona avlu ile bunun evresinde kmelenen daha kk boyutlu ya- Leleg mimarisi iin karakteristiktir. Genelde halka surla burada kk ancak birbirine bir akraba biimini Tepe'nin mevkiinde konumlananve incelenen Leleg burada seramik malzeme Hellenistik ve hatta Roma boyunca Pedasa ve Territoriumu: Halikarnassos en nemli "Leleg" Dne-mi ve ncesi ve Pedasa antik kenti ve territori-umunda bir Gktepe ve kuzeyinden Pedasa ve Torba dek y-zey gney kuzey dek sren bir 14Pedasa kenti terrltonumu iinde ve tm olan Leleg D-nemi tarih, anlam ve ynelik oknemli ni Genelde kk lekli sivil ve gmt tr Mandalya Krfezi Demirler'den Demirderesi, Fincan Demirte-pesi ve ile dere vadisinin her iki yan Bu luk Pedasa Kalesi'ne dek devam eder. vadi Pedasa Kalesi'nin gneyinden sren dere boyunca devam ederek Sivriam Tepesi ve izleyerek zerinden Gmbet Bylece gney-den kuzeye antik bir geitten de sz edebilme Pedasa, ma- kuzeyden gneye bu geidin tam merkezinde ve Pedasa Kalesi halka sur ve iindeki zgn bir Leleg zelli- nedeni ile kale iindeki tm tam olarak anla- da byk blmnn konut tr ait syleyebiliriz.Sur nne edilen ve surla dik yan duvarlara sahip mekan dizileri ise tipikbir Leleg Kalenin altta kulelerle ikinci bir hal-ka surla evrelenmesi, stratejik konumu ve gl savunma sisteminin birbelgesidir. Sur zellikle kent ve antik kaynak-larda sz edilen Athena ait olabilecek isodam duvar tekni- ile byk Hellenistik Dneme Bu ve sur kalan kentte yzey ve kaak grlebilen Hellenistik ve Roma anak-mlek Hekatomnidler daha nceki srece ta- Leleg ve zellikle Mylasa'dan Halikarnassos'a birlikte Satrap Maussollos'la srecinin layabilecek nemliverilerdir. Pedasa'da kentin belki de tek ve en nemli ve evresinde byk bir kaak ka- tahrip Yerinde inceleme kaak tahrip edi-len bir mezar ya da bothrosu uku-ru kesitlerinde izlenen terra-cotta malzemenin Ge Arkaik -Erken Klasik Dnemden (Resim: 7, 8). Bu ve yzey kaak ilgili olarak Bodrum Mzesi ve gvenlik bi-rimlerine gerekli bilgiler Pedasa Kalesi'nin gney ve ok mezar Bunlardan yerde olan ve tmkaak az "Leleg" "Thalos" mezar Bu mezarlarda gmt bir dramasla Me-zar bindirme tonoz rtsne sahiptir. Tonoz rt de-vam eder ve merkezde bir plaka ile Gmt genellikle yanlarda 3 m.yi gemeyen bir byklktedir ve bir ile Bu sonucu gmt yuvarlak ktlesel bir Bu-nun ynelik bir nlem Gzlemlerimiz rneklerde 15 metreyi gmt rten dolgunun rastgele Once gmt yu-varlak bir duvar ve bunun st dolgu ile Bu-nunla bir heroon bir amalan- Daireselolarak rlen bu duvar Pedasa territoriumu-nun en uzak kuzey Arapyurdu Tepesi'nin alt GebeKilise gibi 2 m.nin stnde olabilmektedir. Gebe Kilise du-var 3.50 m., iten piramidal ise 5.50 m. olarak GPS lmleriyle kesin tholos me-zarlar ilk Pedasa territoriumunda belirlenen bu tip mezarla- tm kaak bu ilerinde az del; ol-sa seramik En ge tarihli paralar Gebe Kilise'de bulunan 1.0.4. Attika siyah glazrl ithal rneklerdir. En erken tarihli buluntular Pedasa Akro-pol'nn gneyindeki Sivriam Tepesi'nin belirlenen bir mezarda 15tur. 15 m. ve en yksek noktada 3 m. sahipolantholos mezarda, zerinde namadik gelenekte yaban keisi ya da bir avlayarrrmz- bir figr olan silindir mhr ve tek kulplu bir toprakkap'(Heslrn:9) ile Ge Protogeometrik Dnem seramik (Resim:'10, 11).Silindir mhrle ilgili olarak buqne dek cek bir rnek Ilk gzlemlerimiz M.O. 2. ikinci ve daha ok Levant Blgesi rnekleriyle ilgili ynndedir. mezarda paralar halinde tek kulplu ayak toprak benzer tipte Ege ve Akdeniz'de Tun boyunca Bu trrneklerin Tun boyunca olarak bilmekle birlikte, enge hangi tarihe dek kesin olarak bilemiyoruz. Ancak Pedasa ha-mur, ve formuyla bu tipin sreci ierisinde ge bir tarihten Bu en belirleyici kap yzeyine olan ark izleridir ve byk la mezarda Protogeometrik paralarla sreten Mezar i moloz ve genellikle kk boyutlu ilgintir. Bu ilkel ok az rnekte Oysa Gebe Kilise gibi pek ok mezar ve sivil dzgn dik-drtgen ve derzleri son derece organik bir duvar dokusu ile Butr Arkaik ve Klasik zg biliyoruz. Bu tr duvar dokusuna sa-hip ve mezarlarda Arkaik Dnemden seramik be- Bizim Pedasa territoriumunda tm kaak da, temizlik ile bu tarihi ve kullanan ortaya koyacak verilere kolayca Bunlar-dan Pedasa teritoriumunda iki rnek Alazeytin Kalesi yolu ile Alazey-tin'de merkezindeki tipindeki temizlenmesi, bu konudaynlendirici ve konuya ynelik ok olan bilgilerimizi Bedrum "Leleg" kolonizasyonu srecineait sivil ve bu ve retimlerle ilgisi nemli sorunlardan biriydi. Uzun gerek Bodrum ve gerekse "Leleg" Dnemi lasos-Milas bilgiler, rnlerden ve sadece gnlk kk lekli bir dzeyde gerek- 2001 Bodrum da bu konudakibilgilerimizi destekler niteliktedir. nk bir alanda an-cak az sonucu ve zeytin- pres olan rneklerden biri, Pedasa Akropol'nn 500 m. ka-dar tepe zerindeki Leleg iinde Bir pres ise Pedasa Kalesi'nin 1.5 km. kuze-yindeki Fincan "Leleg" (Resim: 12), Zeytinbeli Te-pesi'nin gneyinde, Kocaren, Kabakulak Tepesi'nde incelenerek bu-rada bulunan pres lm ve izimlerle K-y, ilek mevkii, Kaledibi'nde bir pres ise tm yerli kayaya ilgi ekicidir. Bununla Bodrum kaya preslerinin azda olsa rneklerle temsil syleyebiliyoruz.Yan yana oda ya da duvarla dikdrtgen ya da da-iresel avlulu sivil i "Leleg" Dnemi bugn iin kesin olmasada ve bir koruma nedeniyle hayvan iin uy-gun Bodrum Mzesi'nde korunan ve incelenen pres ise "Leleg" Dnemi ait olup tutma 16Harita 1: D a m l b o a z , topografya17NHarita 2: Pamuk jeomanyetik l lCaraligi: 20 cm X 20 cmGriskala: -25630 -1--'---+20LOHarita 3: Nehrin jeomanyetik l hari- 18+256-256Resim 1: Tun seramik Resim 3: Gkbelen Tepesi, pres 19Resim 2: Kalesi territoriumu, Iitusve yanda iftlik Resim 4: Gkbelen Tepesi,kaya oygu Resim 5: AkropolTepesi20Resim 6: ana Resim 7: Pedesa, ka-ak ukuru, figrinResim 9: Pedesa, 5ivriam Tepesi,Leleg tek kulplu ayak21Resim 8: Pedesa, ka- ukuru, giysili fi- Resim 11: Pedesa Sivri-cam Tepesi, Le-feg pro- vegeometrik sera-mikler22Resim 10: Pedesa Sivri-am Tepesi, Le-feg pro-togeometrik se-ramiklerResim 12: pres FELDFORSCHUNGEN AUF DEM GEBIETDER ANTIKEN POLIS KYANEAI UND IN TYBERISSOSSOWIE TEIMIUSAM. ZIMMERMANN*Im Jahr 2001 konnten dank der groBzgigen Arbeitsnehmigung der Generaldi-rektian der trkisehen Antikenverwaltung die Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der antiken Po-lis Kyaneai im geplanten Umfang abgesehlossen werden. Als Regierungsvertreter bet-reute unsere Arbeit mit groBem Engagement Mustafa Demirel (Museum Antalya), deman dieser Stelle fr seinen Einsatz und seine Untersttzung ausdreklieh gedankt sei.Fr den Initiator und langjahrigen Leiter der Feldforsehungen, Prof. Dr. Frank Kolb, wardies zugleieh die letzte Kampagne in der Trkei. Die Arbeiten in Zentrallykien sollennun dureh M. Zimmermann, der in den letzten Jahren bereits die Feldforsehungenstellvertretend leitete und mit einem DFG-Projekt beteiligt war, fortgefhrt werden.1. Kyaneai und sein TerritoriumMit AbsehluBder 13. Kampagne konnte beinahe das gesamte Territorium derPolis Kyaneai erfaBt werden. Bisher nieht erkundete Gebiete konnten zumindest ex-tensiv ersehlossen werden, wobei problemlos nahezu grBeren Gehfte und Sied-lungen erfaBt worden sein drften. Damit sind wir in der erfreuliehen Lage, die antikeSiedlungsstruktur des gesamten Territoriums von Kyaneai, soweit sie an der Oberflac-he siehtbar ist, kartieren zu knnen. Das in der Siedlungskarte dokumentierte Ergeb-nis der zurekliegenden Karnpaqnen ist dank des ausgezeiehneten Erhaltungszus-tands der archaoloqischen Uberreste fr die gesamte Mittelmeerwelt wohl einmalig.Die AbsehluBpublikation ist in Vorbereitung, fertiggestellte Dissertationen zu Gehftenund landlichen Siedlungen gehen dieses Jahr in Oruek. Eine Arbeit ber die Grabersteht unmittelbar var dem AbsehluB, so daB die interessierte Faehwelt in naher Zukunftdie Ergebnisse des Projektes im Detail studieren kann.Im Gebiet von Kyaneai ging es 2001 um Kontrailen der in den vorhergehendenJahren erstellten Siedlunqsplane, Dies betraf zunachst die kleine Siedlung von Korbaim Nordosten des Territoriums. Hier wurden einzelne Hauskomplexe naher untersuehtund der bestehende Plan entspreehendkorrigiert. Im Bereieh der kleinen Agora konn-te ei ne kleine bestehend aus einem Hof mit ansehlieBenden aufgenommen werden. Sie ist ein wiehtiges Indiz fr die Zentralortfunktion, die die kle-inen landlichen Demoi fr Teile des Territorium von Kyaneai hatten.Prof. Dr. M. ZIMMERMANN, AbI. fr Geschichle, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, D-80539 Mnchen/AlMANYA(e-mail: Martin.Zimmermann@lrz.uni-muenchen.de).23Auch in der Siedlung auf dem Tepesi wurden nurmehr Nacharbeiten vor-genommen. Hierbei ging es vor allem um die fotographische Dokumentation. Bei hier-zu vorgenommenen Rodungsarbeiten konnte ein kleines Heiligtum, bestehend aus ei-ner ursprnglich mit Bemalung versehenen Felschnische, entdeckt und aufge-nommen werden.Auch die Befundaufnahmen im Umland des Tepesi wurden abgeschlos-sen. Hierbei wurden eine Reihe von Korrekturen an Planen vorgenommen und die fo-tographische Dokumentation abgeschlossen. Nun kan n ein nahezu Bilddieses Gebietes mit Gehften, landwirtschaftlichen Anlagen, und Heiligt-mern prasentiert werden.Bei den Arbeiten auf dem Territorium galt wie in den Vorjahren den landlichen Si-edlungen, Gehften und Grabern besonderes Augenmerk. Bei den landilehen Siedlun-gen wurden neben der Aufarbeitung von Altbefunden auch acht neu gefundene Weilerund Drfer beschrieben und vermessen. Sie bestehen sarntlich aus mehreren die mit landwirtschaftlichen Anlagen, wie Pressanlagen, kombiniert sind. In zwei dieserSiedlungen konnten auch kleine Kapellen aufgenommen werden. Herausheben mch-te ich kleine Siedlung beim heutigen Hier fanden sich neben einemTurmgehft und sechs teilweise mit Tren erhaltenen auch PreBanlagen, Sar-kophage und ein Tumulus. Mit der Kombination dieser Funde bietet der Ort das typisc-he Bild einer lanellehen Siedlung der hellenistisch-rmischen Zeit in der Region.Ahnlich wurde bei den Gehften verfahren. Auch hier stand neben der abschli-eBenden Aufarbeitung von Altbefunden die Neuaufnahme einzelner Komplexe, die imZuge der extensiven Begehung 2001 entdeckt wurden. Insgesamt konnten im neu er-kundeten Gebiet 12 Gehfte unterschiedlicher Zeitstellung untersucht werden. Nebeneinem archaisch-klassischen Gehft wurden vier hellenistische Turmgehfte und si-eben hellenistisch-kaiserzeitliche Anlagen beschrieben und vermessen.Besondere Aufmerksamkeit verdient das erwahnte archaisch-klassische Gehft.Es ist in besonders qualitatvollern Mauerwerk errichtet und belegt im Grundriss die be-reits um 500 v.Chr. einsetzende Orthogonalisierung der Gehftgrundrisse. Ergiebigwar ferner die Bearbeitung eines hellenistischen Turmgehfts im Hi-er konnte vor allern anhand der Oberflachenkerarnik die Mauerdatierung bestatiqt wer-den, womit ein wichtiger Festpunkt fr die Chronologie derartiger Anlagen gefundenwurde. Im brigen hat die Aufarbeitung der Survey-Keramik ergeben, daB ein eindeuti-ger Hhepunkt der Prosperitat der Gehfte in hellenistische Zeit taut.Neben einem sehr eindrucksvollen Turmgehfts des 5. Jh.s v.Chr. ist ferner einklassischer Komplex . Die 30x30 m. groBe Anlage war mit einer bis zu140 cm. dicken Mauer gesichert und exponiert auf einem Hgel mit Fernsicht errichtetworden. Dies spricht dafr, daB das Gehft strategisch-fortifikatorische Funktionenbernahm. Es ist in diesem Fall vielleicht an eine Interpretation als (Grenz- )Festungoder Fluchtburg zu denken. Vielleicht diente das Gehft aber auch nur als Gehege frdie von hieraus betriebene Viehzucht.2. Tyberissos und TeimiusaIn diesem von M. Zimmermann geleiteten Teilprojekt der Feldforschungen gehtes um die Erforschung der Hinterlandbeziehungen zentrallykischer Hatert. An denFeldforschungen im Gebiet von Tyberissos und Teimiusa waren insgesamt 17 Mitarbe-iter betelliqti. Auf Wunsch der Generaldirektion wurde im Jahr 2001 eine reine Aufar-An der Kampagne nahmen teil: Dr. H. Blum (Althistoriker, TU-Braunschweig); Dr. Cordelia Eule (Archaoloin,Tbingen), Dr. M. Altripp (Byzantin. Kunstgeschichte, Greifswald), A. Lichtenberger (Archaoloqe, Tbingen), N.Zwingmann (Althistorikerin, Tbingen), F. Discher (Althistoriker/Archaoloqe, Tbingen), B. Bachmann (Althistorikerin,Archaoloqin, Tbingen), P. Ringsted (Architektin, Kopenhagen), P. Majko (Archaoloqe, Landesdenkmalamt, Stuttqart,technischer Leiter der Ladenburg-Graburtg), Dr. W. Tietz (Althistoriker, Tbingen), Z. (Archaoloqin, Istanbui),P. Jung/N. Verwohl (FH Karlsruhe), Th. (Photograph, Flensburg), H. Klinkott (Althistoriker, Archaoloqe,Tbingen), O. Hlden (Althistoriker, Archaoloqe, Tbingen). An dieser Stelle sei Prof. Dr. G. Hell und Dr. A. Riegervom Fachbereich Vermessungswesen und Kartographie der Fachhochschule Karlsruhe tr Untersttzung gedankt,ebenso den trkischen Kollegen von der Akdeniz Unlversltat, Antalya.24beitungskampagne durchgefhrt, die um die extensive Begehung ausqewahlterGebi-ete erqanzt wurde. Die Kampagne konnte genutzt werden, um die Befundaufnahmenund Interpretationen der beiden Vorjahre zu prazisieren, Vermessungen abzuschli-eBen, offene Probleme zu klaren, die Umlandbegehung fortzusetzen und dabei dieKenntnisse von Besiedlungsstruktur und Geschichte zu erweiternZur Erinnerung: Wichtiges Ergebnis der Kampagne 2000 war die Beobachtungeines berraschend verlaufenen Akkulturationsprozesses der Berg- und Hafensiedlun-gen. Einem sehr zgerlichen Ausbau des Hafens steht in hellenistischer Zeit die rep-rasentative Neugestaltung des Bergortes gegenber, der zunachst kleines Zentrum ei-ner Polis ist. Und bis in die Hohe Kaiserzeit sieht die lokale Elite im Bergort, nicht imexpandierenden Hafen ihr reprasentatives Zentrum. Erst vom 3. Jh.n.Chr. an laBt sichein dramatischer Wandel teststellen: Nun liegt das urbane Zentrum am Meer.Diese Entwicklung solite 2001 durch berprfung aussaqekrattiqer Befundepraziser verfolgt werden. Hierzu gehrte es, die wirtschaftlichen Grundlagen fr dasselbstbewuBte Auftreten der lokalen Eliten zu ermitteln und die Rahmenbedingungenfr Akkulturation im politisch-administrativen Bereich zu beschreiben.Solide wirtschaftliche Grundlage der Bevlkerung war eine eintraqliche Land-wirtschaft, die durch ein ausgesprochen mildes Klima in der meernahen Siedlungs-kammer begnstigt wurde. Seit dem 7./6. Jh. lassen sich Einzelgehfte nachweisen,an deren Seite im 5.14. Jh. dorfartige Ansiedlungen treten. Deren Siedlungsbild, Ha-usarchitektur und die zugehrigen Felsgrabnekropolen entsprechen zunachst einemregional ausgebildeten Siedlungsmuster, das in hellenistischer Zeit durch Turmgehf-te erqanzt wurde.An diesen Gehften finden sich regelmaBig auffallend groBe Pressanlagen undvereinzelt Weinkeltern, ein Befund der sich qualitativ von jenem im nrdlichen Hinter-Iand unterscheidet. Hier sind Pressanlagen zwar ebenfalls verbreitet, zugehrige, frDauernutzung vorgesehene Werksteine aber erheblich seltaner nachweisbar. Es warein einem Projekt zur Akkulturation reizvoll, von diesem Umstand auf eine besondereAufgeschlossenheit der Bewohner kstennaher Niederlassungen fr technische Inno-vationen zu schlieBen. Aber Grund fr den betriebenen baulichen Aufwand drfte eherder hohe und sichere Ertrag gewesen sein.Die auch am Keramikbefund und den Kleinfunden (hier eine marmorne Aphro-dite) ablesbare Prosperitat der Landwirtschaft war zugleich die entscheidende Grund-lage fr die Blte des Zentralortes Tyberissos seit klassischer, vor allem seit hellenis-tischer Zeit. Eine in jngerer Zeit in diesem Zusammenhang publizierte Silbermine, dieden Reichtum der Siedlung im 4. Jh. v.Chr. begrndet haben soll", existiert nicht. DasVorhandensein einer solchen Mine ware sehr bedeutsam, da sie den frhen Import vongriechischer Verhttungstechnik nach Lykien belegen und erstmals eine Erklarunq frdie Herkunft der Edelmetalle dynastischer Mnzpraqunq bieten wrde. Nachdem aberim letzten Winter nach Beratung mit Geologen und Geochemikern bereits Zweifel ander Aussagekraft der von S. untersuchten und publizierten Gesteinspro-ben aufgetreten waren, konnte eine Inspektion der Mine und der angeblichen Verht-tungsanlagen mit 'Steinmhle' und 'Erzwaschbecken' Klarunq bringen. Bei den Anla-gen zur Erzaufbereitung handelt es sich um die gerade in der Gegend um Tyberissosblichen, besonders eindrucksvollen Olivenpressanlagen mit groBem Mahlstein undPressgewicht, die in diesem Fall zur Flur eines nahen hellenistischen Turmgehft ge-hren drften. Und die Mine selbst stellte sich als eine der in der Region verbreitetenHhlen heraus, in denen der lokale Kalk in seiner besonders weichen Variante von denEinheimischen als Werkstoff zum Hausbau mit Hammer und MeiBel abgebaut wird.Im Zentralort selbst galt es zunachst, den bereits erstellten Plan daraufhin zuberprfen, wie sich Bausubstanz und Siedlungsbild im Zuge des Akkulturationspro-2 J. Borchhardt/S. FS D. Knibbe, 1999,275 ff.25zesses und der Abwendung von regionalen Siedlungsmustern haben. Beieiner erneuten Inspektion des Sdhanges gelang es, die Siedlungsareale der archa-isch-klassischen Zeit von den Erweiterungen der hellenistischen Zeit noch klarer zutrennen. Bedeutsam ist ferner die nunmehr deutlicher erkennbare Entwicklung der Ha-usarchitektur . In der archaisch-klassischen Siedlungsphase baute man einstckigeHauser mit langrechteckigem Grundriss und Flachdach. Sie setzten sich aus einemgrBeren Raum und einem Vorraum zusammen. In hellenistischer Zeit wurden dieserecht schlichten Haustypen durch mehrraumiqe, komplexere Hausanlagen abgelst.Diese besaBen nun zwei Stockwerke und hatten, wie die Dachziegel belegen, Giebel-oacher. In rmischer Zeit wurden dann die Wohneinheiten, bei gleichzeitiger Expansi-on des Siedlungsar