20CUS00598 108 51 History of Tamil Nadu upto 1947 CRC

Kd;Diu

,e;jpa tuyhwhdJ jkpofj;jpy; ,Ue;Jjhd; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W

njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; thjpLfpd;wdu;. rq;ffhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu

jkpou;fSk; jkpo;nkhopAk; ,Ue;jJf;fhd Mjhuq;fs; mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy;

fpilf;fpd;w mjuq;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. NkYk; jkpou;fs; mtu;jk; tuyhW fp.K.

%d;whk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kw;gl;ljhfNt ,Uf;Fk; vd mz;ikapy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;LtUk; fPob mfo;thuha;r;rp mwpjpapl;L $WfpwJ.

rq;ffhy kf;fs; mtu;jk; murpaYk; nghUshjhuKk;> ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpAk;

mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; gpwg;gFjpapy; tho;e;Njhu;f;F XU kpfg;ngupa vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf

tpsf;fpaJ. rq;f fhy ,yf;fpaq;fSk; mjd; gpwF Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpaq;fSk; fiy

kw;Wk; fl;blf;fiy tsu;r;rpAk; fpilf;fg;ngw;w fy;ntl;L kw;Wk; GijnghUs;

Mjhuq;fSk; goe;jkpou;fspd; gz;ghz;bid ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. mNj rkaj;jpy;

,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l gz;ghl;L fyg;GfSk; mjdhy; Vw;gl;l fyhr;rhu

khw;wq;fSk; ,ilf;fhy jkpou;fspd; tho;tpy; kpfg;ngupa khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUifiaj; njhlu;e;J jkpofj;jpy; Vw;gl;l fhydpahjpf;fk;

mjw;F vjpuhf vOe;j vOr;rpg;Nghuhl;lk; ,e;jpahtpNy jkpofj;jpy;jhd; Kjypy;

Vw;gl;lJ vdyhk;. NkYk; Mq;fpNyau; fy;tpdhy; Vw;gl;l jhf;fk; mtu;fSf;F

vjpuhfNt vOe;j Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jkpou;fs; Mw;wpag;gq;F etPd jkpou;

tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;.

,j;jifa rpwg;gpay;Gfis ikakhff;nfhz;L ,e;j E}yhdJ vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;j E}y; gjpdhd;F mj;jpahaq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;jpahaq;fspd;

njhlf;fj;jpYs;s Kd;Diu kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs; khztHfSf;F mwpKfj;ij

toq;FfpwJ. ghlj;ij ed;F Gupe;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F trjpahf mj;jpahaj;jpw;Fs;

~cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; rupghHf;fTk;| vd;w jiyg;gpy; tpdhf;fSk; cupag;gjpy;fSk;

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; gapw;rpf; Nfs;tpfs; mj;jpahj;jpy; ,Wjpapy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s

ghlk; njhlHghd gy E}y; gl;bay;> ,e;jg; ghlj;ijj; jhz;b NkYk; gapyNtz;Lk;

vd;W epidg;NghUf;Fr; rpwe;j topfhl;bahf cs;sJ.

nnghUslf;fk;

myF - 1 jkpof tuyhw;W Ma;Tf;fhd Mjhuq;fs;- rq;f fhyk;

ghl mikg;G

1.1. Kd;Diu

1.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

1.3. tuyhW

1.3.1. jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW

1.4. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;

1.4.1. ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;

1.4.1.1. njhy;fhg;gpak;

1.4.1.2. vl;Lj;njhif

1.4.1.3. gjpw;Wg;gj;J

1.4.1.4. gj;Jg;ghl;L

1.4.1.5. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F

1.4.1.6. fhg;gpaq;fs;

1.4.2. fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs;

1.4.3. njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfs;

1.4.4. ehzar; rhd;Wfs;

1.5. rq;f fhyk;

1.5.1. Kr;rq;f kuG

1.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;

1.7. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

1.8.$Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;

myF - 2

rq;ffhy r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epiy- rkak;

ghl mikg;G

2.1. Kd;Diu

2.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

2.3. Kd; Njitfs;

2.3.1. ehfupfk;> gz;ghL

2.4. nghUshjhu epiy

2.4.1.tptrhak;

2.4.1.1. tptrhaj; njhopy;

2.4.1.2. epyj;jpw;Nfw;w njhopy;fs;

2.4.1.3. nerTj; njhopy;

2.4.1.4. gpw njhopy;fs;

2.5. cs;ehl;L thzpfk; tu;j;jfk;

2.5.1. tu;j;jf tpupthf;fk;

2.5.2. ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G

2.6. JiwKfq;fs;

2.6.1. Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp

2.6.2. ntspehl;bdu; tUif

2.6.3. jkpo;ehLk; Nuhkg; NguuRk;

2.6.4. tuTk; nryTk;

2.7. rq;ffhy rKjhak;

2.7.1.jpiz kf;fs; tho;f;if

2.7.1.1. FwpQ;rp kf;fs; tho;f;if

2.7.1.2. Ky;iy kf;fs; tho;f;if

2.7.1.3. kUj kf;fs; tho;f;if

2.7.1.4. nea;jy; kf;fs; tho;f;if

2.7.1.5. ghiy kf;fs; tho;f;if

2.7.2. rkepiyr; rKjhak;

2.8. FLk;g tho;f;if

2.8.1. kz tho;f;if

2.8.2. kzKiw

2.9.kfspu; epiy

2.9.1. moF kfspu;

2.9.2. guj;ijau;

2.10. tpohf;fs;

2.11. cil myq;fhuk;

2.12. rq;ffhy rhjpKiw

2.13. rq;ffhy rkak;

2.13.1. itjPf rkak;

2.13.2. Gj;j rkak;

2.13.3. rkz rkak;

2.13.3.1. rkzu;fspd; ,yf;fpag;gzp

2.13.4. ,Urkaq;fspd; jhf;fk;

2.14. rq;f fhyj;jpd; tPo;r;rp



2.17. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;

mmyF – 3 fsg;gpuu;fs;-Muk;gfhy ghz;bau;fs;

ghl mikg;G

3.1. Kd;Diu

3.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

3.3. fsg;gpuu;

3.3.1. fhy tud;Kiw

3.3.2. Kj;jiuau;fs;

3.3.3. nfhs;iff; $l;lj;jhu;

3.3.4. fq;fu;fs;

3.3.5. Fwtu;fs;

3.3.6. fu;ehlfj;jtu;

3.4. fsg;gpuu; Ml;rp

3.4.1. mr;Rjtpf;fpukd;

3.4.1.1. Gj;jkjg; Gutyu;

3.4.1.2. rkz kjj;jpd; nry;thf;F

3.5. fsg;gpuu; fhy tho;tpay;

3.5.1. murpay; epiy

3.5.2. nghUshjhu epiy

3.5.3. rKjha epiy

3.5.4. rka epiy

3.5.5. fy;tp epiy

3.5.6. nkhop epiy

3.5.7. ,yf;fpak;

3.6. gpwnkhop ,yf;fpak;

3.6.1. rpj;ju;fs;

3.7. fsg;gpuu; tPo;r;rp

3.7.1. fsg;gpuu; fhyk; ,Uz;l fhykh?

3.8. Kw;fhyj;jpa ghz;bau;fs;



3.9.2. nrg;Ngl;Lr; rhd;Wfs;


3.9.4. cj;Njr fhytiuaiw

3.10. ghz;bag; Nguuru;fs;> (575-920)

3.10.1. fLq;Nfhd;> (575-600)

3.10.2. khwtu;kd; mtdp R+shkzp> (600-645)

3.10.3. nropad; Nre;jd;> (645-670)

3.10.4. mupNfrup guhq;Frd; khwtu;kd;> (670-710)

3.10.4.1. NrhoUld; kzTwT

3.10.4.2. rkag; nghiwapd;ik

3.10.5. Nfhr;rilad; uzjPud;> (710-740)

3.10.6. Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; uh[rpk;kd;> (740-765)

3.10.6.1. NguuRg; ngUf;fk;

3.10.6.2. rhSf;fpaUld; kzTwT

3.10.6.3. ngz;zhflg; Nghu;

3.10.6.4. NguuR tpupthf;fk;

3.10.6.5. Nte;ju; ts;sy;

3.10.6.6. Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgL

3.10.7. ];uPkhw ];uPty;ygd;> (815-860)

3.10.7.1. ,yq;ifg; Nghu;

3.10.7.2. njs;shw;Wg; Nghu;

3.10.8. ,uz;lhk; tuFzd;> (860-880)

3.10.8.1. ];uPGwk;gpag; Nghu;

3.10.8.2. Nghupd; tpisTfs;

3.10.9. guhe;jf tPuehuhazd;> (880-900)

3.10.10. ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpk;kd;> (900-920)

3.11. ghz;bau; tho;tpay;

3.11.1. murpay; epiy

3.11.2. ,uhZt ty;yhl;rp

3.11.3. cs;shl;rp


3.11.5. tu;j;jfr; rpwg;G

3.11.6. rKjha epiy

3.11.7. rKjhaj; jhf;fk;

3.11.8. rka epiy

3.11.9. ghz;bau; gz;ghL

3.11.10. fy;tp epiy

3.11.11. fl;blf;fiy

3.11.12. rpw;gk;> Xtpak;> eldk;

3.11.13. rkzr; rpw;gq;fs;




mmyF – 4 Nrhog; NguuR-Kjyhk; ,uh[huh[h- Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu-rhjidfs;

ghl mikg;G

4.1. Kd;Diu

4.2.Nehf;fq;fs;

4.3.,uh[uh[d;

4.3.1. Gfo; ngw;w Nghu;fs;

4.3.2. fhe;jShu;rhiyg; Nghu;

4.3.3. ghz;baUld; Nghu;

4.3.4. kiyehl;Lg; gilnaLg;G

4.3.5. ,yq;ifg; gilnaLg;G

4.3.6. rhSf;fpag; Nghu;

4.3.7. khyj;jPTfs; gilnaLg;G

4.3.8. ,uh[uh[dpd; Ml;rpf;fhy rhjidfs;

4.4. ,uhN[e;jpud;

4.4.1.Gfo; ngw;w Nghu;fs;

4.4.1.1. ,yq;ifg; gilnaLg;G

4.4.1.2. ghz;baUld; Nghu;

4.4.1.3. NruUld; Nghu;

4.4.1.4. rhSf;fpag; Nghu;fs;

4.4.1.5. fq;if gilnaLg;G

4.4.1.6. flhuk; gilnaLg;G

4.4.1.7. gpw gilnaLg;Gfs;

4.4.2. Ml;rpf;fhy rhjidfs;




mmyF – 5 epu;thf tsu;r;rp-fiy kw;Wk; fl;blf;fiy- rhSf;fpa Nrhou;fs; Kjyhk;

FNyhj;Jq;fd;-%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;- rhjidfs;-,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp

ghl mikg;G

5.1. Kd;Diu

5.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

5.3. murhq;f mikg;G

5.3.1. mur FLk;gk;

5.3.2. mikr;ruit

5.3.3. mjpfhutu;f;fk;

5.3.4. khepy epu;thfk;

5.3.5. kz;ly epu;thfpfs;

5.3.6. cs;shl;rp epu;thfk;

5.3.7. efuhl;rp epu;thfk;

5.3.8. fpuhk epu;thfk;

5.3.9. fpuhk rig

5.3.10. thupa Kiw

5.3.11. FlXiy Kiw

5.3.12. ePjp epu;thfk;

5.3.13. Kbahl;rpapy; kf;fshl;rp

5.3.14.nghUshjhu epiy

5.3.14.1. tptrhak;

5.3.14.2. njhopy;

5.3.14.3. tzpfk; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk;

5.3.15. murhq;f tUkhdk;

5.4. fiy-fl;llf; fiy tsu;r;rp

5.4.1. Nfhapy;fs;

5.4.2. jQ;irg; ngUTilahu; Nfhapy;

5.4.3. fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuf; Nfhapy;

5.4.4. gpw Nfhapy;fs;

5.5. rpw;gf;fiy

5.5.1. Xtpaf;fiy

5.5.2. ehlff; fiy

5.5.3. ehl;baf;fiy

5.5.4. ,irf;fiy

5.5.5. mwptpay; epiy

5.6. rhSf;fpa Nrhou;fs;

5.6.1. Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;

5.6.2. Nkiyr; rhSf;fpaUld; Nkhjy;

5.6.3. ghz;bau; gpur;rid

5.6.4. Nruu; rthy;

5.6.5. fypq;fr;rpf;fy;

5.6.6. ntspehl;L cwT

5.6.7. FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; rhjidfs;

5.6.8. filrp fhyk;

5.7. tpf;fpuk Nrhod;

5.8. %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;

5.8.1. ,yq;if vjpu;g;G

5.8.2. ghz;bau; vjpu;g;G

5.8.3. vOr;rpAk; tPo;r;rpAk;

5.9. ,yf;fpak; tsu;r;rp




mmyF – 6 gpw;fhyg; ghz;ba NguuR

ghl mikg;G

6.1. Kd;Diu

6.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

6.3. Kjyhk; Re;jughz;bad;

6.3.1. xa;rhsu; vjpu;g;G

6.4. ,uz;lhk; Re;jughz;bad;

6.5. Kjyhk; rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;

6.6. khwtu;kd; FyNrfu ghz;bad;> 1268-1310

6.7. ghz;bau; fhy tho;tpay;


6.7.2. rKjha epiy

6.7.3. tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

6.8. gazpfspd; ghu;itapy; ghz;ba ehL




myF – 7 jkpo;ehl;by; K];ypk; gilnaLg;Gfs;

ghl mikg;G

7.1. Kd;Diu

7.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

7.3. khypf;fhG+u; gilnaLg;G

7.4. KfkJ Jf;sf; gilnaLg;G

7.4.1.,izg;Gf; nfhs;if

7.4.2. tpisTfs;




mmyF – 8 kJiu Ry;jhd;fs;- r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epiy

ghl mikg;G

8.1. Kd;Diu

8.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

8.3. [yhYjPd; mrd; \h

8.4. fpahRjPd; jhkd; \h

8.5. erPUjPd; KfkJ

8.6. Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; rPuopT

8.7. kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rpAk; tpisTk;

8.8. r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epiy




myF - 9

kJiu ehaf;fu;fs;

ghl mikg;G

9.1. Kd;Diu

9.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

9.3. ehfk ehaf;fu;

9.4. tpRtehj ehaf;fu;

9.4.1. ghz;bau; fpsu;r;rp

9.4.2. kJiu ehaf;fk;

9.5. Fkhu fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;> 1563-1573

9.5.1. ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rp


9.6. tPug;g ehaf;fu;

9.6.1.kJiu kp\d;

9.6.2. rkag;gzp

9.7. ,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;

9.8. %d;whk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;

9.8.1. ,uhgu;l; nehgpyp

9.8.2. fy;tpr; rpwg;G

9.9. ,uz;lhk; tPug;g ehaf;fu;

9.10. jpUkiy ehaf;fu;

9.10.1. ,uhkehjGug; gpuptpid

9.10.2. %f;fWg;Gg; Nghu;

9.11. nrhf;fehj ehaf;fu;

9.12. Kj;J tPug;g ehaf;fu;

9.13. ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;

9.13.1. Mf;fg;gzpfs; kf;fs; eyj;jpl;lq;fs;

9.14. tp[auq;f nrhf;fehju;

9.15. ,uhzp kPdhl;rp



mmyF - 10

nrQ;rp> jQ;ir ehaf;fu;fs;- ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; epu;thfk;

ghl mikg;G

10.1. Kd;Diu

10.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

10.3. nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fs;

10.3.1. itag;g ehaf;fu;

10.3.2. kfh ehaf;fu;

10.3.3. Jghfp fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;

10.3.4. R+ug;g ehaf;fu;

10.3.5. Kjyhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;

10.3.6. ,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;

10.3.6.1.cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu;

10.4. nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fspd; tPo;r;rp

10.4.1. tPo;r;rpapd; tpisT

10.5. jQ;ir ehaf;fu;fs;

10.6. nrtg;g ehaf;fu;

10.7. mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fu;

10.8. ,uFehj ehaf;fu;

10.9. tp[auhft ehaf;fu;

10.10. jQ;irapd; tPo;r;rp

10.11. ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; epu;thfk;

10.12. ghisaf;fhuu;

10.12.1. ghisaf;fhuu; Ml;rp Kiw

10.12.2. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ghisaf;fhuu;fs;

10.12.3. Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfspd; fPo; ghisaf;fhuu;fs;

10.13. Nghuhsp G+ypj;Njtd;

10.13.1. Mq;fpNyaupd; vjpu;j;jpl;lk;




myF – 11 INuhg;gpa nry;thf;fpd; Muk;gk; - Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;- lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; -

Nldpau;fs; - Mq;fpNyau; - gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; - Mq;fpNyh - gpuQ;R Nghl;b

- Mq;fpNyh ikR+u; Nghu;fs;.

ghl mikg;G

11.1. Kd;Diu

11.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

11.3. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;


11.3.2. Gdpj jhk];

11.4. lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;

11.4.1. tu;j;jf ty;Yeu;fs;

11.5. Nldpau;fs;

11.5.1.fy;tpg; gzp

11.5.2. rKjhag;gzp

11.6. Mq;fpNyau;fs;

11.7. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs;

11.8. Mq;fpNyh- ikR+u; Nghu;fs;

11.8.1. Kjy; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1767-1769

11.8.2. Nghupd; Nghf;F

11.8.2.1. fu;ehlfg; gilnaLg;G

11.8.2.2. mikjp cld;gbf;if

11.8.2.3. cld;gbf;if tpjpfs;

11.8.2.4. Njhy;tpf;fhud fhuzq;fs;

11.8.3. ,uz;lhk; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1780-1784

11.8.3.1. Nghupd; Nghf;F

11.8.3.2. kq;fShu; cld;gbf;if

11.8.3.2.1. kq;fShu; cld;gbf;if tpisTfs;

11.8.4. %d;whk; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1790-1792


11.8.4.2. Kjy; fl;lg; Nghu;

11.8.4.3. ,uz;lhk; fl;lg; Nghu;

11.8.4.4. %d;whk; fl;lg; Nghu;

11.8.4.4.1. ];uPuq;fg;gl;ldk; cld;gbf;if

11.8.4.4.2. tpisTfs;

11.8.5. ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1799

11.8.5.1.Nghupd; Nghf;F

11.8.5.2. tpisTfs;




mmyF – 12 ethGfspd; epu;thfk;- fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp- ghisaf;fhuu;

fpsu;r;rp: tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;-njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp- fpsu;r;rpf;fhd

fhuzq;fs;- fpsu;r;rpapd; Nghf;F- fpsu;r;rpapd; tPo;r;rp- NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp

ghl mikg;G

12.1. Kd;Diu

12.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

12.3. Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs;

12.4. nethaj;J ethGfs;

12.5. thyh[h ethGfs; (Wallajahs)

12.5.1. md;tUjPd;fhd;

12.5.2. KfkJ myp

12.6. ethGfspd; epu;thfk;

12.6.1. ethgp murhq;fk;

12.6.2. epjp epu;thfk;

12.7. fhd;rhfpG

12.8. fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp

12.9.ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rp

12.9.1. tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;

12.9.1.1. ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp ghisaf;fhuu;

12.9.1.2. fl;lnghk;kDk; [hf;rDk;

12.9.2. Cikj;Jiu

12.9.2.1. fhisahu;Nfhtpy; fpsu;r;rp

12.9.3. NtY ehr;rpahu;

12.9.4. khtPud; jPud; rpd;d kiy

12.9.5. Rtu;dfpup tPud; Re;juypq;fk;

12.9.6. khkd;du; kUJghz;bad;

12.10. njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp

12.10.1.fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

12.10.2. fpsu;r;rpapd; Nghf;F

12.10.3. fpsu;r;rpapd; tPo;r;rp

12.10.3.1. tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

12.11. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp> 1806

12.11.1. fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;


12.11.3. Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

12.11.4. tpisTfs;




mmyF - 13

gpupl;b\; epu;thfk; - Mq;fpyf; fy;tp mwpKfk; - jkpo; tsu;r;rp - murpay;

fl;rpfspd; vOr;rp - ePjpf;fl;rpapd; vOr;rp kw;Wk; Njhy;tp - Rakupahij

,af;fk;

ghl mikg;G

13.1. Kd;Diu

13.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

13.3. Mq;fpNyau; epu;thfk;


13.3.2. khtl;l epu;thfk;


13.3.4. ePjp kd;w epu;thfk;

13.3.5. fhty;Jiw epu;thfk;

13.3.6. rpiwr;rhiy epu;thfk;

13.4. Mq;fpyf; fy;tp mwpKfk;

13.4.1. nkf;fhNy jPu;T

13.4.2. jhk;rhd; jpl;lk;

13.4.3. ];lhd;ypapd; fy;tpf; Fwpg;G

13.4.4. cl;bd; fy;tpj; jpl;lk;> 1854

13.4.5. fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jk;

13.4.6. kd;Nwhtpd; fy;tpf; nfhs;if

13.5. jkpo; tsu;r;rp

13.6. murpay; fl;rpfspd; vOr;rp

13.6.1. ePjpf;fl;rp

13.6.2. Rauh[;af; fl;rp

13.6.3. Mjpjpuhtplu; [drig

13.6.4. nrd;id gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; rq;fk;

13.6.5. nrd;id jpuhtplu; rq;f

13.6.6. Nju;jy; jpUg;GKid

13.7. ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Njhw;wk;

13.7.1. gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; gpufldk;

13.7.2. ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp> 1920-1937

13.7.3. rl;lr; rhjidfs;

13.7.4.Ml;rpapd; tPo;r;rp

13.7.5. ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rhjidfs;

13.8. Rakupahij ,af;fk;

13.8.1. ngupahu; <.nt. ,uhkrhkp (1879-1973)

13.8.2. ,af;fj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

13.8.3. Rakupahij ,af;fj;jpd; rhjidfs;

13.9.cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;



mmyF - 14

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jkpofj;jpd; gq;F - Muk;g fl;lk; - t.c.rp. -

Rg;ukzpa ghujp-thQ;rpehjd;-Rg;ukzpa rpth-gpw;fhyfl;lk;-,uh[h[p-

rj;jpa%u;j;jp-fhkuh[;

ghl mikg;G

14.1. Kd;Diu

14.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

14.3. jkpo;ehLk; Jtf;f fhy fhq;fpuRk;

14.4. thQ;rpehjd;

14.5. ghujpahu;

14.6. t.c.rpjk;guk;

14.7. Rg;gpukzpa rpth

14.8. ,uh[h[p

14.8.1. efu;kd;w rhjidfs;

14.8.2. tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;G

14.8.3.rl;lr; rhjidfs;

14.8.4. ,e;jp vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lk;

14.9. v];. rj;jpa%u;j;jp

14.10. F.fhkuhru;



14.13. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;.

myF - 1

jkpof tuyhw;W Ma;Tf;fhd Mjhuq;fs;- rq;f fhyk;

ghl mikg;G

1.1. Kd;Diu

1.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

1.3. tuyhW













1.5. rq;f fhyk;

1.5.1. Kr;rq;f kuG




1.1. Kd;Diu

jkpof tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;s gy tifahd Mjhuq;fs;

cs;sd mit vd;d vd;d vd;gij mwpe;J mwpit tpupT nra;a

,e;j mj;jpahak; cjTfpwJ. NkYk; rq;ffhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l

,yf;fpa Mjhuq;fs; %yk; mf;fhyk; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;s ,e;j

mj;jpahak; cjTfpwJ.

2

1.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

ePq;fs; ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapd;w gpd;du; fPo; fz;ltw;iw mwpa

KbAk;

• xU tuyhw;iw vt;thW fl;likg;gJ vd;gij

tptupf;fpwJ.

• jkpof tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTk; Mjhuq;fis gw;wp

njupa cjTfpwJ.

• rq;ffhyj;ij gw;wp Ma;thsu;fspd; epiyg;ghL vd;d

vd;gij mwpa cjTfpwJ.

1.3. tuyhW

tuyhW (History) vd;gJ jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j> epidT

$wj;jf;f kdpju;fs;> kdpj epfo;Tfs;> ,af;fq;fs; gw;wpaJ. ,J

gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fle;j fhykhFk;. tuyhW Iaj;Jf;F ,lkpd;wp>

xg;gpl;L> rupghu;j;J> cWjp nra;ag;glj;jf;f Mtz Mjhuq;fspd;

mbg;gilapy; vOjg;gLtjhFk;. mjhtJ> tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisf;

nfhz;L fle;j fhyj;ij kWcUthf;fp> tiuaWj;J> KOikahd

tpsf;fk; mspg;gJ tuyhW MFk;. tuyhw;W tiutpay;

(Historiography) vd;gJ tuyhw;whsu; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jiyg;G>

Mjhuq;fisf; ifahSk; ghq;F> mZFKiw> jPu;Tfhz tpioAk;

gpur;ridfs;> tpsf;fk;> fUj;jpay;> Nfhl;ghL> gug;ngy;iy>

gad;ghL Nghd;wit Fwpj;jJ.


jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW njhd;ikahdJ; ghuk;gupakpf;fJ;

jdpj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ; ghuhl;Lf;FupaJ. vdpDk;> Kw;fhy

jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;iw vOJtjpy; gy rpf;fy;fs; cs;sd.

Kjyhtjhf> fpilf;ff;$ba tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs; kpfTk; FiwT.

,uz;lhtjhf> Fiwthd Mjhuq;fSk; kpifg;gLj;jpf; $wg;

gl;litahf cs;sd. %d;whtjhf> ,yf;fpa Mjhuq;fs; kl;LNk

gpujhdkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jk;

rkfhyr; rhd;Wfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.


tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; fle;j fhy epfo;TfSf;fhd

rhl;rpaq;fs;; mbr;RtLfs;; milahsq;fs;; %yg; nghUs;fs;.

3

“rKjhaj;jpy; jdpj; jd;ikAila eltbf;iffs; gw;wp kdpjd;

tpl;Lr; nry;Yk; gjpTfNs tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;” vd;W $Wfpwhu; ePyfz;l rh];jpup. ,r;rhd;Wfs; tuyhW rhu;e;jitahfNth>

rhuhjditahfNth ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfNs

ek;gfkhdit. rhd;Wfspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g ,tw;iw njhy;nghUs;

rhu;e;j my;yJ rhuhj vOj;Jr; rhd;Wfs; vd;W gpupf;fyhk;.

nghJthfr; rhd;Wfis 1) Kjy; epiyr; rhd;Wfs; (Primary

Sources); 2) ,uz;lhk; epiyr; rhd;Wfs; (Secondary Resources); 3)

%d;whk; epiyr; rhd;Wfs; (Tertiary Sources) vd;W

tifg;gLj;jyhk;. ,j;jifa tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfNs njhy;nghUs;>

fy;ntl;L> ehza> ,yf;fpa> murhq;f Mtz> Rarupijr;

rhd;WfshFk;. tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;Nl tuyhw;W

cz;ikfs; (Historical Facts) cWjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.


rq;f fhyj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; gad;gLk;

tuyhw;W %yq;fshtd: 1) ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;; 2) fy;ntl;Lfs;>

nrg;NgLfs;; 3) njhy;nghUspay;; 4) fhrpay;; 5) kuGr; nra;jpfs;.

,tw;Ws; rq;f fhyj;ijg; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;s ,yf;fpa

%yq;fNs gpujhd rhd;Wfshf cs;sd. Vnddpy; gpw rhd;Wfs;

midj;Jk; kpff; FiwthfNt fpilj;Js;sd; gy fy;ntl;Lfs;

jkpo;ehl;Lf;F ntspNa cs;sit; ,it rq;f fhyj;ijg; gw;wp

mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; NghJkhdit my;y. ,yf;fpa %yq;fs;

kl;LNk rq;f fhyj;jpd; gy gupkhzq;fisAk; glk;gpbj;Jf;

fhl;Ltdthf cs;sd. gpwr;rhd;Wfs; ,yf;fpaj; jfty;fis

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;glf; $bait.

jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfspy; ,yf;fpak; kl;LNk tPr;rpYk;>

mstpYk;> gadpYk; Kjd;ikahf cs;sJ. jkpoy;yhj ,yf;fpa

%yq;fistpl jkpo; ,yf;fpaNk 'ngUikapYk; gad;ghl;bYk;

rpwe;jJ'.- rq;f ,yf;fpaj;ij 1) njhy;fhg;gpak;; 2) vl;Lj;njhif;

3) gjpw;Wg;gj;J; 4) gj;Jg;ghl;L; 5) gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F; 6)

rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Nghd;w fhg;gpaq;fs; vdg; gpupf;fyhk;.

,itahTk; xU fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;jit Mifahy; ,tw;wpy;

fhzg;gLk; jfty;fs; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;fit.


njhy;fhg;gpak; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; njhd;ikahdJk;> Kjy;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJkhd E}yhFk;. ,J xU ,yf;fz E}y;.

,e;E}y; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; vd;w %d;W mjpfhuq;fisAk;

cs;slf;fpaJ. xt;nthU mjpfhuj;Jf;Fk; 9 ,ay;fs; vd;w

Kiwapy; 27 ,ay;fisAk;> 1602 E}w;ghf;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

4

njhy;fhg;gpaj;Jf;F ,sk;G+uzu;> er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau;> Nrdhtiuau;>

fy;yhlu;> nja;tr; rpiyahu; MfpNahu; ciu vOjpAs;sdu;.

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; vOj;jjpfhuj;jpy; 483 E}w;ghf;fs;

cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; vOj;Jf;fspd; tif> ngau;> nkhop Kjy;>

,Wjp vOj;Jf;fs;> ve;j vOj;Jf;FKd; ve;j vOj;J tuNtz;Lk;

Nghd;w tpjpfs; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 463 E}w;ghf;fisf; nfhz;l

nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy; nrhw;fspd; ,yf;fzk; gw;wp tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Mfpa tiffs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

mNjNghd;W nrhw;nwhlu;fspd; mikg;Gk;> nrhw;fspd; nghUl;fSk;

,lj;Jf;Nfw;g vt;thW khw;wkilfpd;wd vd;gJk;

vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; 656 E}w;ghf;fs; ,lk;

ngw;Ws;sd. ,tw;wpy; mfj;jpizapay;> Gwj;jpizapay;>

fstpay;> fw;gpay;> nghUspay;> nka;g;ghl;bay;> ctikapay;>

nra;Aspay;> kugpay; Mfpa 9 ,ay;fs; mike;Js;sd.

njhy;fhg;gpak; jkpo; ,yf;fzj;ijg; gw;wpf; $WtNjhL jkpou;

tho;tpaiyg; gw;wp tptupg;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. njhy;fhg;gpak;

jkpopd; jdpj;Jtj;ij mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ.


vl;Lj;njhif ghl;Lj; njhFg;G E}y;. ,j;njhifg; ghly;fs;

gy Gytu;fshy; gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; ghlg;gl;lit. vl;Lj;njhif

E}y;fshtd: 1) ew;wpid rq;f fhyj; jkpou;fspd;

gof;ftof;fq;fs; gw;wpa tuyhw;W tptuq;fs; ,jpy; cs;sd. 2)

FWe;njhif mfg;nghUs; gw;wpa ,e;E}ypy; fhjy;> Mz;ngz;

cwT> fhjy; gpupT> guj;ijau; epiy Nghd;wit gw;wpa jfty;fs;

cs;sd. 3) Iq;FWE}W jpizf;F E}W ghly;fs; tPjk; Ie;J

jpizfSf;Fk; 500 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy>

kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy Mfpa Ie;jpiz kf;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;J

nfhs;s cjtpahf cs;sd. xd;Wgl;lhy; cz;L ,d;gk;> ,dpf;Fk;

kdnky;yhk; ,dpf;Fk; Nghd;w tho;tpay; cz;ikfs; ,tw;wpy;

Gije;J fplf;fpd;wd. 4) mfehD}W 400 ghly;fisf; nfhz;l

,e;E}ypy; jkpoupd; jpUkz Kiw> rq;ffhy kd;du;fs;> atd

ehl;Lld; jkpo;ehl;Lf;F ,Ue;j njhlu;G gw;wpa jfty;fs;

fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd. 5) GwehD}W rq;f fhyj;jpd; Gwg;nghUs;

gw;wp 400 ghly;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; mf;fhy murpay;

fUj;Jf;fs;> tho;f;if newpKiwfs;> kuGfs;> Nghu; Kiwfs;

gw;wpa tptuq;fs; fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd. rq;f fhyj;ijg; gw;wp

mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd mupa tuyhw;W tshfkhf tpsq;FfpwJ

GwehD}W. 6) gjpw;Wg;gj;J ,JTk; Gwg;nghUs; gw;wpajhFk;. Nru

kd;du;fis Kiwahfg; gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;Lk; xNu rq;f E}y;

gjpw;Wg;gj;jhFk;. ,ij XusTf;Ff; fh\;kPu; kd;du;fisg; gw;wpf;

fy;̀ zu; vOjpa uh[juq;fpzpAld; xg;gpl;Lf; $wyhk;. Nru

5

kd;du;fs; jtpu tQ;rp khefupd; rpwg;Gk; ,jpy; tptupf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ. 7) gupghly; 70 ghly;fisf; nfhz;l ,j;njhFg;G

E}ypy; jpUkhy;> KUfd;> fhsp> itia> kJiu gw;wpa tptuq;fs;

cs;sd. ,iw topghl;Lf;F Vw;w tifapy; ghly;fs;

mike;Js;sd. 8) fypj;njhif ,j;njhif E}ypy; Ie;jpizNahL

iff;fpis> ngUe;jpiz> klNyWjy; gw;wpAk; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy;

kfhghuj epfo;TfSk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. gjpw;Wg;gj;J Nru

kd;du;fisg; gw;wp kl;LNk $Wtijg; Nghd;W> fypj;njhif

ghz;ba kd;du;fs; gw;wp kl;LNk Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. NkYk; kdijf;

Fspu;tpf;Fk; gy ctikfs; fypj;njhifapy; rpjwpf;fplf;fpd;wd.


Kjyhk; gj;jpypUe;J gj;jhk; gj;Jtiu KiwNa Fkl;û;f;

fz;zdhu;> ghiyf; nfsjkdhu;> fhg;gpahw;Wf; fhg;gpadhu;> guzu;>

fhf;ifg; ghbdpahu;> er;nrs;isahu;> fgpyu;> muprpy;fpohu;>

ngUq;Fd;W}u; fpohu; Mfpa 10 Gytu;fs; ghbAs;sdu;. (gj;jhk;

gj;J ghba Gytu; ngau; njupatpy;iy). ,g;ghly;fSf;Fupa

kd;du;fs;: ,katuk;gd; neLQ;Nruyhjd;> gy;ahidr;

nry;nfOFl;Ltd;> fsq;fha;f;fz;zp> ehu;Kbr;Nruy;>

fly;gpwNfhl;ba nrq;Fl;Ltd;> MLNfhl;ghl;Lr; Nruyhjd;>

nry;tf;fLq;Nfh > thopahjd;> jfû; vwpe;j ngUQ;Nruy;>

,Uk;nghiw MfpNahu;.


vl;Lj; njhifAk;> gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; Nru;e;J gjpnzd;

Nky;fzf;F vd;W mwpag;gLfpwJ. gj;Jg;ghl;Lf;fs; tUkhW: 1)

jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil. ef;fPuu; ,aw;wpa ,e;E}y; 317 mbfisf;

nfhz;lJ. ,J Gytuhw;Wg;gil vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

KUfdpd; mWgil tPLfisg; gw;wp ,e;E}y; tptupf;fpd;wJ. 2)

ngUeu; Mw;Wg;gil. Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahu; vd;w ngz;ghw; Gytu;

ghba ,jpy; guprpy; ngw tpioe;j nghUeid nghUs;

ngWtjw;fhf fupfhy; ngUtsj;jhdplk; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjhf

mike;Js;sJ. 3) rpWghzhw;Wg;gil. ,e;E}ypy; Nru> Nrho>

ghz;ba ehLfspd; jiyefu;fshfpa tQ;rp> ciwA+u;> kJiu

Mfpa efu;fspd; rpwg;Gfs;; M%u;> NtY}u;> khtpyq;if> VO

ts;sy;fspd; nfhilj;jpwk;; tpwypaupd; moF; ghzdpd; tWik

Nghd;w fhl;rpfs; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 4) ngUk;ghzhw;Wg; gil.

,jpy; njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuadplk; ghzd;

Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;sJ. Ngupaho; nfhz;l ghzidg;

ghbajhy; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Ie;J

epyq;fspy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; ,ay;G tu;zpf;fg; gLfpwJ. NkYk;

ahopd; ,ay;G> tpUe;Njhk;gy;> NghFkplq;fspd; rpwg;G> mq;F

6

fpilf;Fk; gy;NtW nghUl;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wp Ritahd

jfty;fs; cs;sd. tPuf;Fb kf;fspd; tPuk; ciuf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Milapd; Nkd;ik rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. jpUntf;fh jpUkhypd; gs;sp

nfhz;l Njhw;wk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 5) Ky;iyg; ghl;L.

fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;J nghd; tzpfdhu; ek;G+jdhuhy; ghlg;ngw;w

,g;ghl;by; Ky;iyj; jpizf;Fupa Kjw;nghUs;> fUg;nghUs;>

capu;g;nghUs; Mfpait moFw ,izj;Jg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jiytidg; gpupe;J thOk; jiytpapd; epiy rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jpUkhy; mtjhuk; ctikahy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fhu;fhy

tpyq;fpd; epiy tu;zpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 6) kJiuf;fhQ;rp. khq;Fb

kUjdhuhy; ghlg;gl;l ,jpy; kJiu khefupd; rpwg;G tpupthf

vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kJiuf; fhQ;rpapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd;

neLQ;nropad;. 7) neLney;thil. ,JTk; ef;fPuuhy;

ghlg;gl;ljhFk;. ghl;Lilj; jiytd; neLQ;nropad; jiytp

ghz;bkhNjtp gpupthw;whikahy; tUe;JtJ Nghd;Wk;> mtUf;F

ey;thu;j;ij $wp mw;Wtpg;gJ Nghd;Wk; ,g;ghly; mike;Js;sJ.

NkYk;> $jpu; fhyj;jpd; nfhLik tu;zpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 8) FwpQ;rpg;

ghl;L. fgpyuhy; ghlg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk; ,g;ghlypy; FwpQ;rp

epyg; ngUik Ngrg;gLfpwJ. fsnthOf;fk; Nfhbl;Lf;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. 9) gl;bdg;ghiy. fbaY}u;

cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhuhy; ghlg;gl;l ,g;ghiyg; ghl;by;

fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpd; tzpfr; rpwg;G rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jiytpapd; gpupthw;whik Ngrg;gLfpwJ. fupfhydpd; tPuk;

vLj;Jiuf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. 10) kiygLflhk;. ,uzpa Kl;lj;Jg;

ngUq;Fd;W}u; ngUq;nfsrpfdhuhy; ghlg;ngw;w ,jpy; kd;dd;

nrq;fz; khj;JNts; ed;dd;Nra; ed;ddpd; ts;sy; Fzk;

cau;j;jpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNjNghd;W ed;dpd; fhl;L tsk;

ctikfNshL tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.


jpUf;Fws;> ehybahu;> ehd;kzpf;fbif> ,d;dh ehw;gJ>

,dpait ehw;gJ> jpupfLfk;> Vyhjp> Mrhuf;Nfhit> KJnkhopf;

fhQ;rp> gonkhop> rpWgQ;r%yk;> Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ> Ie;jpiz

vOgJ> jpiznkhop Ik;gJ> jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ> ife;epiy>

fhu; ehw;gJ> fstop ehw;gJ Mfpa 18 E}y;fSk; gjpndz;

fPo;f;fzf;fhFk;.


rpyg;gjpfhuk;

rpyg;gjpfhuKk;> kzpNkfiyAk; ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fshFk;.

rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kg;ngUk; muRfisAk;-Nru> Nrho> ghz;bau;-

Kg;ngUk; efuq;fisAk;-tQ;rp> Gfhu;> kJiu-Kg;ngUk;

7

MWfisAk;-NgupahW> fhtpup> itif-Kg;ngUk; cz;ikfisAk;-

itjpfk;> ngsj;jk;> rkzk;-tpsf;Ftjhy; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kj;jkpo;

fhg;gpak; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpd; %yk; jkpo;

ehl;by; Vw;gl;l murpay;> nghUshjhu> rKjha khw;wq;fisj;

njspthfj; njupe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.

kzpNkfiy

rpyg;gjpfhuj;ijg; Nghd;Nw kzpNkfiyAk; jkpo;ehl;il

fskhff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; njhlu;r;rpNa

,f;fhg;gpakhFk;. ngz;zpd; ngaupy; mike;j ,f;fhg;gpak; ngsj;j

E}y; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. Gfhu;> fhQ;rp> tQ;rp> rhtfk;> Rtu;z

jPtk;> kzp gy;ytk; gw;wpa jfty;fs; gy cs;sd. kdpjdpd;

mbg;gilj; Njitfshd czT> cil> tPL gw;wpg; NgRfpwJ.

kJ> ngha;> guj;jik> nfhiy> fsT Mfpatw;iw mbNahL

xopf;f Ntz;bajd; ,d;wpaikahikia typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.

,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fSk; jkpo;ehL KOtjw;Fk; nghJthd

xOf;fj;ijAk;> gz;ghl;ilAk; kiyiaf; fz;zhbapy; fhl;LtJ

Nghy;' glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.


nghJthfg; gz;ila tuyhw;iw vOJtjw;Ff; fy;ntl;Lfs;

ek;gj;jf;f rhd;Wfs; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. vOj;Jg; nghwpfs;

epiyahdit> rpwg;ghdit> rupghu;j;J mwpaf;$bait.

1) ,j;jifa fy;ntl;Lfs; jkpo; khtl;lq;fspy; rpy ghiwg;

gLiffspy;> Fiffspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it ,we;Njhupd;

ngau;fisNah> Mf;fpNahupd; ngau;fisNah Fwpg;gpLgtdhf

cs;sd.' ,t;ntOj;Jg; nghwpfs; gpuhkp vOj;jpy; jkpo; nkhopapy;

mike;jit. 2) mNrhfu; fhyj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lfs;. mNrhfuJ

ghiwf; fl;lisf; fy;ntl;L xd;W mtuJ Nguurpd; njd;

vy;iyf;F mg;ghw;gl;l Nrhou;> ghz;bau;> Nruu; Rje;jpu ehLfs;

gw;wpg; gjpT nra;Js;sJ. “njw;fpYs;s ,k;%d;W muRfs; gw;wpAk;

Kjd; Kjy; fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;ff; fhz;gJ mNrhfuJ

fy;ntl;LfNs MFk;”. 3) fhuNtyupd; ùpFk;gh fy;ntl;L

tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;JtKilaJ. ,f;fy;ntl;L fypq;fj;ij vjpu;j;j

jkpo;ehl;L muRfspd; $l;likg;G gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

,f;$l;likg;G “fypq;f kd;dupd; kd mikjpiaf; nfLj;J> jkpo;

muRfspd; neLNehf;if ntspg;gLj;jp nghJg;gifia vjpu;f;f

xd;W jpuz;L gpw;fhyj;jpy; gy E}w;whz;LfSf;Fj; jkpofk;

murpay; Rje;jpuj;NjhL tho;e;jikia tpsf;Ffpd;wJ”. 4)

Nts;tpf;Fb rhrdk;. ,r;rhrdj;ij guhe;jf neLQ;rilad;

(fp.gp.765-815) mspj;jhu;. ,jpy; rq;f fhyg; gz;ila kd;duhd

8

gy;ahfrhiy KJFLkpg; ngOtOjp rpy gpuhkzu;fSf;F xU

fpuhkj;ijj; jhdkhf toq;fpajhfTk;> me;j fpuhkj;ij kPz;Lk;

gpuhkzu;fspd; topte;NjhUf;Nf toq;fptpl;ljhfTk; $WfpwJ. 5)

jpUf;NfhtpY}u; fy;ntl;L. ,f;fy;ntl;L rq;fg; Gytuhd fgpyu;

ghupapd; ngz;fisf; NfhtY}u; kd;duhd kiyakhDf;F

kzKbj;jgpd; capu; ePj;jj; jftiyg; gjpT nra;Js;sJ. 6)

rpd;dkD}u;r; nrg;NgLfs; jiyahyq;fhdj;Jg; ghz;bad;

neLQ;nropad; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;lJ. ,f;fy;ntl;LfSk;> nrg;NgLk;

,yf;fpar; rhd;WfSf;F typik Nru;f;f ty;yit.


ghz;br;Nrupf;F mUfpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l njhy;nghUspay;

rhd;Wfs; jkpo; ehl;Lf;Fk; Nuhkhdpag; NguuRf;FkpilNa ,Ue;j

thzpgj; njhlu;ig cWjp nra;fpd;wd. ,q;F fpilf;fg;ngw;w

thzpgf; Nfe;jpuk; Nuhkhdpau; ,q;F je;jpapUe;jijf; fhl;Ltjhf

cs;sJ. ,f;fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gfs; ,uz;L: 1)

rq;f ,yf;fpa fhyj;ij epu;zapf;f cjTfpd;wd; 2)

,t;tpyf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; epfo;Tfisf; fhytud;Kiwg;gLj;jg;

gad;gLfpd;wd.


ehzar; (fhrpay;) rhd;Wfs; kd;du;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyk;

gw;wpa jfty;fisf; nfhLf;ff;$bait. rq;f fhyj; jkpo;ehl;ilg;

gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf kpfr; rpy jhkpuf; fhRfSk;> rJu

nrg;Gf; fhRfSk; fpilj;Js;sd. Mdhy; ,it cUf;Fiye;j

epiyapy; cs;sd. ,f;fhRfspy; fhzg;gLk; cUtq;fs; kpfTk;

kq;fpg; Ngha; cs;sd. njsptpd;wp fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt>

,d;iwa epiyapy; ehzar; rhd;Wfs; rq;f fhyj;ijg; gw;wp

mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; gad;glf;$ba epiyapy; ,y;iy.

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l rhd;Wfis itj;J ehk; jkpof tuyhw;iw

mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;

1. rhd;Wfis vt;thW tifg;gLj;jyhk;?

2. vij gw;wp njhy;fhg;gpak; tptupf;fpwJ?

3. kJiuf;fhQ;rp ahuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ?

9

1.5. rq;f fhyk;

rq;fk;

rq;fk; vd;gJ rk];fpUjr; nrhy;. ,r;nrhy;Yf;Fr; $ly;

my;yJ kd;wk; vd;W nghUs;. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rq;fk; vd;w

nrhy;yhl;rpapy;iy. fp.gp.,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jjhff;

fUjg;gLk; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; gy ,lq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

rq;fk; vd;w nrhy; Gj;j rq;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhfNt cs;sJ.' rq;f

,yf;fpaj;jpy; GydhTotu;> R+o;GsD}u; $lyhu; Nghd;w nrhw;fNs

gad;gLj;jg; gl;Ls;sd. jkpo;ehl;by; ngsj;j-rkzj; Jwtpfs;

rq;fk; mikj;Jg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jikahy; rq;fk; vd;w nrhy;iyg;

gpd;du; te;j ciuahrpupau;fs; fld; thq;fpf; ifahz;ldu;! mjd;

gpd;du; rq;fk; vd;w nrhy; Gytu;fspilNaAk;> mtu;fs; %yk;

kf;fspilNaAk; kpFe;j nry;thf;ifg; ngw;wJ!

Gytu; Nguit fp.gp.7 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu jkpo;

,yf;fpaj;jpy; Gytu; Nguitiaf; Fwpg;gjw;fhf rq;fk; vd;w nrhy;

gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. ,e;E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLk;

mg;gu; vd;w jpUehTf;furu;jhd; Kjd; Kjypy; rq;fk; vd;w

nrhy;iyf; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. mjd;gpd; fp.gp.vl;lhk; E}w;whz;by;

,iwadhu; mfg;nghUSf;F ciu vOjpa ef;fPuu; Guhzf;

fijf;F tuyhw;W tbtk; nfhLj;jhu;.

1.5.1. Kr;rq;f kuG

gz;ilj; jkpo;ehl;by; njd; kJiu> fghlGuk;> cj;jukJiu

Mfpa ,lq;fspy; KiwNa Kjw;rq;fk;> ,ilr;rq;fk;> filr;rq;fk;

mike;jpUe;jd. Kjw;rq;fk; njd;kJiuapy; 4440 Mz;Lfs;

,aq;fpaJ. ,r;rq;fj;Jf;Fg; ghz;ba kd;du;fs; jiyik jhq;fpdu;.

,jpy; rptngUkhd;> KUfg;ngUkhd;> mfj;jpau; cl;gl 549

Gytu;fs; gq;Nfw;wdu;. ,r;rq;fj;Jf;F 89 ghz;ba kd;du;fs;

Gutyu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. mfj;jpaupd; mfj;jpak; ,r;rq;fj;jhy;

mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ.

fghlGuj;jpy; $ba ,ilr;rq;fj;jpy; 3700 Gytu;fs;

gq;Nfw;Wj; jkpo; Ma;tpy; <Lgl;ldu;. njhy;fhg;gpaUk;

mfj;jpaNuhL ,t;titapy; tPw;wpUe;jhu;. 59 ghz;ba kd;du;fs;

,ilr;rq;fj;Jf;Fg; Gutyu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;.

jw;Nghija kJiuapy; $ba filr;rq;fk; 1850 Mz;Lfs;

epiyg;ngw;wJ. ,jpy; 449 Gytu;fs; jkpoha;T nra;jdu;.

,r;rq;fj;jpy;jhd; mfehD}W> GwehD}W> gjpw;Wg;gj;J> Iq;FWE}W>

gupghly; Nghd;w ,yf;fpaq;fSk;> ,ir E}y;fSk; Njhd;wpd. 49

ghz;ba kd;du;fs; filr;rq;fj;Jf;Fj; jiyikNaw;W> nghUSjtp

10

nra;J> Gytu;fis Cf;Ftpj;jdu;. Kr;rq;f kuG gz;ilf;fhy

jkpo;ehl;by; Gytu;fSk; Gytu; mitAk; ,Ue;jijf;

Fwpg;gpLtjw;fhfg; Gidag;gl;l fw;gidg; gilg;GfshFk;.

,k;kuGf;F Cw;Wf;fz; ef;fPuu; vOjpa ,iwadhu; mfg;nghUs;

ciuahFk;.

,e;j ,yf;fpa kuigg; gpd;gw;wp fp.gp.10Mk; E}w;whz;by;

vOjg;gl;l rpd;dkD}u;r; nrg;Ngl;bYk; jkpo; ehl;by; rq;fk;

,Ue;jjhfg; gjpT nra;ag; gl;Ls;sJ. ,itahTk; kuNgad;wp

tuyhW my;y. vdpDk;> ,k;kughy; kJiuapy; Gytu; mit ,Ue;J

jkpo; tsu;j;jJ vd;gij xUthW Cfpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

rq;f fhyj;ijf; fzpf;f Ma;thsu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l

Kaw;rpfs; ,f;fhyj;jpd; njhlf;fk; kw;Wk; KbT gw;wp cr;r

cau;epiy Cfq;fisj; njhl;ld. mJ fp.K.10>000ypUe;J fp.gp.400

tiu nry;fpd;wd! ,yf;fpa thdpay; Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L

fzf;fpl;l xU Ma;thsu; fp.gp.8k;> 9k;> 10k; E}w;whz;Lfisj;

jkpof tuyhw;wpy; rq;ffhyk; vdf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w

nfhs;ifia tFj;jhu;. gyu; fp.K.500 Kjy; fp.gp.500 tiuapyhd

fhyj;ijr; rq;f fhyk; vd;W Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.


4. rq;fk; vd;gJ ------------- nrhy;.

5. Kjw;rq;fk; vq;F $baJ?

6. vj;jid ghz;ba kd;du;fs; ,ilr;rq;fj;Jf;Fg; Gutyu;fshf

,Ue;jdu;?


1. Kjy; epiyr; rhd;Wfs;> kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyr; rhd;Wfs;

vd;W tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

2. njhy;fhg;gpak; jkpo; ,yf;fzj;ijg; gw;wpf; $WtNjhL jkpou;

tho;tpaiyg; gw;wp tptupf;fpwJ.

3. khq;Fb kUjdhuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ.

4. rk];fpUjk;.

5. njd;kJiuapy;.

6. 59 ghz;ba kd;du;fs;.

11


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. tuyhW vd;why; vd;d?

2. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; ahit?

3. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs; ahit?

tpupthd tpdhf;fs;

1. ,ul;il fhg;gpaq;fs; gw;wp tptup.

2. Kr;rq;fk; gw;wp tpthjp.


Subramania N. History of Tamil Nadu

Rg;gpukzpad; e. rq;ffhy tho;tpay;

Rajayyan K. History of Tamil Nadu

gps;is Nf.Nf. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW

Nilakanda Sastri K.N. A History of South India

Sathianathair R. History of India

ntq;fNlrd; f. Kw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW

myF - 2

rq;ffhy r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epiy- rkak;

ghl mikg;G

2.1. Kd;Diu

2.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

2.3. Kd; Njitfs;


2.4. nghUshjhu epiy

12

2.4.1.tptrhak;








2.6. JiwKfq;fs;




2.6.4. tuTk; nryTk;









2.8. FLk;g tho;f;if

2.8.1. kz tho;f;if

2.8.2. kzKiw

2.9.kfspu; epiy

2.9.1. moF kfspu;

2.9.2. guj;ijau;

2.10. tpohf;fs;

2.11. cil myq;fhuk;


2.13. rq;ffhy rkak;

2.13.1. itjPf rkak;

2.13.2. Gj;j rkak;

13

2.13.3. rkz rkak;







2.1. Kd;Diu

rq;ffhyj; jkpoupd; tho;f;if gupzhk tsu;r;rpapd;

tpisthFk;. ny%upah fz;lj;jpy; Njhd;wpajhff; fUjg;gLk;

jkpoupd; %jhijau; Gtpapay; khw;wq;fis vjpu;nfhz;L; G+Nfhs

neUf;fbfis ntw;wp fz;L; fw;fhy> cNyhf fhyq;fisf; fle;J

te;J ehfupf epiyia mile;jdu;. ,g;gupzhk tsu;r;rp

khdpltpay; tpsf;fj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jp tUtijg; Gtpapay; kw;Wk;

khdpltpay; Ma;thsu;fs; jf;f Mjhuq;fSld; Nfhbl;Lf;

fhl;bAs;sdu;. mjhtJ jkpo;ehl;L kf;fs; tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;Jf;F

Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;J tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;Jf;F te;jJ ,ay;ghd

khw;wkhFk;. Ntl;ilahLjy;> czT Nrfupj;jy;> fhLfisj;

jpUj;jp fodpfshf;fy;> fhy;eil tsu;j;jy;> gapu;j;njhopy; nra;jy;

Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,k;khw;wq;fisf; $u;e;J ftdpj;j rq;ffhyg;

Gytu; ngUkf;fs; ,tw;iwf; FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;>

ghiy vd;W ghFgLj;jpf; fhl;bdu;. ,e;j Ie;J jpizfSk;

rq;ffhy ehfupfj;jpd; Jtf;fj; njhl;by;fs;. NkYk;> r%f kw;Wk;

nghUshjhu epiyikfs; kw;Wk; rkak; gw;wp mwpa ,e;j

mj;jpahak; cjTfpwJ.

2.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


KbAk;

• rq;f fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if epiy gw;wp mwpa

cjTfpwJ.

• rq;f fhy kf;fspd; nghUshjhu epiy Fwpj;J tptupf;fpwJ.

• rq;ffhy rKjha epiy gw;wp mwpa cjTfpwJ.

14

• rq;ffhy rkaq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; NtWghLfs; gw;wp

tpthjpf;fpwJ

2.3. Kd; Njitfs;

xU ,d kf;fs; ehfupf epiyia miltjw;F 6 Kd;

Njitfs; ,d;wpaikahjit: 1) murpay; mikg;G; 2)

nghUshjhug; ghJfhg;G; 3) rKjha fl;Lf;Nfhg;G; 4) rka ek;gpf;if

; 5) fy;tp mwpT; 6) ftpd; fiyfs;. ,itNa kf;fspd; ehfupf

kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L epiyiaf; fz;lwptjw;fhd msTNfhy;fshFk;.

,e;j msTNfhy;fisf; nfhz;Nl rq;ffhy tho;tpaiyg; Gupe;J

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;; kjpg;gPL nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;fz;l MW Kd;

Njitfspy; rkepiy epyTk; NghJ ehfupfKk;> gz;ghLk;

MNuhf;fpakhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,tw;wpd; rkepiy nfLk;NghJ ehfupfKk;>

gz;ghLk; rPu;nfl;Lr; rPuope;J NghFk;.


ehfupfKk;> gz;ghLk; xU ehzaj;jpd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fisg;

Nghd;wit; gpupf;f Kbahjit. ehfupfk; kf;fspd; Gw tsu;r;rpapd;

ntspg;ghL. gz;ghL mf tsu;r;rpapd; cs;sPL. mf tsu;r;rpapd;

gpujpgypg;Ng Gw tsu;r;rpahFk;. fl;llk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> jfty;

njhlu;G Nghd;w ehfupf ntspg;ghLfs; ehl;Lf;F ehL

NtWglf;$Lk;. Mdhy; tha;ik> J}a;ik> Neu;ik> fz;Nzhl;lk;>

fz;zpak;> md;G> fhjy;> fw;G Nghd;w gz;Gfs; kdpj Fyj;Jf;Fg;

nghJthdit. ,j;jifa gz;Gfspy; rpyNth> gyNth Fwpg;gpl;l

kf;fsplk; Fiwe;Njh> epiwe;Njh fhzg;gLk;. nghJthf> xU

,dj;jpd; gz;ghL mjd; nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; %yk;

ntspg;gLk;. ,JNt kf;fspd; tho;tpayhFk;.

2.4. nghUshjhu epiy

rq;ffhyj; jkpou;fs; jq;fsJ tsj;Jf;Fk;> eyj;Jf;Fk;

nghUisNa Mjhukhff; fUjpdu;. mtu;fsJ tho;f;ifNa

nghUs;ka tho;f;if (Materialistic Life) MFk;.

mtu;fSila Nehf;Fk; Nghf;Fk; nghUs; tag;gl;ljhFk;. nghUs;

Nru;g;gjw;fhf rq;fj; jkpou;fs; fhy;topg; gpupe;jdu;; fly;topg;

gpupe;jdu;. coTk;> njhopYk; rq;fg; nghUshjhu ehzaj;jpd; ,U

gf;fq;fshfTk;> rKjhaj;jpd; ,U fz;fshfTk; ,Ue;jd.

mf;fhyg; nghUshjhuk; jd;dpiwTg; nghUshjhukhFk;. jq;fsJ

Njitf;Nfw;g czTg; nghUis tpistpj;Jf; nfhz;L cgupahd

nghUisg; gz;lkhw;W (Barter) nra;J nfhz;ldu;; gpd;du;

efuq;fs; Njhd;wp nghUshjhuk; tsu;r;rpaile;j gpd;du; cgupg;

15

nghUl;fis ntspehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;jdu;. RUq;ff; $wpd;>

rq;fj; jkpou;fs; nghUshjhuj;jpd; Mjhug; nghUis ed;F Gupe;J

nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

2.4.1.tptrhak;


tho;f;ifapd; Kjy; Njit czNt. czit cw;gj;jp

nra;tjw;fhd coitj; njhopyhff; fUjpdu; rq;fj; jkpou;fs;.

cOtu; cyfj;jhUf;Nf Mzpahfg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhu;. FwpQ;rp>

Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy; epy kf;fs; mtutu; Njitf;Nfw;g

czit cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhz;ldu;. Fwpg;ghf> kUj epy kf;fs;

coitNa tho;f;ifapd; Mjhuj; njhopyhff; fUjpdu;. Mz;fs;

cotu;. ngz;fs; coj;jpau;. coTj; njhopyhsu;fs; cONthu;

vdg;gl;ldu;. fhtpupAk;> gUt kioAk; mtu;fsJ Njhd;whj;

Jizfs;; clYk; NjhYk; Nghd;wit. kUj epy kf;fSf;F

muprpNa Kf;fpa czT (Staple Food) Mifahy; ney;

gpujhdkhfg; gapuplg;gl;lJ. mNjhL> tuF> thio> fUk;G> gUj;jp

Nghd;w gapu;fSk; tpistpf;fg;gl;ld. kUj kf;fs; cUthf;fpa

fiof;fUk;G vd;w fyg;Gf; fUk;Gtif (Hybrid Cane) mtu;fsJ

Gj;jhf;fj; jpwikf;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. fUk;G> gUj;jp Nghd;w

gzg; gapu;fs; kpFjpahfg; gapuplg;gl;L gz;l khw;Wf;Fk;>

thzpgj;Jf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy; Mfpa ehd;F

epyg;gFjpfspy; kUjepyg; gFjp kl;LNk tptrhaj;jhy; cau;e;jJ.

,e;epy kf;fs;jhd; ed;nra; gapupLk; Kiwiaf; fz;Lgpbj;J

nrk;ikg;gLj;jpdu;. fhtpup ePiug; gad;gLj;jpaNjhld;wp mizfs;

fl;b> fhy;tha;fs; ntl;b> Fsq;fsikj;J> kilfs; fl;b>

ePu;g;ghrdj;ij newpg;gLj;jp> tptrhaj;ij tsg;gLj;jp

tpisr;riyg; ngUf;fpdu;. Ntshz;ikf;Nfw;g ML> khLfisg;

gof;fpdu;. coTj; njhopYf;F Ntz;ba fUtpfisf;

fz;Lgpbj;jdu;. Vw;wq;fSf;F Vw;w Njhy;igfs; nra;jdu;.

gUj;jpiaf; nfhz;L Mil nea;af; fw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. ,tw;wpd;

tpisthf tpisr;ry; xd;Wf;Fg; gj;jhfg; ngUfpw;W. mgupkpjkhf

tpise;j ney;iyg; ghJfhf;ff; fl;blq;fs; vOg;gpdu;. tskhd

tho;f;if kf;fSf;F Xa;T Neuk; fpilf;fr; nra;jJ. ,t;Ntha;T

,yf;fpaKk;> fiyfSk; Njhd;wpr; rpwf;f toptFj;jJ.

,t;Ntiyfisnay;yhk; ghu;f;Fk; nghUl;L kUj epy kf;fs;

jdpj;jdpg; gpupTfshfg; gpupe;jdu;. ,tw;wpd; tpisthf cotu;fs;

xU gpupthfTk;> epyr; nrhe;jf;fhuu;fs; kW gpupthfTk; gpupe;jdu;.

kUj epyj;jpy; Gul;rpfukhd khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. cotu;fs;

cioj;Jg; gpioj;jdu;. epyr; nrhe;jf;fhuu;fs; cotu;fs;

16

ciog;gpy; tho;e;jdu;. epyj;ij cOJ cw;gj;jp nra;Njhu;f;F

epyk; nrhe;jkpy;yhj epiy Vw;gl;lJ. gUt kio ngha;j;j NghJk;>

gQ;rk; Vw;gl;l NghJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu; cotu;fNs. epyf;fpohu;

epyj;ijg; ghu;f;fhkNy tPl;by; ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl tho;f;ifia

mDgtpj;jdu;. ,e;j tptrhag; nghUshjhu tsKk;> typikAk;

Nrhou;fs; rpwg;Gw fhuzkhf ,Ue;jd. Nrho kd;du; kUj epyj;ij

Nrho ehlhf khw;wpdu;.


rq;ffhy kf;fs; tho;e;j ,lq;fSf;Nfw;g njhopy;fs;

NtWgl;ld. FwpQ;rp epyj;NjhUf;F Ntl;ilahLjYk;>

NjndLj;jYk;> fpoq;F Njhz;LjYk; gpujhd njhopy;fshf

,Ue;jd. Ky;iy kf;fs; khL Nka;j;jiyAk;> kUj kf;fs;

coitAk;> nea;jy; epyj;jtu; coitAk;> ghiy kf;fs;

NghupLtijAk; njhopy;fshff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.


coTf;F mLj;jgbahf nerTj; njhopy; Kf;fpa ,lj;jpy;

,Ue;jJ. czTf;F mLj;jJ ciljhNd. ngz;fs; E}w;f>

Mz;fs; nea;jdu;. coitg; Nghd;Nw nerTk; ,Ughyu;

njhopyhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. G+Ntiykpf;f Jzpfs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld.

nerTj; njhopYf;F neUf;fkhd rhaj; njhopy; rpwg;gplk; ngw;wJ.

gUj;jp> gl;L> fk;gsp E}y;fs; rhaNkw;wg;gl;L nea;ag;gl;ld.


nerTj; njhopy; kl;Lkd;wp nty;yf;fl;b tbj;jy;> jr;R Ntiy>

tPL fl;Ljy;> rq;fWj;jy;> Kj;Jf; Fspj;jy;> Xiy vLj;jy;>

fl;Lkuk; fl;Ljy;> fapW jahupj;jy;> kz;ghz;lk; tidjy;>

cNyhfg; ghj;jpuq;fs; cUthf;Fjy;> jq;f eif nra;jy;> je;j

Ntiy> tisay;fs; tbj;jy;> Nghu;g; gilf;fyq;fs; gilj;jy;>

fs; ,wf;fy; Nghd;w gy;NtW njhopy;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

efuq;fs; ngUfg; ngUf njhopy;fSk; ngUfyhapd.


rq;f fhyj; jkpou;fs; njhopy; jpwd; kpf;ftu;fs;;

RWRWg;ghdtu;fs;; Gj;jikg;Gfisg; gilg;gtu;fs;; glifAk;

fl;bf; nfhz;L fliyAk; flf;ff; $ba ty;yik ngw;wtu;fs;.

mtu;fs; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;J jq;fSf;Fj;

NjitahditNghf cgupahf cs;stw;iw cs;ehl;bYk;> ntsp

ehLfspYk; tpw;gid nra;jdu;. gz;lkhw;W cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk;

17

ngUk;ghYk; gz;lkhw;whfNt ,Ue;jJ. FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> nea;jy;

epy kf;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; gz;lkhw;W nra;J nfhz;ldu;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> Ky;iy ,ilau;fs; kUj cotu;fsplk; ghy;>

ntz;nza;> nea;iaf; nfhLj;J mjw;Fg; gjpy; ney;> tuF> Jzp

Mfpatw;iwg; ngw;Wr; nrd;wdu;. mNjNghd;W> kUj kf;fs;

nea;jy; kf;fsplkpUe;J ney;iyf; nfhLj;J kPid thq;fpr;

nrd;wdu;. gu];gu gz;lkhw;W Jtf;ffhy rq;fj; jkpoupd;

cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpd; capu;ehbahf ,Ue;jJ.


fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rq;f fhyj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapy; efuq;fs;

Njhd;wpaikahy; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk; tpaj;jF tifapy;

tpuptile;jJ. G+k;Gfhu;> kJiu> fhQ;rp Nghd;w efuq;fspy;

re;ijfSk;> mq;fhbfSk; gpugykile;jd. cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l

nghUl;fs; cs;ehl;bNyNa tpw;fg;gl;lNjhL gpw khepyq;fSf;Fk;

nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;ld. $ilf;fhuu;fs; %l;ilfisr; Rke;J

nrd;W mq;fhbfspYk;> Efu;Nthu; thOk; ,lq;fspYk; tpw;wdu;.

kJiuapy; tpw;fg;gl;l nghUl;fis nkhj;jkhf thq;fpr; nrd;wdu;.

mNjNghd;W G+k;Gfhu; mq;fhbfspy; re;jdf; Fok;Gk;> gy;tifg;

G+f;fSk;> Fwpg;ghf tpohf;fhyq;fspy; kpFjpahf tpw;gidahapd.

tpahghupfsplk; Neu;ik> ehzak;> ek;gfj;jd;ik fhzg;gl;ld.

tu;j;jfk; tpuptile;j NghJ ,t;tpahghug; gz;Gfs; Fiwayhapd.

mjdhy;jhd; tpahghupfs; gpwu; nghUisAk; jk; nghUs;Nghy;

Nghw;wpr; nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W mwpTWj;jg;gl;ldu;. ,Ug;gpDk;

epidg;Gf;Fk; eilKiwf;FkpilNa kpfg; ngupa ,ilntsp

,Ue;jJ. tsj;Jf;fpilNa tWik.


rq;f fhyj; jkpou;fs; fly;topg; gpupe;J> jpiufly; Xb

jputpak; Nru;j;jtu;fs;. ePz;l neLq;fhykhf ntspehLfSld;

tu;j;jfk; nra;jtu;fs;. ntspehl;L thzpfk; (Foreign Trade)

mtu;fSf;Fg; Gjpjd;W. fpwp];J rfhg;jj;Jf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj

jkpo;ehl;L ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G ,Ue;J te;jJ.

,j;njhlu;G rq;f fhyj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapy; NkYk; tpuptile;J

rpwg;Gw;wJ.

2.6. JiwKfq;fs;

jkpo; ehl;by; ed;F tsu;r;rp mile;jpUe;j JiwKfq;fs;

%yk; nghUl;fs; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fs;

,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. fg;gy;fSf;F fly;top fhl;l fyq;fiu

18

tpsf;fq;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,it 'fyq;fiu ,yf;F Rlu;' vd;W

miof;fg;gl;ld. gz;lfrhiyfspy; mse;jwpahg; gy; gz;lq;fs;

Vw;Wkjpf;fhf Nru;j;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. G+k;GfhUk;> KrpwpAk;

Gfo; ngw;w JiwKfq;fshfTk;> JiwKfg; gl;bdq;fshfTk;

jpfo;e;jd. ,itad;wp fz;zD}u;> njhz;b> FkupKid> nfhw;if>

GJr;Nrup> kuf;fhzk; Kjypa JiwKfq;fSk; thzpfj;Jf;Fg;

gad;gl;ld.


jkpo; ehl;bypUe;J ntspehLfSf;F czTg; nghUl;fs;>

cilf;fhd %yg; nghUl;fs;> Mlk;gu myq;fhu mzpfyd;fs;

Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fshtd: muprp>

kpsF> ,Q;rp> Vyk;> ,ytq;fk;> kQ;rs;> re;jdk;> mfpy;> Njf;F

kuq;fs;> je;jk;> Kj;J> kufjk;> Fee;jk; Nghd;w tpiykpF fw;fs;>

tpsf;Ffs;> gUj;jp> gl;Lj; Jzpfs;> khL> Fuq;F> kapy;> fpsp>

rpWj;ij> Gyp Nghd;w tpyq;Ffs;. ,tw;Wf;Fg; gjpy; ntsp

ehLfspypUe;J fz;zhb> cNyhf rhkhd;fs;> kJ tiffs;

,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld.


jkpo;ehl;L tu;j;jff; fg;gy;fs; fpNuf;f> Nuhkhdpa> vfpg;jpa>

mNugpa ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;wd. Fwpg;ghf jkpof-Nuhkhdpa tu;j;jfk;

RWRWg;ghf eilngw;wJ. Nuhkhdpau; atdu; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;ldu;. Nuhkhdpau; gyu; thzpfk; nra;tjw;fhfj; jkpo;

ehl;Lf;F te;J jq;fpdu;. G+k;Gfhupd; gFjpahd kUT+u;g;ghf;fj;jpy;

ntspehl;L khYkpfs; mjpfk; fhzg;gl;ldu;. thzpfu;fs; jj;jk;

Nrupfspy; trpj;jdu;. mq;fhbfspy; xt;nthU filf;Fk; vjpNu xU

nfhb gwf;ftplg;gl;L> mf;nfhb kPJ mf;filapy; tpw;fg;gLk;

nghUl;fspd; ngau;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.


fp.gp.Kjy; E}w;whz;by; NuhkhdpaNuhL tu;j;jf tpupthf;fk;

gw;wpa Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;j jkpo; ehl;bypUe;J Nuhkhdpag; Nguuru;

mf];l]; rPru; muritf;F ,uz;L J}Jf; FOf;fs;

mDg;gg;gl;ld. mjd; gpd;du; ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd

tu;j;jfk; NuhkhGup nghwhikg;gLk; msTf;F tpuptile;jJ.

vdpDk;> fp.gp.%d;whk; E}w;whz;by; Nuhkhdpag; NguuR tPo;r;rp

mile;j gpd;du; ,Uehl;L thzpfj;jpy; ngUk; gpd;dilT

Vw;gl;lJ. Nuhkhdpag; NguuRk; rq;f fhyKk; xNu fhyfl;lj;jpy;

tPo;r;rpaile;jd vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. thzpf tPo;r;rp xU

19

ehl;bd; tPo;r;rpf;F top tFf;Fk; vd;gJ tuyhW fw;gpf;Fk;

ghlq;fspy; xd;whFk;.

2.6.4. tuTk; nryTk;

rq;ffhy kd;du;fs; tup tUthia ek;gpNa ,Ue;jdu;. tup

(Tax) vd;w nrhy; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. khwhf>

,iw> fiw> ,uT Nghd;w nrhw;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

kf;fsplkpUe;J ,Wf;fg;gl;ljhy; ,iw vd;Wk;> kf;fsplkpUe;J

Nfl;Lg; ngwg;gl;likahy; ,uT vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ. epytup

,iw my;yJ fiwahFk;. tup tpjpg;G> tupapd; msT> tup

tR+ypf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpa rl;lq;fs; ,y;yhikahy; ,it gw;wpa

mwnewp kuGfs; tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jd. cjhuzkhf> kf;fspd;

md;G nflhjgb tup tR+ypf;f Ntz;Lk;. kf;fspd; kdk;

Gz;gLkhW tup tR+ypg;gJ ahid GFj;j Gyk; NghyhfptpLk;;

murDk; nfLthd;; ehLk; eypTWk;. nfhLq;Nfhyhy; tup tR+y;

nra;Ak; kd;dd; fs;tidg; Nghd;wtd;. thdk; ngha;j;J

tpisr;ry; Fd;wpa NghJ kf;fis tup nrYj;Jk;gb

tw;GWj;jyhfhJ. vdNt> kd;dupd; tupf; nfhs;if epahakhfTk;>

Neu;ikahfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; newpaw;w> Neu;ikaw;w

tuptR+yhy; kd;dd; ehl;ilNa ,of;f NeupLk; vd;W ek;gg;gl;l

fhyk; mJ. tupfspy; Kjy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ epytup

MFk;. nghJthf> epy tUtha; kl;Lkd;wp midj;J tUthapd;

nkhj;j kjpg;gpy; Mwpy; xU gq;F tupahf tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ."

fUT+yj;ij epug;gpa gpw tupfshtd: 1) ,wf;Fkjp> Vw;Wkjp

nghUl;fSf;fhd Rq;f tup; 2) thuprpd;wp ,wg;Nghupd; nrhj;Jf;fs;;

3) rl;lj;ij kPWNthu; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLk; mguhjj; njhif; 4)

Fw;wthspfsplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wg;gl;l nghUl;fs;; 5) ,iwapyp

epyq;fisg; ghu;g;gdu;fsplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l tupg; gzk;; 6) Nghupy;

Njhw;w ehLfspypUe;J ftu;e;J tug;gl;l gzKk;> nghUSk;. ,J

murhq;fj;jpd; kpfg; ngupa tUthahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. ,NjhL

Njhw;w muru;fsplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l jpiwg;gzk;. nghJthf>

tupfs; gzkhfNth my;yJ nghUshfNth jug;gl;ld.

ghu;g;gdu;fSf;Fj; jhdkhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l gpukNja

fpuhkq;fSf;F tup tpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mjdhy;

murhq;fj;Jf;F tup ,og;G Vw;gl;lJ. nrytpdk; jw;NghJ

cs;sijg; Nghd;W nghJ tUtha;fisAk;> nryTfisAk;

nfhz;l tuT-nryTj; jpl;lk; (Budget) mf;fhyj;jpy; ,y;iy.

rq;ffhy kd;du;fs; mbf;fb Nghupl;L te;jikahy;

mg;Nghu;fSf;fhd nryNt mjpfk;. mjw;F mLj;jgbahf

muz;kidapypUe;j mur guk;giuiar; Nru;e;j ngUq;$l;lj;Jf;fhd

nrythFk;. mNjNghd;W murhq;f mikr;ru;fs;> mjpfhupfs;>

mYtyu;fs;> uhZtj;jpdu; MfpNahUf;fhd nryT> KbR+l;L tpoh>

20

tpUe;Jfs;> nghJ tpohf;fs;> gz;biff; nfhz;lhl;lq;fs;>

murdpd; Mlk;guq;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd nryTfs;. NkYk;

Gytu;fs;> ghzu;> $j;ju;> ,irf; fiyQu;fs; Nghd;NwhUf;Fj;

jhuhskhf toq;fpa guprpy; gzk;/nghUl;fs;. RUq;ff;$wpd;> Nghu;r;

nryTk;> muz;kidr; nryTk;> murhq;fr; nryTk; tUthapd; kpfg;

ngUk; gFjpia tpOq;fptpl;ld. ,itNghf vQ;rp ,Ue;j tUthNa

epue;ju kjpg;Gs;s nghJg; gzpfSf;Fk;> kf;fs; eyg; gzpfSf;Fk;

nrytplg;gl;lJ. murhq;fj;jpd; tutpdq;fs; midj;Jk; muRf;

fUT+yj;jpy; (Treasury) nrYj;jg;gl;ld. mNjNghd;W

nrytpdq;fs; midj;Jk; fUT+yj;jpypUe;J vLj;J nryT

nra;ag;gl;ld.


1. vJ rq;fg; nghUshjhu ehzaj;jpd; ,U gf;fq;fshfTk;>

rKjhaj;jpd; ,U fz;fshfTk; ,Ue;jd.

2. ve;j njhopiy kUj epy kf;fs; tho;f;ifapd; Mjhuj;

njhopyhff; fUjpdu;.

3. jkpofj;jpy; Gfo; ngw;w rq;f fhy JiwKfq;fs; ahit?


rq;ffhy rKjhak; ,aw;ifahdJ; ,ay;ghdJ;

jdpj;jd;ikAilaJ. mJ jkpou;fspd; MSik (Personality)

ntspg;ghlhFk;; gz;ghl;bd; gpujpgypg;ghFk;. rq;fr; rKjhak; kf;fs;

tho;e;j ,lj;jhy; mwpag;gl;lJ; jpizahy; miof;fg;gl;lJ.

,r;rKjhak; kf;fs; gupzhk tsu;r;rpapd; tpisthFk;. gz;ilf;

fhy jkpo;r; rKjhak; Mw;wy; NtfKw;wJ; Njf;f Kw;wjd;W

(Dynamic not static). kf;fspd; tho;f;if> njhopy;> eltbf;iffs;>

nghOJNghf;F> ek;gpf;iffs; Mfpa midj;Jk; tho;tplj;ijg;

nghWj;Nj mike;jpUe;jd. rq;ffhyj; jkpou;fs; ,aw;ifj; jhapd;

fhybj; jlj;jpy; gazpj;jdu;. mtu;fs; epytopg; gpupe;jdNuad;wp>

gpwg;G topg; gpupatpy;iy. rq;ffhy rKjha mikg;G

gLfpilahdJ (Horizontal); nrq;Fj;jhdJ (Vertical) md;W. rq;fr;

rKjhak; vspa> ,ay;ghd> ,zf;fkhd> KOikahd>

xUq;fpize;j> Rje;jpukhd jw;rhu;Gila> rkak; rhuh> rhjp mwpah

rKjhakhFk;. jpiz rhu;e;j mikg;Ng cz;ikahd> fyg;glkw;w

(Genunie) Jy;ypakhd (Authentic) mikg;ghFk;.

21



rq;ffhyj; jkpo;ehL FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;>

ghiy vd;W Ie;J ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jpiz epyg;

gFjpfshfj; jpfo;e;jd. kiyAk;> kiy rhu;e;j gFjpfSk; FwpQ;rp

epykhFk;. ,e;epyj;jpy; tho;e;jtu;fs; Fwtu;fs;. ,tu;fsJ

jiytd; Ntw;gd;> rpyk;gd;> nghUg;gd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhd;.

FwpQ;rp epy Ntl;Ltu; (vapdu;) nfhLtpy; vapdu;' vd;W

mwpag;gl;ldu;. FwpQ;rp epyg; ngz;fs; vapw;wpdu; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs; <j;jpia Nta;e;j Fbirfspy;

tho;e;jdu;. khd; Njhypy; gLj;jdu;; ,Uk;G csp nfhz;L Gy;yuprpj;

Njhz;bdu;; Gy;yuprpia fs;NshL $l;b cz;ldu;; gd;wpiaAk;>

KaiyAk; Ntl;ilahbdu;; Ntl;ilf;F ehiag; gad;gLj;jpdu;.

%q;fpyuprp> fpoq;Ffs;> Njd; Mfpait ,tu;fsJ Kf;fpa czTg;

nghUl;fshFk;. FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; mfpy;> re;jdk;> Njf;F> Ntq;if

Mfpa kuq;fs; mgupkpjkhf tsu;e;jd. ahid> kapy;> fpsp Nghd;w

tpyq;FfisAk;> gwitfisAk; tPl;Lr; R+oYf;Nfw;g gof;fpdu;.

Foq;F mfo;jYk;> Njd; vLj;jYk; FwpQ;rp kf;fspd; Kf;fpa

njhopy;fs;. FwpQ;rp aho; ,tu;fsJ ,irf; fUtpahFk;. FwpQ;rpg;

gz; ,irg; gz;zhfTk; ,Ue;jd. NrNahd; ,tu;fsJ topgL

flTs;.


fhLk;> fhL rhu;e;j gFjpAk; Ky;iy vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.

Ky;iy epy kf;fs; Mau;> ,ilau; Mtu;. ,tu;fsJ jiytd;

mz;zy;> Njhd;wy;> ehld;> FWk;nghiw vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhd;.

Ky;iy epyj;J Mau; ML> khLfs; Nka;j;J tho;e;jdu;. ,tu;fs;

'mwit neQ;rj;J Mau;' vdg;gl;ldu;. Mau; ngz;fs; Ma;r;rpau;

vdg;gl;ldu;. ,k;kf;fs; vspa Fbirfspy; tho;e;jdu;. ,tu;fs; VW

jOTjiy kughff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.Ky;iy epy kf;fs; tuF>

rhik> Kjpiu Mfpatw;iw czthff; nfhz;ldu;. Gyp

Nghd;wit td tpyq;Ffs;. nfhd;iwAk;> Ky;iyAk; Kf;fpa

tpis nghUl;fs;. Mepiu Nka;j;jYk;> gapu; tpistpj;jYk;

Ky;iy kf;fspd; Kf;fpa njhopy;fs;. ,tu;fsJ tho;tplk; ghb>

Nrup> gd;wp vd;W mwpag;gl;lJ. ,tu;fsJ ,irf;fUtp Ky;iy

aho;; ,irg;gz; Krhupg; gz;. Ky;iy epy kf;fs; khNahid

topgl;ldu;.


taYk;> tay; rhu;e;j epyg;gFjp kUj epykhFk;. kUj

kf;fs; cotu;fs;. ,tu;fsJ jiytd; kidNahd;> Cud;>

22

kfpo;gd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhd;. kUj epy kf;fspd; Kf;fpa

czTg; nghUl;fs; muprp> ghy;> ntz;nza;. ,tu;fs; tsu;j;j

tpyq;Ffs; gR> vUik> thj;J> nfhf;F Nghd;wit. kUj epyj;jpy;

tQ;rpAk;> fhQ;rpAk;> kUj kuKk;> Ftis> jhkiug; G+f;fSk;

tpise;jd. Ntshz;ikNa kUj kf;fspd; Kf;fpa njhopy;.

,tu;fsJ tho;tplk; Ng&u;> %J}u; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.

,tu;fsJ ,irf;fUtp kUj aho;; ,irg;gz; kUjg;gz;. kUj epy

kf;fs; topgl;l nja;tk; Nte;jd;.

kUj epy kf;fs; cothYk;> ciog;ghYk; cau;e;jtu;fs;.

,e;epyg; Gytu;fs; jq;fisg; Gyd; cOJz;khu;' vd;W

ngUikAld; $wpf; nfhz;ldu;. cotu;fs; Vupd; tho;eu;' vd;W

ghuhl;lg;gl;ldu;. Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; coTj; njhopypy;

<Lgl;ldu;. ney;iy msf;fg; gad;gl;l fUtp mk;gzk; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lJ. ehop> gjf;F> kh Nghd;w nrhw;fs;

msitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. kUj kf;fs; ehfupfj;jpd;

Kd;Ndhbfs;; gz;ghl;bd; ghJfhtyu;fs;; jhq;fSk; cau;e;J

gpwiuAk; cau;j;jpatu;fs;; mur Fyq;fNshL kz cwT

nfhz;bUe;jdu;. kUj kz;zpypUe;J FWepy kd;du;fSk;>

kd;du;fSk; Njhd;wpajpy; tpag;gpy;iy.


flYk;> fly; rhu;e;j gFjp nea;jy; epykhFk;. ,e;epy

kf;fs; gujtu;> EidQu;> tiyQu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;.

,tu;fsJ jiytd; nfhq;fd;> Jiwtd;> Nru;g;gd; vd;W

mwpag;gl;lhd;. ,tu;fsJ Kf;fpa czT kPd;. ,tu;fs;

gad;gLj;jpa FWk; glFf;Fj; jpkpy; vd;W ngau;. kPd; tu;j;jfj;jpy;

ty;ytu;fs;. kPd; gpbj;jYk;> cg;G jahupj;jYk; ,tu;fsJ njhopy;.

thj;Jk;> thdk;ghbAk; gujtu; tsu;j;j gwitfshFk;. nea;jy;

kz;zpy; fz;ly;> Nte;jy; Nghd;w guq;fs; tsu;e;jd. gl;bdKk;>

ghf;fKk; nea;jy; epy kf;fspd; ciwtplq;fshFk;. ,tu;fsJ

,irf;fUtp nea;jy; aho;; ,irg;gz; nea;jy; gz;. ,tu;fs;

topgl;l nja;tk; tUzd;.

nea;jy; epyg; gujtu; flw; guitfs;. flNy ,tu;fsJ

ePr;ry; Fsk;. ,e;epy kf;fs; ‘’ts;is ePf;fp takPd; Kfe;J

nfhs;is rhw;wpa nfhLKb tiyQu;’’ vd;W ghuhl;lg;gl;ldu;.

gujtu; kPd; gpbj;jhy;> gujtg; ngz;fs; kPidf; $ilfspy; Rke;J

nrd;W> gz;lkhw;wp> ney;iyf; nfhz;L tUtu;. gujtu; jhio

cliyr; R+bf;nfhz;L gdq;fs;spid mUe;jp kfpo;e;jdu;.

23


,U epyk; jpupe;j epyk; ghiy vdg;gl;lJ. ,e;epy kf;fs;

kwtu;> vapdu; vdg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fsJ jiytd; fhis> tpliy>

kPop vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhd;. NghupLtJk;> topg;gwpAk; ,tu;fsJ

Kf;fpa njhopy;fshFk;. ,k;kz;zpy; ,Yg;ig> Nrik> copiQ

Mfpa kuq;fs; tsu;e;jd. ,tu;fs; Nghw;wpa gwit fOF. ghiy

kf;fspd; ,irf;fUtp ghiy aho;; ,irg; gz; gQ;rpugz;. ,tu;fs;

topghl;L nja;tk; nfhw;wit.


gz;ilf;fhy jkpo; kf;fs; ,aw;ifapd; Gj;jpuu;fs;.

,aw;iftopr; nrd;wtu;fs;. ,ay;ghf tho;e;jtu;fs;. FwpQ;rp>

Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy epy mikg;GfSk;> mtw;wpy;

tho;e;j kf;fSk; cz;ikahdit; Gytu; fw;gidad;W. jpiz

tho; kf;fs; Njhw;wj;jhYk;> czthYk;> cilahYk;>

ciwAshYk;> gof;f tof;fq;fshYk; NtWgl;bUe;jhYk;>

gz;lkhw;whYk;> gz;ghl;Lg; gupkhw;wj;jhYk;> ,dj;jhYk;>

nkhopahYk; xd;Wgl;bUe;jdu;. mtu;fsJ rKjhak; rkak; rhuhj>

nghUs;ka rKjhakhFk;. ,r;rKjhak; rq;ffhyg; gpw;gFjpapy;

efu;kakhapw;W. gy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. cau;T jho;T czu;tw;w

rq;ffhy jpizr; rKjhak; xU rkepiyr; rKjhakhFk;.

2.8. FLk;g tho;f;if

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; FLk;g tho;f;iff;F Kjy;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. FLk;g mbg;gil rKjha

mikg;ghf tpsq;fpaJ. ,y;ywk; ey;ywkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. FLk;g

tho;f;ifapy; tpUe;Njhk;gy; rpwg;gplk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. tpUe;Njhk;gy;

FLk;g mwkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. nghUs; <l;LtNj tpUe;Njhk;gy;

nghUl;Nl vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ. tpUe;Njhk;gy; jkpou; gz;ghl;bd;

rhukhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. RUq;ff; $wpd;> FLk;g tho;f;if

njhz;L tho;f;ifahf ,Ue;jJ.

2.8.1. kz tho;f;if

rq;ffhyj; jkpou;fs; kztho;f;if gw;wpa njspthd>

ajhu;j;jkhd> cyfhaj fz;Nzhl;lj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. xj;j

kdKk;> FzKk; cila ,Utu; ,iztNj jpUkzk; vd;gJ

mtu;fsJ epiyg;ghlhf ,Ue;jJ. fhjYk;> fw;Gk; kz tho;f;if

vd;w ehzaj;jpd; ,U gf;fq;fs; Nghd;wit. xUjiyf; fhkk;

iff;fpis vd;Wk;> kpF fhkk; ngUe;jpiz vd;Wk;

ghFgLj;jg;gl;lJ. kz tho;f;ifapd; mbg;gilapNyNa FwpQ;rp

24

Gzu;jiyAk;> Ky;iy ,Uj;jiyAk;> kUjk; CliyAk;> nea;jy;

,uq;fiyAk;> ghiy gpupjiyAk; cupg; nghUshff; nfhz;bUe;jd.

kzk; Ngrp tpl;lhNy jpUkzk; Kbe;J tpl;ljhff; fUjg;gl;lJ!

rq;f fhyj; jkpoupilNa jhyp fl;Lk; gof;fkpy;iy.

2.8.2. kzKiw

mftho;f;if fsT> fw;G vd ,U tifahf ,Ue;jJ.

CuwpahJ taJ te;j MZk; ngz;Zk; Gzu;e;J ,d;GWtJ

fsntdg;gl;lJ. nghUj;jk; ghu;j;J> guprspj;J ngw;Nwhu;

rk;kjj;Jld; Cuwpa eilngw;wJ fw;ngdg;gl;lJ. ,U tPl;Lg;

ngw;NwhNu jpUkzj;ij elj;jp itj;jdu;. mzp mzpAk; gof;fk;

,Ue;jNjad;wp jhyp mzptpf;Fk; tof;fk; ,y;iy. ghu;g;ghd;

kiwtop jhyp G+l;Lk; gof;fk; gpd;du; rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhyj;jpy;

GFj;jg;gl;l GJg; gof;fkhFk;. jpUkzkhtjw;F Kd;Gtiu ngz;

fhw;rpyk;G mzpe;jpUe;jhs;. jpUkzj;Jf;F Kd; mr;rpyk;igf;

fow;wp tpLtJ kughf ,Ue;jJ. mNjNghd;W> jpUkzj;Jf;Fg;

gpd;dNu kfspu; kyu; R+bdu;. rq;f fhyj;jpy; fztid ,oe;j

kfspu; G+tzpiaAk;> gpw mzpfyd; fisAk; ePf;fpdu;.

2.9.kfspu; epiy

rq;ffhyg; ngz;fSf;Fg; G+uz Rje;jpuk;

nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mtu;fs; jpUkzkhFKd;Ng fhjyDld;

tho;e;J> gpd;du; jpUk;gp te;J ngw;NwhUld; ,Ug;gJ fdthff;

fUjg;gl;lJ; $lh cwthff; fUjg;gltpy;iy . vdpDk; Kiwg;gb

kze;J nfhz;l kfspUf;F rKjhaj;jpy; jdp kupahij ,Ue;jJ.

fztid ,oe;Njhu; ifk;ig Nehd;G Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.

jPf;Fspj;jYk; cz;L.36 ifk;ngz; kWkzk; nra;J nfhz;ljhfj;

njupatpy;iy. tpjitg; ngz;fs; mzpfis ,oe;jdu;.

mtu;fSf;F tpUe;Njhk;gy; kWf;fg;gl;lJ. ngz; Gytu;fs;

rq;fg; ngz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp kWf;fg;gltpy;iy. mf;fhy

kfspu; fy;tpj; Nju;r;rp ngw;W fiyfspy; rpwg;Gw;W ,Ue;jdu;.

xsitahu;> fhf;ifg; ghbdpahu;> nts;sp tPjpahu; Nghd;w ngz;ghw;

Gytu;fs; Gfo; ngw;Wj; jpfo;e;jdu;. Fwpg;ghf> xsitahu;

mjpakhd; rhu;ghf njhz;ilkhdplk; J}J nrd;whu;! mNjNghd;W

jd;idg; ghba fhf;ifg; ghbdpahu;f;F MLNfhl;ghl;Lr; Nruyhjd;

E}whapuk; foQ;R nfhLj;Jg; ghuhl;bdhu;. ngz; fiyQu;fs;

rq;ffhy kfspu; Mly; ghly;fspy; gq;Nfw;wdu;. ,tw;wpy; tpwypau;

gq;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ntwpahl;L> ts;spf;$j;J> Fuitf;$j;J

Mfpatw;wpy; ngz;fs; ngUk; gq;Nfw;wdu;. kd;dupd; mitf;

fsj;jpYk;> Cu; kd;wq;fspYk;> ghriwfspYk; tpwypau; Mbg; ghb

25

kf;fis kfpo;tpj;jdu;. tPukfspu; rq;ffhyg; ngz;fs; ehl;Lg;gw;W

kpf;ftu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. tPuk; mtu;fsJ FUjpapy; fye;j

Fzkhf ,Ue;jJ. kfspu; Nghupy; Neupy; fye;J nfhs;shtpbDk;

Nghupy; gq;Nfw;w fztiuAk;> kfidAk; ntFthf Cf;Ftpj;jdu;.

jd; fztd; Nghupy; ntd;W ntw;wp thif R+b jpUk;g Ntz;b

kidtpau; eLfy;iyj; njhOjdu;. jk; fztd; khu;gpy; gha;e;j

Ntiyg; gpLq;fp vwpe;j NghJ ahidfs; kpuz;L Xbajhf xU

kidtp ngUikAld; NgRfpwhs;. giftid nty;tjpy; je;ijf;F

epfuhdtd; kfd; vd;W ghuhl;Lfpwhu; kw;nwhU jha;. jd; kfd;

Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; GwKJF fhl;bapUe;jhy; mtDf;Fg; ghY}l;ba

khu;ig mwpj;J vwpNtd; vd;W R+Siuf;fpwhu; kw;nwhU jha;.

2.9.1. moF kfspu;

rq;fg; ngz;bu; xg;gidf;F cupa ,lk; nfhLj;jdu;. ,sk;

ngz;fs; $e;jYf;F nea;apl;L> Ie;jhf tFj;J> gpd;dypl;Lf;

nfhz;ldu;. KjpNahu; $e;jiy thup Kbj;Jf; fl;bdu;. kfspu;

Fspj;jgpd; $e;jYf;F mfpy; Gif fhl;bdu;. fz;fSf;F ik

jPl;bf; nfhz;ldu;. kzkhd ngz;fs; Ntq;if> ntl;rp> Ftis>

mUk;G> ky;ypif Mfpa kyu;fis tpUg;gk;Nghy; R+bf; nfhz;ldu;.

re;jdk;> Fq;Fkk; Mfpatw;iw khu;gpy; G+rpf; nfhz;L mjpy;

Xtpaq;fisj; jPl;bf; nfhz;ldu;.

2.9.2. guj;ijau;

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; guj;ijau; gw;wpa ghly;fs; Vuhsk;.

,tu;fs; rq;ffhy rKjhaj;jpd; mq;fkhfNt ,Ue;jdu;. guj;ijau;

mofpYk;> ,sikapYk;> Mly; ghlypYk; rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jdu;.

,tu;fs; gytPd cs;sk; nfhz;l Mltiu <u;f;Fk; fhe;jf;

fl;bfs;. Mltu; guj;ijaUld; njhlu;G nfhs;tJ ngz;fshy;

Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l gof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. Mltu; fhjy;

fpoj;jpNahL fhkf;fpoj;jpaiu itj;Jf; nfhs;tJ ngUikahff;

fUjg;gl;lJ. guj;ijau; nghJ kfspu;. ,tu;fs; ,w;guj;ijau;>

fhkf; fpoj;jpau;> Nrupg; guj;ijau;> eag;Gg; guj;ijau; vdg;

gytifg;gl;ldu;. rq;ffhy Mltupd; ghy; gytPdk; guj;ijau;

%yk; ntspg;gl;lJ. ,J Mz;fs; Mjpf;fj;jpd; mwpFwpahFk;.

fw;G xUtopg; ghijay;y vd;w cz;ik czug;gltpy;iy.

guj;jik rq;fj; jkpou;fspd; gytPdq;fspy; xd;whFk;. Neu;ikahd

Nfhtyd; ,g;gytPdj;Jf;Fg; gypahdhd;. mjd; tpisthfj;

jd;idAk;> jd; FLk;gj;ijAk;> khjtpapd; FLk;gj;ijAk; jPuhj;

Jauj;Jf;F Mshf;fpdhd;.

26

2.10. tpohf;fs;

tpohf;fs; rq;ffhy rKjhaf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fs;. tpohf;fspy;

Fwpg;gplj; jf;fit tUkhW: 1) fhu;j;jpifj; jpUtpoh. fhu;j;jpif

tpz;kPid ikakhff; nfhz;lJ. ,g;gz;bif mwk; nra;Ak;

tpohthff; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. tPLfSk;> njUf;fSk; xsp

tpsf;Ffshy; myq;fupf;fg;gl;ld. 2) nghq;fy;. ijj;jpq;fspy;

nfhz;lhlg;gl;l ,g;gz;bif jkpoupd; jdpj; jpUtpohthFk;.

nghq;fy; “mWtil tpohthfj; njhlq;fpg; gpd;du; tsj;ijf;

Fwpj;j tpohthf khwpaJ”. 3) ij ePuhl;L. jkf;F tha;f;Fk;

fztd; ew;gz;Gilatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Ntz;b

ijj;jpq;fspy; ngz;fs; MW> Fsq;fspy; ePuhbdu;. 4) ,sNtdpy;

tpoh. ,J fhkd; jpUtpoh. ,t;tpohtpd; NghJ fhjyu; fspj;J

tpisahbdu;. 5) ,e;jpu tpoh. ,t;tpoh rq;f fhyj;jpd;

gpw;gFjpapy;> fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy;> rpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhlg;gl;J. ,J

gy nja;t topghl;L tpoh. ,t;tpohtpy; gy;NtW rkaj;jtu;

gq;Nfw;wdu;. gl;bkz;lgk; elj;jg;gl;lJ. 6) Nkw;fz;l

ngUtpohf;fsd;wp ePu; tpoh> jpUg;gjpapy; tpoh> cs;sp tpoh>

gq;Fdp tpoh> Nfhbau; tpoh> ntwpahl;L tpoh> gpwe;j ehs; tpoh

Nghd;w gy tpohf;fSk; nfhz;lhlg;gl;ld.

Kw;fhyj; jkpou;fs; jq;fs; tho;f;ifia gpwg;G Kjy;

,wg;G tiu Kiwg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. czT> cil> ciwAs;

Kjy; ,Wjpr; rlq;Ffs; tiu tifg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. gz;ilj;

jkpou; gpwg;G top NtWghL mwpahNjhu;. gpwg;G vy;yh capu;f;Fk;

nghJ vd;w Nfhl;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. cyf tho;f;ifia

tho;thq;F tho Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpatu;fs;; tpioe;jtu;fs;.

rhg;ghl;Lg; gpupau;fs;. Ritkpf;f czitr; rikg;gjpy;

ty;ytu;fs;. tho;e;j epyj;jpw;Nfw;g czT Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpdu;.

kJTk; khkprKk; rq;fj; jkpou; midtUk; kuf;fwp czNthL

khkprj;ijAk;> kJitAk; tpUk;gp cz;ldu;. gd;wp ,iwr;rp tpUk;gp

cz;zg;gl;lJ. gytif kJtiffs; ,Ue;jd. rhjhuz kf;fs;

Kjy; kd;du;fs; tiu kJ mUe;Jtij fl;lhag; gof;fkhff;

nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ed;F Gspj;j fs; Njd; fLg;gd;d fLikahf

,Ue;jjhk;. njd;id> gid kuq;fspypUe;J ,wf;fpa fs;is

tPl;bNyNa czNthL Nru;j;J toq;fpdu;. jkpou;fs; atdu;fNshL

njhlu;G nfhz;l gpd; ntspehl;L kJ tiffs; jilapd;wp

,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. ,tw;iw kd;du;fSk;> nry;tu;fSk;

Fbj;Jf; fspj;jdu;. gpwUf;Fk; nfhLj;J kfpo;e;jdu;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> mjpakhd; mQ;rp fs; Fiwthf ,Ue;jikahy;

mijj; jhd; mUe;jhJ xsitahUf;Fk;> ,utyu;fSf;Fk;

nfhLj;jhdhk;. mNjNghd;W> Nju;tz; kiyad; vd;w ts;sy;

neUg;ngdr; rpte;j ,iwr;rpia kz;ilapy; Cw;wpa fs;NshL

27

fye;J nfhLg;gJz;lhk;. fs;Sz;L fspg;gjw;nfd;Nw cz;lhl;L

tpoh nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. fs; jkpou;fspd; FUjpNahL fye;J

tpl;lJ. kJit tpyf;FtJ ,tu;fSf;F ,ayhj fhupak;. rq;f

fhyj;jpy; kJtUe;jy; tPl;il kl;Lkd;wp ehl;ilAk; nfLj;jJ.

2.11. cil myq;fhuk;

rq;f fhyj; jkpou;fs; jFjpf;Fj; jFe;j cil mzpe;jdu;.

Mltu; ,ilapy; Xu; MilAk;> NkNy xU Jz;ilAk; mzpe;jdu;.

ngz;bu; ,ilapy; gl;Lk; GlitALj;jpdu;. kd;dDk;> kd;duJ

FLk;gj;jpdUk;> nry;te;jUk; tpiyAau;e;j> ifNtiyg;ghLkpf;f

cil mzpe;jdu;. gpwnuy;yhk; vspa MiliaNa cLj;jpdu;.

tPuu;fs; G+Ntiy nra;ag;gl;l ePyepwf; fr;irapid fl;bf;

nfhz;ldu;. mf;fhyj;J Milfs; moFk;> Neu;j;jpAk;> fiy

czu;T kpf;fjhfTk; ,Ue;jd. Mil ghk;gpd; rl;iliag;

Nghd;wJ; %q;fpypd; cl;Gwj;J ntz;Njhy; Nghd;Wk; ,Ue;jjhk;!''

gl;L Milfspd; Xuq;fspy; mofpa FQ;rq;fs; mikf;fg;

gLtJz;L. nky;ypa Milfs; atdk;> vfpg;J Nghd;w

ntspehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. tPLfs;> khspiffs;

ciliag; Nghd;Nw ciwASk; kf;fspd; jFjpf;Nfw;g khWgl;lJ.

FwpQ;rp epyf; FwtUk;> Ky;iy MaUk;> kUj cotUk;> nea;jy;

gujtUk;> ghiy vapdUk; mtu;fsJ epy mikg;Gf;Nfw;g

jdpj;jd;ikAld; vspa FbirfspYk;> tPLfspYk; trpj;jdu;.

cjhuzkhf> Ky;iy epyj;J Mau;fspd; tPLfspy; MLfs; epd;W

jpz;gjw;Fupa jiof; nfhj;Jfs; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jd. kUjepy

cotu;fspd; tPLfs; neba Rtu;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jd. nea;jy;

gujtu; tPLfspy; Gyhy; ehw;wk; tPRk;. NtYk; NflaKk; gj;jpg;

gj;jpaha; ,Ue;jdthk;. kd;du;fs; muz;kidapYk;> nry;tu;

khspifapYk; tho;e;jdu;. muz;kidapy; gy gFjpfs; ,Ue;jd.

me;jg;Guk; jdpf; fhtYld; fhzg;gl;lJ. muz;kidapd; thapypy;

ngupa ,ul;ilf; fjTfs; ,Ue;jd. muz;kidapYk;>

khspifapYk; Ntah khlk; vd;w nkhl;il khb ,Ue;jJ.

rhsuq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. cl;Rtu;fspy; Xtpaq;fs; jPl;lg;

gl;bUe;jd. ,itahTk; rhjhuz kf;fSf;Fk;> nry;te;ju;fSf;Fk;

,ilNaahd ,ilntspiaf; fhl;Ltdthf ,Ue;jd. ,LjYk;

RLjYk; gpwg;igg; Nghd;Nw ,wg;Gk; vy;yh capu;f;Fk; nghJthdJ.

,wg;nghf;Fk; vy;yh capu;f;Fk;. rq;f fhyj;jpy; gzj;ijg;

ghilapy; fplj;jpr; RLfhl;Lf;F vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; gof;fk; ,Ue;jJ.

,we;Njhiuj; jhopfspy; fplj;jpg; ghJfhg;ghfg; Gijj;jdu;.

,we;Njhu; kPJ Nfhbj; Jzp Nghu;j;jpdu;. tPl;Lg; ngz;fs; khubj;Jg;

Gyk;gpdu;. rhg;giwfs; Koq;fg;gl;ld. gpzj;ijg; Gijf;Fk; ,lk;

ngUq;fhL> KJfhL vdg;gl;lJ. ,LjYk;> RLjYk; kuGfsha;

28

,Ue;jd. Nghupy; ,we;j tPuu;fSf;F fy;el;L kupahij nrYj;jpdu;.

,we;Njhu;f;F ike;ju; nra;Ak; fld; njd;Gyj;jhu; fld;

vdg;gl;lJ.


Mupaupd; tUiff;Fg; gpwFjhd; ,e;jpahtpy; tu;z

mbg;gilapyhd gbaLf;F rhjpKiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLj;J te;j Mupau; Kjypy; rpe;J

rkntspg; gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wpdu;. gpd;du; fpof;F Nehf;fp

CLWtpr; nrd;W fq;if-aKidg; gFjpfis ifafg;gLj;jpdu;.

mjd;gpd; ,e;jpah Mupakakhf;fg;gl;lJ (Aryanisation of

India). tlehl;il trg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Mupau; njw;F Nehf;fp

te;J jf;fhzj;jpYk;> jkpo; ehl;bYk; FbNawpdu;. jkpo; ehl;by;

FbNawpa Mupau; me;jzu;> ghu;g;ghu;> gpuhkzu;> ghu;g;gdu;> mwNthu;

vd;w ngau;fshf miof;fg; gl;ldu;. Mupa--gpuhkzu; te;j gpd;du;

jkpo; ehl;bd; r%f-rka tho;f;ifapy; khngUk; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.

miuFiw Kaw;rp Mupau; jkpo; ehl;Lf;F te;J FbNawpaNghJ

,e;epyk; FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy vd;W

,aw;iftopg; gpupe;J> KiwNa Fwtu;fs;> Mau;> cotu;> gujtu;>

vapdu; vd kf;fs; Fytop> njhopy; top tho;e;J te;jdu;.

,tu;fNs rq;ffhyj; Jtf;fj;jpypUe;J jkpo; ehl;by; tho;e;J te;j

MjpFy kf;fs; Mtu;. ,f;Fyq;fs; Fbfshff; fUjg;gl;ldu;.

,g;ghuk;gupa rKjha mikg;G gLfpil mikg;ghFk;. ,e;j

mikg;gpd; kPJ ntspapypUe;J jkpo;ehl;Lf;F te;J FbNawpa

Mupa-gpuhkzu; mtu;fSf;NfAupa tu;zk; rhu;e;j rhjpKiwiag;

GFj;j Kw;gl;ldu;. jkpo; ehl;by; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,k;Kaw;rpiag;

gw;wp tuyhw;W Ma;thsu; tp.V.];kpj; ehd;F Kf;fpa KbTfSf;F

te;jhu;: 1) jkpou; tl ,e;jpaj; njhlu;gpd;wpNa xU cau; epiy

ehfupfj;ij tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;; 2) tlf;fpypUe;J te;J

FbNawpNahu; rhjp> rlq;F Kjypa ,e;Jf; nfhs;iffisg; GFj;j

Kad;wdu;; 3) mtu;fsJ mj;jifa Kaw;rpf;F ngupa msT

vjpu;g;G ,Ue;jJ; 4) vdNt> Mupauhy; GFj;jg;gl;l rhjp mikg;G

Kiw tsu;r;rp milahkYk;> miwFiwahfTk; ,Ue;jJ.

jkpo; ehl;by; Mupa-gpuhkzupd; tu;z-gpwg;G-mbg;gilapyhd

gbKiw> nrq;Fj;J rhjpKiw Njhy;tpAw;wJ. gpwg;ghy; midtUk;

rkk;> njhopy; NtWghbd;wp gpw NtWghLfs; ,y;iy vd;W fUjpa

jkpo;r; rKjhak; Gjpjhfg; GFj;jg;gl;l rhjp Kiwia Vw;Wf;

nfhs;stpy;iy. mNjrkak; ghu;g;gdupd; rKjha> rka

Rje;jpuj;ij vjpu;f;fTkpy;iy. khwhf> fy;tpiag; ngupJk; Nghw;wpa

ghu;g;gzu;fisj; jq;fsJ Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;ldu;. vdNt>

mtu;fs; jkpo; ehl;by; jdpj;jd;ikAld; jpfo;e;jdu;.

29

ghu;g;gdu;fspd; jdpj;Jtj;Jf;fhd fhuzq;fs;: 1) mtu;fSf;F

nrsdpad;> Nfhjkdhu;> nfsrpfdhu;> ghujhadu; Mfpa Nfhj;jpug;

ngau;fs; ,Ue;jd; 2) gytif Nts;tpfisr; nra;jdu;; 3) Njhs;

kPJ G+Z}y; mzpe;jdu;; 4) G+Z}y; mzptjhy; ghu;g;ghu;

,Ugpwg;ghsuhff; fUjg;gl;ldu;; 5) fhiy> ez;gfy;> khiy vDk;

Kg;NghJk; Ntj ke;jpuq;fis xjpdu;; 6) jq;fisAk;>

Rw;Wg;Gwj;ijAk; Rj;jkhf itj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. fUq;ff;$wpd;>

jkpo;ehl;Lg; ghu;g;gdu;fs; ek;gpf;iffshYk;> eltbf;iffshYk;>

gof;ftof;fq;fshYk;> rk];fpUj Ntjf; fy;tpahYk;> GNuhfpjk;>

Nrhjplk; Nghd;w njhopy;fshYk; gpwuplkpUe;J khWl;Lj;

jdpj;jd;ikAld; tho;e;jdu;. murupd; ek;gpf;iff;Fg; ghj;jpukhf

muritapy; ,lk; ngw;wdu;. rKjha me;j];Jk;> mq;fPfhuKk;

ngw;wdu;. jq;fis cau; rhjpapdu; vdf; $wpf; nfhz;ldu;.

mijj; jkpo;r; rKjhak; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ! “jkpofj;Jr; rKjha

Vw;ghl;by; gpuhkz r%fk; Nt&d;wptpl;lJ”.

jkpo; ehl;by; Nt&d;wpa gpuhkz r%fk; rq;f fhyj;jpd;

gpw;gFjpapy; Jspu;tpl;L> fpis gpupe;J rhjpf; fdpfisf;

nfhLj;jJ. fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy; Nky; rhjpau;> fPo;r;rhjpau; vd;w

ghFghLk;> NtWghLk; epiyngw;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> nghw;nfhy;yu;

fk;khsuhfTk;> tzpfu; itrpadhfTk; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;ldu;.

mjdhy;jhd; cau;rhjp itrpadhd NfhtydplkpUe;J fPo;r;rhjp

nghw;nfhy;yf; fk;khsd; tpyfpr; nrd;wjhf rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;

fhl;lg;gl;lJ. mNjNghd;W> Giyad; ,opgpwg;ghsdhff;

fUjg;gl;lhd;. fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy;jhd; gpuhkz rhjpKiw jkpo;

ehl;bd; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt> ghu;g;gd rhjp Kiw

rq;ffhyr; rupT epiyapy; epiyngw;Wtpl;ljhfNt fUj

Ntz;bAs;sJ. gpwg;nghf;Fk; vy;yh capu;f;Fk; vd;w cupa

vz;zk; jkpo;ehl;iltpl;L tpilngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.


4. ve;j epyk; kiyAk;> kiy rhu;e;j gFjp?

5. fhu;j;jpifj; jpUtpoh vij ikakhff; nfhz;lJ?

6. ,we;Njhu;f;F ike;ju; nra;Ak; fld; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lJ.

2.13. rq;ffhy rkak;

gz;ilf;fhyj; jkpou;fs; ,aw;ifia ,iwtdhff;

fUjpdu;. ,aw;if Mw;wy;fis ,iwtdpd; ntspg;ghLfshfg;

ghu;j;jdu;. mtu;fs; jPADs; Njwiy(fs;)Ak;> G+tpDs;

ehw;wj;ijAk; (eWkzk;)> mwj;jpDs; md;igAk;> ntQ;Rlypy;

30

xspiaAk;> jpq;fspy; md;igAk; fz;ldu;. Kw;fhyj; jkpoupd;

,aw;if tho;Tf;Nfw;g KUfDk; (FwpQ;rp)> jpUkhYk; (Ky;iy)>

,e;jpuDk; (kUjk;)> tUzDk; (nea;jy;) nja;t tbtk; ngw;wdu;.

,tu;fNs khNahd;> NrNahd;> Nte;jd;> tUzd; vd;Wk;

tu;zpf;fg;gl;ldu;. giftuplkpUe;J fhg;ghw;w khNahd;; giftiu

vjpu;f;nfhs;s NrNahd;; ,aw;ifr; rPw;wj;jpypUe;J fhg;ghw;w

,e;jpud;; ePu;top mr;rk; ePf;f tUzd;. flTs;fs;

fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;; fz;L gpbf;fg;gLtjpy;iy! RUq;ff;$wpd;>

Kw;fhyj; jkpoupd; rkak; gFj;jwpTg; G+u;tkhdJ. ,aw;ifNahL

,iae;jJ. midtUf;Fk; nghJthdJ. tpohf;fSk; rlq;FfSk;

rq;fj; jkpoupd; rkaj;Jf;Nfw;g topghLfSk;> tpohf;fSk;>

rlq;FfSk; mike;jd. topghLfSs; KUf topghL> nfhw;wit

topghL> tUz topghL> ,e;jpud; topghL> jpUkhy; topghL>

gj;jpdp topghL> eLfy; topghL Mfpait Kf;fpakhdit.

tpohf;fSs; rpwg;ghdit: ,e;jpu tpoh> fhkd; tpoh> cs;sp tpoh>

tpsf;Nfw;Wk; tpoh> jpUthjpiu tpoh Mfpait. rlq;Ffspy;

gpujhdkhdjhf ij ePuhly; ,Ue;jJ. rq;f fhyj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapy;

epkpj;jk; ghu;j;jy;> cso; typ> kWgpwg;G> cUt topghL Nghd;w

gFj;jwpTf;nfht;thj gof;fq;fSk;> ek;gpf;iffSk; jkpoiu

cLk;ngd gw;wpf; nfhz;ld.

2.13.1. itjPf rkak;

jkpo;ehl;by; FbNawp> jkpou;fNshL fye;Jtpl;l

ghu;g;gdu;fs; mtu;fs; gpd;gw;wpa rkaj;jhy; mwpag;gl;ldu;.

mtu;fsJ rkak; Ntjq;fisAk;> Mfkq;fisAk;>

ek;gpf;iffisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. ,tu;fsJ rkak;

Nts;tpfis ikakhff; nfhz;L Rod;wJ. murdpd; MjuNthL

Nts;tpfs; tpuptile;jd. ,tu;fsJ khu;f;fk; Mupa Ntj (epfkk;)

khu;f;fkhFk;. Kj;jPapl;L Nts;tpfs; elj;jpdu;. Nts;tpf;

Fz;lq;fisr; Rw;wp epd;W Ntj ke;jpuk; Xjpdu;. rkar; rlq;Ffs;

gy nra;jdu;. ,tu;fs; Nts;tp me;jzu;fs;' vd;W

miof;fg;gl;ldu;. Nts;tpfs; nra;ahJ jkpo;ehl;L kf;fspd;

rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp jq;fSila rkar; rlq;FfisAk; tpl;Lf;

nfhLf;fhj ghu;g;gdu; mwNthu; vd;W mwpag;gl;ldu;! ,tu;fs;

Ntshg; ghu;g;gdu;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;. ghu;g;gdu;fspd;

Nts;tpfshYk;> rka eilKiwfshYk;> rkar; rlq;FfshYk;

jkpoupd; rkaj;jpy; khWghLfSk;> NtWghLfSk; Njhd;wyhapd.

,UNtW rkaq;fSk; ,izg;Gf; $ly; (Melting Pot) epiyia

mile;jJ. ,J jkpo;ehl;L rka tuyhw;wpy; jpUg;GKidia

Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Ntj topgl;l ghu;g;gd rkak; jkpo; ehl;by;

Nt&d;Wtjw;fhd tpsf;fk; gupghlypy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehd;F

Ntjq;fs;: mtw;Wf;Fupa MW mq;fq;fs;; Ntj Nts;tpapd; %d;W

31

gpupTfs;> mtw;wpd; VO cl;gpupTfs;; Nts;tp nra;Ak; me;jzd;

fiykhdpd; Njhiyg; Nghu;j;jy;> %tifg; gRf;fisg; gypaply;

gw;wpa tptuq;fs; tpupthf Muhag;gl;Ls;sd. Ntj Nkhjy;>

Njtu;fSf;F jl;rpiz nfhLj;jy;> G+Tyiff; fhj;jy; gw;wpa

jfty;fs; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rq;f fhyj;jpy;

Ntjg; gpuhkzu; cau;e;j epiyapy; ,Ue;jdu;. muru;fspd;

Mjuitg; ngw;wdu;. ,U gpwg;ghsu;> kiw fhg;ghsu; vdf; $wpf;

nfhz;ldu;. ghu;g;ghu;f;Fk; nghd;Dk;> nghUSk;> epyKk; tiuahJ

toq;fg; ngw;wd. gy kd;du;fs; ghu;g;gdu;fSf;F Cu;fis

gpukNjakhf toq;fpdu;. me;jzu;f;Nf epykspj;jy; kd;ddpd;

flikahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. me;jziuf; nfhy;tJ ngUk; ghtkhfg;

ghtpf;fg;gl;lJ. Nghu;f; fhyq;fspy; mtu;fSf;Fg; gpuj;Nafg;

ghJfhg;G mspf;fg; gl;lJ. ,it ahtw;Wf;Fk; fhuzk; mtu;fs;

gpd;gw;wpa Ntj Nts;tp newpahFk;. ,r;rYif rKjha-rka

Vw;wj;jho;TfSf;F mbg;gilf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ.

2.13.2. Gj;j rkak;

rq;fj; jkpo;ehl;L rka thdj;jpy; Njhd;wpa kw;nwhU

tpz;kPd; Gj;j rkakhFk;. ghu;g;gd rkaj;ijg; Nghd;Nw Gj;j

rkaKk; jkpo; ehl;Lf;F ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l Gw rkakhFk;.

Gj;j rkak; ghu;g;gd rkaj;Jf;F vjpu;kiwahd rkakhFk;.

Kd;dJ Mj;jpa rkankdpy; gpd;dJ ehj;jpf rkakhFk;. ,uz;Lk;

,U JUtq;fs;. Gj;j rkak; tu;z NtWghl;ilAk;>

gpwg;gpdbg;gilapy; fw;gpf;fg;gl;l rhjpfisAk;> Nts;tpr;

rlq;FfisAk;> kf;fspilNa cau;T jho;Tfis

Vw;gLj;JtijAk;> rk];fpUjj;ij Njtnkhopahf fUJtijAk;

mbNahL vjpu;j;jJ. rq;fk; %yk; rKjha khw;wk; mNrhfu;

fhyj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;Lf;F te;j ngsj;ju;fshy; mwpKfkhdJ Gj;j

rkak;. rq;fk; mikj;J jq;fs; rkaj;ijg; gug;gpdu;. ghu;g;gdu;fs;

Nghyd;wp> ngsj;ju;fs; kf;fNshL kf;fshff; fye;J> gofp rka-

rKjha-,yf;fpaj; njhz;lhw;wpdu;. muru;fs;> tzpfu;fs;>

nry;te;ju; MfpNahuJ MjuNthL mikf;fg;gl;l Gj;j

tpfhuq;fspYk;> gs;spfspYk;> klq;fspYk; vt;tpj NtWghLkpd;wp

midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; rka-rKjha-fy;tpj; njhz;L

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. kf;fs; njhz;L ngsj;ju;fspd; njhz;L

gyjug;gl;lJ: 1) jkpiof; fw;W jkpo; %yk; jkpoNuhL njhlu;G

nfhz;ldu;; 2) jkpopy; ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fzq;fisg; gilj;jdu;. 3)

khw;Wj; jpwdhspfSf;F czT tpLjpfs; fl;bf; nfhLj;J

kWtho;tspj;jy;; 4) Vio vspNahUf;F kUj;Jtg;gzp; 5) tu;z

rhjp Kiwiaf; fLikahf vjpu;j;jy;; 6) fy;tp %yk; Gj;jf;

Nfhl;ghLfis-cz;ik Ngry;> capu;f;nfhiy nra;ahik> Gyhy;

cz;zhik Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fioj;Jf; nfhLj;jy;; 7) Fuyw;w

32

fPNohu; vd;W xJf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F Fuy; nfhLj;jy;; 8) Ntw;Wik

ghuhJ midtUf;Fk; gad; fUjhg; gzpahw;wy;; 9) ,iw kWg;Gf;

nfhs;ifiag; gpur;rhuk; nra;jy;; 10) ngupa efuq;fspy; Gj;j

klq;fisAk;> Nfhapy;fisAk;> gs;spfisAk; Vw;gLj;jy;.

2.13.3. rkz rkak;

Gj;j rkaj;ijg; Nghd;Nw rkz rkaKk; rq;fj;

jkpo;ehl;Lf;Fg; Gjpa rkakhFk;. re;jpuFg;j nksupag; Nguurupd;

Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; mtuJ Mrhd; gj;jpughF Kdptu;

Mapuf;fzf;fhd khztu;fSld; ikR+upy; cs;s rputz

ngy;nfhshtpy; FbNawpdu;. ,tu;fspy; xU gFjpapdu; jkpo;

ehl;Lf;F te;J jq;fpdu;. ,tu;fSs; ngUk;ghNyhu; ghz;ba ehl;by;

epiy nfhz;ldu;. ,tu;fSk; muru;fs;> tzpfu;fs;> nry;te;ju;

MfpNahupd; MjuNthL rq;fk; mikj;J jq;fs; kjj;ijg; gug;gpdu;;

njhz;lhw;wpdu;. jkpo; ehl;L rkzu;fs; %d;W tifg;gl;ldu;: 1)

nts;shil mzpe;j RNtjhk;gpuu;; 2) Mil mzpah jpfk;guu;; 3)

mq;f kiwfis topgLk; Rjhdthrpfs;. rkzu;fSk;

ngsj;ju;fSk; nfhs;ifahy; xd;Wgl;L eilKiwr; rkar;

rlq;Ffshy; khWgl;ltu;fs;. vdpDk; rKjhaj; njhz;ilg;

nghWj;jtiu ,U rhaj;jhUk; kf;fs; eyg; gzpfspy; jq;fis

KOikahf <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;ltu;fs;. rkzu;fs; Fwpg;ghf

fpuhkq;fspy; jq;fs; flikfisr; nra;jdu;. ,tu;fSk;

ghu;g;gdupd; tu;z rhjp Kiwiar; rhbdu;. Ntjq;fisAk;>

ahfq;fisAk;> rj;jw;w rkar; rlq;FfisAk; xJf;fpdu;.

ghu;g;gdupd; itjPf rhaj;Jf;F vjpuhfr; nray;gl;ldu;.

capu;f;nfhiy nra;Ak; njhopiyj; jtpu gpw njhopy;fisg;

Nghw;wpdu;. rKjhaj;jhy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F mwpTk;>

czTk;> kUe;Jk; nfhLj;jdu;. Mjutw;NwhUf;F milf;fyk;

nfhLj;jdu;. nfhy;yhikia gw;gWj;jpdu;. rka E}y;fis

,ytrkhf tpepNahfpj;jdu;. jkpiof; fw;W jkpopd; %yk;

jkpou;fspd; cs;sq;fis nfhs;is nfhz;ldu;.


rkzu;fspd; rKjhaj; njhz;ilg; Nghd;Nw ,yf;fpaj;

njhz;Lk; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;fJ. jkpopyf;fpaj;jpy;

rkzu;fs; njhlhj JiwNa ,y;iy vdyhk;. njhy;fhg;gpa

ciuahrpupauhd ,sk;G+udhu; rkzu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

njhy;fhg;gpaNu rkzu; vdf; $WNthUk; cz;L. mNjNghd;W

nfhy;yhik> Gyhy; kWj;jy;> fs;Sz;zhik Nghd;w rkzf;

fUj;Jf;fs; typAWj;jg;gLtjhy; jpUts;StUk; rkzNu vd;gu;.

ehybahu; rkz fUj;Jf;fspd; fUT+yk;. fzpNkijahu; ,aw;wpa

Vyhjpapd; xt;nthU ghlypYk; 6 mwq;fs; typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

33

fhupahrdhupd; rpWgQ;r%yj;jpy; xt;nthU nra;ASk; 5

mwq;fisf; $Wfpd;wJ. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; rkzf; nfhs;iffs;

rpjwpf; fplf;fpd;wd. rPtf rpe;jhkzp> R+shkzp> ePyNfrp> ed;D}y;>

ahg;ngUq;fytpUj;jp> ahg;ngUq;fyf;fhupif> Nekpehjk; Mfpait

rpwe;j rkz E}y;fshFk;.


jkpo;ehl;L kf;fspd; rKjha tho;tpy; Gj;j> rkz

rkaq;fspd; jhf;fk; msg;gupaJ. Gj;j> rkz rkaj;jpdu; jq;fsJ

gs;spfisj; Jtf;fp midtUf;Fk; rha rkr;rPu; fy;tp mspj;jdu;.

fhQ;rpGuk; rkzf; Nfhl;ilahfj; jpfo;e;jJ. G+k;Gfhupy; rkzg;

gs;spfs; nray;gl;ld. ciwA+upy; ];uPfhe;jg; gs;sp> epf;fe;jf;

Nfhl;lk; Nghd;w rkzf; Nfhapy;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,NjNghd;W> Gj;jg;

gs;spfSk; nray;gl;ld. ,g;gs;spfs; kiyr;NrhiyfSf;fpilNa

mike;jpUe;jd. jkpou;fspy; gyu; ,r;rkaq;fspd;ghy;

<u;f;fg;gl;ldu;. ngz;fs; rpyu; ,y;yw tho;itj; Jwe;J

Jwtwj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. khjtpAk;> kzpNkfiyAk; Gj;jj;

Jwtpfs;. fTe;jp mbfs; rkzj; Jwtp. vdpDk;> jkpou;fs;

jq;fsJ gFj;jwpthYk;> tpopg;Gzu;thYk; jq;fsJ ghuk;gupa

rkaj;ijg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;lNjhL> rkar; rkepiy gpwohJ

ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. itjPf> Gj;j> rkzr; R+whtspfshy;

rpf;fhky; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. “,j;jkpou; tho;f;ifapy;

mtek;gpf;ifAk;> ehj;jpfKk; XusT fye;jpUe;jdthapDk;

mtw;why; kdk; khwpNdhu; kpfr; rpyNu”.


rq;f fhyj;jpd; vOr;rpiag; Nghd;Nw mjd; tPo;r;rpAk;

gpukpf;fj;jf;fjha; cs;sJ. 500 Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf ePbj;jpUe;j

tuyhW rq;f fhyj;jpd; rupTk; rPuopTk; rupahf tpsf;fg;glhj>

,d;Dk; mtpo;f;fg;glhj tuyhw;W Kbr;rhfNt cs;sJ.

rq;ffhyj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW

tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

1) murpay; fhuzq;fs;

kd;duhl;rp Kiwapy; thupRupik gw;wpa njsptpd;ik

thupRfspilNa nghwhikg; Nghl;bia tsu;j;jJ. mur

FLk;gj;jpdupd; murpay; FWf;fPLfSk;> Mlk;gur; nryTfSk;

Ml;rpiag; gytPdg;gLj;jpd. NghupLtJ tPukhff; fUjg;

gl;likahy; xt;nthU kd;dUk; tPuj;ij ntspg;gLj;j

gilnaLg;GfspYk;> Nghu;fspYk; <Lgl;ldu;. Nghupl;L ehL gpbj;jy;

34

mwkhff; fUj;jg;gl;lJ. kd;du;fspd; kz;zhirAk;> Nghu;g;Gfo;

NghijAk; kf;fspd; Njhd;whj; Jd;gq;fSf;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W. xU

Nghu; mLj;j NghUf;fhd tpijia tpijj;jJ! ,e;j tp\

tl;lj;jpy; rpf;fpa jkpo;ehL rupe;J rPuope;jJ. Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba

kd;du;fs; jkpou;fs;. mtu;fs; Ngrpa jkpohy; mtu;fis xd;W

Nru;f;f Kbatpy;iy. xUtiu xUtu; giftuhfNt fUjpdu;.

jw;nfhiyf;nfhg;ghd Nghu;fspy; <Lgl;ldu;. jd; ,dk; gifj;j

gz;Ng ,tu;fsJ tPo;r;rpf;F mbg;gilf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ.

"tPuj;jpd; ngauhy; Nghu;f;fsj;Nj Vuhskhd kf;fisf; nfhd;W

Ftpj;J mur Fyq;fs; vOjYk; tpOjYik tuyhW vd;whapd;

fp.gp.600 tiuapy; tuyhNw ,y;yhj kfpo;r;rp kPJWk; ehL jkpo;ehL

vdyhk;”.

2. nghUshjhu fhuzq;fs;

rq;ffhyj; jpizg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; epyk; nghJ

cilikaha; ,Ue;jJ. cOJ cioj;Njhu; jdp cilikj;

jisapd;wp Rje;jpukhf> jd;dpiwNthL tho;e;jdu;. gpd;du; Vw;gl;l

epyTilikg; nghUshjhuk; Raeyj;ijAk; Ruz;ly;

kdg;Nghf;ifAk; tsu;j;Jtpl;lJ. epyf;fpohu;fs; epykw;Nwhupd;

ciog;gpy; tho;e;jdu;. fpuhkq;fspy; ciof;fhky; cz;Zk;

epyTilikahsu;fisg; Nghd;W efuq;fspy; njhopy; mjpgu;fs;

mjpfupj;J jPa nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; eilKiwf;F te;jd.

md;dpa ehzag; Gof;fk; jkpou;fspd; ehzaj;ijf; nfLj;jJ.

nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;T vd;Wkpy;yhj msTf;Fg; gzf;fhuu;

fSf;Fk;> ViofSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd ,ilntspiag;

ngupJgLj;jptpl;lJ. epyf;fpohu;fSk;> njhopy; mjpgu;fSk; ,d;g

Efu;r;rpapy; jpisf;f> Viofs; tWikapy; thbdu;.

3. rKjha fhuzq;fs;

ntspapypUe;J jkpo; ehl;Lf;F te;J FbNawpNahupd;

rKjha epiyg;ghl;lhy; jkpo;f; Fy rKjhaq;fSf;fpilNaahd

rkepiyAk;> rftho;Tk;> tpl;Lf; nfhLj;J thOk; epiyAk;

khwpg;Nghapw;W. Fwpg;ghf Ntj itjPf rhjp Ntw;Wik jkpou;fspd;

rKjha xw;Wikiar; rPu;Fiyj;J tpl;lJ. cau;rhjp-fPo;r;rhjp

NtWghL Nt&d;wpaJ. gpuk;kNja rKjhak; jkpo;ehl;by;

jdpj;jPthf cUntLj;jJ. murhq;fj;jpd; cjtpiaAk;>

ghJfhg;igAk; KOikahfg; ngw;wpUe;j Mupag; ghu;g;ghu;

me;jzu;fshfp> ek;gpf;iffshYk;> eilKiwfshYk;>

tof;fq;fshYk;> gpwuplkpUe;J khWgl;L rKjha NtWghl;ilj;

Njhw;Wtpj;jdu;. murhq;fr; rYiffSk;> trjpahd tho;f;ifAk;>

Xa;T NeuKk; ,tu;fsJ jdpj;Jtj;ijg; gyg;gLj;jpaJ.

,NjNghd;W efu kf;fSk; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpahYk;> gzg;

35

Gof;fj;jhYk; gy;NtW jPa rKjha gof;fq;fSf;Fg; gypahapdu;.

guk;giuahfj; njhlu;e;j Fbg;gof;fk; efu kf;fspilNa tpiuthfg;

gutyhapw;W. Fbg;gof;fj;NjhL guj;ijau; njhlu;Gk; mjpfupj;jJ.

"nry;tf;Fb Mltu;fSf;F tpgrhu tho;T r%f cupikahf khwpf;

nfhz;bUe;jJ"."

4.rkaf; fhuzq;fs;

rq;ffhy rKjhak; rkak;rhuh r%fkhf ,Ue;jJ.

kd;du;fSk; mtu;fsJ rka ek;gpf;ifia kf;fs;kPJ

jpzpf;ftpy;iy. kd;du;fSk;> kf;fSk; kj cupikia kjpj;jdu;.

,tu;fsJ rkak; rhuhg; nghJNehf;F tpag;Gf;FupaJ. Mdhy;

tlf;fpypUe;J te;j Ntj itjPf gpuhkz rkaKk;> ngsj;j rkz

rkaq;fSk; jq;fSf;Fs; Nghl;b Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L jkpo;ehl;bd;

rkag; nghJg; ghu;itiaf; FUlhf;fptpl;lJ! jkpou;fs;

rkaq;fspd; topg; gpupe;jdu;. jkpou;fspd; ,aw;if rhu;e;j rkak;>

Ntj itjPfg; gpuhkz rkak;> Gj;j rkak;> rkz rkak;

Mfpatw;Wf;fpilNa vOe;j Nghuhl;lq;fSk;> Nghl;bfSk; jkpo;r;

rKjhaj;jpd; rka mikjpia epue;jukhff; nfLj;Jtpl;ld. rkag;

nghJNehf;F fle;jfhyf; fdthapw;W. rkaf; fho;g;Gzu;r;rp

jkpou;fis rkatopg; gpupj;jJ. rhjp NtWghl;NlhL rka

NtWghLk; Nru;e;J nfhz;lJ. rka ek;gpf;iffs; jkpou;fisj;

njhw;WNeha;Nghy; gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. jkpo; ehl;by;

ek;gpf;iffSf;Fk; %l ek;gpf;iffSf;Fk; tpj;jpahrkw;w NtWghL

vd;w epiy cUthapw;W! rhjpiag; Nghd;Nw rkaKk; jkpo;r;

rKjhaj;ijg; gpupj;J gytPdg;gLj;jpaJ.

5) fyhr;rhu fhuzq;fs;

rq;ffhyr; rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu> r%f> rka

khw;wq;fs; kf;fspd; fyhr;rhuj;ijAk; ghjpj;jd. ,k;khw;wq;fSf;F

Kjypy; gypahdJ fy;tpjhd;. rq;ffhyj; jkpo; ehl;by; fw;wypd;

tha;e;j gpwg;gpy;iy' vd;W fUjg; gl;lJ. E}y;> murd;> Mrpupad;>

jha;> je;ij Mfpa ItUk; Iq;Futu; vd;W fUjg;gl;ldu;.

jpz;izg; gs;spfshapDk; fy;tp midtUf;Fk; nghJthf

,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ,e;epiy Mupa me;jzu;> ngsj;ju;fs;> rkzu;fs;

te;j gpd;du; mbNahL khwpg;Nghapw;W! kf;fSf;F Ntjf; fy;tpAk;>

ngsj;jf; fy;tpAk;> rkzf; fy;tpAk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. ,g;Gwr;

rkaj;jhu; jq;fSf;nfd jdpg; gs;spfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L

mtw;wpd; %yk; rkaf; fy;tp nfhLj;jdu;. jkpo; ehl;by; fy;tp

rkakakhf;fg;gl;lJ. nghUshjhu-rKjhar; rhjp-rka topg; gpupe;j

jkpou;fs; fy;tp topahfTk; gpupe;jdu;! rkak;rhuh nghJf;fy;tpf;Fg;

gjpy; rkak; rhu;e;j rpwg;Gf; fy;tp nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;

tpisthf ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fk; rkar; rhak; G+rg;gl;lJ. irt

36

,yf;fpak;> ngsj;j ,yf;fpak;> rkz ,yf;fpak; vd;W xU Gjpa

,yf;fpa rhjp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. rpyg;gjpfhuKk;> kzpNkfiyAk;

rka ,yf;fpaq;fshfr; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;ld. rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhyj;jpy;

rkaj;NjhL rhjpAk; ifNfhu;j;Jf; nfhz;lJ. “ehy;tif tUzj;J

mlq;fhj;jk;giy” vd;w rpyg;gjpfhu nrhw;nwhlu; ,ij

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhf cs;sJ. rq;ffhyg; guj;ijau; rpyg;gjpfhuf;

fhyf; fzpifau; Mapdu;. khjtp xU tpjptpyf;fhff; fhl;lg;

gl;lhu;. RUf;fkhfr; nrhd;dhy;> fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy; fyhr;rhu rPuopT

mjd; cr;rfl;lj;ij vl;baJ vdyhk;. murpay;> nghUshjhu>

rKjha> rka> fyhr;rhu rPu;NfLfs; fsg;gpuu; vspikahfj; jkpo;

ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;J> %Nte;ju;fisAk; Njhw;fbj;J>

Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhd fsj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jd.


7. ,aw;ifr; rPw;wj;jpypUe;J fhg;ghw;Wk; ,iwtd; ahu;?

8. ahUila fhyj;jpy; kw;Wk; ahuhy; jkpofj;jpy; Gj;j rkak;

mwpKfkhdJ.

9. njhy;fhg;gpa ciuahrpupauhd ,sk;G+udhu; ve;j rkaj;ij

rhu;e;jtu;?


1. coTk;> njhopYk;.

2. coitNa.

3. G+k;GfhUk;> KrpwpAk;.

4. FwpQ;rp epyk;.

5. fhu;j;jpif tpz;kPd;.

6. njd;Gyj;jhu; fld;.

7. ,e;jpud;.

8. mNrhfu; kw;Wk; ngsj;ju;fs;.

9. rkzu;.


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. gz;lkhw;W Kiw vd;why; vd;d?

2. Ie;jpizfs; Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.

37

3. rq;ffhyj;jpy; tptrhak; vt;thW ,Ue;jJ?

tpupthd tpdhf;fs;

1. rq;ffhyj;jpy; nghUshjhuh epiy Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu vOJf.

2. rq;ffhyj;jpy; kf;fspd; tho;f;if epiy Fwpj;J tpthjp.

3. rq;f fhyj;jpy; rkak; kw;Wk; mjd; jhf;fk; Fwpj;J tptup.


Subramania N. A History of Tamil Nadu up to 1336

Rg;gpukzpad; e. rq;ffhy tho;tpay;






Srinivasa Iyengar P.T. History of Tamils: from Earliest Times to 600 AD.

myF – 3

fsg;gpuu;fs;-Muk;gfhy ghz;bau;fs;

ghl mikg;G

3.1. Kd;Diu

3.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

3.3. fsg;gpuu;

3.3.1. fhy tud;Kiw

3.3.2. Kj;jiuau;fs;


3.3.4. fq;fu;fs;

3.3.5. Fwtu;fs;



38





3.5.1. murpay; epiy


3.5.3. rKjha epiy

3.5.4. rka epiy

3.5.5. fy;tp epiy

3.5.6. nkhop epiy

3.5.7. ,yf;fpak;


3.6.1. rpj;ju;fs;









3.10. ghz;bag; Nguuru;fs;> (575-920)

3.10.1. fLq;Nfhd;> (575-600)

3.10.2. khwtu;kd; mtdp R+shkzp> (600-645)

3.10.3. nropad; Nre;jd;> (645-670)

3.10.4. mupNfrup guhq;Frd; khwtu;kd;> (670-710)

3.10.4.1. NrhoUld; kzTwT


3.10.5. Nfhr;rilad; uzjPud;> (710-740)

3.10.6. Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; uh[rpk;kd;> (740-765)




39


3.10.6.5. Nte;ju; ts;sy;


3.10.7. ];uPkhw ];uPty;ygd;> (815-860)

3.10.7.1. ,yq;ifg; Nghu;


3.10.8. ,uz;lhk; tuFzd;> (860-880)



3.10.9. guhe;jf tPuehuhazd;> (880-900)

3.10.10. ,uz;lhk; uh[rpk;kd;> (900-920)




3.11.3. cs;shl;rp



3.11.6. rKjha epiy


3.11.8. rka epiy


3.11.10. fy;tp epiy

3.11.11. fl;blf;fiy






3.1. Kd;Diu

rq;ffhyj;Jf;F gpwF jkpofj;ij Ml;rp nra;Njhu;

fsg;gpuu;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; ntspapypUe;J

te;J jkpo; ehl;il Mf;fpukpj;jtu;fs; vd;gjpy; vt;tpj

40

IaKkpy;iy. fsg;gpuu;fs; Mjp muru;fshd Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba

kd;du;fis Kwpabj;jjd; %yk; rq;f fhyj;ij KbTf;Ff;

nfhz;L te;jtu;fs;. jkpo;ehl;il Kd;D}W Mz;LfSf;F Nky;

Ml;rp nra;jhu;fs;. ,tu;fsJ Ml;rpapd; NghJ jkpo;ehL Kjd;

Kiwahf xU Filapd; fPo;f; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. gu];gu

jw;nfhiyg; Nghu;fSf;F KbTfl;lg;gl;lJ. ty;yhl;rpapd;

tpisthf ehl;by; mikjpAk;> fl;Lg;ghLk; epytpw;W. ,yf;fpak;

jilapd;wp tsu;e;jJ. tptrhag; nghUshjhuk; tsk; ngw;wJ.

Jtf;fg; gs;spfspy; jkpo; %yk; fy;tp fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. rhjp> rka

NtWghbd;wp midtUf;Fk; rkr;rPu; fy;tp mspf;fg;gl;lJ. jpiz

kuG khwhky; G+k;Gfhiuj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp

nra;ag;gl;lJ. fsg;gpu kd;du;fs; jq;fs; nfhbapy; tpy;> Gyp>

fay; rpd;dq;fisg; nghwpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ kf;fisf; ftu;tjw;fhd

mur je;jpu cj;jpahFk;. fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; jkpo; ehl;bd; Mjp

muru;fshd Nru> Nrho> ghz;bau;fspd; mur guk;giu mope;J

Nghapw;W. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; kd;du;fSk;> FWepy kd;du;fSk;

,Ue;j ,lk; njupahky; kiwe;jdu;. jkpo;ehl;bd; rKjha> rkar;

rkepiy ntFthfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Gj;j> rkz rkaq;fspd;

Mjpf;fk; NkNyhq;fpaJ. rq;ffhy rkar; rhu;gw;w murhq;fk; rkar;

rhu;Gila murhq;fkhf cUkhw;wkile;jJ.

ghz;ba kugpdu; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpy; gok;ngUk;

ghuk;gupaj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;. rq;fk; itj;Jj; jkpo; tsu;j;j

ghz;bau; vd;w ngUikf;Fupatu;fs;. fsg;gpuu; rq;ffhyg; ghz;bau;

Ml;rpia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jdu;. mNjNghd;W njd; jkpo;

ehl;by; fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jtu;fs;

ghz;bau;fs;. ,k;khw;wj;ijr; nra;jtu; ghz;bad; fLq;Nfhd;.

ghz;bau; guk;giu jkpo;ehl;bd; kpfTk; njhz;ikahd mur

Fyq;fspy; xd;whFk;. fsg;gpuu; fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpd;du; gjpNdhW

ghz;bag; Nguuru;fs; 350 Mz;LfSf;F Nky; Ml;rp nra;Js;sdu;.

miw E}w;whz;L fhyk; Ml;rp nra;j guhe;jf neLQ;riladpd;

Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; NghJ ghz;bag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;F toptFj;jd

vd;gJ Fwpj;j epfo;Tfis gw;wp ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; fhzyhk;.

3.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


KbAk;

• fsg;gpuu;fspd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tPo;r;rpia mwpa

cjTfpwJ.

41

• fsg;gpuu;fspd; muru;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; epu;thfj;

jd;ik Fwpj;J tpsf;FfpwJ.

• Kw;fhy ghz;bau;fisg; gw;wp mwpa cjTfpwJ

•Kw;fhy ghz;bau;fspd; Ml;rp kw;Wk; epu;thf epiy

Fwpj;J mwpayhk;.

3.3. fsg;gpuu;

fsg;gpuu; vd;w nrhy; rk];fpUjr; nrhy;yhFk;. fs;tu;>

fstu; Mfpa nrhw;fs; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

Ntad;wp fsg;gpuu; vd;w nrhy; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;

ifahsg;gltpy;iy. Gj;jjj;jupd; tpeatpePr;rk; vd;w ghyp

nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l E}ypy; fhg;gf;Fyk; vd;w Fwpg;G njspthf

cs;sJ. nrg;NgLfspy; fsg;gpuu;> fypaiu vd;w nrhw;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf> fsg;gpud; vd;w ftpaurd; vd;w

nrhw;nwhlu; Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;Ngl;by; njspthff;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. nre;jiyf; fy;ntl;L ,uz;lhk; ngUk;gpLF

Kj;jiuaiu fy;tuf; fhtyd; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. RUq;ff;$wpd;>

fsg;uh vd;w tlnrhy;Ny fs;tuh-fsg;gpuu; vd;W kUtp te;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ..

3.3.1. fhy tud;Kiw

,d;iwa epiyapy; fpilf;ff;$ba rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L

fsg;gpuu; fhy tuyhw;W tud;Kiw (Chronoogy) nra;tJ ,ayhj

fhupak;. Gj;jNjtu; tho;e;j fhyk; fp.gp.450 vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.

fsg;gpuupd; mopTf;Ff; fhuzkhff; fUjg;gLk; gy;yt kd;dd;

rpk;k tp\;Z tho;e;j fhyk; fp.gp.560-580 vd;Wk;> ghz;ba kd;dd;

fLq;Nfhdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; fp.gp.575-600 vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ.

vdNt> rq;f fhyk; KbTw;wgpd; fp.gp.%d;whk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J

fp.gp.Mwhk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd %d;W E}w;whz;Lfisf;

fsg;gpuu; fhyk; vdf; fUjyhk;.

fsg;gpuu; ahu;? vd;w tpdhtpw;F tpil fhz Ntz;Lkhapd;

,tu;fsJ G+u;tPfj;ijg; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,tu;fs;

cs; ehl;ltuh> mz;il ehl;ltuh my;yJ maytuh vd;gij

cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. fsg;gpuu; ntsp ehl;ltu; vd;gjw;fhd

ve;jf; Fwpg;Gk; fpilf;fhikahy; ,tu;fs; cs;ehl;ltuh my;yJ

mz;il ehl;ltuh vd;gijf; fz;lwpa Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,Jgw;wp

Ma;T nra;jtu;fs; fsg;gpuu; jkpo; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtu;fs; vd;W

xU rhuhUk;> mz;il ehl;ltu; vd;W kw;nwhU rhuhUk;

fUJfpd;wdu;. ,jw;fhd jw;fhypf Cff; Nfhl;ghLfs;

42

(Hypothetical Concepts) my;yJ mDkhdq;fisAk;

nfhLj;Js;sdu;.

3.3.2. Kj;jiuau;fs;

gy;ytu;fspilNaAk;> ghz;bau;fspilNaAk; gzpahw;wpa

Kj;jiuau; kugpdNu fsg;gpuu;fs; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf>

nfhLk;ghD}u; Kj;jiuaNu fsg;gpuu; vd;W Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wdu;."

,f;Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F ,tu;fs; $Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;lhk; ngUk;gpLF

Kj;jiuad; 'fs;tu; fhtyd;' 'fsg;gpuf; fhtyd;' vd;w

gl;lg;ngau; ngw;wpUe;jhu; vd;gjhFk;. vdpDk;> fsg;gpuupy; xU

gpuptpdNu Kj;jiuau; vd;gij Muha;r;rp %yk;

cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;shu; vk;.v];.Nfhtpe;jrhkp. jkpo;ehl;Lf; FWepy

kd;du;fNs fsg;gpuu; vd;W $WNthUk; cz;L.


jkpo; ehtyu; rupij fsg;gpuiu nfhs;iff; $l;lj;jhuhf

rpj;jupf;fpwJ. ,tu;fsJ jiytd; fsg;ghsd; %Nte;jiuj;

Njhw;fbj;J> rpiwg;gpbj;J> jd;idg; Gfo;e;J ghlr;

nrhy;ypajhfTk;> mt;thNw mtu;fs; ghbajhfTk;> mjd;gpd;

jpy;iy eluhru; fsg;ghsDf;F Kb R+l;bajhfTk; Guhzr; nra;jp

$Wfpd;wJ. mJkl;Lky;y. fs;su; Fbiar; Nru;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLk;

$w;Wt ehadhUk;> ,ilr;Rop ehadhUk; fsg;gpuu; ,dj;jtu;

vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa Guhzk; fye;j ,yf;fpaj;

jfty;fs; fsg;gpuu; nfhs;isf; $l;lj;jtu; vd;w Cff;

Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F Mjhukhf cs;sJ.

3.3.4. fq;fu;fs;

fsg;gpuu; fq;fu;fNs (Gangas) vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,tu;fs;

fp.gp. ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;by; ikR+upd; ngUk; gFjpia cs;slf;fpa

fq;f ehl;ilj; Njhw;Wtpj;jdu;. jz;bfh vd;w nfhq;fdptu;kd;

,e;ehl;il cUthf;fpdhu;. jkpo; ehl;ilj; jhf;fpf;

ifg;gw;wpatu;fs; fq;fu;fNs vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,f;$w;Wf;Ff;

fhuzkhf Rq;fUk;> fsg;gpuUk; ahidr; rpd;dj;ijf;

nfhz;bUe;jdu;. Mdhy;> fhyj;jhy; gpw;gl;l fq;fu;fs; ghz;baiu

ntd;W jkpo; ehl;by; fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdu; vd;w

Nfhl;ghL ek;gf;$bajhf ,y;iy vd;W epuhfupf;fg;gLfpwJ.

3.3.5. Fwtu;fs;

jkpo;ehl;Lf; Fwtu;fs; Ntq;fl kiyf;Ff; FbNawp>

ahidfisg; gpbj;Jg; gof;fp> kiyg; ghk;GfsplkpUe;J jq;fisg;

ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. ,tu;fNs fsg;gpuu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;

43

vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; ngha;if Mo;thu;. Fwgh vd;gjd; kUtNy

fsg;gpuu; vd;gu;. ,f;Nfhl;ghl;Lf;Fr; rhd;whf Fwtu;fs; Nryk;>

Nfhit> ePyfpupapy; tho;tjhfTk;; Fwghy Nfhl;lh> Fwghyg; gl;b>

FwgehfyhGuk;> Fwghyghisak;> Fwk;ghg;gl;b> FWghu`y;yp

Nghd;w Cu;g; ngau;fs; cs;sjhfTk; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

jpUg;gjp kiyfSk;> mtw;iwr; Rw;wp ,Ue;j ,lq;fSk; ,tu;fsJ

fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jjhfTk;> mtw;iwg; gy;ytu;fs; ifg;gw;wpdu;

vd;Wk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.


fu;ehlff; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fypFyd;> fypNjtd; Mfpa

ngau;fs; fhzg; gLfpd;wd. NkYk; fu;ehlf kd;dd; xUtd;

ghz;ba ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jjhfTk;> mtuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;

irtk; mope;J rkzk; nropj;jJ vd;Wk; ngupa Guhzj;jpy; Fwpg;G

cs;sJ. vdNt> fsg;gpuu;fs; fu;ehlfg; gFjpapypUe;J jkpo;

ehl;Lf;Ff; Fb ngau;e;jtu;fNs vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. jw;Nghija

Ma;T epiyapy; fsg;gpuu; fu;ehlf ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtu;fs; vd;w

Nfhl;ghl;Lf;Ff; fUj;njhw;Wik cs;sJ.


fu;ehlff; fsg;gpu kd;du;fs; mur Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;.

,tu;fs; njhz;il kz;lyj;jpy; epytpa epiyaw;w neUf;fbr;

R+o;epiyiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L mg;gFjpia Mf;fpukpj;Jf;

nfhz;ldu;. gpd;du; Nrho ehl;by; thupRupikg; Nghl;bahy; Vw;gl;l

Fog;gj;ijj; jq;fSf;Fr; rhjfkhf;fpf; nfhz;L mg;gFjpiaAk;

ifafg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. njhz;il kz;lyj;ijAk;> Nrho

kz;lyj;ijAk; trg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l fsg;gpuu; ghz;ba

kz;lyj;ijAk;> Nru kz;lyj;ijAk; jq;fsJ Ml;rpf;

Filapd;fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jdu;.


Xuhl;rp

fsg;gpuupy; rpe;jidj; njspTk;> nray; tpNtfKk; kpf;ftu;

mr;Rj tpf;fpukd;. jkpo; ehl;il Ml;rp nra;j Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba

kd;du;fis ntw;wp nfhz;L jkpo; ehl;il xU Ml;rpf; Filapd;

fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jhu;. Kg;ngUk; kd;du;fs;> gy FWepy

kd;du;fspd; fPo; gpupTgl;L> rpjwpf;fple;j jkpofj;ij xU Ml;rpf;F

cl;gLj;jpdhu;. xU ehl;Lf;Fs; %d;W ehLfs;- Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba

vd;w Ml;rp Kuz;ghl;Lf;F (Anachronism) Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;jhu;.

44

jkpo; kd;du;fspd; rpd;dq;fshd tpy;> Gyp> fay; Mfpatw;iw

jdJ nfhbapy; nghwpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. mr;Rj tpf;fpukd;

xd;WgLj;jg;gl;l jkpofj;jpd; jdpg; ngUk; jiytuhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;.

mbikg;gl;l jkpou;fs; ehl;L xUikg;ghl;bd;> Ml;rp xw;Wikapd;

,d;wpaikahik gw;wpa gy ghlj;ijf; fw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;.


mr;Rj tpf;fpukd; Gj;jjj;jupd; Gutyu;. Gj;jjj;ju; cufGuh

vd;w Cupy; tho;e;jtu;. njuthbd; Gj;j rkaj;jpd; jd;dpfuw;w

jj;Jtu;> ciuahrpupau;. Nrho ehl;by; Gj;j kq;fsfhkk; vd;w

,lj;jpy; mike;jpUe;j Gj;j klj;jpy; jq;fp mtuJ E}y;fis

vOjpdhu;. ,tu; tpda tpspr;rah> cj;ju tpdpr;rah> mgpjk;k

ahj;jpiu> &g&g tpgfh> kJuutpyhrk;> [ptpayq;fhuk; Mfpa

E}y;fisg; ghyp nghopapy; vOjpdhu;. Gj;jNfhru; vd;w kw;nwhU

Gj;j Nkij jkpofj;jpy; tho;e;j Gj;jjj;jupd; rkfhyj;jtu; vd;W

$wg;gLfpwJ. Gj;jjj;jupd; mgpjk;kahj;jpiu vd;w E}y; mr;Rj

tpf;fpukdpd; mitf;fsj;jpy; muq;Nfw;wg;gl;lJ.


mr;Rj tpf;fpukdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Gj;j rkz rkaq;fs;

jkpo; ehl;by; kpFe;j nry;thf;ifg; ngw;wd. me;jzu;fSf;F

mspf;fg;gl;bUe;j epyf;nfhilfshfpa gpuk;kNja fpuhkq;fis

ehl;Llikahf;fp rkj;Jt rKjhaj;Jf;F toptFj;jhu;. ,tuJ

Ml;rpapd; fPo; Ntj itjPf rkaj;jhu; kjkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l

jhfNth my;yJ nfhLikg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfNth njupatpy;iy.

mr;Rj tpf;fpukd; Gj;j rkz rkaq;fis Mjupj;jNghjpYk;>

itjPf rkaj;jhiu jil nra;aNth> jz;bf;fNthapy;iy.

mNjNghd;W mr;Rjtpf;fpukd; ghyp nkhopia Mjupj;jijg; Nghd;W

jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; Cf;Ftpj;jhu;

.


3.5.1. murpay; epiy

fsg;gpuu; Ml;rp aNjr;rhjpfhu Kbahl;rp ty;yhl;rpahFk;.

fsg;gpu kd;du; fl;Lg;ghlw;w mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;.

,t;thl;rp rkak; rhu;e;j Ml;rp (Theoracy) MFk;. midj;J

mjpfhuq;fSk; ika Ml;rpapy; Ftpf;fg; gl;bUe;jd. efu> fpuhk

Rahl;rp kd;wq;fs; kjpg;gpoe;jd; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ld. Ik;ngUq;FO>

vz;Nguhak; Nghd;w MNyhrid mikg;Gfs; vJTk; ,Ue;jjhfj;

njupatpy;iy. Gj;j> rkzj; Jwtpfs; MNyhrfu;fshf

45

,Ue;jpUf;ff; $Lk;. Mjp muru;fSf;Fg; gjpy; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;w

fsg;gpuu;fs; jkpo; ehl;by; typikkpf;f ty;yhl;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdu;.


fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; fpuhkg; nghUshjhuj;jpy;

khngUk; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. me;jzu;fs; ghuk;gupakhf mDgtpj;J

te;j ,iwapyp epyq;fs; midj;Jk; jpUk;gg; ngwg;gl;L

cotu;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld. epykpoe;Njhu; ,oe;j epyq;fisg;

ngw;wdu;. Fwpg;ghf> jdpegu; ,iwapypahf ,Ue;j Nts;tpf;Fb

fpuhkk; kf;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. ,NjNghd;W Njtjhd

fpuhkq;fSk;> KiwNflhff; ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;l fpuhkq;fSk;

kPl;fg;gl;ld. ,tw;wpd; tpisthf epy cupikapy; mbg;gil

khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. Ntshz;ikf;F Kd;Dupik mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

ney;Yk;> jpidAk;> gpw tptrha tpis nghUl;fSk; ed;F

tpise;jd. Nghu;fsw;w ehl;by; fpuhkg; nghUshjhuk; gy;fpg;

ngUfpaJ. ,NjNghd;W jiyefu; fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdk; tu;j;jf>

tzpf ikakhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. mNjNghd;W kJiu> tQ;rp> fhQ;rp

Mfpa efuq;fSk; nry;tr; nropg;Gld; ,Ue;jd.

3.5.3. rKjha epiy

fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; jkpo; ehl;by; rhjPa mePjpfSk;> Vw;wj;

jho;TfSk;> NtWghLfSk;> khWghLfSk; fisag;gl;ld.

cau;rhjp-fPo;r;rhjp vd;w rhjpg; ghFghL mbNahL mfw;wg;gl;lJ.

Gj;j> rkzj; Jwtpfs; mbj;jl;L kf;fNshL gofp> mtu;fs; Ngrpa

nkhop %yk; njhlu;G nfhz;L> rkj;Jt rKjhak; Vw;gLtjw;fhd

Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. Gj;j-rkz rkaq;fs;> Ntj-itjPf

rhjp Kiwf;F tpNuhjkhdit. vdNt> rhjp Ntw;Wikfisf;

fistjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. jpU%yu; Nghd;w

rpj;ju;fs; ,r;r%f rPu;jpUj;j Kaw;rpf;F cWJizahf ,Ue;jdu;.

rKjha xOf;f newpfSk;> epajpfSk; typAWj;jg;gl;ld.

3.5.4. rka epiy

fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpapd; fPo; jkpo; ehl;Lr; rka epiyapy;

jiyfPo; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. Ntj-itjPf rkak; nry;thf;fpoe;jJ.

mjw;Fg; gjpyhf Gj;j> rkz rkaq;fs; nry;thf;F ngw;wd. ,it

muR rkaq;fshapd. muRk; rkakakhf;fg;gl;lJ. rq;ffhy

cyfpay; rhu;e;j rkar; rhu;gw;wg; nghJNehf;F (Secular

Outlook) iftplg;gl;lJ. jkpo; ehnlq;Fk; Gj;j> rkz

klq;fSk;> rq;fq;fSk; gy;fpg; ngUfpd. Gj;j> rkzj; Jwtpfs;

jkpo; ehnlq;Fk; rkag; gpur;rhuk; Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.

gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd jkpou;fs; ,g;Gwr; rkaq;fisj; jOtpdu;.

46

jkpo; ehl;Lg; ngz;fs; gyu; JwT Nkw;nfhz;L J}a;ikahd

tho;f;iff;F topfhl;bdu;. rkaj; jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfSk;>

,f;Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpthjq;fSk; jkpo;r; rKjhaj;ij

rkak;rhuh Nehf;fpypUe;J rkak; rhu;e;j Nehf;fpw;Fj; jpir

jpUg;gptpl;lJ. RUq;ff;$wpd;> jkpo; ehl;by; murhq;f MjuTld;

Gj;j> rkz ehj;jpf rkaq;fspd; if NkNyhq;fpaJ. gy

flTsu;fSf;Fg; gjpy; xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd flTs; vd;w xU

flTs; nfhs;if nry;thf;F ngw;wJ.

3.5.5. fy;tp epiy

fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;Lf; fy;tp epiyapy; tpaj;jF

tsu;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ. E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Gj;j> rkzg; gs;spfs;

jpwf;fg;gl;ld. ,g;gs;spfis Gj;j> rkzj; Jwtpfs; elj;jpdu;.

fbfhf;fs; (Ghatikas) vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,f;fbifg;

gs;spfspy; rhjp> rka> epw> Fy NtWghLfspd;wp midj;Jg; gpupT

khztu;fSk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;. rkaf; fy;tpNahL

tho;tpay; xOf;ff; fy;tpAk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. rkaj;ijtpl

tho;f;if xOf;fj;Jf;Nf Kjyplk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. fl;Lg;ghl;Lld;

$ba fy;tp midtUf;Fk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,r;rkr;rPu;f; fy;tp

fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; eilngw;w fy;tpg; Gul;rpahFk;.

jpUg;ghjpupg;GypA+upy; nray;gl;l rkzg; gs;sp ,g;Gul;rpapd;

epiyf;fskhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. Gj;jjj;ju;> Gj;jNfhru;> Nghjpju;ku;>

ju;kghyu;> jpd;dfu;> ru;tee;jp> t[;uee;jp Nghd;w gpugy rkzj;

Jwtpfs; ,f;fy;tpg; Gul;rpapd; J}z;fshfj; jpfo;e;jdu;. Nghjp

ju;kUk;> ju;kghyUk; ehye;jh gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy;

Nguhrpupau;fshfg; gzpahw;wpdu;. fhQ;rpapy; gpwe;j Nghjpju;kUf;Fr;

rPdhtpYk;> [g;ghdpYk; epidTf; Nfhapy;fs; vOg;gg;gl;ld.

jpd;dfu; ngUk; Gfo; ngw;w ju;f;f epGzuhthu;. ,tUila E}y;fs;

ehye;jh gy;fiyf; fof khztu;fSf;Fg; ghlg; Gj;jfq;fshfg;

gad;gl;ld. rkzj; Jwtpfs; gd;nkhopg; Gytu;fs;. gs;spfspy;

jkpo; ghl nkhopahfTk; gapw;W nkhopahfTk; ,Ue;jJ.

rkzu;fisg; Nghd;Nw Gj;jj; JwtpfSk; fy;tpg; gzpapy;

Mu;tj;Jld; <Lgl;ldu;. Gj;j tpfhu;fs; ,g;gzpia Nkw;nfhz;ld.

rpwe;j Gj;j rkaj; Jwtpfs; ey;yhrpupau;fshfg; gzpahw;wpdu;.

,tu;fspy; gyu; tl ehl;L ehye;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld;

neUq;fpa njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jdu;. G+k;Gfhu;> ehif> Gj;jkq;fyk;>

kapyhLJiw> ciwA+u; Mfpait Kf;fpa Gj;j fy;tp

ikaq;fshfr; nray;gl;ld. fhQ;rp> fbfhryk;> th$u; Mfpa

,lq;fspy; fy;Y}upfs; nray;gl;ld.

47

3.5.6. nkhop epiy

jkpo; gapw;W nkhopahf ,Ue;jijg; Nghd;W gpuhfpUjk;

,yf;fpa nkhopahf ,Ue;jJ. gpuhfpUj nkhopf;F ,izahfg;

ghyp nkhopAk; gpugykile;jJ. mNjNghd;W rk];fpUjKk;

,yf;fpa nkhopahapw;W. gy Gj;j E}y;fs; ghyp nkhopapy;

gilf;fg;gl;ld. jkpo; gs;spfspy; gapw;W nkhopahfTk;> ,yf;fpa

nkhopahfTk; rpwg;Gw;wd. fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;l

fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSk;> gpw mw E}y;fSk; jkpo; nkhopapNyNa

,aw;wg;gl;ld.

3.5.7. ,yf;fpak;

fsg;gpuu; fhyk; jkpo; ,yf;fpag; nghw;fhyk; vd;W $wyhk;.

gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy; kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikahdit

fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; ,aw;wg; gl;lit. ,tw;iwg; gw;wp RUf;fkhff;

fhzyhk;: ehybahu;. ehD}W ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;l ,e;E}iyj;

njhFj;jtu; gJkdhu; vd;w rkzu;. ehybahu; ctikfspd;

ciwtplk;. cjhuzj;Jf;F: 'fy;tp fiuapy> fw;gtu; ehs;rpy; eha;

fbj;jhy; mijj; jpUg;gpf; fbg;ghu; cz;Nlhgonkhop ehD}W.

,jd; Mrpupau; %d;Wiw miuadhu;. xt;nthU ghlypd; ehd;fhtJ

mbapy; gonkhop tUtjhf mike;Js;sJ. cjhuzkhf>

fy;NjAk;> NjahJ nrhy;. EzYk; jd; thahy; nfLk;. ghk;gwpAk;

ghk;gpd; fhy;. ehd;kzpf;fbif. ,jw;F ehd;F kzpfs; gjpj;j

eif vd;W nghUs;. xt;nthU ghlypYk; ehd;F fUj;Jf;fs; ,lk;

ngw;wpUf;Fk;. jpupfLfk;. ,jd; Mrpupau; ey;yhjdhu;. Rf;F> kpsF>

jpg;gpyp Mfpa %d;Wk; fye;jJ jpupfLfk;. cly; Neha;f;F ey;y

kUe;J. fztd;-kidtp kfpo;r;rpahf tho;tJ vg;gb? vd;w

tpdhTf;fhd tpil ,jpy; cs;sJ. rpWgQ;r%yk;. fhupahrhd;

,aw;wpa ,e;E}ypy; gQ;rj;ij kio Nghf;Ftijg; Nghd;W cly;

Nehia rpWgQ;r%yk; ePf;Fk; vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU

ghlypYk; Ie;J fUj;Jf;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. Vyhjp. kUe;jpd;

ngaiuf; nfhz;l ,e;E}ypy; Vyk;> ,ytq;fk;> ehtw;G+> Rf;F>

kpsF> jpg;gpyp Mfpa MW nghUl;fspd; fyit cly; Nehiaj;

jPu;g;gijg; Nghd;W xt;nthU ntz;ghtpYk; MW jfty;fs;

cs;sd. ,jd; Mrpupau; fzpNkjhtpahu;. xU ghlypy;

clw;gapw;rpapd; rpwg;G $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mrhuf;Nfhit. faj;J}u;

ngUthapy; Ks;spahu; vOjpAs;s ,e;E}ypy; xOf;fq;fs;

Nfhu;itahff; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. tlnkhop kuignahl;b vOjg;gl;l

,jpy; xOf;fj;Jf;fhd vl;L Fzq;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd: 1)

ed;wp mwpjy;; 2) nghiw cilik; 3) ,d;nrhy;; 4) ,d;dhr; nrhy;;

5) vt;Tapu;f;Fk; CW nra;ahik; 6) fy;tp; 7) xg;GuT; 8) ey;

,dj;jhNuhL el;ly;. xt;nthUtUk; fhiy vOe;jjpypUe;J ,uT

cwq;fg;NghFk; tiu vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W

48

gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,d;dh ehw;gJ. fgpyu; vOjpAs;s ,e;E}ypy;

ehw;gJ ntz;ghf;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. xt;nthU ntz;ghtpYk;

,d;dh vd;w nrhy; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g tUk;. ,dpait ehw;gJ.

G+jQ;Nrj;jdhu; vOjpAs;s ,e;E}ypy; ehw;gJ ghly;fs; cs;sd.

,tw;iwr; nra;af;$lhJ vd;W $Wtjd; %yk; ,tw;iwr; nra;a

Ntz;Lk; vd;W vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf>

fy;yhjhNuhL Nruhik> Ik;nghwpia mlf;fhjtd; ,d;dh> Cidj;

jpd;W Cidg; ngUf;Fjy; Kd; ,d;dh. KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp. kJiu

$lY}u; fpohu; vOjpa ,e;E}ypy; gy gonkhopfs; cs;sd. gj;J

gpupTfs; nfhz;l ,e;E}ypy; xt;nthU gj;jpYk; gj;Jg; ghly;fs;

cs;sd. rpy gonkhopfs; tUkhW: fw;wypd; fw;whiu topgLjy;

rpwe;jd;W; nghUs; kPJ Mir nfhz;ltd; ePjp Ngzkhl;lhd;;

czu;T ,y;yhu;f;F tho;Tk; rhNt; mwpahj; Njrj;J Mr;rhuk;

gopahu;. jpiznkhop Ik;gJ. fz;zd; Nrj;jdhu; ,aw;wpa

,e;E}ypy; FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy jpizf;Fg;

gj;Jg; ghly;fs; tPjk; Ik;gJ ghly;fs; cs;sd. ahOk;> FoYk;>

KOTk; mUtpapd; ,dpa Xirf;F ctikahff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ. Mrpupau; khwd; nghiwadhu;. ,e;E}ypYk;

jpizf;Fg; gj;Jg; ghly;fs; cs;sd. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;ij

epidT+l;Lk; ,e;j E}ypy; rkag; nghiwAilik

typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ. mNjNghd;W fhjyd;-fhjyp gpupTj; Jd;gk;

Ngrg;gLfpwJ. Ie;jpiz vOgJ. Ie;J jpizfisg; gw;wpa vOgJ

ghf;fs; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ.

khiy Nghy; njhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;E}ypy; jpizf;F Kg;gJ

ghly;fs; tPjk; E}w;iwk;gJ ghly;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. fhu;

ehw;gJ. ,e;E}y; fhu;fhyj;ij tu;zpf;fpd;wJ. ife;epiy. ,e;E}y;

Ie;jpiz xOf;fj;ij tptupf;fpwJ. fstop ehw;gJ>

Nghu;f;fsj;ijg; gw;wpa ehw;gJ ghly;fs; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;

ngw;Ws;sd. ,itad;wp Gj;j> rkz xOf;ff; fUj;Jf;fis

cs;slf;fpa gy mwE}y;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws;

Kf;fpakhdit: ,d;dpiy; xsitahupd; Mj;jpr;R+b>

nfhd;iwNte;jd;> ey;top; mwnewpr;rhuk;; mUq;fr; nrg;G; ntw;wp

Ntw;if; ePjp newp tpsf;fk;; cyf ePjp. ,itahTk; ePjp

E}y;fshFk;.


fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; gpuhfpUjKk;> rk];fpUjKk; kpFe;j

nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;jd. jpUg;ghjpupg;GypA+upypUe;j ru;tee;jp Nyhf

tpahgfk; vd;w E}iy rk];fpUjj;jpy; nkhop ngau;j;jhu;.

Gj;jjj;jUk;> Gj;jNfhrUk; gy E}y;fisg; gilj;jij Kd;dNu

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;Nshk;. jpUg;gUj;jpf;Fd;wj;jpy; tho;e;j rkzj; Jwtp

49

rkz rkag; gzpf;fhf kJiuapy; kJiu jpuhtpl (jpukps)

rq;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;.

3.6.1. rpj;ju;fs;

fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; rpj;ju;fs; rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;fpdu;. FwpQ;rp

epyk; rpj;ju;fspd; rpe;jid ee;jtdkhapw;W. Fd;WfNs mtu;fs;

tho;e;j Qhdf; Nfhapy;fs;. kUj;Jt Muha;r;rpNa mtu;fsJ

gpujhdj; njhopyhf ,Ue;jJ. rpj;ju;fs; jkpo; ehl;by; mwptpay;

rpe;jidf;F mbj;jskpl;ldu;. Vuhskhd E}y;fis vOjpdu;.

rpj;ju;fspd; rpe;jidf; fUT+yq;fshfj; jpfOk; E}y;fs; Xiyr;

Rtbfspy; vOjpf; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;ld. ,tu;fsJ kUj;Jt KiwNa

gpd;du; rpj;j kUj;Jtkhf rpwg;Gw;wJ. nghJthf rpj;ju;fs; rKjha

rka rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbfs;. Fwpg;ghf ,tu;fs; rhjp

Kiwf;F vjpuhdtu;fs;. mtu;fSila rKjha Nehf;Fk;> Nghf;Fk;

r%fr; rPu;jpUj;j Nehf;FilajhFk;. fsg;gpuu; fhyr; rpj;ju;fSs;

Kd;dpiy tfpg;gtu; jpU%yu; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwhu;. MapDk; ,tu;

tho;e;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa fUj;J NtWghL cs;sJ. vdpDk;>

,tu; Njthu Mrpupau;fSf;F Kw;gl;ltu; vd;gjpy; fUj;njhw;Wik

cs;sJ. cly; eyDf;Fk;> cly; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; rpwg;gplk;

nfhLj;jtu; jpU%yu;. MNuhf;fpakhd clYk;> kdKk; xU

ehzaj;jpd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fisg; Nghd;wit vd;gJ jpU%yupd;

mirf;f Kbahj thjk;. fhw;W (thjk;)> neUg;G (gpj;jk;)> ePu;

(rpNyhj;Jkk;) Mfpatw;iw ruptpfpjj;jpy; nghUj;jp midj;J

Neha;fisAk; cliy neUq;fhky; jLf;f ,aYk; vd;whu;.

“clk;ig tsu;j;Njd; capu; tsu;j;NjNd” vd;gJ jpU%yupd;

jPu;f;fkhd KbT.


fsg;gpuu;fsJ tPo;r;rpAk; mtu;fsJ vOr;rpiag; Nghd;Nw

jf;fr; rhd;WfSld; tpsf;f Kbahj tpisthf cs;sJ.

,tu;fsJ tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fshtd: fsg;gpuu;fs; jkpo; ehl;bd;

kPJ ntl;Lf;fpspfs; Nghd;W gilnaLj;J te;J> jkpo;ehl;Lj;

Njhl;lj;ij ehrk; nra;J> guk;giuahf te;j Nru> Nrho>

ghz;bau;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J> ifJ nra;J mtkjpj;jijj;

jkpou;fs; kd;dpf;fj; jahuhf ,y;iy. fsg;gpu kd;du;fs; rka

kWg;ghsu;fs; (Heritics). ,tu;fs; ehj;jpa rkaq;fshd Gj;j>

rkz rkaq;fis Mjupj;J> ghJfhg;gspj;J> Kd;dpiyg;

gLj;jpaJ kf;fSf;Fg; gpbf;ftpy;iy. Gj;j> rkzj; Jwtpfspd;

fy;tp> kUj;Jt> r%f rPu;jpUj;j Kaw;rpfisj; jkpo;ehl;L kf;fs;

Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhYk; fsg;gpuu;fspd; rka Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;f;fNt

nra;jdu;. rkak; rhu;e;j aNjr;rhjpfhu ty;yhl;rp Mykuj;jpd; fPo;

50

Rje;jpu Rahl;rp efu> fpuhk kd;wq;fs; vd;w nrbfs; tsu

Kbahky; Nghapw;W. ,ay;ghfNt jd;dhl;rp ehl;lKila kf;fs;

Gy;ypjo; [dehafk; (Grass-root Democracy) gl;Lg;Nghtij

tpUk;gtpy;iy. ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf gpuhkzu;fs; mDgtpj;J te;j

gpuk;kNja fpuhkq;fisg; gwpj;Jf; nfhz;ljd; %yk; mtu;fSila

jPuhg; gifiaf; fsg;gpuu;fs; Njbf; nfhz;ldu;. fsg;gpuu;fs;

jkpou;fis Kd;D}W Mz;LfSf;F Nky; Ml;rp nra;jdu;. jkpOk;>

jkpo; ,yf;fpaKk; mtu;fsJ Ml;rpapd; fPo; nropj;J tsu;e;jJ.

jkpo; %yk; gs;spfspy; ghlq;fs; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. jpiz tho;f;if

Kiw ePbf;fNt nra;jJ. vdpDk; fsg;gpuu;fs; jkpo; ehl;L clypy;

Fj;jpa md;dpa Kl;fshfNt ,Ue;jdu;. kf;fspd; fyhr;rhuj;jpy;

fiue;J fiye;Jtplhky; jhkiu ,iyj; jz;zPiug; Nghy;

xl;bAk; xl;lhkYk; ,Ue;jdu;. jkpo;ehl;L kf;fs; mtu;fis

md;dpau;fshfNt fUjpdu;. vdNt> kf;fs; gu tho;f;ifapy;

fsg;gpuupd; nfhLq;Nfhyhl;rpf;Fg; gzpe;jhYk;> mftho;f;ifapy;

tpLjiyiaNa tpUk;gpdu;. mjdhy;jhd; ghz;ba kd;dd;

fLq;Nfhd; fsg;gpuUf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;jNghJ kf;fs;

mtUf;F KO MjuitAk; mspj;jdu;. mNjNghd;W> gy;yt

kd;dd; rpk;k tp\;Z njhz;il kz;lyj;ijAk;> mjd;

Nkyhz;ikapd; fPo; ,Ue;j Nrho kz;lyj;ijAk; tpLtpf;f

Kw;gl;l NghJ ,U kz;lyq;fspd; kf;fSk; mtUf;F xj;Jiog;G

nfhLj;jdu;. kf;fspd; NguhjuTld; jkpo;ehl;by; fsg;gpuu; Ml;rp

KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. fsg;gpuu; Kw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L

tuyhw;wpy; xU mj;jpahakhapdu;.


fsg;gpuu; fhyk; ePz;l tuyhw;W ,uT vd;W

tu;zpf;fg;gLfpwJ. jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;iw kiwj;j Nkff;

$l;lkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gbf; $wg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d?

1) fsg;gpu fhyj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd Nghjpa>

rupghu;j;J xg;gpl;L cWjp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd rhd;Wfs;

fpilf;ftpy;iyahjyhy; ,f;fhyk; ,Uz;l fhykhf cs;sJ.

Nghjpa Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;Fk; NghJ ,f;fhyk; xspngwf;$Lk;. 2)

fsg;gpuh kd;du;fs; rpy tFg;gpdUf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;j

,iwapyp epyq;fisg; gwpj;Jf; nfhz;L> Ntj itjPf

rkaj;ijAk;> rkar; rlq;FfisAk; jil nra;jdu;. ,e;eltbf;if

fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu;f;F fsg;gpuu; fhyk; ,Uz;l fhykhff;

fhl;rpaspj;jJ. 3) rq;f fhyj;jpy; Ntj itjPf rkak;> Gj;j>

rkz rkaq;fSf;fpilNa Nghl;b epytpaJ. fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy;

,g;Nghl;bf;F KbT fl;lg;gl;L Gj;j> rkz rkaq;fs; Mjpf;fr;

rkaq;fshapd. vdNt ,g;Nghl;bapy; Njhy;tpAw;NwhUf;Ff; fsg;gpuu;

fhyk; ,Uz;l fhykhff; fhl;rpaspj;jJ. 4) fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy;

51

ele;jit vy;yhk; jPaitNa; fsg;gpuu;fs; gz;ghl;Lg; giftu;fs;;

njhw;WNeha; Nghy; gutpatu;fs;; ,tu;fspd; tUifahy; jkpo;ehL

Njf;fkile;jJ vd;W rpj;jupg;gjw;fhff; fsg;gpuu; fhyk; ,Uz;l

fhyk; vd;W tu;zpf;fg;gl;lJ. 5) fsg;gpuu; gw;wp vOjpatu;fs;

jpl;lkpl;Nl ,tu;fisg; gw;wpa jfty;fis ,Ul;lbg;G nra;jdu;.

Mtzq;fspypUe;J ,tu;fsJ rhjidfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs;

ePf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld (Expunged). ,jdhy; fsg;gpuiug; gw;wpa

tptuq;fs; tuyhw;wpd; ,Uz;l mj;jpahaj;Jf;Fs; Gije;J tpl;ld.

6) jpl;lkpl;Nl fsg;gpuu; gw;wpa rhd;Wfs; mopf;fg;gl;bUf;f

Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; 300 Mz;LfSf;F Nky; jkpo; ehl;il Ml;rp

nra;jtu;fs; Nghjpa jlaq;fis tpl;Lr; nry;yhkyh

NghapUg;ghu;fs;? md;G; mfpk;ir; mwk;; r%f rka rkj;Jtk;;

jdpkdpj nghJ xOf;fk;> fl;Lg;ghL> rkr;rPu; fy;tp; Ntshz;ik

tsu;r;rp; ,yf;fpa vOr;rp> ehl;nlhw;Wik Mfpatw;iwg;

Ngzpf;fhj;Njhu; tho;e;j fhyj;ij ,Uz;l fhyk; vdf; $WtJ

Kjpu;r;rpailahj Kd;fzpg;ghFk;.


1. Gj;jjj;juhy; vOjg;gl;l E}ypd; ngau;?

2. fsg;gpuu;fs; ve;jg; gFjpapypUe;J jkpo; ehl;Lf;Ff; Fb

ngau;e;jtu;fs;?

3. ve;jg; fsg;gpuu; kd;du; jkpo; ehl;il xU Ml;rpf; Filapd;

fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jhu;?

4. ahu; ehye;jh gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; Nguhrpupau;fshfg;

gzpahw;wpdu;?

5. “clk;ig tsu;j;Njd; capu; tsu;j;NjNd” vd;gJ ahUila

jPu;f;fkhd KbT?


ghz;bau;

ghz;bau; vd;w nrhy; ghz;b vd;w jkpo;r; nrhy;ypypUe;J

ngwg;gl;ljhFk;. ghz;b vd;why; vUJ vd;W nghUs;. mjhtJ

Mz;ikf;Fk;> tPuj;Jf;Fk; milahskhf tpsq;FtJ. ,r;nrhy;

gok;ngUk; ehL vd;w nghUspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ghz;ba

kugpdu; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpy; gok;ngUk; ghuk;gupaj;ijr;

Nru;e;jtu;fs;. rq;fk; itj;Jj; jkpo; tsu;j;j ghz;bau; vd;w

ngUikf;Fupatu;fs;. fsg;gpuu; ,ilntsp ePq;fyhf ,tu;fSf;Fj;

njhlu;r;rpahd tuyhW cz;L. fsg;gpuu; rq;ffhyg; ghz;bau;

Ml;rpia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jdu;. mNjNghd;W njd; jkpo;

52

ehl;by; fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jtu;fs;

ghz;bau;fs;. ,k;khw;wj;ijr; nra;jtu; ghz;bad; fLq;Nfhd;.



fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs; ghz;bag; Nguuru;fisg; gw;wpj;

njupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; ngupJk; gad;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy;

Mapuf;fzf;fhd fy;ntl;Lfs; ,Ug;gpDk; ,tw;Ws; gy rpijTw;w

epiyapNyNa cs;sd. fpilf;fpd;w Fiwthd fy;ntl;Lj;

jfty;fSk; Nfhapy;fSf;Fk;> gpuhkzu;fSf;Fk; mspf;fg;gl;l

mwf;nfhilfs; gw;wpadthf cs;sd. NrukhNjtp fy;ntl;L

epytup Ml;rp Kiwiag; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.

thdpay; gw;wpa fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs; njspthf ,y;iy.

,tw;iwf; nfhz;L ghz;baupd; kuG tupiriaNah my;yJ fhyf;

fzpg;igNah nra;tJ fbdk;.


fsg;gpuu; fhyj;Jf;Fg;gpd; Ml;rpf;F te;j ghz;bau; gw;wp mwpe;J

nfhs;tjw;fhd gl;lar; rhd;Wfs; gy cs;sd. ,tw;Ws;

Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgLfs;> jstha;Gur; nrg;NgLfs;> rptfhrpr;

nrg;NgLfs;> jpupGtdk; nrg;NgLfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. Fwpg;ghf>

neLQ;rilad; guhe;jfdpd; (fp.gp.765-790) Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgLfs;>

rq;f fhyj;Jg; ghz;bad; gy;ahf KJFLkpg; ngUtOjp gw;wpAk;>

'fsg;gpundDq; ftpaurd;' Fwpj;Jk;> ghz;bad; guhe;jfd; fsg;gpu

murid Njhw;fbj;J> Nts;tpf;Fbia kPl;L ew;rpq;fd; vd;w

gpuhkzDf;F Nts;tp nra;J epyf;nfhilahff; nfhLj;jijg;

gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,itahTk; mupa tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fs; jhd;.

vdpDk;> fp.gp.8 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j rilatu;kd; guhe;jfd;

neLQ;rilad; rq;f fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ghz;bad; gy;ahf

KJFLkpg; ngUtOjp kw;Wk; nfhw;iff; fpohd; ew;nfhw;wd;

my;yJ ew;rpq;fd; vd;w me;jzDf;F mspj;j Nts;tpf;Fb vd;w

epyg;gFjp gw;wpa jfty;fs; kpFe;j ru;r;irf;Fupadthf cs;sd.

Vnddpy; Nts;tpf;Fb vd;w nrhy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;

ngwtpy;iy. NkYk; Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgLfs; nfhLf;Fk;

jfty;fis xg;gpl;L mwpaf;$ba NtWrhd;Wfs; vJTk;

fpilf;ftpy;iy. vdNt> "tuyhw;W %yq;fs;> Mtzq;fs; vd;W

nrhy;yg;gLgtw;iwAk;> Gdpjq;fs; vd;W Muhjpf;fhky;> mtw;wpd;

tha;g;ghLfis topkwpj;Jg;> gd;Kf thrpg;GfSf;F cl;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk;; mt;thW cl;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJjhd; tuyhW Gwtakhd

mwptpay; epiyf;F caUk;”.- Nts;tpf;Fbg; gl;lar; rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L ghz;ba kd;du;fis milahsk; fhzNth> mtu;fsJ

53

fhy tiuaiwia fzf;fplNth ,ayhJ. ,Ug;gpDk; Nts;tpf;Fb

nrg;NgL ,Uz;l thdpy; xspf;fPw;WNghy cs;sJ vd;gjpy;

Iakpy;iy.


Guhzq;fSk;> jyGuhzq;fSk; ghz;bau;fspd; ngau;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLtNjhL kl;Lkpd;wp mtu;fs; fhy tho;tpay; gw;wp mwpe;J

nfhs;sTk; gad;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf kJiu jy tuyhWk;>

gz;ghl;Lr; rpd;dq;fSk; Rkhu; ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;Fk;

Nkyhd njhlu;r;rpahd gz;ghl;L tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;l kJiu

efupd; ngUikiag; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpd;wd.


fsg;gpuu;fSf;Fg;gpd; te;j ghz;bau;fisg; gw;wpa Guhz>

njhy;nghUspay;> fy;ntl;L> gl;la> ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs; kpfTk;

FiwT. ,f;Fiwthd Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L ghz;ba

kd;du;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyq;fs; gw;wp rupahff; fzpg;gjpy; gy

,ilA+WfSk;> ,ilntspfSk; cs;sd. ,tu;fspd;

fhytiuaiw gw;wp Mokhf Ma;T nra;j Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jpup>

rjhrptg; gz;lhuj;jhu;> Mu;.rj;jpadhja;au; Nghd;Nwhu; ntt;NtW

KbTfSf;F tUfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fsJ khWgl;l fhyf; fzpg;Gfs;

Fog;gj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjhf cs;sd. ,g;Gj;jfj;jpy;

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghz;ba kd;du;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyq;fs;

cj;NjrkhditNa; rupahditay;y. ,Jgw;wp ,f;fhy

Ma;thsu;fs; xd;W$b tpthjpj;J xU KbTf;F tuNtz;baJ

,d;wpaikahjJ.

3..10. ghz;bag; Nguuru;fs;> (575-920)

3.10.1. fLq;Nfhd;> (575-600)

rq;f fhyj;Jf;Fg;gpd; ehk; re;jpf;Fk; Kjy; ghz;ba

kd;dd; fLq;Nfhd;. ,tu; ghz;ba Mjpuh[h vd;W

Fwpg;glg;gl;Ls;shu;. fLq;Nfhd; fsg;gundDq; ftpaiurd;

iff;nfhz;ltd;' vd;W Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgL nrhy;YfpwJ.

fLq;Nfhd; fsg;gpuiuj; Njhw;fbj;J> ghz;ba ehl;il kPl;L>

kJiuiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp mikj;jJ tuyhw;W

Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f epfo;thFk;. fLq;Nfhd; fsg;gpuiu tPo;j;jpaJk;>

ghz;ba muir kPz;Lk; mikj;jJk; mupa rhjidfshFk;.

tise;J nfhLf;fhj tpNuhjpfSila xspkpf;f efuq;fis

mopj;jtu; vd;W ghuhl;lg;gl;Ls;shu; fLq;Nfhd;. ,g;ghz;ba

54

kd;du; rpk;k tp\;Z gy;ytupd; rkfhyj;jtu;. rpk;k tp\;Z jkpo;

ehl;bd; tlgFjpapy; fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;J

njhz;il kz;lyj;jpy; gy;ytu; Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpaijg; Nghd;W>

jkpo; ehl;bd; njd; gFjpapy; fsg;gpuiu ntd;W ghz;ba ehl;il

kPl;ltu; fLq;Nfhd;. ,tu; fsg;gpuu;fisf; fisfl;lWj;J' ghz;ba

ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpf; fhg;ghw;wpdhu;. ,tuJ fsg;gpuu; ntw;wp

gpuhkz rkaj;jpd; ntw;wpahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. fLq;Nfhd; NkYk;

gy FWepy kd;du;fisAk; Njhw;fbj;J mtu;fspd; Ml;rpg;

gFjpfisAk; ghz;ba ehl;Lld; Nru;j;jhu;. ,jd; %yk; ,g;ghz;ba

kd;du; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; mbj;jsj;ij mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jhu;.

3.110.2. khwtu;kd; mtdp R+shkzp

khwtu;kd; mtdp R+shkzp fLq;Nfhdpd; kfs;. ,tu;

Ml;rpf;F te;jgpd; khwtu;kd; rilatu;kd; vd;w gl;lg; ngaiug;

ngw;whu;. ,tu; fhyj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,g;gl;lg; ngaiug;

gpd;te;j ghz;ba kd;du;fSk; R+l;bf; nfhz;ldu;. ,k;kd;diu

'tha;ikapd; Nte;jd;' vd;W nrg;Gg; gl;laq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. 30

Mz;L fhyk; Ml;rp nra;j khwtu;kd; mtdp R+shkzp gw;wp NtW

jfty;fs; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

3.10.3. nropad; Nre;jd

khwtu;kd; mtdp R+shkzpf;Fg; gpd; mtUila kfd;

Nre;jd nropad; mupaizNawpdhu;. ,g;ghz;ba kd;du;

Nruu;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J> Nru ehl;ilg; ghz;bauJ Ml;rpapd; fPo;f;

nfhz;L te;J thdtd; nrq;Nfhw; Nre;jd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

nropad; Nre;jd; ghz;bau; Nguurpd; vy;iyia tpupTgLj;jpf;

nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ tlf;fpypUe;J gy;ytg; Nguuru;fs; ghz;bau;

ehL Nehf;fpj; jq;fsJ Nguurpd; vy;iyia tpupTgLj;jpf;

nfhz;bUe;jdu;. njw;Fj; jkpo; ehl;by; nropad; Nre;jdpd;

nry;thf;F ngUFtij gy;ytg; Nguuru; eurpk;ktu;kd;

tpUk;gtpy;iy. ,jd; fhuzkhfg; ghz;bau;-gy;ytu; Mjpf;fg;

Nghl;b tYtile;jJ. nropad; Nre;jd; ney;iy khtl;lj;jpy;

cs;s kiyabf;Fwpr;rpapy; kiyiaf; File;J xU Fiff;

Nfhapiy cUthf;fpajhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,tuJ Ml;rpf;

fhyj;jpy; fhQ;rpf;F tUifje;j rPdg; gazp Athd; Rthq;

ghz;ba ehL gQ;rj;jpd; gpbapy; ,Ue;jjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

nropad; Nre;jd; tPuj;Jf;Fk;> ePjpAzu;Tf;Fk; ngau; ngw;wtu;.

55

3.10.4. mupNfrup guhq;Frd; khwtu;kd;

$d; ghz;bad;

Nre;jd; nropadpd; kfd; mupNfrup guhq;Fr khwtu;kd;

gQ;rj;Jf;fpilNa gjtpf;F te;J> ghz;ba ehl;ilg; gQ;rj;jpd;

gpbapypUe;J kPl;L> NguuRg; ngUf;fj;jpy; mf;fiw nfhz;lhu;. ,e;j

kd;dNu $d; ghz;bad;> Re;ju ghz;bad; vd;Wk; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

guhq;Frd; vd;gJ ,tuJ gl;lg; ngauhFk;. ,tiu epd;wrPu;

neLkhwd; vd;W ngupa Guhzk; ghuhl;LfpwJ.

3..10.4.1. NrhoUld; kzTwT

Nre;jd; nropad; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Gife;J nfhz;bUe;j

ghz;ba-gy;ytg; gifik mupNfrup khwtu;kd; fhyj;jpy; gw;wpf;

nfhz;lJ. ney;Ntypapy; eilngw;w Nghupy; gy;ytiuj;

Njhw;fbj;J ney;Ntyp ntd;w neLkhwd; vd;w gl;lj;ijr; R+l;bf;

nfhz;lhu;. ,g;ghz;ba kd;du; gy;ytu;fis kl;Lkd;wp

Nruu;fisAk;> gy FWepy kd;du;fisAk; ntw;wp nfhz;ljhff;

$wg;gLfpwJ. gy;ytu; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;j Nrhou; kPJ

gilnaLj;J ciwA+iuf; ifg;gw;wp> Nrhou;fSld; kz cwT

nfhz;L> mtu;fspd; JizAld; kPz;Lk; gy;ytUld; Nkhjpdhu;.

gy;ytg; Nguuru; Kjyhk; eurpk;ktu;kd; rhSf;fpaUld; Nghuhbf;

nfhz;bUe;jijj; jdf;Fr; rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l

mupNfrup khwtu;kd; Nrhou; gilapd; JizAld; gy;ytu; ehl;bd;

kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;. rq;fukq;if vd;w ,lj;jpy; gy;ytu; gil

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. rq;fukq;ifg; Nghuhy; ghz;ba kd;dupd; Gfo;

gutpaJ.


mupNfrup khwtu;kd; jPtpu rkzu;. ,tUila Ml;rpf;

fhyj;jpy; jkpo; ehl;by; gf;jp ,af;fk; R+whtspf; fhw;nwd

Rod;wbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,tuJ rkfhyj;jtu;fshd

jpUehTf;furUk;> jpUQhdrk;ge;jUk; jPtpu irt rkag;

gpur;rhuj;jpYk;> kjkhw;wj;jpYk; Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;bUe;jdu;.

jpUQhdrk;ge;jupd; nry;thf;fhy; rkzuhf ,Ue;j mupNfrup

khwtu;kd;> irt rkaj;Jf;F khwpdhu;. kjk; khwpa khwtu;kd;

rkzu;fisj; jz;bg;gjpYk;> Jd;GWj;JtjpYk;> capUld;

fONtw;wpf; nfhs;tjpYk; nfhiy ntwpAld; <Lgl;lhu;. rka

td;Kiw fl;ltpo;j;J tplg;gl;lJ. 8000 rkzu;fisj; NjhYupj;Jf;

fOkuj;jpNyw;wpf; nfhy;yg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,f;nfhûr;

nray; kpifg;gLj;jpf; $wg;gl;ljhf rpy Ma;thsu;fs;

fUJfpd;wdu;. irt rkaj;Jf;F khwpa mupNfrup khwtu;kd; irt

rkak; tpiue;J tsu mwg;gzpfs; gy nra;jhu;. nfhilapy; rpwe;j

56

,g;ghz;ba kd;du; ,uzpa fu;g;gk;> Jyhghuk; Nghd;w jhdq;fisr;

nra;jhu;. itjPf gpuhkzu;fSf;F nfhilfs; nfhLj;J Mjupj;J>

mtu;fspd; topfhl;Ljypd; Ngupy; Nts;tpfis elj;jpdhu;.

Ntjpau;fs; rKjha nry;thf;F ngw;wdu;. ghz;ba ehl;bYk; rka

rfpg;Gj;jd;ik ,y;yhky; Nghapw;W. rkag; nghiwapd;ik rka

ey;ypzf;fj;ijg; ngupJk; ghjpj;jJ.

3.10.5. Nfhr;rilad; ,uzjPud;

mupNfrupapd; kfd; Nfhr;rilad; ,uzjPud; Ml;rpf;

fhyj;jpy; gy ntw;wpfisg; ngw;whu;. ,tu; rhSf;fpa kd;du;

Kjyhk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jdhfpa rpq;fid ntd;wjhy; ,uzjPud; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,g;ghz;ba kd;du; Nruu;fisAk;> Nrhou;fisAk;

mlf;fp Mz;ljhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. Nfhr;rilad; gq;fShupy;

kuhj;jpaiuj; Njhw;fbj;jhu;. nrq;NfhL> G+jhq;NfhL Mfpa

,lq;fisAk; ntd;wjhf Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;Ngl;by; gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

ney;iy mk;ghrKj;jpuj;Jf;F mUNfAs;s jpUg;GilkUJ}u; vd;w

,lj;jpy; Ma; kd;diuAk; ntd;whu;. nfhq;fu;fSk; ,tuJ

Mjpf;fj;Jf;F mbgzpe;jdu;. nfhq;F ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpaJ

rpwg;Gr; rhjidahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. gy ntw;wpfisg; ngw;w

Nfhr;rilad; thdtd;> nrk;gpad;> Nrhod;> kJuhe;jfd;> nfhq;fu;

Nfhkhd;> nrq;Nfhw;nwd;dd; Nghd;w gl;lg; ngau;fisr; R+l;bf;

nfhz;lhu;.

3.10.6. Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; ,uh[rpk;kd;

Nfhr;rilad; kfd; ,uh[rpk;kd; khwtu;kd; vd;w gl;lg;

ngaUld; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. ,tu; Kjyhk; ,uh[rpk;kd;

vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tu; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; vy;iyia

tpupTgLj;Jtjpy; jPtpu ftdk; nrYj;jpdhu;. gy;ytu; ehl;by;

,uz;lhk; guNk];tutu;kd; ,we;jgpd; Vw;gl;l thupRupikg;

Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jiyapl;lhu;. ,uz;lhk; ee;jptu;kDf;Fk;>

rpj;jpukhaDf;FkpilNa eilngw;w Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,uh[rpk;kd;

rhSf;fpa kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jDld; Nru;e;J nfhz;L

rpj;jpukhaid Mjupj;jhu;. ,g;Nghl;bapy; rpj;jpukhad;

nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;; ee;jptu;kd; kd;duhdhu;. vdNt gy;ytu;--ghz;bau;

gif njhlu;fijahapw;W. gy;ytuJ thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;

gq;Nfw;wjhy; ghz;baUf;F epyg;gFjp fpilj;jjhfj; njupfpwJ."


NguuRg; ngUf;fj;jpy; Nguhu;tk; nfhz;l khwtu;kd;

neLtay;> FWkil> kz;zpf;Fwpr;rp> jpUkq;if> G+thD}u;>

nfhLk;ghY}u;> ngupaT+u; Mfpa Nghu;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;W

mg;gFjpfisg; NguuRld; ,izj;jhu;. nfhq;fiuAk;> fq;fiuAk;>

57

rhSf;fpaiuAk; ntd;wjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. Fk;gNfhzj;Jf;F

mUNf cs;s ee;jpfpuhkf;Nfhl;ilapy; ee;jptu;k gy;ytu;

cs;spUf;ifapy; Kw;Wif apl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. khwtu;kd;

uh[rpk;kd; gz;bnfhLKbiaj; jhz;br; nrd;W ];uPGU\upd; fq;f

ehl;ilj; jhf;fpdhu;. ghz;bau; gilapd; jhf;Fjiyj; jhf;Fg;

gpbf;f Kbahj ];uPGU\u; rhSf;fpa kd;dd; ,uz;lhk;

fPu;j;jptu;kdpd; Mjuitf; Nfhupdhu;. fq;fu;-rhSf;fpag; gil

ghz;bau; gilaplk; Njhw;wJ (fp.gp.750).


ghz;bau;-rhSf;fpa cwitg; gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;

nghUl;L ghz;ba kd;du; khwtu;kd; jdJ kfd; [jpyh

guhe;jfDf;F rhSf;fpa ,sturpia kzKbj;Jf; itj;jhu;. ,jd;

%yk; khwtu;kd; uh[rpk;kd; jdJ gy;yt tpNuhjpapd; guk;giu

tpNuhjpia cwtpduhf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;. ,g;ghz;bau;rhSf;fpau;

cwT ghz;bag; NguuR NkYk; gykila cjtpahf ,Ue;jJ.

itjPf rka nry;thf;F Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; uh[rpk;kd; Ntj

itjPf rkaj;jpd; nry;thf;F njhlu;e;J mjpfupf;ff; fhuzkhf

,Ue;jhu;. itjPf gpuhkzu;fSf;Fg; gy kfhjhdq;fisf;

nfhLj;jhu;. gpuhkzg; ngupNahu;fs; ghuhl;lg;gl;ldu;. gpuhkzg;

GNuhfpju;fspd; topfhl;Ljypd; Ngupy; Jyhghuk;> ,uzpafu;g;gk;>

Nfhrfruh Nghd;w Nts;tpfis tpkupirahf elj;jpdhu;. Ntj

ty;Yeu;fs; rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ldu;.


,uh[rpk;kdpd; kfd; guhe;jfd; neLQ;rilad;. ,tUila

jha; ikR+u; khepyj;ij Ml;rp nra;j fd;dl kuigr; Nru;e;j fq;f

kd;dDila kfs; G+Re;jup vdNt> je;ij top ghz;badhf

muRf; fl;by; Vwpatu; guhe;jfd; neLQ;rilad;. fLq;Nfhd;

topte;j ghz;ba kd;du;fspy; khngUk; Vfhjpgj;jpathjpahfj;

jpfo;e;jtu; ,g;guhe;jfg; ghz;bad;. gpw ehLfisj; jd;dhl;rpapd;

fPo;f; nfhz;L tUtjpy; Kidg;Gld; nray;gl;ltu;. NguuR

tpupthf;fthjp (Expansionist). ,k;kd;dUf;F [byd;>

guhe;jfd;> tuFz kfhuh[h> neLQ;rilad;> khwd; rilad;

Mfpa gy gl;lg; ngau;fs; cz;L.


Kjyhk; tuFz ghz;bad; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l

neLQ;rilad; fpl;lj;jl;l fhy; E}w;whz;L fhyk; NguuRg;

ngUf;fj;jpNyNa Fwpahf ,Ue;jhu;. ghz;bau; NguuRg;

ngUf;fj;Jf;Fg; ngUk; jilahf ,Ue;jtu; ee;jptu;kd;. ee;jptu;kg;

gy;ytd; ngz;zhflj;jpy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. ghz;ba kd;duplk;

58

Njhy;tp fz;l gy;yt kd;dd; Nru> nfhq;F ehL kw;Wk; jfû;

muru;fSld; uhZtf; $l;lzp mikj;J ghz;bad;

neLQ;rilaid vjpu;j;jhu;. ,f;$l;Lg; gilAk; ghz;bauplk;

Njhw;wJ. vdpDk;> ghz;ba ehL ,g;Nghu;fshy; ngupJk;

ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. gy;ytu; vjpu;g;G Kwpabf;fg;gl;ljhy; guhe;jfd;

neLQ;riladpd; Gfo; Xq;fpaJ.


gy;ytu; $l;Lg; giliag; Gwk;fz;l neLQ;rilad; gy;yt

kd;dDld; $l;L Nru;e;j muru;fisj; jdpNa jz;bj;jhu;. jfû;

mjpfkhid GfShupy; Njhw;fbj;jhu;. nfhq;F ehl;L murid

rpiwg;gpbj;jhu;. mjpakhdpd; cwtpdd; Midkiy murid

MupA+u; Nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifapl;L ntd;whu;. Kj;jiuaUk;>

Ntzhl;ltUk; neLQ;riladpd; Nguhjpf;fj;jpd;fPo; nfhz;L

tug;gl;ldu;. ,tw;wpd; tpisthf> jQ;ir> jpUr;rp> Nryk;> Nfhit

khtl;lq;fSk;> jpUthq;$upd; njd;gFjpAk; ghz;bau; NguuRld;

,izf;fg;gl;ld.

3.10.6.5. Nte;ju; ts;sy;

guhe;jfd; neLQ;rilad; khtPud; kl;Lky;y; rpwe;j

fl;llq;fisf; fl;batu;. ,g;ghz;ba kd;du; itztuhdjhy;

jpUkhYf;Ff; Nfhapy;fs; fl;Ltjpy; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpdhu;.

nfhq;F ehl;L fhQ;rptha;g; Ng&upy; gpuk;khz;lkhff; fl;lg;gl;l

NfhapYk;> kJiuf;F mUNf cs;s jpUkhy; NfhapYk;

,tw;Wf;fhd rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;. neLQ;rilad; jPtpu

itztuhapDk; rpthyaq;fSk; fl;lg;gLtij Cf;Ftpj;jhu;.

itzt> irt rka NtWghbd;wp mwg;gzpfSf;Fj; jhuhskhf

cjtp nra;jhu;. khzpf;fthrfu; ,tuJ fhyj;jtu; vd;W

fUjg;gLfpwJ. itjPf Ntjpau;fSf;F epyf;nfhilfs; mspj;J

Mf;fpufhuq;fs; mjpfupf;ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhu;. guhe;jf

neLQ;rilaid Nte;ju; ts;sy; vd;why; kpifahfhJ.


guhe;jf neLQ;rilad; jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; rpwg;gplk;

ngw;wpUg;gjw;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzk; mtu; ntspapl;l Nts;tpf;Fb

nrg;NglhFk;. ,g;ghz;ba kd;du; Ml;rpf;F te;j %d;whk;

Mz;bNyNa ,r;nrg;Ngl;ilg; gilj;jhu;. tuyhw;W Kf;fpakpf;f

,r;nrg;NgL rq;ffhy gy;ahf KJFLkpg; ngUtOjp gw;wpAk;>

ew;nfhd;wd; vd;w gpuhkzUf;F mg;ghz;ba kd;du;

Nts;tpf;Fbiaj; jhdkhf toq;fpaJ Fwpj;Jk;> gpd;du; me;j epyk;

fsg;gpu kd;dd; xUtdhy; gwpf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;> gwpf;fg;gl;l

me;epyj;ijg; guhe;jf neLQ;rilad; ew;nfhd;wd; topte;j

59

ew;rpq;fd; vd;w gpuhkzUf;F kPl;Lf; nfhLj;jjhfTk; gjpT

nra;Js;sJ. ,r;nrg;NgL rq;f fhyk;> fsg;gpuu; fhyk;> ghz;bau;

fhyk; Mfpa %d;W fhyq;fisg; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgL njhlu;r;rpahf xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf te;j %d;W

Ml;rpf; fhyq;fisg; gw;wpAk; $Wfpd;wJ. ,r;nrg;NgL Kw;fhy

jkpof tuyhw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; ,ilntspfspy; xd;iw epiwT

nra;a cjTfpd;wJ. Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgL guhe;jf

neLQ;riladpd; epiyahd tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f gq;fspg;ghFk;.

3.10.8.];uPkhw ];uPty;ygd;

tuFz ghz;bad; vd;w guhe;jfd; neLQ;riladpd; kfd;

];uPkhw ];uPty;ygd; je;ij top nrd;W ghz;bag; Nguuirf;

fl;bf; fhg;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpdhu;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyk; Vw;w

,wf;fq;fisf; fz;lJ. gjtpg; nghWg;Ngw;wTld; Vf tPud;>

rilad; khwd;> gurf;fu Nfhyhfyd;> mtdpNrfud; Mfpa gl;lg;

ngau;fshy; jd;id myq;fupj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. VftPud; vd;w

gl;lj;Jf;Nfw;g fq;fu;fisAk;> fhypq;fu;fisAk;> Nrhou;fisAk;

gy;ytu;fisAk; jdJ Nguhjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L tUtjpy;

Fwpahf ,Ue;jhu;. fhtpupg;gLif ,tuJ Nguurpd; gFjpahapw;W.

,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ghz;ba kd;dupd; FlKf;F (Fk;gNfhzk;)

ntw;wpahFk;.

3.10.8.1. ,yq;ifg; Nghu;

NguuRg; ngUf;fg; Nguhirahy; ce;jg;gl;l ];uPkhw

];uPty;ygd; ,yq;if kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;. ,yq;if kd;dd;

Kjyhk; Nrdh Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,yq;ifj; jiyefu;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;L> R+iwahlg;gl;L> mjd; nry;tk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

Gj;j tpfhuq;fs; jiukl;lkhf;fg;gl;ld. ghz;baupd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij

Vw;Wf; nfhz;l Kjyhk; Nrdh kPz;Lk; ,yq;if kd;duhf;fg;

gl;lhu;. vdpDk; ghz;baUf;F vjpuhd rpq;fstu; gifAk;>

gopthq;Fk; Nghf;Fk; Fiwatpy;iy.


,yq;ifia ntw;wp nfhz;l ];uPkhw ];uPty;ygd; jdJ

guk;giug; giftuhd gy;ytiug; Gwq;fhzj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;.

mg;NghJ gy;ytu; ehl;Lg; Nguuruhf ,Ue;j %d;whk; ee;jptu;kd;

ghz;baiu ntd;W ,oe;j gFjpfis kPl;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w

KbTld; ,Ue;jhu;. ghz;bag; gilAk;> gy;ytu; gilAk; njs;shW

vd;w ,lj;jpy; re;jpj;jd. njs;shw;Wg; Nghupy; ghz;ba kd;dd;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. jd; typikiaAk;> giftDila

typikiaAk;> ,UtUf;Fk; Jizahf ,Ug;gtu;fspd;

typikiaAk; ed;F Muha;e;J ghuhky; Nkw;nfhz;l NghUf;fhd

60

tpiyiag; ghz;ba kd;du; nfhLf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. njs;shw;Wg;

Nghu; ghz;bau; tuyhw;wpd; jpUg;GKidahfTk;> ghz;bag; Nguurpd;

ruptpd; mwpFwpahfTk; mike;jJ. "Kjyhk; ghz;bau; NguuR

tPo;r;rpaile;jjw;Fj; njs;shw;Wg; NghNu Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;”.

3.10.9. ,uz;lhk; tuFzd;

];uPkhw ];uPty;ygdpd; kfd; ,uz;lhk; tuFzd; jd;

je;ij tpl;Lr; nrd;w NguuRg; ngUQ;Rikia Rke;J nfhz;L

Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. ghz;ba ehL rupTg; ghijapy; tpiue;J

nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j NghJ Nrho ehL tsu;r;rpg; ghijapy;

gazpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,uz;lhk; tuFz ghz;baDf;Fg;

ghz;bag; NguuRf;F Vw;gl;l neUf;fbia vjpu;f;nfhs;tjw;fhd

tPuNkh> tpNtfNkh my;yJ NtfNkh ,y;iy. vdNt ,tu;

jd;idr; R+o;e;J te;j neUf;fb tisaj;Jf;Fs; rpf;fpf;

nfhz;lhu;.


jd; je;ijapd; Njhy;tpapypUe;J ve;jg; ghlj;ijAk; fw;Wf;

nfhs;shj ,uz;lhk; tuFzd; jd; typikiag; ngUf;fpf;

nfhs;shky;> jf;f Jiztu;fis Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;shky; Nrho

ehl;ilAk;> njhz;il ehl;ilAk; ghz;bau; Nguhjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;f;

nfhz;Ltu tpUk;gpdhu;. ,r;nray; xUtu; kuj;jpd; Edpf; nfhk;gpy;

Vwpf;nfhz;L> mjidAk; jhz;br; nry;y Kaw;rpg;gijg; Nghd;w

eltbf;ifahFk;. Nghupd; Nghf;F gy;ytu; ehl;by; eilngw;w

thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; tuFzd; jiyapl;lhu;. tPz;

tk;ig tpiyf;F thq;fpdhu;. gy;ytg; Nguurd; %d;whk; ee;jptu;kd;

,we;jgpd; mtuJ ike;ju;fs; epUgJq;fDf;Fk;>

mguh[pjDf;FkpilNa thupRupikg; Nghl;b Vw;gl;lJ. ,g;Nghl;bapy;

,uz;lhk; tuFzd; gy;yt ,sturd; epUgJq;fid Mjupj;jhu;.

Nrhou;fSk;> fq;fu;fSk; mguh[pjd; gf;fk; ,Ue;jdu;. Nrho

,sturd; Kjyhk; Mjpj;jDk;> fq;f murd; Kjyhk; gpujptpgjpAk;

mguh[pjDf;F uhZt cjtp nra;jdu;. gy;yt-Nrho-fq;f fl;Lg;

gilf;Fk;> epUgJq;fid Mjupj;j tuFz ghz;badpd;

gilf;FkpilNa Fk;gNfhzj;Jf;fUNf ];uPGwk;gpak; vd;w ,lj;jpy;

Nghu; eilngw;wJ (fp.gp.880). ,g;Nghupy; ,uz;lhk; tuFz

ghz;bad; gLNjhy;tp mile;jhu;. capu; gpioj;J kJiu

jpUk;gpdhu;. Nghupy; ntw;wp ngw;w mguh[pjd; gy;yt kd;duhdhu;.


];uPGwk;gpag; Nghupd; tpisTfs; ghz;bag; Nguurpd;

tPo;r;rpf;F toptFj;jd. ,g;NghUf;Fg; gpd; jd;id Mjupj;j Nrho

kd;dd; Mjpj;j NrhoDf;Fj; jd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;j Nrho

61

ehl;Lg; gFjpfisj; jpUg;gpf; nfhLj;Jtpl;lhu; mguh[pjtu;k

gy;ytu;. ,jdhy; Nrho kz;lyk; Nrhou; trkhapw;W. mJkl;Lky;y.

,uz;lhk; tuFzdpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; ,Ue;j Nrho ehl;Lg;

gFjpfisAk; Mjpj;j Nrhodplk; xg;gilf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W.

,tw;wpd; $l;L tpisthfg; gy;ytUk;> ghz;baUk; gykpof;f>

Nrhou;fspd; if NkNyhq;fpaJ. RUq;ff;$wpd;> ];uPGwk;gpag; Nghu;

ghz;bauJ tPo;r;rpf;Fk; Nrhou;fspd; vOr;rpf;Fk; top tFj;jJ.

3.10.10. guhe;jf tPuehuhazd;

guhe;jf tPu ehuhazd; ,uz;lhk; tuFzdpd; ,isa

rNfhjuu;. ,tuJ gj;jhz;L fhy Ml;rpapd; NghJ gjtpiaj; jf;f

itj;Jf; nfhs;tNj ,tUf;Fg; ngUk; gpur;ridahf ,Ue;jJ.

tPo;r;rpg; ghijapy; tpiue;J nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j ghz;bag; NguuRj;

Njiu ,tuhy; epWj;j Kbatpy;iy. ,tu; nra;j rhjid Nru

,sturp thdtd; khNjtpia kze;J nfhz;lJjhd;.

,tu;fSf;Fg; gpwe;j gps;isjhd; khwtu;kd; uh[rpk;kd;. guhe;jf

tPuehuhazdpd; Ml;rpf;fhy ,Wjpapy; thupRupikg; Nghl;bahy;

ghz;ba ehL Fog;gf;fhlhapw;W. guhe;jf tPuehuhazd; Nghupy;

Mu;tk; fhl;lhikf;F ,tu; xU jPtpu rkzuhapUe;jJ fhuzkhf

,Uf;fyhk;. ,g;ghz;ba kd;dd; kwtPuj;ijtpl mwtPuNk rpwe;jJ

vd;W vz;zp rkzg; gs;spfSf;Fg; NgUjtp nra;jhu;. ,tuJ

Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ghz;ba ehl;by; rkzk; jioj;Njhq;fpaJ.

3.10.11.,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpk;kd;

guhe;jf tPuehuhazDf;Fg; gpd; muRg; nghWg;Ngw;w

,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpk;kd; Nruehl;L thdtd; khNjtpapd; kfd;.

,tUf;F khwtu;kd; vd;w gl;lg; ngaUk; cz;L. mjdhy; ,tu;

khwtu;kd; uh[rpk;kd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf;

fhyj;jpy; ghz;ba ehl;Lf;F tlf;Nf tpiue;J tsu;e;J

nfhz;bUe;j Nrhou;fspd; rthiy rkhspf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W.

,yq;ifr; rpq;fs kd;dupd; Jiz nfhz;L Nrhoiu

Kwpabg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lhu; ,uh[rpk;kd;. Mdhy;

typikkpf;f Kjyhk; guhe;jf Nrhodpd; vjpu;g;ig ,tuhy;

vjpu;f;nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. Nrho kd;dd; guhe;jfdpd; jhf;Fjiy

rkhspf;f Kbahj ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpk;kd; NtY}u; Nghupy;

Njhy;tpaile;J ,yq;ifapy; jQ;rkile;jhu;. ,Wjpapy; ,tUf;Fj;

jha; tPlhd NruehL milf;fyk; mspj;jJ. ,j;Jld; jkpo; ehl;by;

ghz;bau; Mjpf;fk; KbTf;F te;jJ. ghz;bag; NguuR Nrhog;

NguuRf;Fj; jpiw nrYj;j Ntz;ba msTf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lJ.

ghz;ba ehL Nrho ehl;bd; gFjpahapw;W. ,uh[rpk;kdpd; kfd;

tPughz;bad; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;F rhl;rpahf ,Ue;jhu;.

62



Kw;fhyj; jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; rq;ffhyk;> fsg;gpuu; fhyk;>

ghz;bau; fhyk; Mfpa %d;Wk; njhlu;r;rpahf tUk;

fhyfl;lq;fshFk;. rq;ffhyg; ghz;bag; guk;giuapdu; fsg;gpuu;

fhyj;ijf; fle;J te;j NghJ mtu;fsJ tho;tpaypy;murpay;>

nghUshjhu> r%f> rka> fyhr;rhu epiyfspy;-Ntjpay; khw;wk;

(Chemical Change) Vw;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf rKjha> rka epiyfspy;

mbg;gil khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. muR Nguurhapw;W rq;ffhy

ghz;bau; muR Nguurhf cUkhw;wk; mile;jJ. ,e;j khw;wj;Jf;F

Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jtu; fsg;gpuiu ntw;wp nfhz;L ghz;ba

ehl;il mtu;fsJ gpbapypUe;J kPl;l fLq;Nfhd;. ,k;kd;dUf;Fg;

ghz;bag; NguuR gw;wpa njhiyNehf;F ,Ue;jJ. ,g;ghz;ba

kd;dd; ghz;bau; kuG top te;j nropad;> khwd;> tOjp Mfpa

Fyg; ngau;fshy; miof;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

NkYk; ghz;bag; Nguuru;fspd; ngau;fspy; rk];fpUjr; nrhw;fs;

Nru;f;fg;gLtJ GJg;gof;fkhapw;W. uzjPud;> uh[rpk;kd;> ];uPkhw

uPty;ygd; vdf; $wpf; nfhs;tjpy; ngUikg;gl;ldu;. mJkl;Lky;y

Kr;rq;fk; itj;J Kj;jkpo; tsu;j;j rq;fg; ghz;bau; top te;Njhu;

rPtud;> rPkNdhfud;> tpea tpr;Rjd;> kUj;gyd;> tPjfd; k\d;>

tpf;uk guhrud;> kD}gkd;> gu;j;jptPud;> fpup];jud;> fPjfpe;jud;>

fpUghyad;> fpUjhgjhdd;> fz;lf ep\;Lud;> fhu;aj\pzd;>

ghggPU Nghd;w rpwg;Gg; ngau;fis itj;Jf; nfhs;sj;

jaq;ftpy;iy.


Kw;fhyg; ghz;ba ehl;by; Kbahl;rp KiwNa

gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. kd;did ikakhf itj;Nj kj;jpa> khepy

murhq;fq;fs; Rod;wd. mikr;ru;fspy; Kjd;ikahf ,Ue;jtu;

cj;jk ke;jpup vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,uhZtk; rhu;e;j> ,uhZtk;

rhuhj mjpfhuq;fs; vd;W gpupf;fg;gltpy;iy. mjhtJ ,uhZt

ty;yhl;rpNa eilngw;wJ.

3.11.3. cs;shl;rp

cs;shl;rp epu;thfj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu Cu; kd;wq;fSk;>

FOf;fSk; fpuhk tptfhuq;fisf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;ld.

,j;jifa cs;shl;rp mikg;G Kiw gpuk;kNja fpuhkq;fspy;

nray;gl;l fpuhk rigfshy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. xU

63

Ritahd jfty; vd;dntdpy; rig eltbf;iffisj; jLf;f

Kw;gl;ltu;fs; fLikahfj; jz;bf;fg;gl;ldu;.


ghz;baupd; nghUshjhu epiy gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd

Mjhuq;fs; kpfTk; FiwT. gz;ilf;fhy ghz;ba ehl;by;

Kj;Jf;Fspj;jYk;> Kj;Jf;fs; ntspehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp

nra;ag;gl;l cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;Lr; rhd;Wfs; gy cs;sd.

,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Kj;Jf; Fspj;jy; gw;wpa tuyhw;iw Ma;T

nra;j v];. mUzhryk; gpd;tUk; jfty;fisj; jUfpwhu;:

fp.gp.400f;Fk; 1000f;FkpilNaahd Kj;Jf;Fspj;jy; njhopy;

gw;wpAk;> mJgw;wpa tu;j;jfj; njhlu;Gfs; gw;wpj; njupe;J

nfhs;tjw;fhd ,yf;fpak; vJTkpy;iy.


63 ehad;khu;fisg; gw;wpf; $Wk; ngupa Guhzj;jpy; ,Jgw;wp

ve;jj; jfty;fSk; ,y;iy. flTisg; Gfo;e;J ghLtijj; jtpu

NtW vijg; gw;wpAk; irt itzt ehad;khu;fSk;> Mo;thu;fSk;

ftiyg;gl;ljhfj; njupatpy;iy> rPdg; gazp Athd; Rthq;Fk;

ghz;bauJ Kj;J tu;j;jfj;ijg; gw;wp vJTk; Fwpg;gpl tpy;iy.

Kj;J tu;j;jfj;jpd; Nfe;jpukhfr; nray;gl;L te;j nfhw;ifj;

JiwKfk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. vdpDk;> gpw ehLfSldhd

Kj;J tpahghuk; njhlu;e;jJ vd;W ek;gyhk;. nghJthf

,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; kJiu kz;lyk; tu;j;jfj;jpy; jhd;

rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jJ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; Athd; Rthq;.

3.11.6. rKjha epiy

rq;ffhy rKjhaj;jpy; tPuKk;> fhjYk; Kf;fpakhff;

fUjg;gl;ld. mit Gtpapay; uPjpahd jpiz tho;f;if

KiwahFk;. ,j;jpizr; rKjha mikg;G Kiw fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpf;

fhyj;jpy; mbNahL khwpg;Nghapw;W. jkpo;r; rKjhak; Gj;j> rkz

rkaq;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; te;jJ. fsg;gpuu;fSf;Fg;gpd; te;j

ghz;bau; fhyj;jpy; fsg;gpuu; mfw;wg;gl;ldu;. Mdhy; rkzj;jpd;

nry;thf;F Fiwatpy;iy. rka tho;tpy; rkzj;jpd; nry;thf;F

ePbj;jJ. Mdhy; rKjha tho;tpaypy; itjPf Ntj tu;zKiw

NkNyhq;fpaJ. ehd;Ftif rhjpKiw Nt&d;wpaJ. cau;rhjp-

jho;e;j rhjp NtWghLfs; mjpfupj;jd. rq;ffhyg; ghu;g;gzu;fs;

ghz;bau;fhy gpuhkzu;fs; Mdhu;fs;. ,tu;fs; Ntjpau;fs; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;ldu;. itjPf rKjha kuGfs; jkpo;r;rKjha

kuGfSld; rq;fkpj;jd. gpuk;kNja> Njtjhd fpuhkq;fs; gy;fpg;

ngUfpd. ,f;fpuhkq;fs; gpuhkzu;fs; jdpahfTk;> $l;lhfTk;

64

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;lit. ,it

KOikahd tuptpyf;Fg; ngw;wd. gy rYiffisg; ngw;W

jd;DupikAld; nray;gl;ld.


,tw;wpd; rKjhaj; jhf;fk; fzprkhdJ. rilatu;kd;

guhe;jfdpd; Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgL nfhw;iwf;fpohd; ew;nfhd;wd;

vd;w me;jzDf;F Nts;tpr; rhiyf;F Kd;G epd;W gpuk;kNja

epyj;ij kPl;Lf; nfhLj;jij cWjp nra;fpwJ. vdNt> ghz;bau;

rKjhak; gpuhkzu;fs;> Nghu;j;njhopy; GupNthu;> nts;shsu;fs;>

jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu; vd;W rhjp-tFg;G top gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;.

ghz;ba kd;du;fs; ,r;rKjhag; gpuptpidia

gyg;gLj;jpdhu;fNsad;wp> rhjp NtWghLfisg; Nghf;Ftjw;fhd

Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iy.

3.11.7. rka epiy

jkpo; ehl;by; gf;jp ,af;fk; tpiue;J gutpf; nfhz;bUe;j

Ntisapy; ghz;ba ehL rkzf; Nfhl;ilahff; fhl;rpaspj;jJ!

fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa rkzk; ghz;bau;

fhyj;jpy; R+o;epiyf;Nfw;g jd;id khw;wpf; nfhz;L nry;thf;F

Fiwahky; ePbj;jJ. rpiy topghl;il KO%r;Rld; vjpu;j;J te;j

rkz rkak; cUtr; rpiyfspy; ek;gpf;if nfhs;sj; Jtq;fpaJ.

kJiuapYk;> kJiuiar; Rw;wpYk; gy rkzg; gs;spfs;

nray;gl;ld. ,g;gs;spfspy; gy ghz;bau; fhyj;jpy;

Jtf;fg;gl;litahFk;. mNjNghd;W rkzg; gs;spr; re;jq;fSk;

fl;lg;gl;ld. ghz;bau; Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;j guhe;jf tPuehuhazd;

thdtd; kfhNjtpapd; ngauhy; kfhNjtpg; ngUk;gs;sp xd;iwf;

fl;bdhu;. ,k;kd;dNu rkzuhf ,Ue;jikahy; ghz;ba ehl;by;

rkzk; murhq;fg; ghJfhg;Gld; kpFe;j nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;jJ.

mr;rze;jp vd;w rkzj; Jwtp ghz;ba ehl;bd; gy gFjpfSf;Fk;

nrd;W rkzj;ijg; gug;gpdhu; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. irt> itzt

rkaq;fs; ghz;ba ehl;by; rkz rkak; nry;thf;F

ngw;wpUe;jhYk; itzt> irt rkaq;fSk; ghz;ba kd;du;fshy;

Mjupf;fg;gl;ld. Fwpg;ghf> ghz;ba kd;du;fs; guhe;jfd;

neLQ;rilad;> ];uPkhw ];uPty;ygd; Ml;rpf; fhyq;fspy; itzt

rkak; irt rkaj;ijtpl tsu;r;rpaile;jJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk;

,e;j ,uz;L ghz;ba kd;du;fSk; itztu;fshf

,Ue;jikNaahFk;. Mo;thu;fs; murhq;f MjuTld; itztj;ijg;

gug;gpdu;. ];uPtpy;ypGj;J}u; itzt rkaj;jpd; Nfe;jpukhfj;

jpfo;e;jJ. rkz-itzt--irt rkaq;fs; rr;rutpd;wp nray;gl;ld.

gy;yt> Nrho ehLfspy; rkag; nghiwapd;ik fl;ltpo;j;J

tplg;gl;bUe;j Neuj;jpy; ghz;ba ehl;by; rka rkj;Jtk; epytpaJ.

65

Kjy; ghz;bag; Nguurpy; rka rkj;Jtk; epytpa NghjpYk; gf;jp

,af;fj;jpd; jhf;fk; ,Uf;fNt nra;jJ. khzpf;fthrfu;

rpjk;guj;jpy; Gj;ju;fis tpthjj;jpy; ntw;wp fz;L irt

rkaj;Jf;F kjkhw;wk; nra;jhu;. Mdhy; $d;ghz;bad; vd;W

mwpag;gl;l mupNfrup guhq;Fr khwtu;kd; ghz;bad; ve;j irt

ehad;khuhYk; rkz rkaj;jpypUe;J irt rkaj;Jf;F khwpaJ

ghz;ba ehl;by; rkzj;jpd; nry;thf;Ff; Fiwaf; fhuzkhapw;W.'"

kJiu kz;ly kf;fs; irt ehad;khu;fspd; gpur;rhuj;jhy;

kdkhw;wk; mile;jdu;. RUq;ff;$wpd; “rq;f fhyj;jpy; epytpa

kfpo;r;rpfukhd rkar; R+o;epiy Kw;wpYkhf khwptpl;lJ.


gz;ghL (Culture) vd;gJ mf tsu;r;rpapd; ntspg;ghlhFk;. md;G>

mUs;> tha;ik> J}a;ik Nghd;wit gz;ghl;bd;

milahsq;fshFk;. mjhtJ gz;gl;l kdijf; Fwpg;gJ gz;ghL.

mjdhy; jhd; kf;fspd; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> rKjha newpfs;> rka

ek;gpf;iffs;> fiyfspd; epiy Nghd;wit nghJthfg; gz;ghL

vd;w nrhy;yhy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j msTNfhiyf; nfhz;L

ghu;f;ifapy; Kjyhk; ghz;bag; Nguurpd;fPo; kf;fspd; fy;tp epiy>

,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfs;> ftpd; fiyfspd; tsu;r;rp Nghd;wit gw;wp

mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; kpff; FiwthfNt cs;sd.

3.11.9. fy;tp epiy

kf;fspd; fy;tp epiyiag; nghWj;jtiu rkzg; gs;spfs;

rhjp NtWghbd;wp midtUf;Fk; rka> xOf;ff; fy;tp mspj;jd.

gpuk;kNja epyg; gFjpfspy; Ntjf;fy;tp gpuhkzu;fSf;F kl;Lk;

mspf;fg;gl;lJ. XusT trjp gilj;Njhu; gps;isfs; jpz;izg;

gs;spfspy; gapd;wdu;. vQ;rpapUe;j jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F

vf;fy;tpAk; nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. fy;tpapd; rpwg;Gzu;e;j jkpo;r;

rKjhaj;jpy;> rq;fk; itj;Jj; jkpo; tsu;j;j ghz;bau; Nguurpy;

kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fs; jw;FwpfshfNt ,Ue;jdu;.

fy;tpapd; gaidg; ngwhj ,tu;fs; rka ek;gpf;iffspy;

%o;fpg;Nghapdu;. rk];fpUjj;Jf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l kjpg;Gk; rpwg;Gk;

jkpOf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. vdNt> Kjyhk; ghz;bag;

Nguurpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; tsuhky; Nghdjpy; tpag;gpy;iy.

ghz;bad; rilatu;kd; guhe;jfdpd; Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgL

tpjptpyf;Fghz;bau;fs; “fUg;ghd> ,uf;fkw;w> %u;f;fj;jdkhd>

gz;ghl;ilg; gw;wp mf;fiwaw;wtu;fs;” vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;

Athd; Rthq;.

66

3.11.10. fl;blf;fiy

fiyfspd; gpwg;gplkhfTk;> ,Ug;gplkhfTk; ,Ug;git

Nfhapy;fs;. kJiuapy; cs;s kPdhl;rp-Re;jNu];tuu; Nfhapy;

cyfg; Gfo; ngw;wJ. ,f;Nfhapy; gw;wpa Guhzf; fijfs; gy.

mtw;Ws; xd;wpy; kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd; ghu;tjp Njtpapd;

mtjhuk; vd;Wk;> kJiu kd;dd; kiyaj;Jt[ ghz;baDf;Fg;

gpwe;jtu; vdTk; jpUtpisahly; Guhzk; $WfpwJ. Rkhu; Mapuk;

Mz;LfSf;F Nky; kJiuiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp

nra;j ghz;ba kd;du;fSk;> ehaf;f kd;du;fSk; ,f;Nfhapy;

tsuTk;> cauTk; gq;fspg;G nra;Js;sdu;. ,g;gq;fspg;gpy; Kjy;

ghz;bag; Nguuirj; Njhw;Wtpj;j fLq;Nfhd; kw;Wk; mtu; top

te;j ghz;ba kd;du;fspd; gq;F fzprkhdJ. ,NjNghd;W

kJiuf;F mUfpy; cs;s mofu;NfhapYf;Fk; ,k;kd;du;fs;

cjtpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.


GJf;Nfhl;ilf;F mUNf cs;s rpj;jd;dthry; kiyapy;

cs;s rkzu; Fiff; Nfhtpy; rkz rpw;gf; fiyapd; rpfukhff;

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;Nfhapypd; Rtu;fspy; rkzj; jPu;j;jq;fuu;fspd;

rpw;gq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kJiuiaj; jiyefukhff; nfhz;L

Ml;rp Gupe;j ];uPkhw ];uPty;yg ghz;bad; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;

,f;Fiff; Nfhapy; rpwe;j rkz ikakhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. ,g;ghz;ba

kd;dupd; MjuNthL ,sk; nfsjkd; vd;w Mrpupau; rpj;jd;dthry;

Fiff; NfhapYf;Fj; jpUg;gzp nra;J tpaj;jF Xtpaq;fisj;

Njhw;Wtpj;jhu; vd;W ,f;Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;by; gjpT

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,d;iwf;Fk; ,e;j tz;z Xtpaq;fs; ghz;bau;

fhy Xtpaf;fiyj; jpwidg; giwrhw;Wgitahf cs;sd. ,e;j

Xtpaq;fisf; nfhz;L mf;fhyg; ngz;fs; mzpe;j mzpfyd;fs;>

$e;jy; myq;fhuk;> Milfs;> xg;gid Nghd;w gytw;iwAk;

njupe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. ,f;Fiff; Nfhapypy; rpw;gk;> Xtpak;>

eldk; Mfpa Kf;fiyfSk; rq;fkpf;fpd;wd.


tuFz kfhuh[h vd;W miof;fg;gl;l guhe;jfd;

neLQ;rilad; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk;

Nfhtpy;gl;bf;F mUNf mike;Js;s fOFkiy ntl;Lthd;

Nfhapy; Gfo; ngw;Wj; jpfo;e;jJ. ,q;Fs;s xw;iwf; fw;Nfhapy;

ghz;bau; cUthf;fpa <L ,izaw;w fiyf; fUT+ykhFk;.

,f;NfhapYf;F mUfhikapy; cs;s kiyg;ghiwapy; gy mupa

rkz rpw;gq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,itahTk; guhe;jfd;

neLQ;rilad; fhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;litahFk;. jkpo;

67

ehl;bNyNa ,q;Fjhd; rkz rpw;gq;fs; mjpfkhf cs;sd.

,r;rpw;gq;fspd; mbapy; tl;nlOj;Jf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

kfhtPuu;> gu;Rtehju;> Nekpehju; Nghd;w rkz jPu;j;jq;fuu;fspd;

mku;e;j epiyapYs;s rpw;g cUtq;fs; kw;Wk; af;\u;> g\pfspd;

rpw;g cUtq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jPu;j;jq;fuupd; jiyf;F Nky;

cs;s Kf;FilAk;> nfhbAk;> a\pfspd; fuq;fspy; Ve;jpAs;s

rhkuq;fSk; nrk;ikahf nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,f;Nfhapy;

tshfj;jpy; gy Gfo; ngw;w rkzj; Jwtpfs; tho;e;Js;sdu;.

,we;Njhu; epidT rpw;g cUtq;fSk; cs;sd.


6. ghz;b vd;why; --------- vd;W nghUs;.

7. fsg;gpuiuj; Njhw;fbj;J> ghz;ba ehl;il kPl;lJ ahu;?

8. guhq;Frd; vd;gJ ahUilag; gl;lg; ngauhFk;?

9. ahu; Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;Ngl;il ntspapl;lJ?

10. mupNfrup khwtu;kd; ahuhy; irt rkaj;Jf;F khwpdhu;?


1. tpeatpePr;rk; vd;w ghyp nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l E}y;.

2 fu;ehlfg; gFjpapypUe;J.

3. mr;Rj tpf;fpukd;.

4. Nghjp ju;kUk;> ju;kghyUk;.

5. jpU%yupd;.

6. vUJ.

7. fLq;Nfhd;.

8. mupNfrup guhq;Frd; khwtu;kd;.

9. guhe;jf neLQ;rilad;.

10. jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;.


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. fsg;gpuu; ahu;?

2. fsg;gpuu; Ml;rp Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.

3. fsg;gpuu; tPo;r;rp Fwpj;J vOJf.

68

tpupthd tpdhf;fs;

1. fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; rKjha epiy Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf.

2. ghz;ba kd;du;fspd; tsu;r;rpia Fwpj;J Muha;f.

3. ghz;ba fhyj;jpy; rKjha epiy Fwpj;J tpthjp.








nry;tk; Nt. jp. jkpof: tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;

myF – 4

Nrhog; NguuR-Kjyhk; ,uh[huh[h- Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu-

rhjidfs;

ghl mikg;G

4.1. Kd;Diu

4.2.Nehf;fq;fs;

4.3.,uh[uh[d;









4.4. ,uhN[e;jpud;

69













4.1. Kd;Diu

tp[ayhad; Kjyhk; Nrhog; NguuRf;F tpj;jpl;lhu;. mtuJ

topte;Njhu; mg;Nguuir tpupTgLj;jpdu;. mUs;nkhop tu;kd; vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpd;w ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; Nrhog;NguuRf;F xU

typikahd mbj;jsj;ij mikj;jhu;. ,tu; Nkw;nfhz;lNghu;fspd;

%ykhf Nrhog;NguuR njd;dpe;jpa kl;Lkpd;wp ,yq;if tiuapYk;

guj;Jtq;fpaJ. ,tu;f;F gpwF mupaiz Vwpa ,uhN[e;jpur;Nrhod;

jd;Dila typikahd flw;gilia nfhz;L flhuj;ij

ntd;whu;. ,t;tpU muru;fSk; toq;fpa epu;thfk; etPdfhyj;Jf;Fk;

xU Kd;Djhuzkhf tpsf;fpaJ. ,e;j mj;jpahkhdJ ,t;tpU

muru;fspd; gilnaLg;G> epu;thfk; kw;Wk; gpw rhjidfis

tpsf;FfpwJ.

4.2.Nehf;fq;fs;


KbAk;

• ,uh[uh[d; gilnaLg;Gfs; Fwpj;J tpsf;FfpwJ.

• ,uhN[e;jpudpd; gilnaLg;Gfs; Fwpj;J mwpa cjTfpwJ.

• ,uh[uh[d; kw;Wk; ,uhN[e;jpud; MfpNahupd;

rhjidfis Fwpj;J mwpayhk;.

70

4.3.,uh[uh[d;

cj;jk Nrhod; ,we;jgpd; mtuJ kfd; kJuhe;jfd;

kd;duhftpy;iy. khwhf ,uz;lhk; guhe;jfDf;Fk; (Re;juNrhod;)

Nru ehl;L ,sturp thdtd; khNjtpf;Fk; gpwe;j mUs;nkhoptu;kd;

muRf; fl;bNywpdhu;. je;ijAldpUe;J Ml;rpapy; gq;Nfw;W> mwpTj;

njspTk;> murhq;f tpNtfKk;> epu;thfj; jpwikAk;> Nghu;

mDgtKk; ngw;wpUe;j mUs;nkhoptu;kd; ,uh[uh[dhfp Gjpa

rfhg;jk; gilj;jhu;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyk; Nrhou; tuyhw;wpy; Gjpa

jpUg;GKidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Nrhog; NguuR Gjpa

gupkhzq;fSld; gpufhrpj;jJ. ,uh[uh[d; ,uh[Nfrup>

ngUTilahu;> kfhuh[uh[d; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tu;

Nrhou;fspd; ,uz;lhtJ Nguuirj; Jtf;fpdhu;. ,uh[uh[dpd; top

te;Njhu; gpw;fhyr; Nrhou;fs; vd;W mwpag;gl;ldu;.


Kw;fhyj; jkpo; kd;du;fs; Nghu;fshy; mwpag;gl;lhu;fs;.

rq;ffhy kd;du;fSk;> mtu;fSf;Fg; gpd; fsg;gpuu; fhyj;ijj;

jhz;b te;j ghz;bau;fSk; Nrhou;fSk; Nghu;g; ghuk;gupaj;ij

Kd;nfhz;L nrd;wdu;. Kjy; Nrho NguuRf;F mbj;jskpl;l

tp[ahyad; jQ;iria kPl;L> jQ;iriaj; jiyefuhf nfhz;L>

gy Nghu;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;W Nrhou;fspd; Ml;rpf;F epiyj;

jd;ikiaf; nfhLj;jhu;. ,uh[uh[d; Ml;rp nghWg;Ngw;gjw;F Kd;G

Nrho ehl;L murpaypy; njsptw;w epiy ePbj;jhYk; mtu; Ml;rpf;F

te;j NghJ Nrhou; kuGk;> epu;thfKk;> ,uhZtKk; epiyahf

,Ue;jh murhq;f mikg;Gk;; jiug;gil> flw;gil

tpupthf;fj;Jf;fhd cl;fl;likg;gl ,Ue;jJ. ,f;fl;likg;igAk;>

,aw;if-nraw;if tsq;fisAk; KOikahf gad;gLj;jp Nrhog;

Nguuir typikkpf;f Mjpf;f murhf khw;wpa ngUik

,uh[uh[idr; NrUk;. ,uh[uh[d; tpupthf;fthjp

(Expansionist Vfhjpgj;jpathjp (Imperialist). ,tu;

Nghu;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; Nguuir tpupTgLj;jpg; gyg;gLj;jpdhu;.

,uh[uh[dpd; Nghu;fs; Gfo; ngw;wit.


,uh[uh[d; Nrhou; muRupikia kl;Lk; thuprhfg;

ngwtpy;iy Nrhou;fspd; ghuk;gupag; giftu;fshd Nruu;-ghz;bau;-

rpq;fstu; MfpNahupd; gifikiaAk; thuprhfg; ngw;whu;.

,uh[uh[d; gjtpf;F te;jgpd; ,tu;fspd; vjpu;g;ig

Kwpabg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfspy; Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;lhu;. vl;lhz;L

fhy Vw;ghl;Lf;Fg; gpd;du; gilnaLg;GfSf;Fj; jahuhdhu;.

,uh[uh[d; Kjypy; jdJ ghu;itia Nru ehl;bd; kPJ jpUg;gpdhu;

71

ahidapd; gyk; Jjpf;ifapy; ,Ug;gijg; Nghd;W Nruupd; gyk;

flw;gilapy; ,Ug;gij mwpe;j Nrho kd;dd; Nruu;fspd; flw;gil

KJnfYk;ig Kwpf;fj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;. mj;jpl;lj;jpd;gb> jhd;

mDg;gpa J}Jtiu Nru kd;dd; gh];f utptu;kd; mtkjpj;J

tpl;ljhff; $wp Nru ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhu; jpUtde;jGuj;jpd;

flw;fiug; gFjpahf ,Ue;j fhe;jShu; rhiyapy; Nghu; %z;lJ.

,g;Nghupd; NghJ Nruupd; flw;gil mopf;fg;gl;lJ. mNjhL uhZt

gapw;rpg; gs;spAk; jiukl;lkhf;fg;gl;lJ. Nru kd;dd; gh];fu

,utptu;kDk; mtUf;Fj; JizNghd ghz;ba kd;dd;

mkuG[q;fDk; Njhy;tpiaj; jOtpdu;. jd; KbAld; Nru>

ghz;bau;fsJ KbfisAk; R+l;bf; nfhz;likahy; ,uh[uh[d;

Kk;Kbr; Nrhod; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,g;Nghu; Nruupd; flw;gil

typikiaf; nraypof;fr; nra;aNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Nru

kd;dd; nfhy;yj;Jf;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;wjhy; nfhy;yKk; jhf;fg;gl;L

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ifg;gw;wg;gl;l fhe;jShu; kw;Wk; nfhy;yk;

gFjpfspd; epu;thfk; rPuikf;fg;gl;lJ. mq;fpUe;j Ntjg;

gs;spfSf;F Ntz;ba cjtpfs; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. Nru

ehl;by; rjak; jpUtpohTk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. fhe;jShu; rhiyg; Nghu;

ntw;wp ,uh[uh[dpd; Gfo; gutf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.

mJkl;Lky;y. mUs;nkhoptu;kDf;F uh[uh[d; vd;w ngaiu

rpjk;guk; Nfhapy; epu;thfpfs; nfhLj;jjhf kuG topr; nra;jp

cs;sJ.


fhe;jShu; rhiyg; Nghupy; ghz;ba kd;dd; mkuG[q;fd;

Nru kd;dd; gh];fu ,utptu;kDf;Fj; Jizahf ,Ue;jhu;. vdNt>

giftdpd; ez;gd; jdf;F vjpup vdf; fUjpa ,uh[uh[d; ghz;ba

kd;dDf;Fg; ghlk; fw;gpf;Fk; nghUl;L ghz;ba ehl;bd; kPJ

gilnaLj;jhu;. ,g;Nghupy; ghz;ba kd;dd; mkuG[q;fd;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. ghz;ba ehL Nrho ehl;Lld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

,t;ntw;wpiag; ghuhl;L Kfj;jhd; ,uh[uh[Df;F njd;d

guhf;fpukd; vd;w tpUJg; ngau; R+l;lg;gl;lJ. ,t;ntw;wpapd; %yk;

ghz;ba ehl;bd; kPJ NrhouJ Mjpf;fk; jpUk;gTk;

epiyehl;lg;gl;lJ.


ghz;baiu ntw;wp nfhz;l ,uh[uh[d; kiy ehL my;yJ

Flkiy ehL ($u;f;) kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;. ,g;gilnaLg;gpd;

Nehf;fk; NruUk;> ghz;baUk; kPz;Lk; jiyJ}f;fhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhd

Kd;ndr;rupf;if eltbf;ifahFk;. mNjNghd;W nfhq;F ehl;Lf;F

mUfhikapypUe;j Edk;ghb ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. mNjhL fq;fthb>

jbifghb> jiyf;fhL Mfpa ikR+u; gFjpfSk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld.

72

,g;gilnaLg;Gfs; vy;yhk; uh[uh[dpd; gl;lj;J ,sturd;

,uhN[e;jpud; jiyikapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lit vd;gJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ntw;wp ehafd; ,uhN[e;jpuDf;F khjz;l ehafd;

vd;w nghWg;Gkpf;f gjtpia mspj;Jg; ngUikg;gLj;jpdhu; je;ij

,uh[uh[d;.


Nruu;> ghz;baiug; Nghd;Nw ,yq;ifr; rpq;fstUk;

Nrhou;fSf;Fg; guk;giug; giftu;fs;. vg;Nghnjy;yhk; Nrhou;fs;

Nruu; kw;Wk; ghz;bau;fSld; Nghupl;ldNuh mg;Nghnjy;yhk;

rpq;fstu; mtu;fis Mjupj;Js;sdu;. vdNt ,uh[uh[d;

,yq;ifia ntd;W> Nrho ehl;Lld; ,izj;J rpq;fstu;

vjpu;g;Gf;F epue;jukhf KbT fl;lj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;. mjw;fhd

tha;g;ig vjpu;Nehf;fpapUe;jhu;. mtu; vjpu;ghu;j;j tha;g;Gk; te;jJ.

,yq;if kd;dd; Ie;jhk; kNfe;jpuDf;F vjpuhf mtuJ

gilapdNu fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;. ,f;fpsu;r;rpia vjpu;f;nfhs;s

Kbahj ,yq;if murd; ,yq;ifapypUe;J jg;gp ghz;ba

ehl;Lf;F te;jhu;. ,e;j tha;g;igg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l

,uh[uh[d; ,yq;if kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;. Mapuk; Mz;Lfhy

,yq;ifj; jiyefuhd mDuhjGuk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;L> mopf;fg;gl;lJ.

mijaLj;J ,yq;ifapy; tlf;Fg; gFjpAk; tPo;e;jJ. mg;gFjpf;F

Kk;Kb Nrho kz;lyk; vd;W ngauplg;gl;lJ. uhZtf; fhty;

jiyefuhapUe;j nghydUit ,g;Gjpa kz;lyj;jpd;

jiyefukhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;efUf;F [fd;dhj kq;fyk; vd;W

ngauplg;gl;lJ. mq;F xU rptd; NfhapYk; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,jd;

%yk; ,yq;ifapd; tlgFjp Nrho ehl;Lld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

,yq;if ntw;wpapd; tpisthf Nru-ghz;ba-,yq;if uhZtf;

$l;likg;G Kw;wpYkhf Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ.


Nkiyr;rhSf;fpag; Nghu;

,uh\;bu$lu;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;l rhSf;fpau;

Nkiyr; rhSf;fpau;> fPior; rhSf;fpau; vd;W ,U gpuptpduhfg;

gpupe;J Ml;rp mikj;J> jdpj;jdpNa nray;gl;L te;jdu;. Nkiyr;

rhSf;fpau; fy;ahzp (ikR+u;)iaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;Lk;> fPior;

rhSf;fpau; ntq;fpiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;Lk; Ml;rp nra;J

te;jdu;. ijyg;gDf;Fg; gpwF Nkiyr;rhSf;fpa kd;duhd

rj;jpahrpuad; fPior; rhSf;fpaiu ntd;W jd;Dila ehl;Lld;

,izj;Jtpl tpUk;gpdhu;. ijyg;gdpd; Nehf;fk; epiwNtwpdhy;

xd;Wgl;l rhSf;fpau; jdf;F rthyhf ,Ug;ghu;fs; vd;gij

czu;e;j ,uh[uh[d; Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa kd;ddpd; Kaw;rpia

73

KisapNyNa fps;sptpl Ntz;Lnkd;W KbT nra;jhu;. fPior;

rhSf;fpaupilNa Vw;gl;l thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lj;ij tha;g;ghf;fpf;

nfhz;l ,uh[uh[d; mtu;fsJ tptfhuj;jpy; jiyapl;L

rf;jptu;kd; vd;gtiu muruhf;fpdhu; (fp.gp.999). mjw;F

ed;wpf;fldhf rj;jpatu;kd; Nrho kd;dupd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;Wf;

nfhz;lhu; ,e;j Vw;ghl;ilf; fLikahf vjpu;j;jhu; Nkiyr;

rhSf;fpa kd;dd; rj;jpahrpuad;. ,e;j vjpu;g;Ng Nkiyr;rhSf;fpa-

Nrhog; NghUf;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W. Nkiyr; rhSf;fpaUf;F vjpuhf

,uhN[e;jpud; jiyikapy; typikahd Nrhou; gilia

mDg;gpdhu; ,uh[uh[d;. Nkiyr; rhSf;fpau; gil

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ (1007). mtu;fSila jsgjp Nfrtd; ifJ

nra;ag;gl;lhu;. ,g;Nghupd; tpisthf Nkiyr;rhSf;fpa ehL

epu;%ykhf;fg;gl;lJ. rj;jpahrpuadpd; kw;nwhU Nghu; Kaw;rpAk;

Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;Nghupd; tpisthf Jq;fgj;jpiu MW Nrhog;

NguuRf;Fk; Nkiy rhSf;fpa ehl;Lf;Fk; ,ilNaahd

vy;iyahapw;W.

fPior;rhSf;fpag; Nghu;

fPior; rhSf;fpa ehl;by; epytpa thupRupikg; Nghl;bapy;

,uh[uh[d; jiyapl;L rf;jptu;kid kd;duhf;fpa NghjpYk; mq;F

mikjp epyttpy;it Nrhoupd; Mjpf;fj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;l

rf;jpatu;kid Nkiyr;rhSf;fpa kd;dd; rj;jpahrpuad; kd;dpf;fj;

jahuhapy;iy. uh[uh[dplk; Njhy;tpaile;j rj;jpahrpuad; ntq;fp

kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;. mg;gilia ,uhN[e;jpud; jiyikapyhd

Nrhou; gil Njhw;fbj;jJ. NkYk;> rf;jptu;kid mLj;J

gl;lj;Jf;F te;j tpkyhjpj;jDf;F jd; kfs; Fe;jitia

kzKbj;J itj;J ,uh[uh[d; fPior; rhSf;fpaUldhd cwitg;

gyg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,jd; %yk; jQ;irf;Fk; ntq;fpf;FkpilNaahd

njhlu;G cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjd;gpd; fPior; rhSf;fpau;

ntq;fpiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L %d;W E}w;whz;Lfs; Ml;rp

nra;jdu;.


,uh[uh[dpd; gilnaLg;Gfs; njd;dpe;jpah jhz;b

khyj;jPTfs; tiu nrd;wd. Ke;ePu;g; goe;jPT gd;dPuhapuk; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;l khyj;jPTfs; ,uh[uh[dhy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;ld.

,g;gilnaLg;Gf;Fg; ngupJk; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ ,uh[uh[dpd;

typikkpf;f flw;gilahFk;. Nrhou; flw;gil ,uh[uh[Df;F

%d;W kfj;jhd ntw;wpfisg; ngw;Wj; je;jJ: 1) Nruu;

flw;gilia ntw;wp fz;lJ; 2) ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;w cjtpaJ;

3) khyj;jPTfis Nrho ehl;Lld; Nru;j;jJ. khyj;jPT gilnaLg;G

,uh[uh[dpd; ,Wjpr; rhjidahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. khyj;jPT

74

ntw;wpf;Fg;gpd; ,uhN[e;jpud; Kiwg;gb Atuh[hthf

KbR+l;lg;gl;lhu;.


,uh[uh[d; Nrho kd;du;fSs; khkd;duhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;.

,e;jpahtpd; Kw;fhy khkd;du;fs; tupirapy; ,lk; ngwj;

jFjpahdtu;. MSik Mw;wYk;> Ml;rpj; jpwikAkpf;ftu;. ,tuJ

Kg;gjhz;L Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Nrhog; NguuR gjpa vy;iyiaj;

njhl;lJ; rhjidfs; gy nra;ag;gl;ld. mtw;Ws; rpwg;ghdit

tUkhW: 1) fy;ntl;Lfspy; nka;f;fPu;j;jp vd;Dk; tuyhw;W

mwpKfk; nra;Ak; tof;fk; ,tu; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Jjhd;

njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 2) eLtz; muir ikakhff; nfhz;L Nrho ehL

gy epu;thfg; gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L mjpfhuf; Ftpika

Kbahl;rp (Centralized Monarchy) cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 3) Ml;rpf;

fhyj;jpNyNa thupR ,sturu; (Heir-apparent) gjtpia Vw;gLj;jp

,izahl;rpf;F (Joint-rule) top tFf;fg;gl;lJ. 4) fpuhk kw;Wk;

cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspd; Rje;jpuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jhky; mtw;wpd;

epytUtha; fzf;F kj;jpa jzpf;iff; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F

cl;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 5) Nrho ehL KOtJKs;s epyq;fs;

juthupahfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L> rupahf msf;fg;gl;L> Kiwahd epjp

epu;thff; fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gf;Fs; nfhz;L ghug;gl;lJ. 6) Nrhog; Nguurpd;

tpupthf;fj;Jf;Fk;> ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;> guhkupg;Gf;Fk;> ntspAwTj;

njhlu;GfSf;Fk; Njitahd epiyahd ,uhZtj;ijAk;> gykpf;f

cw;gilAk; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. 7) ,uh[uh[d; rpwe;j rptgf;juhf

,Ue;jNghjpYk; rkag; nghiwiaf; filg;gpbj;jhu;. midj;J

rkaq;fSk; rkkhf kjpf;fg;gl;L kupahij nra;ag;gl;lJ.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Rkj;jpuhtpd; kd;du; irNye;jpuu; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy;

xU Gj;j tpfhuj;ijf; fl;bf; nfhs;tjw;F mDkjpj;J

cjtpaNjhld;wp mJ fl;b Kbf;fg;gLtjw;Fj; Njitahd KO

xj;Jiog;igAk; nfhLj;jhu;. 8) ,uh[uh[d; Nfhapy; fl;blf;

fiyf;F Kd;khjpupahfj; jpfo;e;jhu;. ,tu; fhyj;jpy; jQ;irapy;

fl;lg;gl;l ngUTilahu; (gpufjP];tuu;) Myak; ,jw;fhd

jiyrpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. 9) gy;fiy ty;ytuhd ,k;kd;du;

rpwe;j ftpQuhf ,Ue;jNjhL kl;Lkd;wp fiy> ,yf;fpag;

Gytu;fSf;Fg; GutyuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. 10) ,uh[uh[dpd;

rhjidfis epidT+l;Lk; tifapy; ,tu; gy gl;lq;fis R+l;bf;

nfhz;lhu;. mtw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. Kk;Kbr;Nrhod;>

NrhNoe;jpu rpk;kd;> rpq;fshe;jfd;> n[ak; nfhz;lhu;> njypq;f

Fyhfyd;> utpFy khzpf;fd;> rptghj Nrfud; Mfpait. 11)

,uh[uh[dpd; njhiyNehf;F ,tu;fhy Nrhog; NguuR ghiwapd;

kPJ vOg;gg;gl;lJ. mijf; fl;bf; fhf;f mtu; Ml;rpf;

fhyj;jpNyNa mtuJ kfd; ,uhN[e;jpuidj; jahu; nra;jhu;.

75

mjdhy;jhd; ,uh[uh[d; njd;dpe;jpahit Ml;rp nra;jtu;fspy;

jiyrpwe;jtu; vd;W ghuhl;lg;gLfpwhu;.


1. ,uh[Nfrup vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;?

2. fhe;jShu; rhiy vq;F mike;Js;sJ?

3. ve;j ehl;by; rjak; jpUtpoh Jtf;fg;gl;lJ?

4. nghydUit vq;F mike;Js;sJ?

4.4. ,uhN[e;jpud;

,uh[uh[dpd; xNu kfd; ,uhN[e;jpud;. ,tuJ ,aw;ngau;

kJuhe;jfd;." uh[uh[dpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpNyNa ,tu; gl;lj;J

,sturdhfg; gpufldg; gLj;jg;gl;lTld; (1012) ,uhN[e;jpud; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lhu;. jhj;jh Re;ju Nrhoid (,uz;lhk; guhe;jfd;)g;

Nghd;w moFk;> je;ij ,uh[uh[idg; Nghd;w MSikAk; ngw;w

,uhN[e;jpud; je;ijAld; ,ize;Nj Ml;rp elj;jpdhu;. vdNt

,tuJ Ml;rp 1012-ypUe;Nj Jtq;Ftjhff; nfhs;tJ kughf

cs;sJ. je;ijAk;> kfDk; Nrho ehl;ilf; fpl;lj;jl;l 60

Mz;Lfs; njhlu;e;J Ml;rp nra;jdu;. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Nrhog;

Nguurpd; rpwg;Gk;> nry;thf;Fk; cr;rfl;lj;ij vl;baJ.



,uhN[e;jpud; jdJ je;ij ,uh[uh[ NrhodplkpUe;J Nrho

ehl;Lld; gy ehLfspd; gifiaAk; kuGilikahfg; ngw;whu;.

,tuJ jdpahl;rp Jtq;fpagpd; je;ijia Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L

jdJ kfd; Kjyhk; ,uh[hjpuh[Df;F Atuh[h (gl;lj;J

,sturu;) gl;lk; R+l;bdhu; (1018). mjpypUe;J ,UtUNk ,ize;J

Ml;rp nra;jdu;. Nrhou;-rhSf;fpau; gifiag; Nghd;Nw Nrhou;-

rpq;fstUf;FkpilNaahd tpNuhjKk; njhlu; fijiag; Nghd;W

njhlu;e;jJ. ,uh[uh[d; ,yq;ifapd; tlgFjpiaj; jdJ

Mjpf;fj;jpd;fPo;f; nfhz;L te;j NghjpYk;> ghz;ba kd;dd;

,uh[rpk;kd; ,yq;if kd;ddplk; xg;gilj;j mur rpd;dq;fisf;

ifg;gw;w Kbatpy;iy. NkYk; ,yq;if kd;dd; Ie;jhk; kfpe;jd;

Nrhouplk; ,oe;j gFjpfis kPl;gjpy; Kidg;ghf ,Ue;jhu;. vdNt

,uz;L fhuzq;fSf;fhf ,uhN[e;jpud; ,yq;if kPJ

gilnaLj;jhu;: 1) ,yq;if KOtijAk; ifg;gw;wp Nrho ehl;Lld;

,izg;gJ; 2) ghz;ba kd;dd; xg;gilj;j mur rpd;dq;fis

miltJ. Nkw;fz;l ,uz;L Nehf;fq;fisAk; epiwNtw;Wk;

76

nghUl;L ,uhN[e;jpud; %d;whtJ Ml;rp Mz;by; (1017) ,yq;if

kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;. ,g;Nghupy; ,yq;if kd;dd; Ie;jhk; kfpe;jd;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l ,yq;if murd; ifJ

nra;ag;gl;L Nrho ehl;Lf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lhu;. ghz;ba

kd;dd; xg;gilj;jpUe;j mur rpd;dq;fs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld.

,tw;wpd; %yk; ,uhN[e;jpudpd; ,uz;L Nehf;fq;fSk; epiwNtwpd.

,Ug;gpDk; rpq;fstu; kfpe;jhtpd; kfd; jhrg;gh Nrhou;fSf;F

vjpuhd fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. mf;fpsu;r;rp xLf;fg;gl;lJ.

,yq;ifapy; Nrhou; Mjpf;fk; %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; fhyk;

tiu ePbj;jJ.


,uh[uh[dpd; ghz;ba ehl;Lg; gilnaLg;G KO ntw;wp

ngwtpy;iy. Nrhou; kPjpUe;j ghz;bau; gif tsu;e;jNjad;wp

Fiwatpy;iy. RakupahijAk;> Rje;jpu czu;Tkpf;f ghz;bau;

Nrhoupd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;J fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgl;ldu;.

,f;fpsu;r;rpia xLf;fTk;> ghz;ba ehl;by; Nrhou; Ml;rpia

cWjpg;gLj;jTk; ,uhN[e;jpud; ghz;ba ehl;bd; kPJ

gilnaLj;jhu;. ghz;bau; gil Njhw;fbf;fg; gl;lJ. ghz;ba ehL

kJiuiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;l jdp kz;lykhf;fg;gl;L>

,uhN[e;jpudpd; kfd; ,sturd; ,uh[hjpuh[d; mjd; MSeuhf

epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtUf;F [ltu;kd; Re;ju Nrho-ghz;bad; vd;w

gl;lg; ngaUk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.


ghz;bau;fisg; Nghd;Nw Nruu;fSk; Nrhou;fspd;

Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;ftpy;iy. vjpu;j;j tz;zk; ,Ue;jdu;.

mtu;fsJ vjpu;g;ig Kwpabg;gjw;fhf ,uhN[e;jpud; Nru ehl;bd;

kPJ Nghu; njhLj;jhu;. fLikahd NghUf;Fg;gpd; Nru ehL

gzpe;jJ. Nru ehLk; kJiuapypUe;j Nrho MSeupd;

Mjpf;fj;jpd;fPo;f; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.


Nkiy rhSf;fpag; Nghu;

,uh[uh[d; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Nkiy rhSf;fpa kd;dd;

rj;jpahrpuad; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L Nrhou; Mjpf;fk; epiyehl;lg;gl;lJ.

rj;jpahrpuaDf;Fg;gpd; Ml;rpf;F te;j ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpk;kd;

(1015) je;ij ,oe;j gFjpfis kPl;f Kw;gl;lhu;. vdNt>

,uhN[e;jpud; Nkiy rhSf;fpa ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;. Nrhou;

gilAk; Nkiyr; rhSf;fpag; gilAk; Krq;fp vd;w ,lj;jpy;

re;jpj;jd. Nrhou; gil ntd;wJ. Nkiy rhSf;fpa ehl;by; kPz;Lk;

77

Nrhou; Mjpf;fk; cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ. mNjNghd;W Jq;fgj;jpiu

MW Nrho ehl;Lf;Fk; Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa ehl;Lf;Fk; vy;iyahf

ePbj;jJ.

fPior; rhSf;fpag; Nghu;

Nkiy rhSf;fpa kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpk;kd;

,uhN[e;jpudplk; Njhw;whYk; fPior;rhSf;fpa tptfhuj;jpy;

jiyapLtij epWj;jtpy;iy. fPior; rhSf;fpa ehl;by;

thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lk; ele;jij tha;g;ghff; nfhz;L ,uz;lhk;

,uh[rpk;kd; FWf;fpl;lhu;. ntq;fp Nte;jd; tpkyhjpj;jd; ,we;jgpd;

,uz;lhk; tp[ahjpj;jDf;Fk;> ,uh[uh[ eNue;jpuDf;FkpilNa

thupRupikg; Nghl;b Vw;gl;lJ. tpkyhjpj;jd; kfdhd ,uh[uh[

eNue;jpud; Nrho ehl;L Fe;jitf;Fg; gpwe;jtd;. Fe;jit

,uhN[e;jpudpd; rNfhjup. vdNt mtu; jdJ jq;if kfid

Mjupj;jhu;. ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpk;kd; ,uz;lhk; tp[ahjpj;ad; gf;fk;

,Ue;jhu;. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,uhN[e;jpudpd; ,uhZt cjtpNahL

,uh[uh[ eNue;jpud; ,uz;lhk; tp[ahjpj;jid Njhw;fbj;J

fPior;rhSf;fpa ehl;bd; kd;duhdhu;. ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpk;kd;

fPior; rhSf;fpa ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w Nkw;nfhz;l kw;nwhU

Kaw;rpAk; Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ (1035). ,uhN[e;jpudpd; njhlu;

Nghu;fshy; ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpk;kidAk; mtiu Mjupj;j FWepy

kd;du;fisAk; jiyJ}f;ftplhky; nra;J fd;dl ehL

KOtijAk; jd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; nfhz;L te;jhu;. Kbnfhz;l

Nrhod;> n[arpk;k rhugd;> kd;id nfhz;l Nrhod;> ,ul;lghb

nfhz;l Nrhod;> epUgjpthfud; Nghd;w tpUJg; ngau;fs; mtuJ

ntw;wpfSf;fhd mq;fPfhuq;fshFk;. rhSf;fpag; Nghu;fspd;

tpisthf ,uhN[e;jpudplk; Vuhskhd nry;tk; Ftpe;jJ.


tlehl;L ntw;wp

Nkw;F kw;Wk; fPior; rhSf;fpau;fis Nrho Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd;

fPo; nfhz;L te;j ,uhN[e;jpud; jdJ ftdj;ij tlehl;bd; kPJ

jpUg;gpdhu;. fq;if gs;sj;jhf;F tiu nry;yj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;.

,uhN[e;jpud; jiyikapyhd Nrhou; gil Nfhjhtup tiu nrd;W

Kfhkpl;lJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; mtUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; Vw;gl;l

neUf;fbapd; fhuzkhf jfty; njhlu;G Jz;bf;fg;gl;lNjahFk;.

vdNt> mtu; Nfhjhtupf; fiuapy; jq;fpf; nfhz;L Nrhou; gilia

mtu; jpl;lkpl;lgb tlf;F Nehf;fp mDg;gpdhu;. ,uhN[e;jpud;

jsgjpapd; jiyikapyhd Nrhou; gil Nfhjhtupiaf; fle;J

g];jhu;> xuprh topahf Nkw;F tq;fhsj;ij mile;jJ. mg;NghJ

tq;fhsj;ij Ml;rp nra;j ju;kghyiuAk;> kfghyiuAk;

Njhw;fbj;J Nrhou; Mjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;bdhu;. mjd;gpd; Nrhou;

78

gil fq;if tiu nrd;W mq;F Ml;rp nra;j kd;diuAk; ntd;w

gpd;du; fq;if Mw;W ePiu vLj;Jf; nfhz;L te;J Nfhjhtupf;

fiuapy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j ,uhN[e;jpuDld; Nru;e;J nfhz;ld.

mjd;gpd; ,uhN[e;jpud; jiyikapy; Nrhou; gil jpUr;rp

khtl;lj;jpy; Gjpjhf cUthfpf; nfhz;bUe;j fq;if nfhz;l

NrhoGuk; nrd;wile;jJ. fq;ifg; gilnaLg;ig tpisTfsw;w

ntw;wpnad;Nwh my;yJ Gdpjg; gazk; vd;Nwh> Nfhg;igapy;

vOe;j Gay; vd;Nwh xJf;fptpl KbahJ. tlehl;by; ntw;wp

nfhs;sg;gl;l gFjpfs; eilKiwf; fhuzq;fSf;fhf Nrho

ehl;Lld; ,izf;fg;gltpy;iy. vdpDk; mit Nrho kd;dDf;F

jpiw nrYj;Jk; gFjpfshf ,Ue;jd. tl ,e;jpa ehLfs; Nrhog;

Nguurpd; Mjpf;f typikia czu;e;jd. jkpou;fs; tq;fhsj;jpy;

FbNawp Nrdh Ms;epyg; gFjp cUthtjw;fhd

mbj;jskplg;gl;lJ. mNjNghd;W kpjpiyapy; FbNawpa jkpou;fs;

mq;F fu;dhlFyk; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jdu;. jkpou;fs; tl

,e;jpag; gFjpfspy; FbNawpaijg; Nghd;Nw tl ,e;jpa irtu;fs;

jkpo; ehl;Lf;F te;J jq;fpdu;. fq;ifapypUe;J nfhz;L tug;gl;l

ePu; ,uhN[e;jpud; epu;khzpj;j Gjpa efupy; Nrho fq;if vd;w

Fsj;ij ntl;b mjpy; fq;if ePiuf; fye;J fq;fh [ykak;

raj;jk;gk; vd;W ghuhl;b tpoh vLf;fg;gl;lJ. fq;ifg; gilnaLg;G

Nrhou; tuyhw;wpy; nghd;dhd Kj;Jf;fshy; nghwpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba

tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f epidT$wj;jf;f epfo;thFk;.


,uhN[e;jpudpd; flhuk; gilnaLg;G mtuJ flw;gil

gilnaLg;Gfspy; kpfTk; Gfo; ngw;wjhFk;. njd;fpof;F Mrpa

ehLfspd; kPJ ,uhN[e;jpud; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;j tpUk;gpdhu;. kNyah

jPgfw;gk;> Rkj;jpuh> [hth kw;Wk; mjd; md;ikj; jPTfs;

];uPtp[ag; Nguurpd;fPo; ,Ue;jd. ,e;jpahTf;Fk;

rPdhTf;FkpilNaahd fly;top ];uPtp[a kd;dupd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;

fPo; ,Ue;jJ. ,uh[uh[d; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Nrhog; NguuRf;Fk;

];uPtp[ag; NguuRf;FkpilNa ey;y el;GwT ,Ue;jJ. jkpo;

ehl;bypUe;J rPdhTf;F tu;j;jf J}Jf;FOf;fs; mDg;gg;gl;ld.

Mdhy; ,uhN[e;jpud; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;wTld; Nrhog; NguuRf;Fk;

];uPtp[ag; NguuRf;FkpilNaahd njhlu;gpy; tpupry; tpOe;jJ.

mjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs; ,uz;L: 1) ,uh[uh[dpd; NguuR

tpupthf;fk;; 2) Nrho-rPd tu;j;jfg; ngUf;fj;Jf;F ];uPtp[ag; NguuR

FWf;Nf epd;wJ. vdNt ,uhN[e;jpud; ];uPtp[ag; Nguurpd; kPJ

gilnaLj;jhu; (1025). ];uPtp[ag; NguuRf;Fl;gl;l flhuk; (Rkj;jpuh)

kw;Wk; ];uPtp[ag; Nguurpd; jiyefu; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ];uPtp[ag;

Nguuru; rq;uk tp[Nahj;Jq;ftu;kd; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. Rkj;uh

gilnaLg;GfSk;> kNyahit ntw;wp nfhz;lJk; ,uhN[e;jpudpd;

Nrhog; Nguurpd; ntspehl;L tpupthf;fj;Jf;Fg; Gjpa gupkhzj;ijf;

79

nfhLj;jJ. kNyahTk;> Rkj;jpuhTk; Nrhog; Nguurpd; gFjpfshapd;

Nrhou;fshy; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;ld."


,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; mtu; tpijj;j

tpijfspd; tpisTfis mtNu mWtil nra;a Ntz;bajhapw;W.

Nrhou; gilnaLg;Gfshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfs; jq;fsJ

Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfg; Nghuhlj; Jtq;fpd. ,yq;if Nrhou; Mjpf;fj;ij

vjpu;j;jJ. mNjNghd;W ghz;ba ehLk;> Nru ehLk; fpsu;e;njOe;jd.

Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa kd;dd; Kjyhk; NrhNk];tud; Nrhou;

Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl Kad;whu;. ,tw;iwnay;yhk;

vjpu;f;nfhs;s Ntz;ba nghWg;G ,uhN[e;jpudpd; thuprhd

,uh[hjpuh[dpd; jiyapy; tpOe;jJ.


,uh[uh[dpd; Ml;rpf; fhyr; rhjidfs; fw;ghiwapd; kPJ

nghwpf;fg;gl;l vOj;Jf;fisg; Nghy; epiyj;J epw;git. fhy

nts;sj;jhy; mopf;fg;gl Kbahjit. tuyhw;W

Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;fit. je;ij ,uh[uh[Dk;> kfd; ,uhN[e;jpuDk;

Nrho ehl;ilj; njhlu;e;J fpl;lj;jl;l mWgJ Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp

nra;jdu;. ,uhN[e;jpud; mtuJ Kg;gjhz;L fhy Ml;rpapd; NghJ

je;ijf;F ,izahf rhjidfs; nra;jhu;. ,tuJ rhjidfspy;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit tUkhW: 1) Nrhog; Nguurpd; vy;iyia

ntFthf tpupTgLj;jpdhu;. mtuJ ntw;wpfisf; Fwpg;gjw;fhfNt

Kbnfhz;lhd;> fq;if nfhz;lhd;> flhuq;nfhz;lhd;> gz;bj

Nrhod;> tPuuhN[e;jpud;> NrhNoe;jpurpk;kd; Nghd;w tpUJg;

ngau;fis R+l;bf; nfhz;lhu;; 2) tlehl;L ntw;wpf;Fg; gpwF

jiyefiuj; jQ;irapypUe;J fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;Jf;F

khw;wpdhu;. ,J je;ijf;F epfuhd khw;Wj; jiyefuhfj; jpfo;e;jJ;

3) tptrha tpupthf;fj;jpy; mf;fiw nfhz;l ,uhN[e;jpud; fq;if

nfhz;l NrhoGuj;Jf;fUNf Nrho fq;fk; vd;w ngupa Vupiaf;

fl;bdhu;; 4) Gjpa jiyefupy; fq;ifnfhz;l NrhNor;Ruk; vd;w

rpw;gf; fiyf;Fg; Gfo; ngw;w rpthyaj;ij vOg;gpdhu;; 5) Ntjf;

fy;tpia Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf Ntjf; fy;Y}up xd;iw Vw;gLj;jpdhu;;

6) irtuhf ,Ue;Jk; rkag;nghiwiaf; filg; gpbj;jhu;. fq;iff;

fiuapy; tho;e;j rkzu;fs; fhQ;rpapy; FbNaWtjw;fhd

Vw;ghLfis nra;J nfhLj;jhu;; 7) rpwe;j rpe;jidahsu;; jukhd

gilg;ghsp rptngUkhd; kPJ gy gf;jpg; ghly;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;;

8) jd; gps;isfSf;F rpwe;j Ml;rp gapw;rp mspj;jhu;. mtuJ

kfd;fs; %tUk; xUtu;gpd; xUtuhf Ml;rpf;F te;jdu;; 9) ,tuJ

80

epu;thfk; cjhuzkhf tpsq;fpaJ 19) ntspehLfSld; Fwpg;ghf

rPdhTldhd tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G Nkk;gl;lJ.


1 ,sturd; ,uh[hjpuh[d; ve;j gFjpf;F MSeuhf

epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;?

2 ,uhN[e;jpud; jiyefiuj; jQ;irapypUe;J ve;j gFjpf;F

khw;wpdhu;?


1. ,uh[uh[d;

2. jpUtde;jGuk;

3. Nru ehl;by;

4. ,yq;if

5. kJiuiaj; jiyefuk;

6. fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk;


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. fhe;jShu;rhiyg; Nghu; Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.

2. ,uh[uh[d; Nkiyr;rhSf;fpag; Nghu; Fwpj;J vOJf.

3. ,uhN[e;jpudpd; flhuk; gilnaLg;G Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.

tpupthd tpdhf;fs;

1. ,uh[uh[d; tsu;r;rpia Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf.

2. ,uhN[e;jpudpd; gilnaLg;Gfs; Fwpj;J Muha;f.

3. ,uh[uh[d; kw;Wk; ,uhN[e;jpud; MfpNahupd; rhjidfis

tpthjp.





81


Nilakanda Sastri K.N. Cholas




,uhkrhkp m. jkpo; ehl;L tuyhW

myF – 5

epu;thf tsu;r;rp-fiy kw;Wk; fl;blf;fiy- rhSf;fpa Nrhou;fs;

Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;-%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;- rhjidfs;-

,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp

ghl mikg;G

5.1. Kd;Diu

5.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

5.3. murhq;f mikg;G

5.3.1. mur FLk;gk;

5.3.2. mikr;ruit







5.3.9. fpuhk rig

5.3.10. thupa Kiw

5.3.11. FlXiy Kiw




5.3.14.1. tptrhak;

5.3.14.2. njhopy;

82




5.4.1. Nfhapy;fs;




5.5. rpw;gf;fiy

5.5.1. Xtpaf;fiy

5.5.2. ehlff; fiy

5.5.3. ehl;baf;fiy

5.5.4. ,irf;fiy






5.6.4. Nruu; rthy;




5.6.8. filrp fhyk;










83

5.1. Kd;Diu

rq;f fhyr; Nrhou;fs; ciwA+iuAk;> G+k;GfhiuAk;

jiyefu;fshff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jdu;. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by;

Nrhou;fs; kPz;Lk; Ml;rp mikf;Fk; tiu ciwA+Nu jiyefuhf

ePbj;jJ. gpd;du; tp[ahya Nrhod; Kj;jiuau;fsplkpUe;J

jQ;iria kPl;lgpd; jQ;ir jiyefuhapw;W. Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d;

fhyj;jpy; jQ;irj; jiyefu; ntFthf tpuptile;jJ. mtu;

jpupGtd rf;futu;j;jp mjhtJ %TyFf;Fk; mjpgu; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lhu;. mtuJ kfd; ,uhN[e;jpud; fq;if nfhz;l

NrhoGuj;ijj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp Gupe;jhu;. Nrhou;fhy

cr;rfl;l gug;ngy;iy fpl;lj;jl;l njd;dpe;jpah KOtJk;

gutpapUe;jJ. fpof;Nf tq;ff;fly;> Nkw;Nf mugpf;fly;> njw;Nf

,e;Jkhf;fly;> tlf;Nf Jq;fgj;jpuh tiu Vfhjpgj;jpag; NguuR

msTf;F Nrhog; Nguurpd; gug;ngy;iy tpuptile;jpUe;jJ.

FNyhj;Jq;fd; tpj;jpahrkhd Nrho Nte;ju;. ,uhN[e;jpu

Nrhod; kfd; mk;kq;fhNjtpf;Fk; Fe;jit (uhN[e;jpudpd;

rNfhjup)apd; kfd; fPior; rhSf;fpa kd;dd; ,uh[uh[

eNue;jpuDf;Fk; gpwe;j ,uz;lhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; jhd; FNyhj;Jq;fd;

vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. FNyhj;Jq;fd; vd;gJ gl;lg; ngau;. vdNt>

FNyhj;Jq;fd; ,uh[uh[ Nrhodpd; nfhs;Sg; Ngud;.' ,tUk;

,tuJ kugpdUk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; Fyj;jtuhtu;. ,e;j

mj;jpahkhdJ NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l muru;fspd; epu;thf> fiy

kw;Wk; fl;blf;fiy Mfptw;wpw;F mtu;fs; Mw;wpa gq;F Fwpj;J

tptupf;fpwJ.

5.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


KbAk;

• rhSf;fpa Nrhou;fspd; epu;thf jd;ikia mwpa

cjTfpwJ.

• Nrhou;fspd; fiy kw;Wk; fl;bl fiy tsu;r;rp gw;wp

mwpa cjTfpwJ.

• Kjy; kw;Wk; %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; rhjidfis gw;wp

tpthjpfpwJ.

• Nrhou;fspd; ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp Fwpj;J tpsf;FfpwJ.

84

5.3. murhq;f mikg;G

Nrhou; fhy ika muR jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhf ,Ue;jJ.

mJ tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ikAk;> Fyg; ngUikAk; Fbr;rpwg;Gk;

ngw;wpUe;jJ. Nrho muR kd;didr; Rw;wpNa Rod;wJ. murNd

murhq;ff; NfhGuf; fyrkhff; fhl;rpaspj;jhu;. Kbahl;rpahapDk;>

kd;dd; kf;fspd; kjpg;gPl;by; kpf cau;e;j epiyapy; ,Ue;jhu;.

gilf;F mLj;J Fbkf;fNs murhq;fj;jpd; mLj;j mq;fkhff;

fUjg;gl;lhu;. rl;lkpaw;wy;> rl;lj;ijr; nray;gLj;jy;> ePjp toq;fy;

Mfpa Kg;ngUk; mjpfhuq;fSk; kd;ddplk; Ftpe;jpUe;jd.

kd;dNd gilj; jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. mtNu mjpfhuj;jpd;

Muk;gkhfTk; KbthfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. mtuJ mjpfhuk; tuk;gw;wJ.

guk;giu Kbahl;rp Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lhYk;> kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf;

fhyj;jpNyNa gl;lj;J ,sturDf;F KbR+l;Ltpoh elj;JtJk;>

%j;j kfd; ,Uf;Fk; NghNj ,isa kfidg;

gl;lj;Jf;Fupatdhf;FtJk; Nrhou; fhy thupR Kiwapd;

jdpj;jd;ikahFk;. Nrho kd;du;fisf; Nfhapy;fspy; rpiyfshf

itj;J topgLk; msTf;F kf;fspd; gf;jpiaAk;> kupahijiaAk;

ngw;wpUe;jdu;. mRtNkf ahfk; elj;jhkNy Nrho muru;fs;

khkd;du;fshfj; jpfo;e;jdu;.

5.3.1. mur FLk;gk;

kd;diug; Nghd;Nw kd;dupd; FLk;gKk; Gfo; ngw;Wj;

jpfo;e;jJ. mur FLk;gk; mstpy; ngupaJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; Nrho

kd;du;fs; gpw mur FLk;gq;fNshL kz cwT nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

gy kidtpau;fSf;Fg; gpwe;j gps;isfs; gl;lj;J

,sturu;fshfTk;> Ml;rpg; gFjp MSeu;fshfTk;> gilj;Jiw

mjpfhupfshfTk;> epu;thfj; Jiwj; jiytu;fshfTk;

epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,tu;fs; thupRupikg; Nghl;bfSf;Fk;>

murpay; R+o;r;rpfSf;Fk;> rjpj; jpl;lq;fSf;Fk; fhuzkhf

,Ue;jdu;. gl;lj;jurpfSk; muru;fisg; Nghd;Nw mwf;nfhilfs;

mspj;jdu;. Fwpg;ghff; Nfhapy;fSf;F thup toq;fpdu;. mur

FLk;gj;jpdu; gy rYiffisg; ngw;W muz;kidfspy;

Mlk;gukhf tho;e;jdu;. jQ;rhT+u;> fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuk;>

gioahiw> fhQ;rpGuk;> cj;jpuNk&u;> Ntq;fp> kJiu> rpjk;guk;

Nghd;w efuq;fs; mur FLk;g ikaq;fshff; fhl;rpaspj;jd.

fhQ;rp nghd; khspif ngUk; Gfo; ngw;wpUe;jJ. khspiffspy;

rpj;jpu$l khspifAk;> ngUk;gb khspifAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.

muz;kidfisg; guhkupf;fg; gupthuq;fs; ,Ue;jd.

muz;kidfspy; mt;tg;NghJ fiy epfo;r;rpfs; elj;jg;gl;ld;

tpohf;fs; nfhz;lhlg;gl;ld. RUq;ff;$wpd;> mur FLk;gk; tho;e;j

muz;kid Kbahl;rpapd; ngUikiaAk;> mur FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk;

85

md;whl kf;fs; tho;f;iff;FkpilNa ,Ue;j ,ilntspr;

rpWikiaAk; gpujpgypg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ.

5.3.2. mikr;ruit

muru;> Nguuru;> rf;futu;j;jp vd;nwy;yhk; miof;fg;gl;l

Nrho kd;dupd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F vy;iy ,y;iy. vdpDk; mtUf;F

MNyhrid $w Kiwahf mikf;fg;gl;l mikr;ruit

,Ue;jjhfj; njupatpy;iy. vdpDk; mikr;rupd; ,d;wpaikahik

czug;gl;bUe;jJ. Nrho kd;du;fs; mikr;ru;fisf; fye;J

MNyhrpj;J KbntLg;gJ tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. muru;fs; tha;top

cj;juTfisg; gpwg;gpj;jdu;. ,e;j cj;juTfisj; jpUke;jpu Xiy

ehafk; Xiyr; Rtbfspy; vOjp Mtzg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,j;jifa

muR KbTfisAk;> cj;juTfisAk; eilKiwg; gLj;j Ntz;ba

nghWg;G mikr;ru;fSf;F ,Ue;jJ. mikr;ruitapy; nray;ghLk;

nray;jpwDk; kd;ddpd; ePjp> epaha> Neu;ikAzu;itg; nghWj;Nj

,Ue;jJ.


muruJ Mizfis mikr;ru;fs; nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

typikkpf;f mjpfhutu;f;fk; (Bureaucracy) ,Ue;jJ. gy;NtW

gzpj;Jiwfspd; mjpfhupfisAk;> mYtyu;fisAk;

Nju;e;njLg;gjpy; rpwg;Gf; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. kiwad;> Xiy

ehafk;> tupf;fzf;F> gpupTtupj;jpizf; fsk;> fz;fhzpfs;>

rhe;Jtpf;fpuk;> ehLtif> ehl;Lf;fz;l fhl;rp Mfpait Kf;fpa

muRg; gjtpfshFk;. cld;$l;lj;J mYtyu;fs; vd;W mwpag;gl;l

muR mYtyu;fs; ngUe;jdk;> rpWjdk;> fUkpfs;> gzpkf;fs;

vd;W gytifg;gl;ldu;. ntspehLfSld; njhlu;G nfhs;tjw;fhfj;

J}Jtu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. mjpfhutu;f;fk; Kiwg;gb ed;F

mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. gzp%g;G mbg;gilapy; mjpfhutu;f;fk;

mikf;fg;gl;lNghjpYk; mtu;fsJ gzpf;fhyk; murdpd; Kbitg;

nghWj;Nj ,Ue;jJ. ty;yhl;rp ika muRf;Fk; jd;dhl;rp

Cuhl;rpf;FkpilNaahd rkepiy ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ. ika Ml;rp

cs;shl;rp mikg;gpYk;> nray;ghl;bYk; jiyapLtjpy;iy.

cs;shl;rp Rahl;rp Gdpjkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. murhq;fj;jpd; tuT

nryTfisf; ftdpj;jhy; tUtha;j;Jiw mjpfhupfSk;>

mYtyu;fSk; mjpfhutu;f;fj;jpy; rpwg;gplj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;.

mjpfhupfspd; eltbf;iffs; fLikahff; fz;fhzpf;fg;gl;ld.


epu;thf trjp fUjp Nrho ehL gy kz;lyq;fshfg;

gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifiar; Nru;j;J xd;gJ kz;lyq;fs;

86

,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,k;kz;lyq;fspd; vy;iyfSk;>

ngau;fSk; fhyj;Jf;Nfw;g khw;wkile;jd. xt;nthU kz;lyKk;

gy Nfhl;lq;fshfTk;> xt;nthU Nfhl;lKk; gy $w;wq;fs; my;yJ

tsehLfshfTk; gpupf;fg;gl;ld. $w;wk; vd;gJ gy fpuhkq;fisf;

nfhz;l $l;likg;ghFk;.


kz;lyq;fis tof;fkhf mur Fyj;jpdu; epu;tfpj;jdu;.

gl;lj;J ,sturu;fSk;> neUq;fpa cwtpdu;fSk; kz;ly

MSeu;fshf epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. kz;lyq;fspy; mikjp fhg;gJk;;

kz;ly gilj; jsq;fisg; guhkupj;Jg; ghJfhg;gJk;;

Njitg;gLk;NghJ kd;dDf;Fg; gilAjtp nra;tJk;; Nfhl;l

mjpfhupfisAk;> mYtyu;fisAk; fz;fhzpg;gJk; ,tu;fsJ

gpujhd gzpfshFk;. Nghu;f;fhyq;fspy; ,tu;fs; jsgjpfshfTk;>

Jizj; jsgjpfshfTk; nray;gl;ldu;. tup tR+iyf; fz;Zk;

fUj;Jkhff; ftdpj;jdu;! ,tu;fs; cs;shl;rp epWtdq;fSld;

neUq;fpa njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jdu;. kz;ly Ml;rpau;fs;

mwg;gzpfspYk;> Myaj; jpUg;gzpfspYk; mf;fiw nrYj;jpdu;.

RUq;ff;$wpd;> kz;ly MSeu;fs; FWepy kd;du;fisg; Nghd;W

nray;gl;ldu;.


Nrhou;fhy tho;tpaypd; njhd;ikr; rpwg;gpay;Gfspy;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;W cs;shl;rp epu;thfkhFk;. CUk;> Cu; kd;wk;>

Cutu; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lJk;> Fl;bf; fpuhkf; FbauRfs;

nray;gl;l KiwAk; ghuhl;Lf;Fupait. fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy;

Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l cs;shl;rp Kiw Nrhou; Ml;rp kPl;rpf;Fg; gpd;du;

Gj;JapUk;> GJg;nghypTk; ngw;wJ. Fwpg;ghf Kjyhk; guhe;jfd;

(907-950) Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; cs;shl;rp epu;thfk; cr;rfl;lj;ij

vl;baJ. nghJthf Nrhou; fhyk; cs;shl;rpapd; nghw;fhykhFk;.


efuq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; tzpfu; FbapUg;GfshFk;. efuq;fspy;

efuhl;rpfs; nray;gl;ld. ,it jd;dhl;rp epWtdq;fshFk;. efu

mit efuj;Njhk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. Cuitfs;> fpuhk

rigfs; Nghd;w efu; kd;wq;fSk; eilngw;wd. ,j;jifa

kd;wq;fs; jQ;ir> fhQ;rp> kJiu Nghd;w efuq;fspy; rpwg;ghfr;

nray;gl;ld. efu; kd;wq;fspd; mikg;G> mjpfhuq;fs;>

eltbf;iffs; ed;F tiuawf;fg;gl;bUe;jd vd;gJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

87


Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; ,Utifahd fpuhk epu;thf mikg;Gfs;

,Ue;jd. 1) Cu; kd;wq;fs;; 2) fpuhk rigfs;. Cu; vd;gJ fpuhk

kf;fisf; nfhz;l mbg;gil mikg;G. fpuhkk; Cu; vdg;gl;lJ.

Cu; vd;gJ Cu; kd;wj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. Cuf

,ire;j CNuhk; vd;w nrhw;nwhlu; ,ij tpsf;Ftjhf cs;sJ.

fpuhkk; gug;gstpy; rpwpajhf ,Ue;jikahy; Cu; kd;wf; $l;lk;

giw mwptpf;fg;gl;L Cu;g;nghJ kuj;jbapNyh my;yJ nghJ

,lj;jpNyh elj;jg;gl;lJ. Cu; kd;wk; Cu;g; nghJ ,lj;jpy; $b

fpuhk kf;fspd; nghJ tptfhuq;fis tpthjpj;J KbT nra;tJ

vspjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,k;KbTfs; mYtyu;fs; %yk;

epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld. ,j;jifa Neub kf;fshl;rp> kf;fshl;rp Kiw

rq;ffhy fpuhk epu;thf Kiwia epidT+l;Ltjhf cs;sJ.

5.3.9. fpuhk rig

fpuhk rig gpuhkzu;fspd; gpuk;kNja fpuhkq;fspd; fpuhkg;

nghJ kd;wj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. fpuhk rig Cu; kd;wj;ijg;

Nghd;W fpuhk murhq;fj;jpd; mbg;gil mikg;ghFk;. fpuhk rig

cWg;gpdu;fs; rigNahu; vd;W miof;fg; gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs;

fpuhkjhd epyTilikahsu;fs;. trjpAk;> rYifAk;> nry;thf;F

kpf;ftu;fs;. vdNt ,tu;fs; midtUk; rig eltbf;iffspy;

Kidg;Gld; gq;Nfw;wdu;. Vnddpy;> VfNghf epyq;fisAk;>

fpuhkj;Jf;Fg; nghJthd fzNghf epyq;fisAk; guhkupf;f

Ntz;ba nghWg;G ,tu;fSf;F ,Ue;jJ. ,tu;fspd; gpujpepjpfs;

gy FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J gzpahw;wpdu;. ,tu;fs; jkpo;ehl;L

cs;shl;rp tsu;r;rpf;F tpl;Lr; nrd;w epidT$wj;jf;f

ed;nfhilfs; ,uz;L: 1) thupa Kiw; 2) FlXiy Kiw.

5.3.10. thupa Kiw

Nrhou; fyj;jpy; gpuk;kNja fpuhkq;fspy; fpuhk rigapd;

fuq;fshfr; nray;gl;lit thupaq;fs; MFk;. fpuhk rigAk;>

thupaq;fSk; fpuhk epu;thf ehzaj;jpd; ,Ugf;fq;fshFk;. xd;W

fpuhkg; nghJ kd;wkhapd;> kw;wJ mjd; Ml;rpf; fukhFk;.

,j;jifa thupaq;fs; 12 ,Ue;jd:1) Vup thupak;. ,jd; gzpfs;

ePu; epiyfisg; guhkupj;jy;> ePu; tpepNahfk;> ePu;g;ghrdk;> ePu;

epu;thff; fz;fhzpg;G; 2) Njhl;l thupak;. Njhl;lk;> Ntshz;ik>

epy msT> epyj;jPu;it> epyj;jfuhW jPu;j;jy;> rhiyg;

gOJghu;j;jy;> fhy;tha;g; guhkupg;G> ghrd tup tR+ypj;jy;> fPo;f;Fb

kf;fsplkpUe;J fl;lha Ntiy thq;fy; Mfpait ,e;j

thupaj;jpd; Kf;fpa flikfshFk;. 3) rk;tj;ru thupak;. ,jd;

gpujhd gzp Myaq;fs;> klq;fs;> md;dr; rhtbfs;> Ntjg;

88

gs;spfs; Mfpatw;iw epu;tfpj;jy;> Nkw;ghu;itaply;; 4) gQ;rtj

thupak;. gQ;r epthuz eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lJ; 5) nghd;

thupak;. jq;fj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;jy;; 6) FLk;G thupak;. fpuhkj;

njhFjpfs;> mtw;wpd; gpujpepjpfisj; Nju;e;njLj;jy; gw;wpaJ; 7)

fodp thupak;. tptrha epyq;fisf; ftdpj;jy;. 8) tlfodp

thupak;. tlg;Gw epyg; guhkupg;G Fwpj;jJ; 9) fzf;F thupak;. jd;

Kf;fpa flikfs;: epjp epu;thfk;> tup tR+y;> Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;F>

jzpf;if Mfpait; 10) ftpq;f thupaj;jpd; Ntiy fz;kha;

guhkupg;G; 11) jltop thupak;. ghijfs; guhkupg;G gw;wpaJ; 12)

cjhrPd thupak;. fpuhkj;Jf;Fs;tUk; maytu;fisf;

fz;fhzpj;jJ. xt;nthU thupaj;jpYk; Fiwe;jJ MW

cWg;gpdu;fs; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. thupa Kiw Nrhou; fhyj;J

tpaj;jF Gy;ypjo; [dehafg; gq;fspg;ghFk;.

5.3.11. FlXiy Kiw

thupaq;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fisj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhf xt;nthU

fpuhkKk; gy FUk;Gfs; my;yJ njhFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.

thupa cWg;gpdu;fs; ,f;FUk;GfspypUe;J FlXiy Kiwapy;

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j Kiwapd;gb FUk;Gf;Fupa

Ntl;ghsu;fspd; ngau;fs; gid Xiyj; Jz;Lfspy; vOjg;gl;L>

fl;lg;gl;L> FUk;Gf;Fupa Flj;jpy; ,lg;gl;lJ. Nju;T ehsd;W

fpuhk kf;fSk;> muR mYtyu; xUtUk;> KjpNahUk; $bapUf;f

Flq;fspy; fplg;gl;l Xiyf;fl;Lfs; xt;nthd;whff; fiyf;fg;gl;L>

rpWtd; xUtdhy; xU xiyj;Jz;L vLf;fg;gLk;. mtNu

mf;FLk;gpd; cWg;gpduhf mwptpf;fg;gLthu;. ,t;thW FLk;Gfspd;

gpujpepjpfs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLtu;. ,tu;fNs fpuhk rigapd;

cWg;gpdu;fshtu;. ,tu;fspd; jFjp> jpwik mbg;gilapy; thupa

cWg;gpdu;fshfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLtu;. thupa cWg;gpdu;fspd;

jFjpfs; vt;tpj Iaj;Jf;Fk; ,lkpd;wpj; njspthf

tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUe;jd: 1) ,tu;fs; rhu;e;j fpuhkj;jpy; nrhe;j

tPl;by; trpf;f Ntz;Lk;; 2) epytupia xOq;fhfr; nrYj;jpapUf;f

Ntz;Lk;; 3) 35 tajpypUe;J 70 taJf;F cl;gl;ltuhf ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;; 4) Ntjq;fs;> Ntj ke;jpuq;fs;> gpuhkzq;fs;> gh\;aq;fs;

gw;wp mwpe;jpUj;jy; mtrpak;. ,t;Ntj mwpNthL tu;j;jf

mDgtKk;> ed;dlj;ijAk;> xOf;fKk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;; 5)

epytup nrYj;jhNjhu;> Coy; nra;Njhu;> Nkhrbapy; <Lgl;Nlhu;>

Nju;jy; mjpfhupia mZfpj; jtwhfg; gad;ngw;Nwhu;> Fw;wk;

Gupe;Njhu;> jpUe;jhg; ghtpfs;> jpUbNahu;> tpgr;rhuk; nra;Njhu;> $lh

xOf;fj;jpy; <Lgl;Nlhu;> ifA+l;L ngw;Nwhu;> Fbfhuu;fs; MfpNahu;

jFjp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;ldu;; 6) xUKiw thupa cWg;gpduhf

,Ue;jtu; gj;jhz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;dNu kPz;Lk; cWg;gpduhf KbAk;.

,j;jFjpfs; fLikahff; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;ld. ngz;fs;

89

Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fshfg; Nghl;baplj; jFjp ngw;wpUe;jdu;. thupa

Kiwiag; Nghd;Nw FlXiy KiwAk; ngUikf;Fupa Nrhou;fhyg;

gq;fspg;ghFk;. NknyOe;j thupahfg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ Cu;

kd;wq;fSk;> fpuhk rigfSk; ntt;Ntwhdit Nghy; njupfpd;wd.

Mdhy; eilKiwapy; ,t;tpU fpuhk epu;thf epWtdq;fSk; xNu

Kiwiaj;jhd; gpd;gw;wpd. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; gy fpuhkq;fspy; Cu;

kd;wKk; fpuhk rigAk; xNu ,lj;jpy; nray;gl;ld. NkYk; Gjpa

gpuhkz FbapUg;Gfshy; cUthd fpuhkq;fspy; ,t;tpUtif

kd;wq;fSk; ,Ue;jd. rpy fpuhkq;fs; ,U mitfshYk;

epu;tfpf;fg;gl;ld. RUq;ff;$wpd;> gpuk;kNja> gpuk;kNjaky;yhj

fpuhkq;fspy; fpl;lj;jl;l xNu cs;shl;rp KiwNa gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

vdpDk; thupa cWg;gpdu;fspd; jFjpfis itj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk;

NghJ Cu;kd;w epu;thfj;Jf;Fk;> fpuhkrig epu;thfj;Jf;FkpilNa

kiyf;Fk; kLTf;Fkhd NtWghL ,Uf;fNt nra;jJ.


Nrho kd;du;fs; ePjp epu;thfj;Jf;F cupa Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

nfhLj;jdu;. kd;du; cr;r ePjpgjpahapDk; fpuhk kd;wk;

tof;Ffis tprhupj;Jj; jPu;g;G toq;Fk; cupik ngw;wpUe;jJ.

epahaj;jhu; Fw;w tof;Ffis tprhupj;J KbT nra;jdu;.

mjpfhupfs; jz;lidia epiwNtw;wpdu;. thupak; %yk; ePjp

toq;fg;gl;ljhy; Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; Kiwkd;w Mak; my;yJ

mwq;$whak; (Jury System) ,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. nfhiyf;

Fw;wq;fs; (Homicide) ghFgLj;jg;gl;L mjw;Nfw;g jz;lidfs;

toq;fg;gl;ld. kuz jz;lid Kjy; fOij NkNyw;wy; tiu

jz;lidfs; jug;gl;ld. Nrhou; fhy ePjp epu;thfk;

fLikahdjhfNth my;yJ nfhLikahdjhfNth ,Ue;jjhfj;

njupatpy;iy.

cj;jpuNk&u; fy;ntl;Lfs; mbg;gil Mtzk;

cj;jpuNk&u; fhQ;rp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,q;Fs;s %d;W

Nfhapy;fspy; fpuhkrig epu;thfk; gw;wp Vuhskhd fy;ntl;Lf;

Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd: 1) Re;ju tujuh[g; ngUkhs; Nfhapy;;

2) Rg;gpukzpau; Nfhapy;; 3) ifyhrehju; Nfhapy;. fy;ntl;Lf;

Fwpg;Gfs; ,f;Nfhapy;fspd; Rtu;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

jkpo;ehl;by; fpuhk kd;wq;fs; njhd;Wnjhl;L eilKiwapy;

,Ue;jNghjpYk; ,it guhe;jf Nrhod; fhyj;jpy;jhd;

Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L> mikg;G uPjpahf KOik ngw;wJ. jkpo;

ehl;by; NtW gy Nfhapy;fspYk; Cuhl;rp mikg;Gfs; gw;wpa

jfty;fs; fhzg;gbDk;> cj;jpuNk&u; gl;laq;fs; (Uttaramerur

90

Charters 919 and 921) jhd; fpuhk epu;thfj;jpd; murpay;

mikg;Gf;fhd (Constitution) mbg;gil MtzkhFk;.


cj;jpuNk&u; fy;ntl;Lfs; KOikahf tsu;r;rpaile;j fpuhk

murhq;f mikg;Gfisg; gw;wp tptupf;fpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf thupa>

fpuhkrig gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F ,it kjpg;gw;w

Mtzq;fshFk;. Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G jkpo;ehl;by;

vOjg;gl;l murpay; mikg;Gk; (Written Constitution) KOikahd

Nju;jy; Kiw (Perfect Electoral System)Ak; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ

tpae;J ghuhl;Ljw;FupaJ. ,e;jpa cs;shl;rp tuyhw;wpy;

cj;jpuNk&u; fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kjy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;j KOikahd MtzkhFk;. ,J Kbahl;rpapd; fPo;

kf;fshl;rp nray;gl;ljw;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.


5.3.14.1. tptrhak;

rq;f fhyj;jpypUe;J Nrhou; fhyk; tiu tptrhaNk

kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj; njhopyhf ,Ue;jJ. kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikahd

kf;fs; tptrhaj;ijNa ek;gpapUe;jdu;. tptrhak; epyk; rhu;e;jjhf

,Ue;jikahy; epycilik tptrhaj;jpd; tsj;ijAk;> tPr;irAk;

jPu;khdpj;jJ. epycilik jdpahu; ngaupYk;> rKjhaj;jpd;

ngaupYk; ,Ue;jJ. epyj;ij cOj tptrhapfNs epyr;

nrhe;jf;fhuu;fshf ,Ue;j tiu tptrhak; tsNkhL ,Ue;jJ.

gpuk;kNja fpuhkq;fs; mjpfupj;jikahy; ,e;epiyapy; khngUk;

khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.

tptrha tsk; ePu;g;ghrd epu;thfj;ijg; nghWj;jpUe;jJ.

vdNt ePu;g;ghrdj;Jf;F Kd;Dupik nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. rq;f

fhyj;jpy; fupfhy; Nrhod; fl;ba fy;yiz fhyj;ijf; fle;J

Kd;khjpupahfj; jpfo;e;jJ. mijj; njhlu;e;J Nrhou;fs; fhtpupf;

fopKfj;ij KOJkhf ePu;g;ghrdj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. tPu

ehuhaz Vup> Nrho fq;f Vup> fz;luhjpj;jg; NgNuup> Nrho fq;fk;>

nrk;gpad; khNjtpg; NgNuup> Re;juNrhog; NgNuup Mfpa Vupfs;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy; ,Ue;j

Nrhofq;fk; Vupf;F 60 iky; ePsf; fhy;tha; ntl;lg;gl;lJ. Vupg;

ghrdj;NjhL fpzw;Wg; ghrdKk; ifnfhLj;jJ. Gwk;Nghf;F

epyq;fSk;> fhLfSk;$l tptrhaj;ij tpupTgLj;Jtjw;fhfg;

gad;gLj;jg; gl;ld. ePu;g;ghrdk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l NghJ Nrho

ehl;by; gQ;rk; jiyJ}f;fpaJ. tpf;fpuk NrhoDk;> %d;whk;

FNyhj;Jq;fDk; Ntshz;ikia cjhrPdg; gLj;jpaikahy; kf;fs;

91

gQ;rj;jhy; thl Ntz;bajhapw;W! mtu;fSila gf;jpahy;

gQ;rj;ijg; Nghf;f Kbatpy;iy.

5.3.14.2. njhopy;

tptrhaKk;> njhopYk; nghUshjhu ehzaj;jpd; ,uz;L

gf;fq;fshFk;. xd;iwnahd;W rhu;e;J ,Ug;git. tptrhakpd;Nwy;

njhopy; tho KbahJ; njhopypd;Nwy; tptrhak; tsu ,ayhJ.

Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; rpW njhopy;fSk;> Fbirj; njhopy;fSk;

nropg;Gw;wpUe;jd. tptrhaj; njhopy;; khL Nka;j;jy;; kPd; gpbj;jy;;

Mguzj; njhopy;; nerTj; njhopy;; cg;ngLj;jy;; fg;gy; fl;ly;;

nts;sp> ntz;fyk;> nrk;G> gpj;jis Nghd;w cNyhfq;fisf;

nfhz;L nra;ag;gl;l gz;lk;> ghj;jpuk;> gbkj; njhopy;fs;

ehnlq;Fk; gutyhf ,Ue;jd. fhQ;rp nerTj; njhopypd; ,jakhf

tpsq;fpaJ. Mguzj; njhopy; mur FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk;>

nry;te;jUf;Fk; Njitahd fpuPlk;> Fz;lyk;> fz;bif> Muk;>

tisay;> rpyk;G Nghd;w eiffs; nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahf

,Ue;jJ. ,itad;wp moF myq;fhug; nghUl;fisj; jahupj;jy;>

fl;llk; fl;Ljy;> Xtpak; Nghd;w fiyj; njhopy;fs; gpugykhf

,Ue;jd.


cs;ehl;by; jahupf;fg;gl;l rpWnjhopy; kw;Wk; Fbirj;

njhopy; nghUl;fs; re;ijfspy; tpw;fg;gl;ld. ,it gz;lkhw;W

kw;Wk; gzkhw;W Kiwapy; tpw;fNth thq;fNth gl;ld. tl;bf;Ff;

fld; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. nghUl;fis xU ,lj;jpypUe;J gpw

,lq;fSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;y neLQ;rhiyfs; mikf;fg;

gl;bUe;jd. cWjpg; gj;jpuq;fs; Gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jd. vz;zy;>

vOj;jy;> Kfj;jy;> ePl;ly; Mfpa msitfs; nghUl;fis

msf;fg; gad;gl;ld. jq;fk;> nts;sp> nrg;G ehzaq;fs; tu;j;jfg;

gupkhw;wj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. re;ijfspy; tu;j;jfk;

RWRWg;ghf eilngw;wJ. Nrhou;fsplk; typikkpf;f flw;gil

,Ue;jikahy; tu;j;jff; fg;gy;fs; %yk; ntspehl;L tzpfk;

rpwg;ghf eilngw;wJ. Rkj;jpuh> [hth> kNyah> ];uPtp[ak;> rPdh

Kjypa ehLfSld; tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G ,Ue;jJ. Kj;J> gtsk;>

ahidj; je;jk;> fz;zhbf;fy;> ghf;F> mfpy; ml;il> Vyk;>

fpuhk;G> Jzp> rhag; gl;L E}y;> kUe;Jfs;> thrid jputpaq;fs;

Mfpatw;iw Vw;wpr; nrd;w Nrho ehl;L tu;j;jff; fg;gy;fs;

njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfspd; JiwKfq;fis mile;jd. tzpf

rq;fq;fs; %yk; ntspehl;L tzpfk; nropg;Gld; nray;gl;lJ.

Fwpg;ghf muG ehLfspypUe;J Fjpiufs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld.

khky;yGuk;> nfhw;if> nfhy;yk; Mfpait Kf;fpa tzpfj;

JiwKfq;fshFk;.

92


epy tUtha;

epy tUkhdk; (Land Revenue) murhq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa

tUthahFk;. vdNt ,jw;fhf murhq;fk; mjpf mf;fiw

nrYj;jpaJ. tup fzf;fpLtjw;fhf epyk; ,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ:

1) tup tpjpg;gjw;Nfw;w tpis epyq;fs;; 2) tupapy;yh jupR

epyq;fs;. ,it ,iwapyp my;yJ jukpyp vd;W mwpag;gl;ld.

Nfhapy;fSf;Fk;> gpuhkzu;fSf;Fk; jhdkhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l

fpuhkq;fs; ,iwapyp fpuhkq;fshff; fUjg;gl;ld. ,it epytup

tpyf;F ngw;wit. epy msit epyj;ijj; juk; gpupg;gjw;fhf

tpupthd epyf; fzf;nfLg;G (Land Survey) vLf;fg;gl;lJ.

Fwpg;ghf Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpy; epy mstha;T

tpupthf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,jw;nfd epy Ma;thsu;fs; (Land

Surveyors) ,Ue;jdu;. ,tu;fisf; nfhz;L jdpahu; epyq;fs;>

nghJ epyq;fs;> fpuhkq;fspd; vy;iy> Nka;r;ry; epyq;fs; gw;wpa

jfty;fs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L> Mtzq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld.

epytup

epy Mtzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; epytup tpjpf;fg;gl;L

tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ. epytupad;wp> njhopy; tup> Rq;ftup> tdtup>

fdpkts tup Nghd;w tupfSk; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. tpisr;rypy; Mwpy;

xU gq;F my;yJ %d;wpy; xU gq;F epytupahf tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ.

,t;tup tpisnghUshfNth my;yJ gzkhfNth ngwg;gl;lJ.

ika murhq;fk; tpjpf;Fk; tupfsy;yhJ cs;shl;rp epWtdq;fSk;

tuptpjpj;J tR+ypf;Fk; cupik ngw;wpUe;jd.

tUtha; Jiw

tUtha;j;Jiw mjpfhupfs; (Revenue Officials) tup

tR+Yf;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;fs;. Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; tupfs; kpfr;

rupahfTk;> epahakhfTk;> KiwahfTk; tR+ypf;fg;gl;ld.

,wf;FkjpahFk; nghUl;fSf;F Rq;ftup ngwg;gl;lJ. epy

cilikfs;> epy mikg;Gfs;> epy cupikfs;> epytupfs; kw;Wk;

gpw tupfs; gw;wpa Mtzq;fs; ftdkhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;L>

guhkupf;fg;gl;L> ghJfhf;fg;gl;ld. tUtha;j;Jiw mjpfhupfSf;F

tup tR+yd;wp NkYk; gy nghWg;Gfs; ,Ue;jd: Nfhapy;fspd; tuT-

nryTf; fzf;F itj;jy;; fpuhk kd;wq;fs; rhu;ghf epyj;ij

thq;fy;> tpw;wy;; fpuhk kd;wq;fspd; epy rk;ke;jg;gl;l

Mtzq;fSf;Fr; rhd;W toq;fs;; Njitg;gl;lhy; jyePjpgjpfshfr;

nray;gly;. Nrhou; fhyj;jpypUe;J tUtha;j; Jiw mjpfhupfs;

kf;fs; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; mYtyu;fshfNt ,Ue;Js;sdu;.

93


1. muru;fs; tha;top cj;juTfis vt;thW Mtzg;gLj;jpdu;?

2. Kf;fpa muRg; gjtpfs; vd;d vd;d?


gy;ytu; fhyNk fl;llf; fiyapd; njhlf;f fhyk; vdyhk;.

mtu;fs; Jtf;fpa ,f;fiy Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; KOik mile;jJ.

Nrhou;fs; Mlk;gug; gpupau;fs;; tpsk;gu tpUk;gpfs;; gpuk;khz;lj;ijg;

Nghw;wpatu;fs;! ,jd; ntspg;ghNl Nrhou;fs; tho;e;j Mlk;gu

muz;kidfs;. Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; jiyefuq;fspYk;> Jizj;

jiyefuq;fspYk; muz;kidfs; fl;lg;gl;ld. muz;kidapd;

tshfNk xU efuk; Nghy; fhl;rp mspj;jJ. Nrho kd;ddpd;

Mlk;guk; muz;kidfshy; mwpag;gl;lJ. xt;nthU muz;kidAk;

kjpw;Rtu;fshYk;> mfopahYk; R+og;gl;bUe;jJ. muz;kidf;Fs;

me;jg;Guk;; cs;$lk;> rpw;gf;$lk;; nghopy;fs;; ee;jtdk;; vopy;

khlq;fs;; fiyf; $lq;fs;; myq;fhu tpz;z fuq;fs;; Xtpar;

Rtu;fs;> J}z;fs;; jpiur;rPiyfs;; epiyf; fz;zhbfs;; Nghu;fshy;

jpul;lg;gl;l nry;tq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; miw; mzpfyd;fSf;fhd

rpwg;giwfs;; gilf;fyq;fs; ghJfhg;giw; fhtyu; tpLjpfs; Nghd;w

gy;tif mikg;Gfs; ,Ue;jd. RUq;ff;$wpd;> muz;kid

ftpd;fiyf; fhl;rpafkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.

5.4.1. Nfhapy;fs;

Nrhou;fhy fl;llf; fiyapy; rpfuk; Nghy; fhl;rpaspg;gJ

Nfhapy;fshFk;. ,tu;fs; fhyj;jpy; Nfhapy; fl;llf;fiy

cr;rfl;lj;ij vl;baJ. Nfhapy;fspy; fl;llf; fiyapd; Kjpu;r;rp

ntspg;gl;lJ. ngupNj mofhdJ' vd;w Nehf;fj;NjhL fz;Nlhu;

tpaf;Fk; Nfhapy;fs; vOg;gg;gl;ld. Fwpg;ghf> jQ;irg;

ngUTilahu; NfhapYk;> fq;ifnfhz;l NrhNor;Ruj;jpYk; ,f;fiy

tbtj;ij KOikahff; fhz KbfpwJ.


,uh[uhN[];tuk; vd;w ngUTilahu; ngupa Nfhapy;

Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; fw;gidapy; cUthfp fpuhidl; fw;fshy;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Vohz;Lfspy; fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;l ,f;Nfhapy;

ed;F ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Rtu;fSf;fpilNa fk;gPukhff;

fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. 500 mb ePsKk; 250 mb mfyKk; cs;s

mfd;w ,lj;jpy; ,f;Nfhapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,f;NfhapYf;Fs;

tpaj;jF tpkhdk;> mu;j;j kz;lgk; kfh kz;lgk;> ee;jp kz;lgk;

Nghd;w fUj;ijAk;> ftdj;ijAk; <u;f;Fk; gFjpfs; cs;sd.

94

fpof;Fg; Gwj;jpy; ,UngUk; NfhGu thapy;fs; cs;sd. cau;e;J

epw;Fk; tpkhdNk ,f;Nfhapypd; rpwg;ghd cWg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

fUtiwapd; Rtu;fspy; Nrhou; fhy Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

NfhapYf;Fs; cs;s ypq;fKk;> NfhapYf;F Kd;Nd cs;s ee;jpAk;

GJKiwf; fl;blf; fiyapd; ntspg;ghLfshFk;.


,uh[uh[dpd; kfDk; thupRkhd Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud;

Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ed;F jpl;lkpl;L cUthf;fg;gl;l ,uz;lhtJ

jiyefuk; fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGul; fpl;lj;jl;l 250 Mz;L fhyk;

Nrhoj; jiyefuhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,j;jiyefupy; vOg;gg;gl;lJ

jhd; ,uh[uhN[];tuk; vd;w rptd; Nfhapy;. ,J jQ;irf;

Nfhapiytplg; ngupaJ; Mdhy; cauj;jpy; FiwthdJ. ,f;Nfhapy;

jQ;irf; Nfhapypd; ngz; tbtNk vdf; $WNthUk; cz;L.

,uh[uhN[];tuk; Nfhapypd; 186 mb cauj;jpy; 340f;F 110 mb

mstpyhd ePz;l rJuj;jpd; Nky; Nfhapy; fk;gPukhff;

fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. ,jd; Eiothapy; fpof;Fg; gf;fj;jpy;

mike;Js;sJ. ,f;Nfhapy; kfhkz;lgj;jpy; 180 J}z;fSf;F Nky;

cs;sd. xt;nthU J}Zk; ehd;fb cauKs;s gPlj;jpd; kPJ

epw;fpwJ. ,e;j Nfhapypd; tpkhdk; jQ;irf; Nfhapypy;

cs;sijtpl NtWgl;Ls;sJ. jQ;irf; Nfhapiytpl ,f;Nfhapypy;

myq;fhu Ntiyg;ghLfs; mjpfk;. ,q;Fs;s rz;Nl];tuu; Myak;

%yf;Nfhapypd; kWtbtkhFk;.


jQ;ir ngupa NfhapiyAk;> fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGu

,uh[uhN[];tuk; NfhapiyAk; Kd;khjpupfshff; nfhz;L

,uz;lhk; ,uh[uh[d; fl;ba jhuhRuk; IuhtNj];tuu; Nfhapy;

fiyr; rpwg;Gf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,NjNghd;W %d;whk;

FNyhj;Jq;fd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; jpupGtdj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l

fk;gfNu];tuu; NfhapYk; fiyr; rpwg;GilajhFk;.

kjpg;gPL

Nrhog; Nguuru;fs; vijAk; ngupa mstpy; nra;tij> rhjpg;gij

tpUk;gpdu;. me;j tpUg;gj;jpd; ntspg;ghNl mtu;fs; vOg;gpa

gpuk;khz;lkhd Nfhapy;fshFk;. ,uh[uh[d; jQ;irapy;

ngUTilahu; ngupa Nfhapiyf; fl;bdhy;> mtUila thuprhd

,uhN[e;jpud; fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy; ,uh[uhN[];tuk;

Nfhapiy vOg;gpdhu;. ,tu;fs; Nghu;fisg; Nghd;W Nfhapy;fisf;

fl;Ltjw;Fk; Kd;Dupik (Priority) nfhLj;jdu;. Nfhapy;fspd;

Njhw;wk;> cauk;> mikg;G> fl;Lkhdk;> rpw;gr; rpwg;G> Xtpa vopy;

95

Nghd;witg; ghu;g;Nghiug; ngupJk; ftu;e;jd. Nrhog; Nguuru;fs;

,tw;wpd; nghUshjhu> rKjha tpisTfisg; gw;wpf; nfhQ;rKk;

ftiyg;gl;ljhfj; njupatpy;iy. Nghu;f;ifjpfisg; gpujhdkhff;

nfhz;L ,f;Nfhapy;fs; fl;lg;gl;ld. fl;Lkhdg; gzpapd; NghJ

Ntiy nra;j gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd njhopyhsu;fSk;>

fiyQu;fSk; Nfhapy; fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;lgpd; Ntiyapoe;jdu;.

,tu;fs; midtUf;Fk; vt;thW kWtho;tspf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ

Ma;Tf;FupaJ. gilnaLg;Gfspd; NghJ ifg;gw;wg;gl;l nry;tk;>

kf;fspd; tupg;gzk;> fl;lha Ntiy (Forced Labour) Mfpatw;iw

tpiyahff; nfhLj;J jq;fs; ngUikiaAk;> GfioAk;

giwrhw;wpf; nfhz;ldu; Nrhog; Nguuru;fs;. fiyg; gilg;Gfs;

fhyk; fle;jit; gQ;rq;fs; jw;fhypfkhdit. Nrhou; fhyf;

Nfhapy;fs; fl;llf; fiyapd; gupzhk tsu;r;rpia mwpa

cjTfpd;wd. ,f;Nfhapy; mikg;G ,e;jpaf; fl;llf; fiy

tuyhw;wpy; ngUikf;Fupa jpUg;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

5.5. rpw;gf;fiy

Nfhapy; topghl;Lj; jyq;fs; kl;Lkd;wp rpw;gf;

$lq;fshfTk; jpfo;e;jd. ,f;Nfhapy;fspy; jdpj;jd;ikkpf;ff;

flTs; rpiyfNshL kdpjr; rpiyfSk; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

jl;rpzh%u;j;jp> ypq;Nf];tuu;> Ju;f;if > rptd;> rpt-ghu;tjp>

jpupGuhe;jfu;> jpupGuRe;jup Nghd;w tbtq;fs; nrk;kuG rpw;gf; fiyr;

rhd;Wfs;. rpjk;guk; Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk; eluh[u; rpiy rpw;gr;

rpfuk;. irtf; Nfhapy;fspy; rptdbahu;fspd; rpiyfs; cs;sd.

itzt Myaq;fspy; jpUkhypd; %tiff; Nfhyq;fs; - epd;w>

mku;e;j> fple;j jpUNkdpfs;-fhzf; fplf;fpd;wd. fy;> ntz;fyk;>

nghd;> nts;sp Mfpa cNyhfq;fisf; nfhz;L> gbkf;fiy

tpjpfspd;gb tbtikf;fg;gl;l rpw;gq;fs; rpw;gf;fiy mw;Gjq;fs;;

rpw;gf; ftpijfs;. ngz; cUtr; rpiyfs; Mghrkw;w mjpraq;fs;.

Cu;tyq;fspy; nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhf ngupa ntz;fyr; rpiyfs;

tbf;fg;gl;ld. rpiyfspd; tz;z cilfSk;> Ntiyg;ghLkpf;f

eiffSk; gpuj;Nafkhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. ntz;fy thu;g;glf;

fiyapy; gapw;rp mspg;gjw;nfd xU gs;sp ,Ue;jJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

5.5.1. Xtpaf;fiy

Nrhou; fhyj;J rpw;gf;fiyiag; Nghd;Nw Xtpaf; fiyAk;

rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jJ. Fwpg;ghf RtNuhtpaq;fs; (Frescos). ,it

Nfhapypd; eilghij Rw;Wr; Rtu;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jQ;irg;

ngUTilahu; Nfhapypd; fUtiwapy; jPl;lg;gl;l fapiyf;fhl;rp>

96

gy;tif ,d;dpirf; fUtpfisf; nfhz;L Njtfzq;fs;

,irnaOg;g ehl;ba eq;ifau; eldkhLk; fhl;rp Xtpaf; fiyapd;

khl;rpia ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf cs;sd. jQ;ir gpufjP];tuu;

Nfhapyd;wp fhQ;rp ifyhrehju; Nfhapy;; ehu;j;jhkiy tp[ahya

Nrhopr;Ruk;; khkz;û;> jpUnka;ak;> kiyabg;gl;b> rpj;jd;dthry;

Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Xtpaq;fSk; Gfo; ngw;wit. Nrhgh

fhy Xtpaq;fs; ngUk;ghyhdit Guhzf; fijfs; fhl;rpfis

rpj;jupg;gdtha; cs;sd. ,itahTk; ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfisg;

gpujpgypf;Fk; Xtpaq;fSk; RtNuhtpaq;fSk; Xtpaf;fiyf;

Nfhyq;fshFk;. rpw;gf; fiyNahL Mguzf fiyAk;

rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jJ.

5.5.2. ehlff; fiy

rq;f fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpd;du; Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; jhd; ehlff;

fiyAk;> ehl;bak; fiyAk; Gj;Japu; ngw;wd. jpUtpohf;

fhyq;fspy; uh[uhN[];tu ehlfk;> uh[hJ tp[ak; Nghd;w ehlf

epfo;r;rpfs; eilngw;wd. ehlf muq;fpy; Mupaf;$j;J rhf;iff;

$j;J> jkpo;f;$j;J> rhe;jpf;$j;J Nghd;w $j;J epfo;r;rpfs;

kf;fspilNa ngUk; tuNtw;igg; ngw;wd. ehlf ebfu;

clyirTfs;> Ngr;R xg;gid> iriffs; Mfpatw;wpy; Nju;r;rp

ngw;wpUe;jdu;. ,jw;nfd ehlfrhiy ,Ue;jJ.

5.5.3. ehl;baf;fiy

ehlff; fiyAk; ehl;baf; fiyAk; xU ehzaj;jpd; ,U

gf;fq;fisg; Nghd;wit. jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy; eld epfo;r;rp

jtwhky; eilngw;wJ. Nfhapy;fspy; eldj;Jf;nfd jdpahf

xUtiff; $j;Jk; ,Ue;jJ. epUj;j kz;lgq;fs; ed;F

guhkupf;fg;gl;ld. eldj;Jf;nfd Mly; ngz;bu; mku;j;jk; gl;ldu;.

,uh[uh[d; jQ;ir ngupa NfhapYf;F kl;Lk; 400 Mlyofpfis

mku;j;jpajhfr; rhrdr; rhd;Ws;sJ. Njtubahu;fs; jdpr;Nrupg;

ngz;bu;fshf Mbg;ghbf; fiyfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdu;. eldg;

ngz;kzpfs; G+q;Nfhapy; ehl;ba jiyf;Nfhyp Nghd;w gl;lq;fs;

mspj;J rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ldu;. Nfhapy;fspy; ebf;fTk;> MlTk;>

ghlTk; mspf;fg;gl;l epte;jq;fs; my;yJ epyf;nfhilfs;

vz;zw;wit.

5.5.4. ,irf;fiy

Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; ehlf> ehl;baf; fiyfNshL ,irf;

fiyAk; ,ize;J tsu;e;jJ. gz;ila ghzu; kuG

GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ehlfj;Jf;Fk;> ehl;baj;Jf;Fk; gpd;ghlfu;fSk;>

,irf; fUtpfSk; ,d;wpaikahjit. Njhw;fUtpfSk;> Jizf;

97

fUtpfSk;> euk;Gf; fUtpfSk; rpwg;ghfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

ahOk;> tPidAk; gf;f Nksq;fSk; ,irf;F ,ir Nru;j;jd.

irtj;jpUKiwfs; gz;Zld; ghlg;gl;ld. ehlf> eld> ,ir

epfo;r;rpfis kd;dUk; kf;fSk; fz;L Nfl;L kfpo;e;jdu;.


Nrhou; fhyg; Nguuru;fSk;> nghJkf;fSk; Md;kPfj;jpy;

mf;fiw nfhz;l msTf;F mwptpaypy; ehl;lk; fhl;ltpy;iy.

mwptpd; ,lj;ij ek;gpf;if gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. mwptpay;

kdg;ghd;ik mupjhfNt ,Ue;jJ. vdpDk; thdpay;> kUj;Jtk;

gw;wp XusT mwpag;gl;bUe;jJ. thd;kz;lyf; Nfhs;fspd; ngau;fs;

njupe;jpUe;jJ. rpj;jpiuapypUe;J gq;Fdp tiuapyhd gd;dpnuz;L

khjq;fspd; ngau;fs; gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jd. ,Ugj;NjO tpz;kPd;fs;

fzf;fplg;gl;ld. R+upa re;jpu fpufzq;fs; njupe;jpUe;jd.

,uh[uh[Nrhodpd; el;rj;jpuk; rjak;. Foe;ij kUj;Jtk;> nghJ

kUj;Jtk;> kpUf kUj;Jtk; Jtf;f epiyapy; ,Ue;jd. kUe;J>

kUj;Jtk;> kUj;Jtu; gw;wpa njspT fhzg;gl;lJ.


3. ,uh[uhN[];tuk; vd;w rptd; Nfhapy; vq;F mike;Js;sJ?

4. Nrhou;fs; fhyj;jpy; vj;jid tpz;kPd;fs; fzf;fplg;gl;ld?


fPior; rhSf;fpa ehl;by; gpwe;j FNyhj;Jq;fd; fq;if

nfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy; tsu;e;jhu;. vdNt mtUf;Fr; Nrho

FLk;gj;jpdUld;> Fwpg;ghf Nrho kd;du;fSld; neUf;fkhd

njhlu;G ,Ue;jJ. tPuuhN[e;jpud; (1064-1067) Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;'

eilngw;w flhug; gilnaLg;gpd; nghWg;igf; FNyhj;Jq;fdplk;

xg;gilj;jhu;. flhuf; flw;gilapd; ntw;wpahy; Gfo; ngw;w

FNyhj;Jq;fd; Nrhog; Nguurpd; J}Jtuhf rPdhtpd; muritf;F

mDg;gg;gl;lhu;. mjd;gpd; fPior; rhSf;fpa ehl;bd; ntq;fpapd;

FWepy kd;duhdhu;. tPuuhN[e;jpud; thuprpd;wp ,we;jjhy; Nrho

ehl;by; thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lk; ntbj;jJ.' mg;Nghuhl;lj;ijj;

jdf;F rhjfkhf;fpf; nfhz;l FNyhj;Jq;fd; fq;if nfhz;l

NrhoGuk; nrd;W Nrho kd;duhf KbR+l;bf; nfhz;lhu;. jkpo; ehl;L

kf;fs; ,e;epfo;it Mf;fpukpg;ghff; fUjtpy;iy. khwhf> thuprpd;wp

,we;j tPuuhN[e;jpudpd; ,ay;ghd thuprhfNt fUjpf;

nfhz;lhbdu;. thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lj;jhy; Nrho ehl;by; Vw;gl;l

muR thupR neUf;fb ePq;fpaJ. gpd;du; jpy;iy tho; gpuhkzu;fs;

rpjk;guk; Nfhapypy; FNyhj;Jq;fDf;F NtjitjPf rk;gpujha

98

Kiwg;gb Kiwahf KbR+l;bdu;. fPior; rhSf;fpa ehL Nrho

ehl;Lld; ,ize;jJ. FNyhj;Jq;fDk; mtuJ topte;NjhUk;

rhSf;fpa Nrhou;fs; vd;W mwpag;gl;ldu;.


FNyhj;Jq;fd; jdJ %jhijau;fshd ,uh[uh[d;>

,uhN[e;jpud; Nghd;w tuyhw;W khkd;du;. khngUk; Nghu; tPuu;;

Mdhy; Nghu; ntwpauy;yu;. Nghupd; ngUikiaAk;> mikjpapd;

Nguhw;wiyAk; ed;fwpe;jtu;. murpd; mwnewpAk;> murpay;

tpNtfKk;> epu;thfj; jpwikAk; xUq;Nf ngw;wtu;. ifapy; ,Uf;Fk;

xU gwit $l;by; ,Uf;Fk; ,U gwitfistpl rpwe;jJ vd;w

eilKiw cz;ikia czu;e;jtu;. fpilj;j tha;g;ig

nrk;ikahfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sj; njupe;jtu;. Nrho ehl;bd;

gyj;ijAk; gytPdj;ijAk; ed;fwpe;j FNyhj;Jq;fd; jd;idtpl

jd;ehl;L kf;fspd; eyDk;> Nrho ehl;bd; ghJfhg;Gk; mikjpAk;

NkyhdJ vd;W vz;zpa FNyhj;Jq;fd; mjw;Nfw;g jdJ

Fwpf;NfhisAk;> nfhs;ifiaAk; tFj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. rkurj;jpd;

%yk; kWrPuikg;G (Policy of Reconciliation and Reconstruction)

vd;gNj FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; Fwpf;NfhshfTk; nfhs;ifahfTk;

,Ue;jJ. FNyhj;Jq;fd; jPu;T ,yq;if tpLjiy> ,yq;if

kd;du;fSk;> kf;fSk; Nrhou; Nkyhjpf;fj;ijAk;> Ml;rpiaAk;

Jtf;fj;jpypUe;Nj vjpu;j;J te;jdu;. Nrhou; mlf;FKiwf;F

vjpuhfg; Nghuhbdu;. tYthf vOe;j tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij

,Uk;Gf;fuk; nfhz;L xLf;fpdhu; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;. tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;lj;ij xLf;f KbANkad;wp xopf;f KbahJ.

,uhN[e;jpuDf;Fg; gpd;du; Nrho ehl;by; Vw;gl;l muR

neUf;fbiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l ,yq;if kd;dd; tp[aghF

<oj;jpypUe;j Nrhog; giliaj; Njhw;fbj;J> nghyd;dUthitf;

ifg;gw;wp> ,yq;ifiar; Rje;jpu ehlhfg; gpufldk; nra;jhu;.

FNyhj;Jq;fd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;wgpd; ,yq;if tpLjiyia

Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. mJkl;Lky;y. mtuJ kfs; Rj;jky;ypia

,yq;if kd;dd; tPughFTf;F kzKbj;J itj;J ,yq;if-Nrho

ehl;L ey;Ywit Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. neLq;fhykhf Nrhoehl;L clypy;

Fj;jpa Ks;shf ,Ue;j ,Uehl;L tpNuhjj;Jf;F KbT

fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,e;epfo;r;rp FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; murpay; Kjpu;r;rpf;Fk;>

mur je;jpuj;Jf;Fkhd vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.


Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; Nrhog; Nguuruhdjd; tpisthf

fPior; rhSf;fpa ehL Nrho ehl;Lld; ,ize;jJ. Mdhy; Nkiyr;

rhSf;fpaupd; gif ePbj;jJ. mtu;fs; Nrhou;fisj; jq;fsJ

guk;giug; giftu;fshfNt fUjpdu;. vdNt> Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa

99

kd;dd; Mwhk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jd; Nrho ehl;Lf;F vjpuhd

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. Mdhy; mtuJ mz;zd;

,uz;lhk; NrhNk];tud; Nrho ehl;Lld; el;GwNthL ,Ug;gijNa

tpUk;gpdhu;. vdpDk;> ehJ epiyapy; gpbthjkhf ,Ue;j Mwhk;

tpf;fpukhjpj;jd; Nrho ehl;Lf;F vjpuhfg; gil jpul;bdhu;. vt;tpj

rkurj;Jf;Fk; jahuhf ,y;iy. FNyhj;Jq;fd; Nrhou;fSld;

,zf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpa ,uz;lhk;

NrhNk];tuDld; njhlu;G nfhz;L rkurj; jPu;Tf;F Kaw;rp

nra;jhu;. Mwhk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jDf;Fj; njupe;j nkhopapy; Ngrpdhu;.

Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa kd;dDf;Fj; njupe;j xNu nkhop Nghu;jhd;.

vdNt> njw;fpypUe;J FNyhj;Jq;fDk;> tlf;fpypUe;J

NrhNk];tuDk; Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa ehl;ilj; jhf;fpdu;. ,f;$l;Lj;

jhf;Fjiy vjpu;f;nfhs;s Kbahj tpf;fpukd; Njhy;tpiaj;

jOtpdhu;. tPo;e;j cwtpdiuj; jz;bf;f tpUk;ghj FNyhj;Jq;fd;

mtiuNa Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa ehl;il Ml;rp nra;a mDkjpj;jhu;.

,jd; %yk; Nkiyr; rhSf;fpau;--Nrhou; cwT rPuhdJ. ,J

FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; murpay; tpNtfj;Jf;Ff; fpilj;j mLj;j

ntw;wpahFk;.


,yq;ifiag; Nghd;Nw kJiug; ghz;ba kd;du;fSk;>

kf;fSk; Nrhoupd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;jdu;; njhlu;e;J Nghuhbdu;.

,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; ,we;jgpd; mtu;fsJ tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk;

jPtpukile;jJ. tpLjiy tpUk;gpfshd mtu;fs; ghz;bau;

Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;j Itu; ghz;ba ehl;il Ie;J gFjpfshfg;

gpupj;Jf; nfhz;L Rahl;rp nra;jdu;. FNyhj;Jq;fd; ghz;ba

ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W> ghz;bau; vjpu;g;ig

Kwpabj;jhu;. mjd;gpd; ghz;bau; mtiuAk; kPz;Lk; mtu;fsJ

gFjpfis Ml;rp nra;a mDkjpjhu;. Itu; Ml;rpiaf;

fiyf;fhky; Nrhou; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;fr; nra;jhu;. ,jd;%yk;

ghz;bau; Rje;jpukhf ,Uf;fTk;> ngaustpy; Nrhou; Mjpf;fj;ij

Vw;fTkhd rkurj; jPu;T fz;lhu;. ghz;baupd; guk;giug; gif

jzpe;jJ. ghz;bau; gpur;ridf;Fj; jw;fhypfj; jPu;T fhzg;gl;lJ.

5.6.4. Nruu; rthy;

,yq;ifr; rpq;fstu;> kJiug; ghz;bau; Nghd;W Nfusj;J

NruUk; Nrhoupd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhb te;jdu;.

ePUG+j;j neUg;ghf ,Ue;j ,g;Nghuhl;lk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;

kd;duhdTld; neUg;ghf ntspg;gl;lJ. fpsu;r;rpj;jP Ntfkhfg;

gutpaJ. Ntzhl;L kd;dd; ,uhku;jpUtbapd; jiyikapy; Nruu;

tpLjiyg; gil jahuhapw;W. ,g;gilAk;> Nrhou; gilAk;

Nfhl;lhw;wpy; Nkhjpd. FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; Nrhou; gil ntw;wp

100

ngw;wJ. ,uhku;jpUtb nfhy;yj;Jf;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;whu;. mtu;

nfhy;yj;jpy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. ifJ nra;ag;gl;l ,uhku;jpUtb

kPz;Lk; Nru ehl;Lf;F kd;duhf ,Ug;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisr;

nra;jhu; FNyhj;Jq;fd;. ,e;j Vw;ghLk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; rkurf;

nfhs;iff;Ff; fpilj;j kw;nwhU ntw;wpahFk;.


FNyhj;Jq;fDf;Ff; fypq;fk; Gjpjy;y. Vnddpy; njd; fypq;fk;

ntq;fp ehl;bd; gFjpahf ,Ue;jNghJ mq;F ntbj;j fpsu;r;rpia

mlf;fpatu; FNyhj;Jq;fd;. mjd; tpisthfj; njw;F fypq;fk;

ntq;fp ehl;Lld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; tlf;F fypq;fk; Nrhou;

Mjpf;fj;Jf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl kWj;jJ. tlfypq;f kd;dd;

mde;jtu;kd; jpiw nrYj;j kWj;jNj Nrhou; gilnaLg;Gf;Ff;

fhuzkhapw;W. mde;jtu;kd; Nrhlfq;fd; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; kfs;

,uh[Re;jupapd; kfd;. FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhodpd; J}uj;J cwtpdu;.

vdNt> fypq;fg; gpur;rid rpf;fy;kpf;f ghrg; Nghuhl;lkhf

cUntLj;jJ. fypq;fr; rpf;fiyj; jPu;f;f FNyhj;Jq;fd;

fypq;fj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W ntw;wp ngw;whu;.

mde;jtu;kd; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. vdpDk; tl fypq;fj;ijr; Nrho

ehl;Lld; ,izf;fhky; mNj rkak; Nrhou; Mjpf;fj;ij

tlfypq;fk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;SkhW nra;jhu;. ,e;j rkurj; jPu;tpd;

%yk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; Gfo; thdsht cau;e;jJ.


FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; Gfo; ntspehLfSf;Fk; gutpaJ.

fpof;fhrpa ehLfSld; murpay;> gz;ghl;L> tu;j;jf> mur je;jpuj;

njhlu;Gfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; FNyhj;Jq;fd; rpwg;G ftdk;

nrYj;jpdhu;. Fwpg;ghf rPdhTf;F rpwg;Gj; J}Jtu; mDg;gg;gl;lhu;

(1077). me;ehl;Lldhd tu;j;jfk; gy klq;F ngUfpaJ. kyha;

jPgfw;gk;> ];uPtp[ak;> fk;G+r;rpah> gu;kh Mfpa ehLfSldhd cwT

rpwg;Gw;wJ.


Nrhou; tuyhw;wpy; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; xU Gjpa

rfhg;jk; MFk;. ,g;Gjpa fhyg; gFjpapy; gy rhjidfs;

epfo;j;jg;gl;ld. FNyhj;Jq;fd; Nrhog; Nguurpd; Nehf;fpYk;

Nghf;fpYk; Gjpa khw;wj;ijg; GFj;jpdhu;. Nrhog; NguuRf;Fg; Gjpa

gupkhzj;ijf; nfhLj;jhu;. fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk; jiyefuhf

ePbj;jJ. fhQ;rpGuk; rpwg;gplk; ngw;wJ. ,tuJ rkur kWrPuikg;Gf;

nfhs;if Nrhog; Nguuir neUf;fbapypUe;J fhg;ghw;wpaNjhld;wp

Njitahd ghJfhg;igAk;> mikjpiaAk;> rl;lk; xOq;ifAk;

101

cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ. FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; miw E}w;whz;L fhy

Ml;rpapy; NghuopTfistpl kf;fs; eyg; ngUf;fNk mjpfkhf

,Ue;jJ. murhq;f tUtha; fz;Nlhu; tpaf;Fk; Nfhapy;fisf;

fl;Ltjpy; tpuakhf;fhky; kf;fs; eyg; gzpfspy; nrytplg;gl;lJ.

Rq;f tupfis ntFthff; Fiwj;J cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;ijAk;>

ntspehl;L thzpgj;ijAk; Cf;Ftpj;jhu;. mjdhy; FNyhj;Jq;fd;

‘Rq;fk; jtpu;j;j Nrhod;' vd;W ed;wpg; ngUf;NfhL ghuhl;lg;gl;lhu;. Nrho ehL KOtJk; epyq;fs; msf;fg;gl;L> epyj; jPu;itfs;

xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;L tptrha tsu;r;rp cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

FNyhj;Jq;fd; gy;fiy tpj;jfu;. gd;nkhopg; Gytu;. ,ir

E}nyhd;iw ,aw;wpdhu;. ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfj; jkpOf;F Cf;fk;

je;J ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpf;F cjtpdhu;. ,tw;wpd; tsu;r;rpf;F epyf;

nfhilfs; toq;fg;gl;ld. irtuhf ,Ue;Jk; gpw rkaq;fis

kjpj;jhu;. ,tu; ehifapYk;> GJf;Nfhl;ilapYk; fl;ba ,uz;L

Nfhapy;fSk; R+upaf; flTSf;F mu;g;gzpf;fg;gl;lit.

FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; rkak; rhuh Ml;rp mtuJ fhyj;ij kPwpa

rhjidahFk;. ,JNt ,tuJ rhjid fSf;nfy;yhk; ngupa

rhjid. ,yq;ifiaj; jtpu ,tuJ NguuR epiyahf ,Ue;jJ.

Jq;fgj;jpiu MW Nrho ehl;Lf;Fk; Nkw;F rhSf;fpa ehl;Lf;Fk;

,ilNaahd vy;iyahf ,Ue;jJ. ntq;fpAk;> fypq;fKk; Nrhog;

Nguurpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;jd. ,k;kd;dupd; ngauhy;

fl;lg;gl;l FNyhj;Jq;f NrhoGuKk; mjd; tPjpfSk; kJiuia

epidT+l;Ltjhf cs;sJ. FNyhj;Jq;fDf;F %d;W kidtpau;:

kJuhe;jfp> jpahfty;yp> Vopir ty;ygp. Kjy; kidtpf;Fg;

gpwe;Njhu; VO gps;isfs;. ehd;fhtJ kfd; tpf;fpuk Nrhod;

FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; thuprhf mupaiz Vwpdhu;. FNyhj;Jq;fDf;Fk;

guhe;jtd;> FyNrfud;> ,uh[Nfrup> ghz;ba Fyhe;jfd;> jpupGtd

rf;futu;j;jp Nghd;w gy gl;lg; ngau;fs; ,Ue;jd.

5.6.8. filrp fhyk;

gy ehLfis ntw;wp nfhz;l FNyhj;Jq;fdhy; taij ntw;wp

nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. kdk; kiyNghy; ,Ue;jhYk; cly;

,iyNghyhapw;W. tPuj;ij tpahjp ntd;wJ. FNyhj;Jq;fdpd;

,Wjp Mz;Lfs; neUf;fbfs; epiwe;jit. ntq;fp ehl;L

MSeuhf ,Ue;j mtuJ ehd;fhtJ kfd; tpf;fpuk Nrhoid

Nrhog; Nguurpd; thuprhf epakpj;jhu; FNyhj;Jq;fd;.

ntq;fpapypUe;J fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk; te;j tpf;fpuk

NrhoDf;F KbR+l;Ltpoh elj;jg;gl;lJ. tpf;fpuk Nrhod; ntq;fpia

tpl;Lr; nrd;wijj; jdf;Fr; rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l

Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa kd;du; Mwhk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jd; ntq;fpiaf;

ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;> ntq;fp tPo;e;jJ. tp\;Ztu;j;jd;

n`ha;rhsu; fq;fthbiaAk;> jyf;Nfhl;iliaAk; mgfupj;Jf;

102

nfhz;lhu;. Nru> ghz;ba ehLfspd; kPjpUe;j Nrhou; Mjpf;fg; gpb

jsu;e;jJ. FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; thuprhd tpf;fpuk Nrhod;

,e;neUf;fbfis vjpu;f;nfhs;s Ntz;bajhapw;W.


1. ahiu ‘Rq;fk; jtpu;j;j Nrhod;' vd;W mioj;jdu;?

2. tpf;fpuk NrhoDf;F KbR+l;Ltpoh vq;F elj;jg;gl;lJ?


FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; kfd; tpf;fpuk Nrhod; je;ijapd; Ml;rpf;

fhyj;jpNyNa gl;lj;J ,sturuhf KbR+l;lg;gl;lhu; (1118).

,uz;lhz;L fhyk; je;ijAld; Nru;e;J Ml;rp nra;J mDgtk;

ngw;whu;. ,uh[Nfrup FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; kfd; guNfrup tpf;fpuk

Nrhod; vd;w ngaupy; je;ijf;Fg; gpd; Nrhog; Nguuir Ml;rp

nra;jhu;. Rahl;rp cupik Nfhuj; Jtq;fpdu;. rk;Gtuhau;>

fhltuhau;> kyakhd;> ney;Y}u; njYq;F Nrhlu;fs; MfpNahu;

jdpahfTk; $l;lhfTk; tl Nrhog; Nguurpy; jdpf;fhl;L

,uh[hf;fshfr; nray;glj; Jtq;fpdu;. thy; ehia Ml;Lk; epiy

cUthapw;W. ,jd; tpisthf Nrhog; NguuR gytPdg;gl;lJ;

NguuRg; gFjpfs; tpyfpr; nry;yj; jiyg;gl;ld. ,uz;lhk;

,uh[hjpuh[d; ,tw;iwg; gw;wpf; ftiyg;glhky; G+e;Njhl;lq;fs;

mikg;gjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;bdhu;.


,uz;lhk; ,uh[hjpuh[d; ,wf;FKd; %d;whk;

FNyhj;Jq;fidj; jdJ thuprhfj; Nju;e;njLj;jhu;. FNyhj;Jq;fd;

gy neUf;fbfis vjpu;f;nfhs;s Ntz;ba ,f;fl;lhd epiyapy;

,Ue;jhu;. Kjypy; rupTg; ghijapy; tpiue;J nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j

Nrhog; Nguuirj; jLj;J epWj;j Ntz;Lk;. mLj;J NguuRf;F

vjpuhd ehLfis topf;Ff; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk;. ,it %d;whk;

FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; cldb rthy;fshf ,Ue;jd. vdNt> Nrhog;

NguuRf;F vjpuhd rthy;fis vjpu;f; nfhz;L> gpuptpid rf;jpfis

xLf;fp> Nguurpd; gok; ngUikia kPl;f Ntz;ba nghWg;G %d;whk;

FNyhj;Jq;fDf;F ,Ue;jJ.

,ul;ilr; rthy;

kJiug; ghz;baUk;> ,yq;if rpq;fstUk; vd;WNk Nrhou;

Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljpy;iy. mtu;fs; Rje;jpukhf

103

,Ug;gijNa tpUk;gpdu;. tha;g;G fpilf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk; ,t;tpU

ehLfSk; jdpahfTk;> $l;L Nru;e;Jk; Nrhog; Nguuir vjpu;j;J

te;jd. Mdhy; Nrhog; Nguuru;fs; mtu;fsJ vjpu;g;igj; Njrj;

JNuhfkhff; fUjp gil typik nfhz;L mlf;fp xLf;fpdu;.

%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fDk; Vfhjpgj;jpa kdg;ghd;ikAld; ,e;j

,ul;ilr; rthiy vjpu;f;nfhs;sj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;.


Nrhog; Nguurupd; MjuNthL Ml;rpapy; ePbj;j tPughz;bad;

,yq;if kd;dd; guhf;fpukghFTld; Nru;e;J nfhz;L Nrhou;

Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgLtjw;fhd Kaw;rpapy; Kidg;Gld;

<Lgl;lhu;. tPughz;baDf;F vjpuhff; FyNrfug; ghz;baDf;F

cwtpduhd tpf;fpuk ghz;bad; thupRupik Nfhupdhu;. ,jdhy;

ghz;ba ehl;by; kw;nwhU thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lk; ntbf;Fk;

neUf;fb Vw;gl;lJ. %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; ,e;j neUf;fbia

tha;g;ghff; nfhz;L> ghz;ba ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;J> rpq;fs-

ghz;bag; giliaj; Njhw;fbj;J. tPughz;baid ehL flj;jp>

tpf;fpuk ghz;baid kJiu rpk;khrdj;jpy; mku;j;jpdhu; (1182).

ghz;ba ehL Nrhog; Nguurpd; Nguhjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;f; nfhz;L

tug;gl;lJ.


ehL flj;jg;gl;l tPughz;bad; Nrho Mjpf;f

vjpu;g;ghsu;fshd ,yq;ifiaAk;> Ntzhl;ilAk; xd;W jpul;b

kJiu mupaiziaf; ifg;gw;Wk; Kaw;rpapy; ,wq;fpdhu;. Mdhy;

,k;Kaw;rpAk; nel;̂ u;g; Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ.

,t;tpuz;lhk; gilnaLg;G ntw;wpiaf; Fwpf;f 'kJiuAk;

ghz;bad; Kbj;jiyAk; nfhz;lUspa' FNyhj;Jq;fd; vd;W

ghuhl;lg;gl;lhu;. tPughz;bad; ,yq;iff;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;whu;.

%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fDf;F kJiuapy; tPuhgpN\fk; elj;jg;gl;lJ.

,t;ntw;wpf;Fj; Jizahf ,Ue;Njhu; ghuhl;lg;gl;ldu;.

ghz;bau; Njhy;tp

vdpDk; %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; ntw;wp neLq;fhyk;

ePbf;ftpy;iy. tpf;fpukDf;Fg; gpd; ghz;ba kd;duhd mtuJ kfd;

rilatu;kd; FyNrfu ghz;bad; Nrho ehl;Lf;Ff; fPo;g;gbaTk;

jpiw nrYj;jTk; kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. vdNt> %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;

%d;whtJ Kiwahfg; ghz;ba ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W>

kJiuia Kw;Wifapl;L> muz;kidiaAk; KbR+l;L

kz;lgj;ijAk; ,bj;Jj; js;sp ngUQ;Nrjk; tpistpj;jhu;.

104

,t;ntw;wpapd; epidthf %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; Nrho ghz;bad;

vd;w gl;lg; ngaiu R+l;b kfpo;e;jhu;.

ghz;bau; gif

Njhy;tp fz;l FyNrfu ghz;bad; Nrhou; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij

Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljhy; kPz;Lk; mtNu ghz;ba kd;duhf ePbj;jhu;.

vdpDk; ghz;bau; gif Nghftpy;iy. ghz;bau; Nrho

Mjpf;fj;Jf;nfjpuhff; fpsu;e;njo jf;f jUzj;Jf;fhff;

fhj;jpUe;jdu;. ,jw;fpilNa nfhq;F ehL n`ha;rhsu;fspd;

CLWtypypUe;J fhg;ghw;wg;gl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk; Nrhog; Nguurpd;

gytPdj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhz;l FWepy kd;du;fs; Nrhou;

Nkyhjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLglj; Jtq;fpdu;. “mizag; Nghfpw

tpsf;F Rlu;tpl;L vuptJ Nghy; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;Jr; Nrhog;

NguuR tpsq;fpaJ”.

Ntjid rhjid

%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuj;ijj;

jiyefuhff; nfhz;Nl Ml;rp nra;jhu;. ,r;Nrho kd;dUk; jiug;

giliaAk;> flw;giliaAk; gyg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gjpyhff;

Nfhapy;fisf; fl;LtjpYk;> fl;lg;gl;l Nfhapy;fspd;

jpUg;gzpfspYk;> guhkupg;gpYk; mjpf mf;fiw fhl;bdhu;. ,tuJ

Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; kJiu> rpjk;guk;> fhQ;rp> jpUth&u;>

jpUtpilkUJ}u;> ,uh[uh[Guk; Nfhapy;fs; ngupJk; gadile;jd.

jpUnthw;wpA+upy; xU tpahfuzg; gs;sp ,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.

ghrd trjpfSk;> tptrhaKk; njhlu;e;J Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ljhy;

Nrho ehl;by; kPz;Lk; ,UKiw gQ;rk; Vw;gl;lJ (1201-1202).

,g;gQ;rfhyq;fspy; murhq;fj; Jiwiatpl jdpahu; mikg;GfNs

gQ;r epthuzg; gzpfspy; Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;ld. %d;whk;

FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; jdpg;gl;l jpwikfNs Nrhog; NguuR

tPo;r;rpailahky; ghJfhj;jd. %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;jhd; filrp

Nrho khkd;dd;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyk; NrhouJ fl;blf;fiy

kw;Wk; fiy tuyhw;wpd; filrp rfhg;jkhFk;. %d;whk;

FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; ntw;wp Ntjid fye;j rhjidahFk;. Nrhog;

NguuR tPohky; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;lNj ,tuJ gq;fspg;ghFk;.

FNyhj;Jq;fd; ngUikghba xl;lf;$j;ju; ,k;kd;did

'fUtPuNkfk;'> 'fhl;lhz;ik tPud;' vd;nwy;yhk; tu;zpj;Js;shu;.

%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fDf;F jpahf tpNdhjd; vd;w tpUJg; ngaUk;

cz;L.


jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; Nrhoupd; vOr;rpAk; tPo;r;rpAk;

vupkPid (Meteor) Nghd;W vOe;J> gpufhrpj;J> kiwe;jJ.

105

,tu;fsJ cau;Tk; rupTk; gy tuyhw;Wg; gbg;gpizfisf;

nfhLf;fpd;wd. Nrho ehl;il KiwNa tp[ayhad;> ,uh[uh[d;>

FNyhj;Jq;fd; topte;Njhu; khngUk; Nguuir cUthf;fp>

tpupTgLj;jp> ngUik Nru;j;jdu;. IE}W Mz;LfSf;F Nky; Ml;rp

nra;jdu;. tp[ayhad;> ,uh[uh[d;> ,uhN[e;jpud;> FNyhj;Jq;fd;

Mfpa khkd;du;fs; jq;fsJ njhiyNehf;fhYk;> mwpthw;wyhYk;>

tPuj;jhYk; rthy;fis vjpu;f;nfhz;L ntw;wp ngw;wdu;. vdpDk;

tp[ayhad; cUthf;fpa Nrhog; Nguuir mtuJ topte;j

,uz;lhk; guhe;jfd; vd;w Re;juNrhod; fl;bf;fhf;f Nkw;nfhz;l

Kaw;rp tpoYf;fpiwj;j ePuhapw;W. ,uh[uh[Dk;> ,uhN[e;jpuDk;

tpupTgLj;jpa Nrho ty;yuR MjpuhN[e;jpud; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;

epiyFiye;J Nghapw;W. mNjNghd;W FNyhj;Jq;fd; GJg;gpj;j

Nrhog; NguuR %d;whk; ,uhN[e;jpud; fhyj;jpy; Kw;wpYk; %o;fpg;

Nghapw;W. Mf;f Mw;wy; ngw;w kd;du;fs; (Creative

Monarchs) ntw;wp ngWfpwhu;fs;; kf;fs; mtu;fisg;

gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdu;. Mdhy; jpwikaw;w thupRfspd; fPo; cl;gifAk;

(Internal Proletariat)> Gwg;gifAk; (External

Proletariat) GJg;gyk; ngw;W Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;F

toptFj;JtpLfpd;wdu;.


.1 ahUf;F Nrho ghz;bad; vd;w gl;lg; ngaiu R+l;bdu;?

2. FNyhj;Jq;fid 'fUtPuNkfk;'> 'fhl;lhz;ik tPud;' vd;nwy;yhk;

tu;zpj;j Gytu; ahu;?


,yf;fpak;

gy;ytu; fhyj;jpy; gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd;NghJ gilf;fg;gl;l

,yf;fpaq;fs; ahTk; Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; njhFf;fg;gl;ld.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> Nrhou; fhyj;jpy;jhd; ek;gpahz;lhu; ek;gp gd;dpU

jpUKiwfisj; njhFj;jhu;. ,NjNghd;W. ehjKdp Mo;thu;

ghRuq;fis ehyhapuj; jpt;agpuge;jkhfj; njhFj;jhu;. fhg;gpaq;fs;

Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fs; ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; Ie;J: 1) rpyg;gjpfhuk;;

2) kzpNkfiy; 3) tisahgjp 4) rPtf rpe;jhkzp; 5) Fz;lyNfrp.

,tw;Ws; Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;lit.

mLj;j %d;Wk; Nrhou; fhyj;jit. ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;

fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa jz;bayq;fhuk; ngUq;fhg;gpak; kw;Wk;

rpWfhg;gpak; Mfpatw;Wf;F ,yf;fzk; $WfpwJ.

106

IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fs;

rpWfhg;gpaq;fs; Ie;J: 1) R+shkzp; 2) ePyNfrp; 3)

cjazFkhu fhtpak;; 4) aNrhju fhtpak;; 5) ehfFkhu fhtpak;.

,it Ie;Jk; rkzf; fhg;gpaq;fshFk;. Njhyhnkhopg; Gytuhy;

gilf;fg;gl;l R+shkzp (jiyapy; R+Lk; mzp) kz;Zyf kd;dd;

jptpl;ld; tpz;Zyf kq;if Rak;gpuigiaj; jpUkzk; nra;J

nfhz;lijg; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. ePyNfrp rkz rka ju;f;f E}y;

cjazFkhu fhtpaj;jpd; fjhehafd; nfsrhk;gp kd;dd;

cjazd; esfpup vd;w ahidia mlf;fp mte;jp kd;dd; kfs;

thrtjj;ijf;F aho; thrpf;ff; fw;Wf; nfhLj;J> fhjypj;J>

kze;J gpd; tho;f;ifapy; rypg;Gw;W Jwtwk; Nkw;nfhs;tijg;

gw;wpr; nrhy;fpwJ. tlnkhopj; jOtyhd aNrhju fhtpak; mjd;

fhtpa ehafd; aNrhjud; %yk; MirNa Jd;gj;Jf;Ff; fhuzk;

vd;w ePjpia tpsf;FfpwJ. gbg;gjw;F Ritahd fij.

ehfFkhufhtpak; kfj ehl;L kd;dd; ehfFkhudpd; fijiaf;

$WfpwJ. ,itad;wp ngUq;fijAk; rkzf; fhg;gpakhFk;.

gpw fhg;gpaq;fs;

Nrhou; fhyj;Jg; gpw fhg;gpaq;fshtd: tpk;gprhu fij> NkU

ke;jpu Guhzk;; fk;guhkhazk;; ngupa Guhzk;; jpUtpisahly;

Guhzk;; mupr;re;jpu Guhzk;; esntz;gh ; ieljk;;

tpy;ypGj;J}uho;thu; ghujk;; uFtk;rk;; tR rupj;jpuk;; ey;yhg; gps;is

ghujk;; m\;lg; gpuge;jk;; uhkhD[u; E}w;we;jhjp; Njrpfg; gpuge;jk;;

fypq;fj;Jg; guzp; jf;fahfg; guzp; cyh.

kjpg;gPL

jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Nrhou; fhy ,yf;fpak; gy

GJikfisf; fz;lJ. ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy;jhd; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

kPJ rk];fpUj rhay; gykhfg; gbe;jJ. jkpo; ,yf;fpag;

gilg;Gfs; tlnkhop ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa E}y;fisj; jOtp

vOe;jd. ,jd; tpisNt ,yf;fz E}y;fSk;> epfz;LfSk;

MFk;. jkpo; ehl;L ,yf;fpa ee;jtdj;jpy; GJtif ,yf;fz

E}y;fs; G+j;jd. ,yf;fzk; gilg;gjpy; rkzu;fs; Kd;dpiy

ngw;wdu;. ,tw;NwhL jj;Jt ,yf;fpaq;fSk; gy;fpg; ngUfpd.

ngW> rpW fhg;gpaq;fSk;> guzp> gps;isj; jkpo;> Nfhit> cyh

Nghd;w fw;gidf; fsQ;rpaq;fSk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. kd;duJ

rhrdq;fSk; ,yf;fpa tbtk; ngw;wJ. ciueil eilNghlj;

Jtq;fpaJ. ,jd; tpisthf kzpg;gpuths eil gpwe;jJ. ,g;GJ

eil tpiutpy; gpugykile;jJ. rk];fpUj nrhw;fs; jkpio

Mf;fpukpj;jd. nghUs; Gwk; js;sg;gl;L nrhy;yhl;rp

Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. tlf;fpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l

fijfSk; Guhz neLq;fijfSk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;ij

107

Ml;nfhz;lJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy;jhd; jkpo; ehl;by; ,uhkhaz

kfhghujf; fijfs; Nt&d;wp tsu;e;jd. tlnkhopapd; nry;thf;F

kiljpwe;j nts;sk; Nghy; gha;e;jJ. Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; jkpo;

,yf;fz ,yf;fpa KfNk khwpg;Nghapw;W. jkpo; ,yf;fpa

tuyhw;wpy; Nrhou; fhyk; GJik fz;l fhykhFk;.


1. IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fs; vj;jid?

2. ehfFkhufhtpak; ahUila fijiaf; $WfpwJ?


1. jpUke;jpu Xiy ehafk; Xiyr; Rtbfspy; vOjpdu;.

2. kiwad;> Xiy ehafk;> tupf;fzf;F> gpupTtupj;jpizf; fsk;>

fz;fhzpfs;> rhe;Jtpf;fpuk;> ehLtif> ehl;Lf;fz;l fhl;rp

Mfpait Kf;fpa muRg; gjtpfs;.

3. fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuk;.

4. ,Ugj;NjO tpz;kPd;fs;.

5. FNyhj;Jq;fd;.

6. fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk;.

7. %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;.

8. xl;lf;$j;ju;.

9. Ie;J

10. kfj ehl;L kd;dd; ehfFkhud;

5..11. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. Nrhou; fhy mikr;ruitia Fwpj;J vOJf.

2. fpuhk epu;thfk; Fwpj;J xU rpW Fwpg;G vOJf

3. Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; ntspehl;L cwT Fwpj;J vOJf.

tpupthd tpdhf;fs;

1. Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; rhjidfis Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu

vOJf.

2. Fl Xiy Kiw Fwpj;J tpthjp.

108

3. ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu vOJf.

4. Nrhou;fhy fiy kw;Wk; fl;bl fiy Fwpj;J tpthjp











Upinder Singh. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India:

From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

myF – 6

gpw;fhyg; ghz;ba NguuR

ghl mikg;G

6.1. Kd;Diu

6.2. Nehf;fq;fs;





6.6. khwtu;kd; FyNrfu ghz;bad;> 1268-1310



6.7.2. rKjha epiy



109




6.1. Kd;Diu

xU ehL kw;nwhU ehl;il mbikg;gLj;jyhk;; Mdhy; ePz;l

fhyk; Ml;rp nra;a KbahJ. %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod;

ghz;bag; Nguuir Nrho Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jhu;.

kJiuia mopj;Jg; ghz;baiu tPo;j;jpdhu; vdpDk; mtuhy;

ghz;bau; kPz;Lk; capu;g;gpj;J vOtijj; jtpu;f;fNth> jLf;fNth

,aytpy;iy. kPz;Lk; FyNrfug; ghz;baiu kJiu

kd;duhf;Ftjw;fhd R+o;epiyf; fl;lhaj;Jf;Fs;shdhu;. jpUk;gTk;

kJiu ehl;Lf;F kd;duhd mtu; ghz;baupd; tpLjiy

Ntl;iff;fhd tbfhyhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtuJ jk;gp Re;jughz;bad;

ghz;ba ehl;L tpLjiyf;F toptFj;jhu;. ghz;bau; kPl;rpf;Ff;

fhuzkhf ,Ue;j ,tu; ,uz;lhtJ ghz;bag; NguuRf;Fj;

jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. ghz;bauJ ghuk;gupag; ngUik kPl;fg;gl;lJ.

ghz;bag; Nguurpd; mjpfhuKk;> Ml;rpAk;> Mjpf;fKk; Me;jpuhtpd;

Nfhjhtupf;fiu tiu nrd;wJ. ,yq;ifapd; tlgFjpapYk;

ghz;bau; nfhb gwe;jJ. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,WjpapypUe;J 14

Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjp tiuj; jkpo;ehl;by; ghz;baupd;

,uz;lhk; NguuR ePbj;jJ.

6.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


KbAk;

• gpw;fhyg; ghz;ba Nguurpd; vOr;rp gw;wp tptupfpwJ.

• Kjyhk; Re;ju ghz;bad; kw;Wk; mtiuj;njhlu;e;J Ml;rp

nra;j kd;du;fspd; rhjidfs; gw;wp tpthjpfpwJ.

• gpw;fhy ghz;ba muRfspd; fiy kw;Wk; fl;blf; fiy

tsu;r;rp gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.

• ghz;bau;fspd; tPo;r;rp gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.

110


rilatu;kd; FyNrfu ghz;badpd; jk;gp Re;jughz;bad;.

FyNrfh ghz;bad; kPz;Lk; kd;duhdgpd; ghz;baehL Gj;Japu;

ngw;W ,uz;lhtJ Nguurhf capu;j;njOtjw;fhd GJg;ghijia

tFj;Jf; nfhLj;jhu;. mg;ghijapy; gazpj;j Re;jughz;bad;

ghz;ba Vfhjpgj;jpa rfhg;jj;ijj; Jtf;fp itj;jhu;. ,k;kd;du;

Vw;wpitj;j ghz;ba tpLjiy tpsf;F gjp%d;whk; E}w;whz;bd;

Kw;gFjptiu Rlu;tpl;L vupe;jJ.

gifg;Nghu;

jd;dpdk; gifj;j gz;G jkpoupd; FUjpNahL fye;Jtpl;l

FzkhFk; gopthq;Fk; Nghf;F ,tu;fsJ guk;giu nrhj;J.

ghz;bag; Nguuir mopj;j Nrhoid mopf;fj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;

Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;. 'fz;Zf;Ff; fz;; gy;Yf;Fg;

gy;' vd;gJ mtuJ nfhs;ifahf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt mtu; Nrho

ehl;il %u;f;fj;jdkhfj; jhf;f KbntLj;jhu;. mtuJ

Mj;jpuj;Jf;F ,yf;fhdtu; kJiuia epu;%ykhf;fpa %d;whtJ

FNyhj;Jq;f NrhoDf;Fg; gpd; kd;duhd %d;whk; ,uh[uh[d;

Mthu;. ,r;Nrho kd;du; jpwikapd;ikf;Fk;> mwptPdj;Jf;Fk;>

murpay; ,ayhikf;Fk; ngau; Nghdtu;. jpwikahd kd;dupd;

jpwikaw;w thupR ,tu;.

ghz;bag; NguuRf;F Gj;Jap&l;ba Re;jughz;bad; %d;whk;

FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; Ml;rpf;fhy ,Wjpapy; fz;il kw;Wk;

kzg;ghiwg; Nghu;fspy; Nrhou; giliaj; Njhw;fbj;jhu;. jpUr;rp>

];uPuq;fk;> jQ;ir ghz;bau; trkhapd. vdpDk; xa;rhsupd; MjuT

Nrhou; gf;fk; ,Ue;jikahy; Re;jughz;bad; jdJ ntw;wpia

Kd;nfhz;L nry;tJ vspjhapy;iy. vdpDk; gopthq;Fk; Nghf;fhy;

ce;jg;gl;l Re;ju ghz;bad; %d;whk; ,uh[uh[idg; Gwq;fz;lhu;.

jQ;irAk;> ciwA+Uk; jPf;fpiuahf;fg;gl;ld. Re;ju ghz;bad;

ntw;wpg; ngUkpjg;NghL gioahiwapy; tPuhgpN\fk; nra;J

nfhz;lhu;. kJiu jpUk;Gk; topapy; jd;dplk; ruzile;j %d;whk;

,uh[uh[id kPz;Lk; Nrho rpk;khrdj;jpy; mkur; nra;jhu;. Nrho

ehL ghz;bag; Nguurpd; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd;fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

ghz;ba kd;duplk; Njhw;W> Rahl;rp ,oe;J> ghz;ba

Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd;fPo; ,Uf;f tpUk;ghj %d;whk; ,uh[uh[d;

xa;rhsupd; Mjuit vjpu;ghu;j;J ghz;baUf;Fj; jpiw

nrYj;Jtij epWj;jptpl;lhu;. ,ij ed;wp nfhd;w nrayhff;

fUjpf; fLq;Nfhgk; nfhz;l Re;jughz;bad; kPz;Lk; Nrho ehl;bd;

kPJ gilnaLj;jhu; (1231). ghz;bag; gilia vjpu;f;nfhs;s

Kbahj %d;whk; ,uh[uh[d; Nghu;f;fsj;jpypUe;J jg;gpr; nrd;whu;.

111

jg;gpr; nrd;w Nrho kd;dd; FWepy kd;dd; Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fdhy;

ifJ nra;ag;gl;L Nre;jkq;fyj;jpy; rpiw itf;fg;gl;lhu;.

ntw;wpthif R+ba khwtu;kd; Re;jughz;bad; NrhzhL

nfhz;lUspa> NrhzhL toq;fUspa Mfpa tpUJg; ngau;fisg;

ngw;whu;.


Nrhou;fis kPz;Lk; jiyJ}f;f tplhky; nra;j

Re;jughz;bad; Nrhou;fSf;Fj; JizNghd xa;rhsu;fisAk;

jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J xopj;Jf;fl;l KbT nra;jhu;. Vnddpy;

xa;rhsu;fs; Nrhou;fSf;F cjtp nra;jNjhL jpUr;rp> ];uPuq;fk;

gFjpfspy; fhy; gjpj;jdu;. rupTg; ghijapy; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j

Nrhou;fisf; Nflakhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L mtu;fs; jkpo;

ehl;by; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd Mgj;J Vw;gl;lJ. vdNt>

xa;rhsupd; Mjpf;fr; nrbia KisapNyNa fps;sp vwpe;Jtpl

KbT nra;jhu; Re;jughz;bad;. rhSf;fpaiuj; jiynaLf;f

tplhky; nra;J uhZt gyj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l typikkpf;f

xa;rhsg; Nguuir vjpu;g;gJ Fd;W Kl;ba FUtpf;fijahFk;.

vdNt> Re;jughz;bad; fhltiuau; Nfhkhd; Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fdpd;

el;igAk; MjuitAk; ngw;whu;. ghz;bau;-fhltiuau; $l;Lg; gil

%d;whk; ,uh[uh[id njs;shW Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;jJ

(1231). %d;whk; ,uh[uh[d; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L rpiwapy;

milf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,t;ntw;wpf;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ

Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fd; Re;jughz;baDf;Ff; fhyj;Nj nra;j

NgUjtpahFk;. Mdhy; ,t;ntw;wp ePbf;ftpy;iy. xa;rhsg; Nguurd;

,uz;lhk; eurpk;kd; Nrho kd;dd; %d;whk; ,uh[uh[id

tpLtpg;gjw;fhf mg;gz;zh> fhrpag;gh Mfpa ,U jsgjpfis

mDg;gpdhu;. ,tu;fs; jiyikapy; te;j xa;rhsg;gil fhltu;

jiytd; Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fid vspjpy; Njhw;fbj;jJ. %d;whk;

,uh[uh[d; kPz;Lk; Nrho rpk;khrdj;jpy; mku;j;jg;gl;lhu;. xa;rhsg;

Nguuru; ,uz;lhk; eurpk;kd; jiyikapy; nrd;w kw;nwhU gil

Re;jughz;baid kNfe;jpu kq;fyj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;jJ. ntw;wp ngw;w

xa;rhs kd;dd; ghz;ba mur FLk;gj;NjhL kz cwT' nfhz;L

ghz;bau; vjpu;g;ig KidkOq;fr; nra;jhu;. mNjrkak; Nrhog;

Nguuir NguoptpypUe;J fhg;ghw;wp Nrho ehl;by; jd; Mjpf;fj;ij

epiy ehl;bdhu;. ,tw;wpd; tpisthfj; jkpo; ehl;by; xa;rhsu;

Mjpf;fk; rpwpJ fhyk; Gypj;jiyf; nfhb fl;bg; gwe;jJ.

xa;rhs mur FLk;gj;Jld; kz cwT nfhz;L ghz;ba-

xa;rhs vjpu;g;igj; jzpj;j Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;

kf;fspilNa kpFe;j nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;jhu;. nfhq;F ehl;by;

Vw;gl;l murpay; neUf;fbiaj; jPu;j;J itj;J me;ehl;bd; xU

gFjpia ghz;ba ehl;Lld; ,izj;jhu;. Re;ju ghz;bad; murpay;

112

ey;YwT fhuzkhfg; gyiu kze;J nfhz;lhYk;> mtuJ

gl;lj;jurpahfj; jpfo;e;jtu; cyfKOtJilahs; MFk;.

fypAfuhkd;> mjpra ghz;bj; Njtd;> NrhzhL nfhz;lhd;>

NrhzhL nfhz;lUspatd; Mfpait Re;jughz;badpd; tpUJg;

ngau;fshFk;. Nrhog; Nguurpd; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;j ghz;ba

muirg; Nguurhf;fpajd; %yk; Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;

gpw;fhy ghz;ba tuyhw;wpy; ngUikf;Fupa ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Js;shu;.


Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; Re;jughz;baDf;Fg; gpd; kJiu

kd;duhd ,uz;lhk; khwtu;kd; Re;jughz;bad; Nrhou; gifia

vjpu;f;nfhs;s Ntz;bajhapw;W ,g;ghz;ba kd;duJ rkfhyr; Nrho

kd;du; %d;whk; ,uhN[e;jpud;. tpiuthf tPo;e;J nfhz;bUe;j

Nrhog; Nguuirf; fhg;ghw;wpa ,r;Nrho kd;du; jpwikf;Fk;.

jPuj;Jf;Fk; jPu;f;fkhd murpay; tpNtfj;Jf;Fk; ngau; ngw;wtu;.

%d;whk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; ney;Y}u;j; njYq;F Nrhou;fspd;

MjuNthL ,uz;lhk; Re;jughz;baidj; Njhw;fbj;jhu;. ,e;j

,f;fl;lhd neUf;fb Neuj;jpy; xa;rhs kd;dd; tPuNrhNk];tud;

ghz;bau; gf;fk; Nru;e;J kPz;Lk; ,uz;lhk; Re;jughz;baid

kJiu kd;duhf ePbf;f cjtpdhu;. me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;jhd;

ghz;ba ehL xa;rhsu; jatpy; ,Ue;jJ.


,uz;lhk; Re;jughz;baDf;Fg; gpd; muRg; nghWg;Ngw;w

Kjyhk; rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad; NguuRg; ngUf;fj;jpy;

Nguhu;tk; nfhz;lhu;. tpupthf;fthjpahd mtu; jkpo; ehl;by; ,Ue;j

gy;NtW muRfis ntd;W jkpo; ehL KOtijAk; ghz;bau;

Mjpf;ff; Filapd; fPo;f; nfhz;Ltu tpUk;gpdhu;. ,e;j tpUg;gj;ij

epiwNtw;w mtu; gy Nghu;fis epfo;j;j Ntz;bajhapw;W.

Nruiuj; Njhw;fbj;jy;

jkpo;ehL KOtijAk; ghz;bau; Ml;rpapd; fPo;f; nfhz;Ltu

Ntz;Lk; vd;w ,yl;rpaf; fdNthL fskpwq;fpdhu; Re;jughz;bad;.

,tuJ NguuRg; ghu;it Kjypy; mz;il ehlhd Nru ehl;bd; kPJ

tpOe;jJ. Nru ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W Nru kd;dd;

cjakhu;j;jhz;lidj; Njhw;fbj;jhu;. jpUthq;$u; kd;dd;

Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; capupoe;jhu;. NruehL ghz;bau; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;f;

nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

113

xa;rhsiu ntw;wp nfhs;sy;

Nru ehl;ilg; gzpaitj;j rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;

jkpo; ehl;by; epiynfhz;bUe;j xa;rhsiu clypy; Fj;jpa

Ks;shff; fUjpdhu;. Ks;is vLf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; Kidg;Gld;

,wq;fpdhu;. fhNtupf; fiuapy; ,Ue;j xa;rhsu; gil

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. fz;zD}u;f; Nfhl;il ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

,g;gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ xa;rhsu; jsgjpfs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;.

Vuhskhd nghUl;fs; nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;ld. ahidfs;>

Fjpiufs; ftu;e;J tug;gl;ld. ,j;Njhy;tpf;Fg; gpd; jkpo; ehl;by;

xa;rhsu; Mjpf;fj;ijg; GJg;gpg;gjw;F NrhNk];tud; Nkw;nfhz;l

Kaw;rpAk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. xa;rhs kd;du; Nghu;f;fsj;jpNyNa

nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. ,jd; tpisthf xa;rhsupd; fd;dlg; gFjpfs;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;L ghz;bau; NguuRld; Nru;f;fg;gl;ld. [ltu;kd;

tPughz;bad; mg;gFjpfSf;F MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,j;Jld;

jkpo;ehl;by; Xa;rhsu; Mjpf;fk; KbTf;F te;jJ. ghz;bag;

Nguurpd; gug;ngy;iy fd;dl ehL tiu tpuptile;jJ.

Nrhoiug; gzpaitj;jy;

xa;rhsiu xLf;fpa Kjyhk; rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;

Nrhoiug; ghz;bau; Mjpf;fj;Jf;Fg; gzpa itf;Fk; Kaw;rpia

Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. mg;NghJ tpiue;J tPo;e;J nfhz;bUe;j Nrhog;

NguuRf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpatu; jpwikaw;w %d;whk; ,uhN[e;jpud;.

ntw;wpg; ghijapy; tpiue;J Kd;Ndwpf; nfhz;bUe;j rilatu;kd;

Re;jughz;badpd; vjpu;g;ig vjpu;f;nfhs;s Kbahj %d;whk;

,uhN[e;jpud; NtWtopapd;wp ghz;bau; Vfhjpgj;jpa

Nkyhjpf;fj;Jf;Fg; gzpe;J Nghf ,zq;fpdhu;. ,tNuhL Nrhog;

NguuR KbTf;F te;jJ. Nrho ehL ghz;ba ehl;bd; gFjpahapw;W.

ghz;ba ehl;il ntw;wp nfhz;l Nrho ehl;il> ghz;ba ehL

ntw;wp nfhz;lJ. tuyhw;Wr; rf;fuk; KOikahf xU Rw;W

Rw;wpaJ.

fhltiuaiu mlf;fy;

Kw;fhyj; jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; fhltiuaupd; gq;F

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jkpo; ehl;by; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhfg;

ghz;bau;> Nrhou;> xa;rhsu; Mfpa %d;W ty;yuRfSf;fpilNa

vOe;j Kk;Kidg; Nghl;bapy; fhltiuau; Kf;fpa gq;Nfw;wdu;.

fhltiuaupd; <Lapizaw;wj; jiytuhfj; jpfo;e;j

Nfhg;ngUq;rpq;fd; gy;ytu; kugpy; te;jtu;. ,tu; Nre;jkq;fyj;ijj;

jiyefuhff; nfhz;l fhltf; FWepy kd;duhapUe;jhu;. Nrhoupd;

Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;l NghjpYk; Rje;jpu Ntl;ifia

tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fd; Re;jughz;baDld;

Nru;e;J %d;whk; ,uh[uh[ Nrhoiuj; Njhw;fbj;J rpiwg;gpbj;jij

114

Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;Nlhk;. xa;rhsupd; FWf;fPl;lhy; Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fd;

kPz;Lk; Nrhou; Mjpf;fj;ij Vw;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. vdpDk;

,f;fhltiuau; NfhNte;jd; xa;rhsiu jpUr;rpf;fUNf nguk;gY}upy;

Njhw;fbj;jhu; (1252-53). fhltiuaupd; vOr;rpahy; ghz;bag;

NguuRf;F tuf;$ba mr;RWj;jiy mwpe;j rilatu;kd;

Re;jughz;bad; fhltu; giliaj; Njhw;fbj;J> Nre;jkq;fyj;ijf;

ifg;gw;wp ghz;bag; NguuRf;F fPo;gzpa itj;jhu;. fhltehL

ghz;ba ehl;Lf;Ff; fg;gk; fl;Lk; epiyf;F mlf;fg;gl;lJ.

fhltiuaupd; tpLjiy Ntl;if epiwNtwhf; fdthapw;W. jkpo;

ehl;bd; neUf;fbahd Neuj;jpy; Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fd; jdJ

MSikiaAk;> mjpfhuj;ijAk; me;j];ijAk; epiyehl;bajhfg;

Gfohuk; R+l;bdhd;.

njYq;F Nrhoiuj; Njhw;fbj;jy;

fhlt kd;dd; Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fid mlf;fpa Re;jughz;bad;

fhQ;rpia njYq;F Nrhou; tp[afz;l Nfhgdpd; gpbapypUe;J

tpLtpf;fj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;. mj;jPu;khdj;jpd;gb ghz;bau; gil

Me;jpuh gFjpf;Fs; nrd;W njYq;F Nrhoiuj; Njhw;fbj;J> fhQ;rp

kPl;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;ntw;wpiaf; nfhz;lhLk; nghUl;L Re;jughz;bad;

tPuhgpN\fk; nra;J nfhz;lhu;. ,g;gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ fhfjpa

kd;du; ,uz;lhk; fzgjpAk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. fhQ;rp> ney;Y}u;>

tp[athlh gFjpfs; ghz;bag; NguuRld; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.

,g;NguuR fpU\;zh ejpapd; njd;gFjp tiuapyhd gFjpfs;

KOtJk; ghz;bau; Nguhjpf;fj;jpd;fPo;f; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld.

,yq;ifg; gilnaLg;G

,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l thupRupikg; Nghl;bia tha;g;ghff;

nfhz;L Re;ju ghz;bad; ,yq;if kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;whu;.

thupRupik Nfhup rpq;fs Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;l re;ughF

Re;jughz;bad; Rkj;jpa epge;jidfis Vw;Wf; nfhz;L ghz;ba

ehl;Lf;Fj; jtwhky; fg;gk; fl;l rk;kjpj;jjhy; re;ughF Ml;rp

gPlj;jpy; ePbf;f mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ghz;bau; Mjpf;fj;ijj;

jkpo;ehL gl;Lkd;wp ,yq;ifAk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

rhjidfs;

Kjyhk; rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad; Vfhjpgj;jpa

tpupthf;fthjp. Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; Re;jughz;bad; ghz;ba

Vfhjpgj;jpa rfhg;jj;ijj; Jtf;fp itj;jtu; vd;why; ,g;ghz;ba

kd;du; me;j rfhg;jj;ij cWjp nra;J epiyg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,tuJ

gilnaLg;Gfs; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; vy;iyiaj; njw;Nf

fd;dpahFkup tiuapYk;> tlf;Nf ney;Y}u;-flg;ig tiuapYk;

tpupTgLj;jpd. ,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ghz;bag; NguuR

115

gug;ngy;iyapYk;> Ml;rp Kiwr; rhjidfspYk;> murpay;

nry;thf;fpYk; Gjpa cr;rj;ijj; njhl;lJ. mNjrkak; Mjpf;f

tpupthf;fj;jhy; ntspg;Gw tpNuhjpfspd; vjpu;g;Gk; tsu;e;jNjad;wp

Fiwatpy;iy. rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad; Nghu;fshy;

ftu;e;Jtug;gl;l ngUQ; nry;tj;ijf; Nfhapy; jpUg;gzpfspy;

jhuhskhfr; nrytpl;lhu;. rpjk;guk; rptd; Nfhapy; kw;Wk; ];uPuq;fk;

jpUkhy; Nfhapy; $iufs; jq;fj;jhy; Ntag;gl;ld. Nru> Nrho>

gy;yt> ghz;bag; NguuRg; ngau;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l ];uPuq;fk;

Nfhapypd; EioT thtpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. muq;fY}u; Nfhapy;

,g;ghz;ba kd;duhy; vOg;gg;gl;ljhFk;. kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd;

Nfhapypy; fpof;Ff; NfhGuk; Gjpjhff; fl;lg;gl;lJ. NrhNd];tuk;

Nfhapy; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. jpUr;rp> jQ;ir> fhQ;rp Nfhapy;fSf;F

epyf;nfhilfs; toq;fg;gl;ld. Nfhapy; rhu;e;j gzpfSf;F

Kd;Dupik mspf;fg;gl;ljhy;> nghJeyg; gzpfs; ngupJk;

ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpwg; Nguuru;fisg; Nghd;Nw Kjyhk; rilatu;kd;

Re;jughz;baDk; Nfhapy; nghd;Nta;e;j ngUkhs;> kfhuh[hjpuh[h>

fhQ;rp nfhz;lhd;> vk;kz;lyKk; nfhz;lUspa> kufjg;

gpUjptpgpupj;> vy;yhj; jiyahdhd; Mfpa tpUJg; ngau;fisr;

R+l;b kfpo;e;jhu;.

6.6. khwtu;kd; FyNrfu ghz;bad;

ghz;ba ehl;il ehw;gjhz;LfSf;F Nky; Ml;rp nra;j

filrpg; Nguuru; Kjyhk; rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;badpd; kfd;

Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; FyNrfu ghz;bad; Mthu;. je;ij tpl;Lr;

nrd;w gzpia epiwT nra;j ngUik ,tUf;F cz;L.

jpUr;rpapy; epiy nfhz;bUe;j xa;rhsiug; NghUf;F ,Oj;J

tPuNrhNk];tuidg; Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; nfhd;W jpUr;rpia xa;rhsu;

gpbapdpd;Wk; tpLtpj;jhu;. jkpo;ehl;by; xa;rhsu; Mjpf;fk; Xa;e;jJ.

jpUr;rpia xa;rhsu; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J tpLtpj;jNjhL kl;Lkd;wp

ghz;bau; gil fd;dl ehl;Lf;Fs; Eioe;J nfhq;fdf; flw;fiug;

gFjp tiu ifg;gw;wpaJ. ifg;gw;wg;gl;l fd;dlg; gFjpf;F

ghz;ba kd;ddpd; kfd; tPughz;bad; Ml;rpauhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

mopTg; ghijapy; tpiue;J nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j Nrhog; NguuRf;Fj;

jiyik jhq;fpa %d;whk; ,uhN[e;jpud; xa;rhsupd; Mjuit

vjpu;ghu;j;J ghz;bau; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl Kaw;rpj;jhu;.

jpUr;rpapypUe;J xa;rhsiu tpul;ba ghz;ba kd;du; jQ;irapYk;>

Fk;gNfhzj;jpYk; jdJ epiyiag; gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L

fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuj;ijf; Fwpitj;jhu;. xa;rhsupd; cjtpia

vjpu;ghu;j;g; ghz;baDf;F vjpuhfj; Jtf;fpa Nghupy; %d;whk;

,uhN[e;jpud; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. xa;rhsuhy; iftplg;gl;l Nrho

kd;dd; jdpikg;gLj;jg; gl;lhu;. Nghu;f;fsj;jpypUe;J jg;gpr; nrd;w

116

%d;whk; ,uhN[e;jpuNdhL Nrhog; NguuR KbTf;F te;jJ;

ghz;bag; Nguurpd; gFjpahapw;W.

jkpo;ehl;ilj; jd; Mjpf;fj;jpd;fPo;f; nfhz;L te;j Kjyhk;

khwtu;kd; FyNrfud; ,yq;ifia KOJkhfg; ghz;bag;

Nguurpd;fPo;f; nfhz;LtUk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. ,yq;ifapy;

Vw;gl;l murpay; neUf;fbiaj; jdf;F rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;l ghz;ba kd;dd; jdJ jsgjp Mupa rf;futu;j;jpapd; fPo;

xU typikkpf;f gilia mDg;gpdhu; (1284). ,yq;if kd;dd;

%d;whk; guhf;fpukghF vspjpy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;.

,yq;ifapypUe;J ifg;gw;wg;gl;L kJiuf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l

Vuhskhd nghUl;fspy; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ Gj;jupd;

gy; rpd;dkhFk;. ,yq;if ghz;bau; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;f;

nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; FyNrfud; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Nrho

ehL> Nru ehL> nfhq;F ehL> njhz;il ehL> ,yq;if Mfpait

NguuRg; gFjpfshf ,Ue;jd. mjhtJ ghz;bag; NguuRf; Filapd;

fPo; jkpo;ehL KOtJk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa tpupthd

Nguuirf; fl;bf;fhf;f typikkpf;f ika Ml;rpAk; murFy

xw;WikAk; ,d;wpaikahjit. khwtu;kd; FyNrfuDf;F

tPukpUe;j msTf;F tpNtfkpy;iy.

R+o;epiyf; fl;lhaj;jhy; ghz;ba kd;du; ,sturu;fs; 1) ,uz;lhk;

rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;; 2) khwtu;kd; tpf;fpuk ghz;bad;; 3)

,uz;lhk; rilatu;kd; tPughz;bad;; 4) rilatu;kd;; 5) %d;whk;

Re;jughz;bad; Mfpa ItNuhLk; Ml;rpiag; gfpu;e;J nfhz;lhu;.

Ie;J FjpiufSk; ntt;NtW jpirfspy; ,Oj;j ghz;ba Ml;rp

ujj;ij Xl;br; nrd;w rhujpahf ,Ue;jhu; khwtu;kd; FyNrfud;.

,e;j mWtu; Ml;rpahy; eLtz; muR gytPdg;gl;Lg; Nghapw;W.

Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; FyNrfuDf;F fhjy; fpoj;jpaUk;>

fhkf;fpoj;jpaUk; gyu;. mtu;fSf;Fg; gpwe;j gps;isfSk; gyu;.

,tu;fSf;Fs; muR Mir ,Ue;jjpy; tpag;gpy;iy. Re;jughz;bad;

gl;lj;jurpapd; kfd;. tPughz;bad; fhkf; fpoj;jpapd; kfd;.

,t;tpUtUs; tPughz;baidg; gl;lj;J ,sturuhfg;

gpufldg;gLj;jpdhu; ghz;ba kd;du; (1296). ,r;nray; Fstpf;

$l;by; iftpl;l fijahapw;W. ghz;ba ehl;by; thupRupikg;

Nghuhl;lk; Jtq;fpaJ. Vkhw;wkile;j Re;jughz;bad; je;ijiaf;

nfhd;Wtpl;L mupaiziaf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhu; (1310)

tPughz;bad; kJiuapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;lhu;.

myhTjPd; fpy;[papd; tyf;fukhd khypf;fhG+u;

jkpo;ehl;bw;Fs; gilnaLj;J te;jijg; gw;wp ,t;tpU

rNfhjuu;fSk; ftiyg;gltpy;iy. kJiuapypUe;J ntspNawpa

117

tPughz;bad; thupRupikg; Nghl;biag; Nghuhf khw;wp>

Re;jughz;baidj; Njhw;fbj;J Ml;rpiag; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.

Ml;rpia ,oe;j Re;jughz;bad; khypf;fhG+upd; cjtpia ehbdhu;.

,e;j miog;G khypf;fhG+u; Nghd;w Kfyha xl;lfk; ghz;bag;

NguuR vd;w $lhuj;Jf;Fs; Eiotjw;fhd ngha;g;ig toq;fpaJ.

ghz;ba rNfhjuu;fSf;fpilNaahd cl;gif jkpo;ehl;by;

Kfyhau; Mjpf;fk; Vw;gLtjw;fhd Eiothapiyj; jpwe;Jtpl;lJ.


murpay; epiy

ghz;ba ehl;bYk; Kbahl;rp KiwNa gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

je;ijf;Fg;gpd; %j;j kfNd thupR vd;gJ kuG. %j;j kfd;

,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,isatid thuprhf epakpg;gJ tpjptpyf;fhFk;.

murdpd; FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;Njhu;> Fwpg;ghf ,sturu;fs;> ehl;bd;

gy gFjpfspy; MSeuhfNth> Ml;rpj; jiytuhfNth> gilj;

jsgjpahfNth my;yJ FWepy nghWg;G tfpg;gtuhfNth

epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ghz;ba kd;du;fs; gfl;Lf;Fk; glhNlhgj;Jf;Fk;

Gfo; ngw;wtu;fs;. ,tu;fs; nghd;Dk;> kzpAk;> Kj;Jk; kpd;Dk;

tpiy kjpg;Gkpf;f Mguzq;fis mzpe;J nfhz;ldu;. murdpd;

muritapy; gpuGf;fSk;> Gytu;fSk;> tPuu;fSk;> fiyQu;fSk;

,lk; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. me;jg;Guk; fhjy; fpoj;jpauhYk;> fhkf;

fpoj;jpauhYk; epiwe;jpUe;jJ. muz;kid MNyhrid kz;lgkhf

kl;Lkd;wp ghtif epfo;r;rpfs; eilngwTk;> tpohf;fs;

nfhz;lhlTk; gad;gl;lJ. muz;kid fiyf;fhl;rpf; $lkhfTk;

jpfo;e;jJ. gyj;j ghJfhg;Gf;fpilNa kd;dd; muz;kidapy;

Mlk;gu tho;f;if tho;e;jhd;. gl;lg; ngau;fisr; R+l;bf;

nfhz;ldu;.

kd;duit

ghz;bau; fhyj;jpy; mikr;ruit vd;w mikg;G

,Ue;jjhfj; njupatpy;iy. Mdhy; mikr;ru;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.

mtu;fs; murupd; MNyhrfu;fshf nray;gl;ldu;. cj;jk

ke;jpupjhd; Kjyikr;ru;. ,tiu Vfke;jpup vd;Wk; mwpag;gl;lhu;.

Nrdhgjp gilj; jiytu; my;yJ jsgjp. mikr;ru;fs; jtpu gy

mYtyu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. epyk; msg;Nghu;> tup tR+ypg;Nghu;>

tUtha;j; Jiwapdu;> muru; Mizfisg; gjpT nra;Nthu;>

ju;Nkhgjrk; nra;Nthu;> Mgj;Jjtpfs; Nghd;Nwhu; mlq;fpa

mjpfhutu;f;fk; ,Ue;jJ. ,tu;fs; Kiwahf ele;J nfhz;l NghJ

kf;fshy; kjpf;fg;gl;ldu;; newpjtwp nray;gl;l NghJ kf;fshy;

ntWf;fg;gl;ldu;.

118

kj;jpa murhq;fg; gFjpfs;

eLtz; murpd; epu;thf trjpf;fhfg; ghz;ba ehL gy

Ml;rpg; gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ; ,it ,d;iwa khfhzq;fisg;

Nghd;wit Jtf;fj;jpy; ghz;ba ehL njd; khtl;lq;fshd-kJiu>

uhkehjGuk; jpUney;Ntyp> fd;dpahFkup-cs;slf;fpajhf ,Ue;jJ.

gpd;du; nfhy;yk; ney;Y}u; Mfpa epyg;gFjpfisf; nfhz;L

tpuptile;jJ. jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; Nfusg; gFjpfs; khghu; (Mabar)

my;yJ ,uh[uh[ tsehL vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ." ghz;ba

ngUehL gy kz;lyq;fshfTk;> xt;nthU kz;lyKk; gy

ehLfshfTk;> $w;wq;fshfTk;> fpuhkq;fshfTk; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

fpuhkf; Fbahl;rp

ghz;bau;fhy cs;shl;rp Kiw gy;ytu; fhy> Nrhou; fhy

fpuhkf; Fbahl;rp mikg;G Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpajhfNt ,Ue;jJ.

jkpo;ehl;L kuGtop te;j cs;shl;rpg; nghJkd;wk; gy

thupaq;fisf; nfhz;l kfhrigahFk;. Cuhl;rp kd;wq;fs; Cu;

tptfhuq;fisf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,k;kd;wq;fs; kf;fshy;

Nju;e;njLf;fg; gl;lit. thupaq;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fSk; kf;fshy;

Nju;T nra;ag;gl;ldu;. nrhj;J> fy;tp> xOf;fk; Mfpait

Ntl;ghsu;fspd; jFjpfshff; fUjg;gl;ld. cWg;gpdu;fs; FbXiy

Kiwapy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. kd;w eltbf;iffs; Cu;g; nghJ

,lq;fspy; eilngw;wd. cs;shl;rp epWtdq;fs; Rje;jpukhfr;

nray;gl;ld. ,it mjpfhug; guty; Kiwf;Fr; rpwe;j

vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.

ghz;bau; gil

Nguuir tpupTgLj;jTk;> fl;Lg;gLj;jTk;> ghJfhf;fTk;

ngUk;gil ,d;wpaikahjJ. ghz;bau; uhZtk; ahidg;gil>

Fjpiug;gil> Nju;g;gil fhyhl;gil Mfpa ehd;F ngUk;

mq;fq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,itad;wp Nfhl;ilf; fhty;

gilfs; ,Ue;jd. ehl;bd; Kf;fpa ,lq;fspy; ,g;gilfs;

epWj;jg;gl;bUe;jd. ngUk;gilahu;> tyq;if kfhNridau;

MfpNahu; gilg; gpuptpdUs; rpyu;. kwtu;> fs;tu; Nghd;w tFg;ghu;

jq;fisg; Nghu;j; njhopYf;F mu;g;gzpj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.


tptrhak;

NguuRg; guhkupg;Gf;Fk; ngUf;fj;Jf;Fk; nghUNs

MjhukhFk;. ehl;bd; nghUshjhuk; tptrhaj;ijAk;> njhopiyAk;

nghWj;Js;sJ. gpw ehLfisg; Nghd;Nw ghz;ba ehLk; tptrha

119

ehlhfNt ,Ue;jJ. itifAk;> jhkpuguzpAk; tptrha ePu;ts

euk;G kz;lyq;fshf ,Ue;jd. vdpDk;> gUtkioNa Ntshz;ik

tsj;ijj; jPu;khdpj;jJ. vdNt Gd;nra; gapu;fs; ngupJk;

kioiaNa ek;gpapUe;jd. vdNt> ePu;tsj;ijg; ngUf;Ftjpy;

ghz;ba kd;du;fs; rpwg;Gf; ftdk; nrYj;jpdu;. Vupfs;> Fsq;fs;>

fhy;tha;fs; Mfpatw;iw nrg;gdpLtjw;Fk;> ngUf;Ftjw;Fk;>

ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;> ghrd ePiu tptrhaj;Jf;F Kiwahfg;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd jf;f Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl;ld; ,tw;Wf;nfd

mjpfhupfSk;> mYtyu;fSk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. nfhs;slj;jpy;

nts;sj;jLg;Gf;fhff; fiufis cau;j;jp tYg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ghrd

trjpfs; ngUfg; ngUf fuk;G epyq;fSk; tpis epyq;fshf

khw;wg;gl;ld. epy clikAk;> cupikAk; epy clikAk;

cupikAk; jhd; tptrhapfspd; cz;ikahd nghUshjhu

tho;f;ifiaAk;> ghJfhg;igAk; jPu;khdpj;jd. epy cilik ehd;F

tifg;gl;lJ. 1) ghuk;gupakhf mDgtpj;J te;j

ngUepyf;fpohu;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyk;. ,J Ntshz; tif

vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j epyj;ij epyr; nrhe;jf;fhuu;fs;

NeubahfNth my;yJ cotu;fSf;Ff; Fj;jiff;F tpl;Nlh rhFgb

nra;jdu;. 2) gpuhkzu;fSf;F ,iwapypahff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l

nropg;ghd Njtjhd> gpukjhd epyq;fs;. ,itahTk; tuptpyf;F

mspf;fg;gl;l epyq;fshFk;. 3) Nfhapy;fSf;Fk;> klq;fSf;Fk;

jhdkhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l epyq;fs;. ,itahTk; tuptpyf;F ngw;w

epyq;fshFk;. 4) gilj; jsgjpfs;> cau; murhq;f mjpfhupfs;

MfpNahUf;F mspf;fg;gl;l epyq;fs;. ,tu;fSk; epytup nrYj;j

Ntz;bajpy;iy. ,itad;wp muz;kid kw;Wk; muR

nryTfSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l epyq;fs; Vuhsk;. RUq;ff;$wpd;>

tpisepyq;fs;ahTk; rYif tFg;ghu; trk; ,Ue;jd.

cOgtDf;Nf epyk; vd;w vz;zk; vohj fhyk; mJ.

njhopy;fs;

tptrhaj;jpy; <Lgl;Nlhu; jtpu vQ;rpapUe;Njhu; gy;NtW

njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;jdu;. ghz;ba ehl;bd; gpujhd njhopy;

Kj;Jf;Fspj;jy;. Kj;Jf; Fspj;jYk;> rq;nfLj;jYk; kf;fspd;

VfNghf njhopyhf ,Ue;jJ. fhay;gl;bdk; ,j;njhopy; ikakhfj;

jpfo;e;jJ. Kj;Jf; Fspj;jYf;F mLj;jgbahf kPd;gpbj;jy;

Kf;fpaj; njhopyhf ,Ue;jJ. flNyhuq;fspy; cg;gsj; njhopy;

rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jJ. ghz;ba ehL nerTj; njhopYf;Fg; gpurpj;jp

ngw;wJ. ,NjNghd;W nrq;fhiyj; njhopy; Kf;fpa njhopyhFk;.

,itad;wp> jr;R Ntiy> cNyhf Ntiy> nty;y cw;gj;jp>

kz;ghz;lk; jahupj;jy;> fl;ll Ntiy Nghd;w njhopy;fSk;

Kiwrhuhj; njhopy;fshf ,Ue;jd.

120

efuq;fs; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jf ikaq;fshfj; jpfo;e;jd.

fpuhkr; re;ijfspYk;> efu;g;Gw mq;fhbfspYk; gz;lkhw;W

tu;j;jfk; gpugykhf ,Ue;jJ. gUj;jp kw;Wk; gl;lhilfs;>

etkzpfs;> uj;jpdf; fw;fs;> re;jdk;> rt;thJ Nghd;w eWkzg;

nghUl;fs;> Vyk;> ,ytq;fk;> kpsF> ,Q;rp Nghd;w fwptifg;

nghUl;fs; kUe;J %ypiffs; Nghd;wit Kf;fpa tu;j;jfg;

nghUl;fshFk;. ,tw;Wf;F ntspehLfspy; ey;y tuNtw;gpUe;jJ.

cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;ijf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf kzpfpuhkk;>

mQ;Rtz;zj;jhu;> Fjpiu tzpfu;fs;> ehdh Njrpfs; Nghd;w

njhopy; mikg;Gfs; nray;gl;ld.

ghz;ba ehL cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;ijg; Nghd;Nw ntspehl;L

thzpgj;jpYk; Gfo; ngw;wpUe;jJ. fhay;gl;bdk; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp

ikakhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. ,j;JiwKfj;jpy; cs;ehl;Lf; fg;gy;fSk;>

ntspehl;L ehtha;fSk; RWRWg;Gld; nray;gl;ld. Fwpg;ghf

Kj;J> Jzp tiffs;> kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;F

ntspehLfspy; ey;y tuNtw;G ,Ue;jJ. ghz;ba ehl;L tzpfu;fs;

rPdh kw;Wk; mNugpa ehLfSld; neUq;fpa thzpgj; njhlu;G

nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

tup tUtha;

ghz;ba muR tup tUthiag; ngupJk; ek;gpapUe;jJ.

tupfspy; Kf;fpakhdJ epytupahFk;. ,t;tupiaf; fzf;fpl;L

tR+ypg;gjw;fhf epyq;fs; Kiwahf msf;fg;gl;L>

tpisr;rYf;Nfw;g tup tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjyhk; rilatu;kd;

Re;jughz;bad; fhyj;jpy; nfhs;splj;jpy; nts;sj; jLg;Gf;fhff;

fiufis cau;j;jp tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mUfhikapy; tho;e;j

kf;fspilNa rpwg;G tup tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ. epytup nghUshfNth

my;yJ gzkhfNth tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ. ghrd tup jdpahf

tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ. mr;Rtup> fupatur;rp ntl;bg;ghl;lk;> gQ;Rg;gpyp>

rhe;jp tpf;fpufg; NgW> thry; NgW> ,odp eha;g;NgW> jwpapiw>

nrf;fpiw> ghrpg;gl;lk; Nghd;wit gpw njhopy; tupfshFk;.

Nfhapy;fisr; Nru;e;j Njtubahu;fsplkpUe;Jk; tup

tR+ypf;fg;gl;ljhfj; njupfpwJ. gpuhkzu;fSf;Fk;> Nfhapy;fSf;Fk;>

klq;fSf;Fk; mspf;fg;gl;l ,iwapyp epyq;fs; tuptpyf;F ngw;wd.

,jdhy; muRf;F tUtha; ,og;G Vw;gl;lJ.

gzg;Gof;fk;

thzpgf; FOf;fspd; Kidg;ghd nray;ghLfshy; ghz;ba

ehl;by; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfKk;> ntspehl;L thzpgKk;

rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jd. midj;J tu;j;jfk; gupkhw;wj;jpYk; jq;fNk

gpujhd gupkhw;wg; nghUshf ,Ue;jJ. ehzaq;fs; Gof;fj;jpy;

121

,Ue;jd. ,tw;wpy; vOj;Jf;fNshL ,ul;ilj;jiy fPo;kPd;fs;

fhzgl;ld. gytiff; fhRfSk; gupkhwpf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

6.7.2. rKjha epiy

rhjPa rpe;jid

gy;ytu;fs; fhyj;jpy; Nt&d;wpa rhjPa rKjhak; ghz;bau;

fhyj;jpy; ,Wf;fKw;wJ. rhjPa rpe;jid> nrhy;> nray; Mfpait

jkpou;fspd; %r;rhfp tpl;ld. ,tu;fspd; tho;tpaypd; gpupf;fKbahj

gFjpahapw;W. ghz;ba rKjhaf; $u;Kidf; NfhGu cr;rpapy;

gpuhkzu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. ,tu;fs; gy rYiffNshLk;>

cupikfNshLk; Njtjhd fpuhkq;fspYk;> mf;fpufhuq;fspYk;

tho;e;jdu;. mtu;fSf;F mLj;jgbahf ,Ue;j tskpf;f tzpfu;fs;

nropg;Gkpf;f Mw;Wg; gLiffspy; tho;e;jdu;. cau; tFg;ghupd;

njhopy; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;j tptrhapfs;> tptrhaj;

njhopyhspfs;> njhopyhsu;fs; rhjpthupahfg; gpupe;J vt;tpj

rYiffSkpd;wp gpw;gl;l tFg;gpduhf ,Ue;jdu;. ,tu;fshy;

Gwf;fzpf;fg; gl;Nlhu; jPz;lj;jfhjtu;fshf Nrupfspy; trpj;jdu;.

,g;gy;NtW rhjpfSf;Fs; gpuhkzu;fisj; jtpu gpw tFg;gpdu;

midtUk; cly; ciog;ghspfs; Mtu;.

rhjp Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;

rhjp Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;> rhjpf; nfhLikfs;> rhjPa rkj;Jtk;

gw;wp irt ehad;khu;fSk;> itzt Mo;thu;fSk; neQ;RUfg;

ghbdhu;fNsad;wp rhjp xopg;Gf;fhd vt;tpj eltbf;iffisAk;

Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iy. NtjitjPf mbg;gilapy; mikf;fg;gl;l rhjp

mikg;GKiw ,ay;ghf Vw;Wf; nfhz;l ghz;ba kd;du;fSk; gf;jp

khu;f;fj;jpy; nrd;whu;fNsad;wp rhjpa rkj;Jtk; gw;wpNah rhjp

xopg;G Fwpj;Njh nfhQ;rKk; ftiyg;gltpy;iy. ,g;Gwf;fzpg;gpd;

tpisthf rKjhaj;jpy; gy neUf;fbfs; Vw;gl;ld.

,e;neUf;fbapd; $l;L tpisNt tyq;if-,lq;if rhjp

Nkhjy;fshFk;.

rhjp Nkhjy;fs;

itjPf rdhjd ju;kk; fw;gpj;j ehd;F tu;z rhjp

NtWghl;bd; tpisthf njhopy; thupahfg; gpupe;jpUe;j kf;fs; rhjp

thupahf NtWgl;ldu;. ,e;j ehd;F tu;z ,Uk;G tisaj;Jf;Fs;

mDNyhku;> gpujpNyhku; vd;w ,U fyg;Gg; gpupTfs; cUthapd.

,jd; fhuzkhfg; ghz;bau; rKjhak; tyq;if rhjpapdu;>

,lq;if rhjpapdu; vd ,UngUk; gpupTfshfg; gpsTgl;lJ.

gpsTgl;l ,Ugpuptpdu; gy;NtW rhjpr; rz;ilfspy; <Lgl;ldu;.

,r;rz;ilfspy; gy td;Kiwr; rhjp Nkhjy;fspy; Kbe;jd.

122

jkpo;ehl;by; rhjp kdg;ghd;ik rhRtjkhfptpl;lJ. kz;zpd;

ike;ju;fshfTk;> cly; ciog;ghspfshfTkpUe;j giwau;> gs;su;>

rf;fpypau; Nghd;w kuG tFg;gpdu; rKjhaj;jpd; rhgf;Nflhf

epe;jpf;fg;gl;L cau; rhjpapduhy; neUq;fj;jfhj jPz;lj;jfhNjhuhf

xJf;fp itf;fg;gl;ldu;. R+j;jpuu; vd;w Kj;jpiu Fj;jg;gl;L

jPz;lhikg; gLFopapy; gpwg;Gupikfis epiyehl;bf; nfhs;s

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rhjpg; Nghuhl;lNk tyq;if-,lq;if rhjp

Nkhjy;fshFk;.

ngz;fs; epiy

nghJthf jkpou; rKjhak;> gpw rKjhaq;fisg; Nghd;Nw

Mz; Mjpf;f rKjhakhFk;. ngz;fisg; Gfo;e;J ,opTgLj;Jk;

Mz;fspd; kdepiyapy; ve;j khw;wKk; Vw;gltpy;iy.

tof;fk;Nghy; mur FLk;gg; ngz;fSf;F XusT rKjha Rje;jpuk;

,Ue;jJ. mtu;fSk; fztd; ,we;jgpd; cld;fl;il VWtijf;

fw;ghff; fUjpdu;> fw;gpf;fg;gl;ldu;. Nfhapy;fSf;F

mu;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l Njtubahu;fs; gy;fiy ty;ytu;fshfTk;>

rKjha Rje;jpuk; ngw;wtu;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdu; trjpNahL

tho;e;jdu;. gpw ngz;fs; midtUk; tPl;by; Gwhf;fshf> Nghfg;

nghUl;fshfNt fUjg;gl;ldu;; elj;jg;gl;ldu;. ngz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp

cupik Kw;wpYkhf kWf;fg;gl;lJ. fw;Gf;Fk;> fhkj;Jf;Fk;

Kd;Dupik nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;> Nfhapy;

rpw;gq;fspYk;> Xtpaq;fspYk; ghypay; Fwpg;GfSk; Fwpg;NgLfSk;

Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;lg;gl;ld. ,tw;iwg; gbj;J> ghu;j;J kf;fs;

gutrg;gl;ldu;. RUq;ff;$wpd; ghz;bau; fhyj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiy

Nghw;wj; jf;fjhapy;iy.

rkaq;fspd; epiy

rhjpfisg; Nghd;Nw rkaq;fspd; epiyAk; jkpo;ehl;Lf;Fg;

nghJthdJ. gy;ytu; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; jhf;fk;

gpw;fhyg; ghz;bau; fhyj;jpYk; ePbj;jJ. ghz;ba kd;du;fSk;

irtu;fs;; irtj;ijg; Nghw;wpg; gpd;gw;wpatu;fs; NrhkRe;jug;

ngUkhisf; Fynja;tkhff; nfhz;ltu;fs;; irtj;ij murhq;f

rkakhf Mf;fpatu;fs;; Nfhapy;fisf; fl;b tiuahJ

toq;fpatu;fs;. ghz;bah fhyj;jpYk; itzt tlfiy>

njd;fiyg; gpuptpdupilNa xw;Wik Vw;gltpy;iy. jpUkhy;

ngauhy; gpupe;Nj nray;gl;ldu;.

Jtf;f fhyg; ghz;ba ehl;by; rkzk; nfhbfl;bg; gwe;jJ.

kJiu rkzf; Nfhl;ilahfj; jpfo;e;jJ. Fwpg;ghf ghz;bad;

epd;wrPu; neLkhwd; fhyj;jpy; rkzk; nropg;Gw;wpUe;jJ. gf;jp

,af;fg; Gayhy; ghz;ba ehl;by; rkz> Gj;j rkaq;fspd;

nry;thf;F rupe;J tPo;e;jJ. rKjhaj;jpd; midj;Jj; JiwfSk;

123

rkakakhf;fg;gl;lJ. rkar; rhu;gpd;ik fle;jfhy rKjha

Nehf;fhapw;W. rkar; rhu;Gilik jkpou; gz;ghl;bd; gpupf;fKbahj

gFjpahfptpl;lJ. gFj;jwpTf;Fg; gjpyhf rka ek;gpf;if Kd;dplk;

gpbj;jJ. kdpjg; gpur;ridfSf;Ff; flTs; jPu;Tz;L vd;w vz;zk;

kf;fs; kdjpy; Mokhfg; gjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Md;kPf tsu;r;rpapd; %yk;

,iwawpitAk;> epiw NgUz;ikiaAk; ngwKbAk; vd;w

,iwAzu;T my;yJ nka;Azu;Tf; Nfhl;ghL (Mysticism)

nry;thf;F ngw;wJ. ,f;Nfhl;ghL kf;fs; tWikiag;

nghWikNahL Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; kdg;gf;Ftj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

RUq;ff;$wpd;> itjPf rdhjd rkak; rpj;jhe;j nray;tbtk;

ngw;W jkpou; gz;ghl;by; gy khw;wq;fisr; nra;Jtpl;lJ.

fiyAk;> fiyg;ghzpAk;

ghz;bau; fl;llf; fiyg; gq;fspg;G mtu;fs; gpd;gw;wpa

fiyg;ghzpNa (Architectural Style)ahFk;. ghz;bag; Nguuru;fspd;

fhyj;jpy; Nfhapypd; ikag; gFjpapypUe;J Nfhapypd; ntspg;Gw

mikg;Gfspd; kPJ mf;fiw mjpfk; nrYj;jg; gl;lJ. Nfhapy;

gpufhuq;fs; NguoFgLj;jg;gl;ld. kjpw;Rtu;fs; fz;izf; ftUk;

NfhGuq;fs; vOg;gg;gl;ld. NfhGuq;fspy; rpiyfs; itj;J moF

nra;ag;gl;ld. ,NjNghd;W J}zpd; ,jo;fspd; Xuq;fs; rpg;gp

tupNghy; moF nra;ag;gl;ld. Nghjpiffs; NkNy ftpo;e;J

njhq;Fk; mikg;ghf cs;sd. Kd;dNkNa fl;lg;gl;l

Nfhapy;fspd; kz;lgq;fSk;> Jizf; Nfhapy;fSk; fl;Ltjpy;

rpwg;Gf; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.

jpUthidf;fhty; cs;s rptd; Nfhapypd; ,uz;lhk; Rw;wpy;

fhzg;gLk; NfhGuk; ghz;bau; fhy fl;blf;fiyg; ghzpf;F

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; $wyhk;. rpjk;guk; fpof;Ff; NfhGuKk;>

jpUthidf;fhty; Re;jughz;bad; NfhGuKk; ,f;fiyg; ghzpapd;

Kjpu;e;j epiyiag; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; myq;fhu

Ntiyg;ghLfs; kpFjpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ghz;bau;

gilg;Gfspy; fiyr;rpwg;Gkpf;f NfhGuq;fis kJiu> rpjk;guk;>

Fk;gNfhzk;> jpUthidf;fhty;> jpUtz;zhkiy> ];uPitFz;lk;>

];uPtpy;ypGj;J}u; ngUq;Nfhapy;fspy; ,d;Wk; fhzyhk;.

gy;ytu;fs;> Nrhou;fisg; Nghd;Nw ghz;bag; Nguuru;fSk;

Nfhapy;fisf; fl;Ltjpy; Nguhu;tk; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

];uPtpy;ypGj;J}u; tlgj;urhap Nfhapy;> uhjhGu tuFNz];tuu;

Nfhapy;> mk;ghrKj;jpuk; rptd; Nfhapy;> jpUg;gj;J}u; jpUj;jtP];tuu;

Nfhapy;> ehq;FNeup tp[aehuhazu; Nfhapy;> vupr;rTilahu;

jpUthkP];tuu; Nfhapy;> rpd;dkD}u; ,yl;Rkp ehuhazu; Nfhapy;>

Mj;J}u; jpUehuhazg; ngUkhs; Nfhapy; Mfpait ghz;bag;

Nguuru;fshy; vOg;gg;gl;l Myaq;fshFk;. jpUney;Ntyp

124

ney;iyag;gu; NfhapYk;> njd;fhrp kw;Wk; Fw;whyf; Nfhapy;fs;

gpw;fhyg; ghz;bag; Nguuru;fshy; fl;lg;gl;litahFk;. mofu;

NfhapypYs;s jpUkhy; NfhapYk;> kJiu $lyofu; NfhapYk;

jpUg;gzp nra;ag;gl;ld. “ghz;bau; Mjpf;fj;jpy; njd;dpe;jpaf;

fiy jdJ cau;e;j epiyia va;jpaJ”.


rq;f fhyj;Jf;Fg;gpd; fsg;gpuupd; gpbapypUe;J ghz;ba

ehl;il kPl;l ngUik ghz;bau;fSf;F cz;L. Mw;wy;kpF

muru;fs; Kjyhk; ghz;bag; Nguuirj; Njhw;Wtpj;jdu;.

Nrhou;fsplk; ehl;il ,oe;j ghz;bau;fs; kPz;Lk; jiyJ}f;fp

Nguuirg; GJg;gpj;jdu;. Kjyhk; FyNrfuDk;> mtuJ jk;gp Re;ju

ghz;baDk; fl;ba ,uz;lhtJ ghz;baf; fw;Nfhl;il filrpapy;

kzy; khspif Nghd;W rupe;J tPo;e;jJ. ghz;baupd; vOr;rpiag;

Nghd;Nw mtu;fsJ tPo;r;rpAk; gpukpf;fj;jf;fJ. Re;jughz;bad;

vOg;gpa ghz;bag; Nguuir mtUf;Fg;gpd; te;j rlatu;kd;

fl;bf;fhj;j NghjpYk; gilg; ngUf;fj;Jf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba

ftdj;ijf; Nfhapy;fisf; fl;Ltjpy; nrytpl;lhu;. mtUf;Fg;gpd;

te;Njhupd; Ml;rpf; fhyq;fspy; cl;gif tsuyhapw;W.

cl;gifNahL jd;dpdk; gifj;j guk;giug; gz;Gk; Nru;e;jJ.

ghz;baUk; NrhoUk; xU ,dj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fs; vd;w

czu;tpd;wp xUtiunahUtu; mopj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Nghu;fspy;

<Lgl;ldu;. khwtu;kd; FyNrfu ghz;badpd; tpNtfkw;w Kbthy;

mtuJ gps;isfshd Re;jughz;baDf;Fk; tPu ghz;baDf;Fk;

,ilNa jw;nfhiyf;nfhg;ghd thupRupikg; Nghl;bAk;> Nghuhl;lKk;

Vw;gl;lJ. mJNt Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;F toptFj;Jtpl;lJ. ghz;ba

,sturu;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; xw;Wikapd;wp ehl;ilg; gy gFjpfshfg;

gpupj;Jf; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jJ Nguuirg; gytPdg;gLj;jpaJ.

jiug;gilAk;> flw;gilAk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ld.

ghz;bag; NguuR gytPdg;gl;likf;F NtWrpy r%f> rkaf;

fhuzq;fSk; ,Ue;jd. rq;fk; itj;Jj; jkpo; tsu;j;j ghz;ba

kd;du;fs; jkpiotpl tlnkhopf;F Mf;fKk; Cf;fKk; Cl;bdu;.

NtjitjPf rdhjd ju;kj;jpd; fhtyu;fshf ,Ue;j

gpuhkzu;fSf;F rpwg;Gr; rYiffSk; cupikfSk; toq;fpajhy;

gbKiw rhjp mikg;G NkYk; ,Wf;fKw;wJ. rKjha

Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; mjpfupj;jd. ,jd;tpisthf rhjp Nkhjy;fs;

Vw;gl;ld. rhjp Nkhjy;fNshL rkar; rr;ruTfSk; Nru;e;J

nfhz;ld. ehl;bd; tsq;fs; rPuhfr; nrytplg; glhikahy;

nghUshjhuj; Njf;fkile;J gQ;rq;fshy; kf;fs; mtjpg;gl

Ntz;bajhapw;W. mj;jifa rKjha> rka> nghUshjhuf;

fhuzq;fshy; Nguurpd; gyk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ghz;bag; NguuR

gytPdg;gl;likahy; FWepy kd;du;fSk;> rpw;wuru;fSk;

125

RNal;irahf nray;glyhapdu;. mtu;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j>

mlf;ff;$ba Mw;wy; kpf;f kd;du;fNsh> kj;jpa muNrh ,y;yhj

epiy Vw;gl;lJ. cl;gifahYk;> gjtpg; Nghl;bahYk; NehAw;w

ghz;bag; NguuR md;dpa Mjpf;f Neha;f;fpUkpfshy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. typikkpf;f Kfyhag; gilia tYtpoe;j

ghz;bag; gilahy; vjpu;f; nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. Nguuru;fshfj;

Jtq;fpa ghz;ba kd;du;fs; rpw;wuru;fshfp tuyhw;W

xl;lj;jpypUe;J xJf;fg; gl;ldu;. ghz;bag; Nguurpd; vOr;rpAk;

tPo;r;rpAk; kiy> kiy vypahd fijahapw;W.


khu;f;Nfh NghNyh

,j;jhypa gazp khu;f;Nfh NghNyh (Marco Polo 1254-1324)

khghUf;F tUif je;j NghJ fz;LNfl;l jfty;fisf; nfhz;L

ghz;ba ehl;ilg; gw;wp mtuJ gazf; Fwpg;Gfshtd: khghu;

,e;jpahtpNyNa rpwe;j mUikahd> ngUe;jd;ikkpf;f

khepyq;fspy; xd;whFk;. FyNrfu ghz;ba Njth khghupd;

kd;duhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;. fhay; JiwKfk; caupa> mUikahd

efukhFk;. ,jd; JiwKfj;jpy; mNugpa ehl;Lf; fg;gy;fs; te;J

epd;wd. ,e;efupy; ngupa mstpy; thzpgk; eilngw;wJ. Fjpiufs;

Vld; kw;Wk; mNugpa ehLfspypUe;J ,q;F tpw;gidf;fhff;

nfhz;L tug;gl;ld. ghz;ba ehl;by; cau;ju Kj;Jf;fs;

fpilf;fpd;wd. kJiu kd;duplk; tpiykjpg;Gkpf;f mUk; nghUl;

fUT+yk; ,Ue;jJ. muru; cly; KOtJk; tpiy cau;e;j

Mguzq;fshy; myq;fupj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. ,tu; ehl;il

eLepiy jtwhJ Neu;ikAld; Ml;rp nra;jhu;. tzpfu;fSf;Fk;>

ntspehl;ltUf;Fk; gupRg; nghUl;fs; nfhLj;Jg;

ghuhl;lg;gl;likahy; mtu;fs; ghz;ba ehl;Lf;F kfpo;r;rpAld;

tUif je;jdu;. murUf;F IE}Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kidtpau;

,Ue;jdu;. kf;fs; miuFiw MilfisNa cLj;jp ,Ue;jdu;.

kJiu ehl;by; ijay;fhuu;fNs ,y;iy. rhjp KiwAk;> ngz;fs;

cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fKk; ,Ue;jd. kf;fs; rFdq;fspYk;>

[hjfk; ghu;g;gjpYk; ek;gpf;if itj;jpUe;jdu;. eld khju;fs;

Nfhapy;fSf;F mu;g;gzpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l

ngUk;ghd;ikahd Fjpiufs; Nghjpa guhkupg;G> gapw;rp>

Ngh\hf;fpd;ikahy; ,we;Jtpl;ld. ,jdhy; muRf;F ngupa ,og;G

Vw;gl;lJ. gil tPuu;fspd; gilf;fyd;fs; jukpd;wp gupjhgkhf

,Ue;jd. khu;f;Nfh NghNyhtpd; Fwpg;Gfs; Kjy; ju Neub Mtzr;

rhd;WfshFk;. vdpDk; ,f;Fwpg;Gfs; gpw Mjhuq;fSld; rupghu;j;J>

xg;gpl;L> jpwdha;T nra;j gpd;du; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

126

tuyhw;whsu; thrg; Kfkjpa tuyhw;whsu; thrg; (Wassaf)gpd;

Fwpg;Gfs; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;fit. FyNrfug; ghz;bad;

ehw;gjhz;L fhyk; Ml;rp nra;jhu;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;

tpNuhjpfs; vtUk; ghz;ba ehl;Lf;Fs; Eioatpy;iy. ,k;kd;du;

Neha;tha;g;gl;L gLf;ftpy;iy. ,tuJ fUT+yk; epiwe;J

fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; 1200 Nfhb jq;fk; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,Jjtpu tpiy kjpg;gw;w Kj;Jf;fs;> nrk;G (rptg;Gf;fy;)>

ePyg;gr;irf; fw;fs;> kufjk;> kzpfs; Vuhskhf cs;sd.

,tw;iwg; gw;wp tptupf;f thu;j;ijfNs ,y;iy. tof;fkhf ,e;jpa

kd;du;fs; mwpthw;wYf;Fk;> murpay; tpNtfj;Jf;Fk; ngau;

ngw;wtu;fs; vd;W mwpe;Js;Nsd;. gpwF Vd; ,e;j FyNrfug;

ghz;bad; ,tuJ tho;ehspNyNa %j;j kfid epuhfupj;Jtpl;L

KiwNflhfg; gpwe;j ,isa kfid thuprhf epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;?

,jd;%yk; kzg;ngz; Nghd;W fhl;rpaspf;Fk; ,tuJ ehl;bd;

Nghf;ifNa khw;wptpl;lhu;.


1. ahiu fypAfuhkd;> mjpra ghz;bj; Njtd;> NrhzhL

nfhz;lhd;> NrhzhL nfhz;lUspatd; ,t;thW mioj;jdu;?

2. [ltu;kd; tPughz;bad; ve;jg;gFjpfSf;F MSeuhf

epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;?

3. ahuhy; rpjk;guk; rptd; Nfhapy; kw;Wk; ];uPuq;fk; jpUkhy;

Nfhapy; $iufs; jq;fj;jhy; Nkag;gl;ld?

4. ,yq;ifapypUe;J ifg;gw;wg;gl;L kJiuf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l

nghUl;fspy; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ?

5. cj;jk ke;jpup vd;W miof;fg;gLtu;?

6. ghz;ba kd;du;fs; ahiu Fynja;tkhff; nfhz;ldu;?

7. jpUthidf;fhty; rptd; Nfhapypd; ,uz;lhk; Rw;wpy; fhzg;gLk;

NfhGuk; ahUila fhy fl;blf;fiyg; ghzpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf

tpsq;FfpwJ?


1. Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;.

2. fd;dlg; gFjpfs;.

3. Kjyhk; rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;.

4. Gj;jupd; gy; rpd;dk;.

127

5. Kjyikr;ru;.

6. NrhkRe;jug; ngUkhs;.

7. ghz;bau; fhy.


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. ,uz;lhk; Re;ju ghz;badpd; xa;rhsu; gilnaLg;G gw;wp rpW

Fwpg;G tiuf.

2. gpw;fhy Nrhou;fspd; nghUshjhu epiy Fwpj;J vOJf.

3. gpw;fhy Nrhou;fspd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.

tpupthd tpdhf;fs;

1. Kjyhk; rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;badpd; epu;thfj;ij Fwpj;J

fl;Liu vOJf.

2. Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk; Re;ju ghz;badpd; gilnaLg;Gfs; gw;wp

tpthjp.

3. gpw;fhy Nrhou;fspd; rKjhak; kw;Wk; fiyfspd; tsu;r;rp

Fwpj;J tptup.











Krishnaswamy Aiyyangar S. South India and her Mohammadan

Invaders

thdkhkiy> eh. jkpou; tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;

128

myF – 7

jkpo;ehl;by; K];ypk; gilnaLg;Gfs;

ghl mikg;G

7.1. Kd;Diu

7.2. Nehf;fq;fs;




7.4.2. tpisTfs;




7.1. Kd;Diu

14-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy;

kw;nwhU Kf;fpa jpUg;GKid Vw;gl;lJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; ghz;ba

ehl;by; ,U rNfhjuu;fSf;F ,ilNa Vw;gl;l thupRupikg;

Nghuhl;lNkahFk;. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJjhd; myhTjPd; fpy;[papd;

Nghu;thshd khypf;fhG+u; jkpo; ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;.

mg;NghJ thupRupikg; Nghl;bapl;l kJiu kd;dd; tPughz;badpd;

miog;ig Vw;W ghz;ba ehl;bd; cs; tptfhuj;jpy; FWf;fpl;l

khypf;fhG+u; kJiuiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. khypf;fhG+upd; Nehf;fk;

ghz;ba ehl;bd; nry;tj;ij mgfupg;gNjahFk;. ,J Nghd;w

tuyhw;W epfo;Tfis ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; fhzyhk;

7.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


KbAk;

• kJiuapy; K];ypk; gilnaLg;ig gw;wp tptupfpwJ.

• khypf;fhG+u; gilnaLg;G kw;Wk; mjd; jhf;fk; gw;wp

tptupfpwJ.

• KfkJ Jf;sf; gilnaLg;G gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.

129


khypf;fhG+u; (1296-1316) myhTjPd; fpy;[papd; uhZtj;jpy;

mbikahfr; Nru;e;J jsgjpahdtu;. khypf;fhG+u; jsgjpahdgpd;

njd;dhl;bd; kPJ %d;whz;Lfspy; ,uz;L gilnaLg;Gfis

Nkw;nfhz;lhu; (1309> 1311). KjyhtJ gilnaLg;G thuq;fy;Yf;F

vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,uz;lhtJ gilnaLg;G khghu;

(kJiu) kPJ njhLf;fg;gl;lJ. kJiuiaf; ifg;gw;wy;

khypf;fhG+upd; khghu; gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ ghz;ba ehl;by; ,U

rNfhjuu;fSf;fpilNaahd thupRupikg; Nghl;b cr;rfl;lj;ij

vl;baJ. khwtu;kd; FyNrfu ghz;badpd; gps;isfshd

Re;jughz;baDk;> tPughz;baDk; kJiu mupahrdj;jpy; mkug;

Nghl;bapl;ldu;. Kiwthuprhd Re;jughz;baidg; Gwk; js;sptpl;Lf;

fhkf;fpoj;jpaupd; kfdhd tPughz;bad; thuprhf;fg;gl;lhu;.

Vkhw;wkile;j Re;jughz;bad; je;ijiaf; nfhd;Wtpl;L>

tPughz;baid tpul;bagpd; kJiu kd;duhdhu;. tpul;lg;gl;l

tPughz;bad; muRf;nfjpuhfg; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. me;j

fhyfl;lj;jpy;jhd; tPughz;bad; khypf;fhG+upd; cjtpia

ehbajhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. khghu; gilnaLg;gpy; Kk;Kukhf ,Ue;j

khypf;fhG+u; ,e;j thupRupikg; Nghiuj; jdf;Fr; rhjfkhf;fpf;

nfhz;L kJiu kPJ gilnaLj;J me;efiuf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;.

ifg;gw;wg;gl;l kJiuapy; xU uhZt Kfhik mikj;Jtpl;L

nly;yp jpUk;gpdhu; khypf;fhG+u; (1311). mtu; nly;yp jpUk;Gk; NghJ

Vuhskhd nry;tj;ij vLj;Jr; nrd;whu;.


myhTjPd; fpy;[pf;Fg; gpd; nly;yp rhk;uh[;aj;ijf;

ifg;gw;wpa KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf; (1325-1351) njd;dhl;bd; kPjpUe;j

Kfyhag; Nguurpd; gpbia NkYk; gyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kaw;rpia

Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. myhTjPd; fpy;[piag; Nghyd;wp KfkJ Jf;sf;

ifg;gw;wpa njd;dpe;jpa gFjpfis Kfyhag; NguuRld;

,izj;jhu;.


KfkJ Jf;sf;fpd; ,izg;Gf; nfhs;if (Policy of

Annexation)apd;gb Kjypy; thuq;fy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;L

,izf;fg;gl;lJ (1327). JthurKj;jpuk; Kw;wpYkhf

mopf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpo; ehl;ilg; gilnaLj;Jj; jhf;fpa Kfyhag;

gil ];uPuq;fj;ij R+iwahbagpd; kJiuiaf; ifg;gw;wpaJ.

ifg;gw;wg;gl;l kJiuf;F [yhYjPd; mrd; \h MSeuhf

130

epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ghz;ba ehL KfkJ Jf;sf;fpd; 23 khepyq;fspy;

xd;whdJ.

7.4.2. tpisTfs;

KfkJ Jf;sf;fpd; khghu; gilnaLg;gpd; tpisthf 1) ghz;ba

ehL kPz;Lk; jiyJ}f;f Kbahj msTf;F nehWf;fg;gl;lJ. 2)

kJiu nly;yp Ry;jhdpa Ml;rpapd; fPo;f; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. 3)

Kfyhag; NguuR 5 ngUk; gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ: Njtfpup;

jpypq;; JthurKj;jpuk;; kJiu (khghu;). kJiuapd; MSeuhf

KfkJ Jf;sf;fhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l [yhYjPd; mrd; \h

nly;ypf;Fk; kJiuf;FkpilNaahd J}uj;ijAk;> Kfyhag; Nguurpd;

,ayhikiaAk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L> nly;ypapd; Mjpf;fg;

gpbapypUe;J jd;id tpLtpj;Jf; nfhz;L kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;ij

(Madurai Sultanate)j; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu; (1335). kJiu

Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; Kjy; Ry;jhd; [yhYjPd; mrd; \h jhd;.


1. khghu; vd;why;?

2. kJiuapy; thupRupikg; Nghupy; <Lgl;l ,U ,sturu;fs; ahu;?

3. KfkJ Jf;sf; ahiu kJiuf;F MSeuhf epakpj;jhu;.


1. kJiu.

2. Re;jughz;b> tPughz;b.

3. [yhYjPd; mrd; \h.


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. KfkJ Jf;sf;fpd; ,izg;Gf; nfhs;if gw;wp vOJf.

2. K];yPk; gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ kJiuapd; epiy Fwpj;J xU rpW

Fwpg;G vOJf.

tpupthd tpdhf;fs;

1. khypf;fhG+upd; gilnaLg;G gw;wp fl;Liu vOJf.

2. K];yPk; gilnaLg;Gfspd; tpisTfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

131










Krishnaswamy Aiyyangar S. South India and her Mohammadan Invaders


myF – 8

kJiu Ry;jhd;fs;- r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epiy

ghl mikg;G

8.1. Kd;Diu

8.2. Nehf;fq;fs;



8.5. erPUjPd; KfkJ






8.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;;

8.1. Kd;Diu

ghz;bag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd;

vOr;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W. ,r;Ry;jhdpak; ehw;gJ Mz;LfSf;F

Nky; (1335-1378) jkpo;ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jJ. jkpo;ehL kPz;Lk;

132

maytu; Ml;rpapd; fPo;f; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. jkpo; kd;du;fspilNa

xw;Wikapd;ikNa kJiu Ry;jhdpak; cUthf toptFj;jJ.

gjpdhd;fhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l K];yPk;

gilnaLg;Gfspd; $l;L tpisNt kJiu Ry;jhdpakhFk;. ,ijj;

Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; [yhYjPd; mrd; \h. ,tNu Kjy; kJiu Ry;jhd;.

8.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


KbAk;

• kJiu Ry;jhd;fspd; gilnaLg;ig gw;wp tpthjpf;fpwJ

• kJiu Ry;jhd;fspd; epu;thfk; kw;Wk; mjd; tPo;r;rp

Fwpj;J tpsf;FfpwJ.

• kJiu Ry;jhd; fhy fiy kw;Wk; kUj;Jt tsu;r;rpfis tpsf;FfpwJ.


kJiuapd; MSeuhf ,Ue;j [yhYjPd; mrd; \h nly;yp

Kfyha Nkyhjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;L Rje;jpu kJiu

Ry;jhdpaj;ijg; gpufldk; nra;jhu;. ,tNu kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd;

Kjy; Ry;jhd;. jdJ Rahl;rpia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L ,tuJ

ngauhy; ehzaq;fis ntspapl;lhu; (1335). NkYk;> ,tu; jd;id

Kfyhau;fspd; jPu;f;fjuprpahd KfkJ (Prophet Mohammed)tpd;

topj;Njhd;wy; vd;W $wpf;nfhz;lhu;. ,jd; fhuzkhf ,tu; rapj;>

`hrd; my;yJ {`R+d;> fhd; vd;nwy;yhk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;. mrd;

\h> mrd; fhd; Mdhu;. ngUk; Gfo; ngw;wpUe;j tuyhw;W Nkij

,gd; gj;J}jhTf;Fj; jd; kfisj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhLj;J

mtUf;F khkdhu; vd;W ngUkpjj;Jld; $wpf;nfhz;lhu;.

Jf;sf;fpd; Njhy;tp

jd;dhy; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;l [yhYjPd; mrd; \h

kJiu Ry;jhd; vd;W mwptpj;jjhy; Mj;jpukile;j KfkJ Jf;sf;

mtuplk; f[hdh fhg;ghsuhfg; gzpahw;wpa [yhYjPdpd; kfd;

,g;uh P̀ikf; nfhd;Wtpl;lhu;. NkYk;> [yhYjPidj; jz;bj;J

kJiuia kPl;gjw;fhfg; gilnaLj;J te;jhu; KfkJ Jf;sf;. mtu;

tUk; topapy; Neha;tha;g;gl;ljhy; nly;yp jpUk;g Neupl;lJ. rpy

133

khjq;fNs kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;ij Ml;rp nra;j [yhYjPd; mrd;

\h mtupd; fPopUe;j gpuGf;fs; xUtuhNyNa nfhy;yg;gl;lhu; (1340).


[yhYjPd; mrd; \h nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ljhy; myhTjPd;

cjh[p kJiu Ry;jhdpa kd;duhdhu;. mtUk; tpiutpNyNa

nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhu;. clNd mtuJ kUkfd; Fj;GjPd; ngNuh];

\h kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;. ,tUk; ehw;gJ

ehl;fSf;Fs; fpahRjPd; jhkd; \h vd;gtuhy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.

nfhiy nra;J kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;ij mgfupj;Jf; nfhz;l

fpahRjPd; jhkd; \h ,uz;lhtJ Ry;jhd; Mdhu;.

xa;rhsu; rthy;

fpahRjPd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;wTld; mtu; re;jpj;j Kjy;

rthy; xa;rhs kd;dd; %d;whk; tPuty;yhsupd; vjpu;g;Gjhd;.

Kjypy; tPuty;yhsuplk; Njhw;Wg;Nghd fpahRjPd; gpd;du; xa;rhs

ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W> fz;zD}u; nfhg;gj;ij

Kw;Wifapl;L> xa;rhs kd;diuj; Njhw;fbj;Jf; nfhd;Wtpl;lhu;.

xa;rhsupd; nrhj;J KOtJk; mgfupf;fg;gl;lJ. Fzf;Nflu; kJiu

jpUk;gpa [yhYjPd; khyj; jPTfs; kPJ gilnaLf;fj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;.

Mdhy; mjw;FKd; Neha;tha;g;gl;L ,we;jhu;. mjw;FKd; mtu;

,ioj;j nfhLikfSf;F vy;iyapy;iy. kj ntwpauhd

[yhYjPd; ,e;J rpiwf; ifjpfisr; rpj;utij nra;jhu;.

,f;nfhLikfisg; gw;wp tpupthf vOjpAs;shu; Mg;gpupf;fg; gazp

,gpd; gJ}jh. ,k;kd;didf; Fzf;Nfld;> kdpj cUtj;jpy; te;j

Nga; vd;W vOjpAs;shu;. ghz;ba ,sturu;fSf;fpilNaahd

tpNtfkw;w thupRupikr; rz;ilf;fhd tpiyia kJiu kf;fs;

nfhLf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W.

8.5. erPUjPd; KfkJ

fpahRjPDf;Fg; gpwF mtuJ rNfhjuu; kfd; erPUjPd; KfkJ \h

kJiu Ry;jhd; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. nly;yp Kfyhauplk; gzpahsuhf

,Ue;j ,tu; gbg;gbahf Kd;Ndwp> ngUk; nghUs; Nru;j;J> Nru;j;j

nghUis thup toq;fp> kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; Kf;fpakhNdhiu

tpiyf;F thq;fp Ml;rpiag; gpbj;jhu;. Ml;rpiag; gpbg;gjw;F

khu;f;fj;ijtpl KbNt Kf;fpakhdJ vd;w khf;fpanty;ypapd;

thf;if nka;g;gLj;jpdhu;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf

,Ue;Njhiunay;yhk; ,Uf;Fk; ,lk; njupahky; nra;jhu;. kf;fspd;

134

kjpg;ig Kw;wpYkhf ,oe;j erPUjPdpd; ,uz;lhz;L Ml;rpf;

fhyj;jpy; cs;ehl;Lf; fyfKk; Fog;gKk; NkNyhq;fpapUe;jd.


erPUjPd; KfkJTf;Fg; gpd;du; gf;UjPd; Kghuf; \hTk;>

rpf;fe;ju; \hTk; kJiu Ry;jhd;fshf Ml;rp nra;jdu;. tpiuthf

rupe;J nfhz;bUe;j kJiu Ry;jhdpak; ,tu;fsJ Ml;rpf;

fhyj;jpy; tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. kJiu Ry;jhd;fspd; muh[f Ml;rpf;F

Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;jhu; tp[aefuj;J Fkhufk;gzu;. jkpo;ehL xU

maytu; Ml;rpapypUe;J kw;nwhU maytu; Ml;rpf;Ff; ifkhwpaJ.

14 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tPo;r;rpAw;w kJiu Ry;jhdpak; 17 Mk;

E}w;whz;by; Gjpa cUg;ngw;W ntspg;gl;lJ.


kJiu Ry;jhidg; gw;wpa Mtz Mjhuq;fs; tp[a efug;

gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ mopf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ljhy; Ry;jhdpaj;ijg;

gw;wpNah> Ry;jhd;fisf; Fwpj;Njh Nfhu;itahf vOj Kbahky;

Nghapw;W. ,tu;fs; fhy tuyhw;wpy; gy ,ilntspfs; cs;sd.

kJiu Ry;jhdpa ehzaq;fSk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. vdNt> kJiu

Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; 43 Mz;L fhy tuyhW (1335-1378) KOikahf

vOjg;ngwhky; cs;sJ.

%d;W R+o;epiyfs;

kJiu Ry;jhdpak; Njhd;Wtjw;F %d;W R+o;epiyfs;

rhjfkhf ,Ue;jd: 1) kJiu ehl;Lf;fhf khwtu;kd; FyNrfu

ghz;badpd; Fkhuu;fshd tPughz;baDf;Fk;>

Re;jughz;baDf;FkpilNa Vw;gl;l thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lk;. 2)

myhTjPd; fpy;[papd; jsgjp khypf;fhG+upd; kJiu (khghu;)

gilnaLg;G. ,g;gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ kJiu rpk;khrdj;Jf;fhfg;

Nghuhb te;j ,U rNfhjuu;fSk; Mgj;jpd; Moj;ij mwpe;J

xd;Wgl;L vjpu;g;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf mg;NghJ kJiu kd;duhf ,Ue;j

Re;jughz;bad; kidtpaNuhL jiykiwthfp tpl;lhu;. ehl;iltpl;L

tpul;lg;gl;l tPughz;bad; fhl;Lf;Fr; nrd;W> rpwpa giliaj;

jpul;b> khypf;fhG+iu vjpu;j;Jj; Njhy;tpaile;jhu;. kJiu

ifg;gw;wg;gl;L R+iwahlg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; nly;yp Ry;jhdpaj;NjhL

,izf;fg;gltpy;iy. 3) KfkJ Jf;sf;fpd; gilnaLg;gpd;

tpisthf kJiu Ry;jhdpak; nly;yp Ry;jhdpaj;Jld;

,izf;fg;gl;lJ. kJiu MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;l [yhYjPd; mrd;

\h KfkJ Jf;sf;fpd; gpbapypUe;J tpLgl;L Rje;jpu kJiu

135

Ry;jhdpaj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;. vdNt> kJiu Ry;jhdpak;

R+o;epiyfspd; fl;lhaj;jhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l rkNahrpj

Vw;ghNlahFk;. kJiu Ry;jhdpak; by;yp Ry;jhd;fshy; jpl;lkpl;L

cUthf;fg;gl;l mury;y. ,J mtu;fsJ Kfyhag; NguuR

tpupthf;fj;jpd; fpis tpisNtahFk;. khypf;fhG+upd; khghu;

gilnaLg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fs; ,uz;L: 1) ghz;ba ehl;il myhTjPd;

fpy;[papd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;f; nfhz;L tUtJ; 2) ghz;ba ehl;by;

Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;l nry;tj;ij mgfupg;gJ. KfkJ Jf;sf;fpd;

gilnaLg;G Nehf;fq;fSk; ,uz;L: 1) ghz;ba ehl;il nly;yp

Ry;jhdpaj;Jld; ,izg;gJ; 2) ,izf;fg;gl;l ehl;bd;

nry;tj;ijf; nfhz;L Kfyhag; Nguuirg; gyg;gLj;jy;. kJiu

Ry;jhd;fspd; Nehf;fk; vg;gbahtJ gjtpapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L mur

tho;f;ifia mDgtpj;jy;.

vjpu;kiw tpisTfs;

kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; tpisTfs; vjpu;kiwahdit. jkpo;

ehl;by; epiyahd Ml;rp ,y;yhky; Nghapw;W. kJiu Ry;jhd;fs;

fhyj;jpy; murpay; epiyaw;w epiy (Political

instability) epytpw;W. njhd;Wnjhl;L te;j murhq;f

mikg;Gfs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ld. kJiu Ry;jhd;fSf;F myhTjPd;

fpy;[pf;F ,Ue;j Ml;rpj; jpwNdh my;yJ KfkJ Jf;sf;fpUe;j

njhiyNehf;Fld; $ba mwpthw;wNyh ,y;iy. vdNt> kJiu

Ry;jhdpak; kzy;Nky; fl;lg;gl;l Nfhl;ilahapw;W. cyfg; Gfo;

ngw;w kJiuapd; tu;j;jfKk; tsKk; tpuakhf;fg;gl;ld.

tptrhaKk;> thzpgKk;> njhopy;fSk; erpe;J Nghapd. ,tu;fs;

Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ngUk; nghUshjhug; gpd;dilT Vw;gl;lJ.

kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; rKjha tpisT ePz;lfhy ghjpg;ig

Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Kfkjpau;fspd; Gjpa gof;f tof;fq;fs;

GFj;jg;gl;ld. ,tu;fsJ gof;f tof;fq;fSf;Fg; gzpe;J

Nghfhjtu;fs; Jd;GWj;jg;gl;ldu;. Fwpg;ghf gpuhkzu;fspd;

Njtjhd epyq;fSf;Ff; fLikahd tup tpjpf;fg;gl;ljhYk;>

,tu;fsJ tho;tpay; ek;gpf;iffSk; gof;ftof;fq;fSk; Kw;wpYk;

khWgl;bUe;jikahy; kpFe;j ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shapdu;. gpuhkzu;fs;

rKjhaj;jpd; jiyik me;j];ij ,oe;jdu;. kJiu Ry;jhdpa

rkaj;jpd; jhf;fk; Nguhgj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. fl;lha kjkhw;wk;

kf;fspilNa ntWg;ig tsu;j;jJ. kjkhw;wj;jpd; ngauhy; gy

nfhLikfs; epfo;j;jg;gl;ld. ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf jkpo; ehl;by;

nfhiyntwp fyhr;rhuk; fl;ltpo;j;J tplg;gl;lJ. njd;id kuq;fs;

,Ue;j Njhg;Gfspnsy;yhk; kdpjj; jiyfisj; jhq;fpa R+yq;fs;

elg;gl;ld.

kJiu Ry;jhd;fspd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; jkpo; ehl;by;

fyhr;rhuj; Njf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. fy;tp> ,yf;fpak;> fl;llk;> rpw;gk;>

136

rpj;jpuk;> ehl;bak; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; tsu;r;rpapy;iy.

rk];fpUjj;Jf;Fg; gjpy; cUJ-ghurPf nkhopfs; nry;thf;F

ngw;wd. ngz;fSf;F fy;tp kWf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpo;-Kfyha

fyhr;rhu fyg;G Vw;gl;lJ. gof;f tof;fg; gupkhw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.

Ry;jhd;fs; rhjp Ntw;Wikfisg; ghuhl;lhikahy; rhjpr;

nry;thf;F Fiwe;jJ. Nfhapy;fSf;Fg; gjpy; kR+jpfSk;>

ju;f;fhf;fSk; fl;lg;gl;ld. ,tw;wpd; tpisthf jkpou; gz;ghl;by;

khngUk; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.


khypf;fhG+u;> KfkJ Jf;sf;> kJiu Ry;jhd;fs; MfpNahupd;

mopT eltbf;iffs; gw;wp tpupthf vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. vdpDk;

kJiu Ry;jhdpfspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; jkpo; ehl;by; Vw;gl;l

Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd khw;wq;fs; gw;wpAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;baJ

mtrpak;. rNfhju Neaj;ij fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;l ,];yhk;

rkak; rhjp NtWghLfshYk;> nfhLikfshYk;> rz;ilfshYk;

rPu;nfl;Lg; NghapUe;j jkpo;ehl;L kf;fSf;F khw;W khu;f;fkhf

mike;jJ. rhjpg; ghFghLfisg; nghUl;gLj;jhj ,];yhkpa

rkaj;jpy; gyu; Nru;e;jdu;. Fwpg;ghf fPo;r;rhjp kf;fs; ,g;GJ

rkaj;ijj; jOtpdu;. ,jd; %yk; ,tu;fs; Ntj itjPf rdhjd

rka rhjpj; jisfspypUe;J tpLgl;ldu;. jkpo; ehl;by; rhjpf;

nfhLikfs; Fiwe;jd.

fiy tsu;r;rp

Kfkjpaupd; njhlu;ghy; jkpo; ehl;by; fiy tsu;r;rpapy;

tpUk;gj;jf;f khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. jkpo; ehl;by; fl;lg;gl;l

kR+jpfSk;> gs;sp thry;fSk;> ju;f;fhf;fSk; Gjpa fl;llf;

fiyia mwpKfg;gLj;jpd. ,NjNghd;W ghuk;gupa ,irf;fiy

kuNghL ,];yhkpa ,ir kuGk; ,ize;jJ. jk;Guh> rpjhu; Nghd;w

Gjpa ,irf; fUtpfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. jkpo; nkhopapy;

cUJ> ghurPf muhgpar; nrhw;fs; fye;jd. ,r;nrhw;fyg;ghy;

jkpo;nkhop NkYk; tsk; ngw;wJ. ifnaOj;Jf;fiy

(Calligraphy) rpwg;Gw;wJ.

Nfhl;ghLfs;

Kfkjpa rkaj;jpd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfshd xNu flTl;

Nfhl;ghL rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; Mfpait jkpo; ehl;Lr;

rpe;jidahsu;fsplKk;> rPu;jpUj;jthjpfspilNaAk; Gul;rpfukhd

kdkhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ vdyhk; ,jd; tpisthf gy flTs;

topghl;Lf;Fg; gjpy; ,iwtidg; nghJ topghl;Lg; nghUshff;

fUJk; epiy cUthdJ. ,uhkhD[upd; tprp\;lhJitjKk;> rhjp

137

vjpu;g;Gg; Nghf;Fk;> mtuJ gpujk rPluhd ,uhkhde;ju; midj;Jr;

rhjpfspd; khztu;fis Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJk;> rpj;ju;fs; jPtpu

rPu;jpUj;jthjpfshf tpsq;fpaJk; ,];yhk; rkaj; jhf;fj;jpd;

tpisTfNs vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.

jj;Jtk;> kUj;Jtk;

,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaq;fSk;> xOf;f E}y;fSk;> ju;f;fg;

Gj;jfq;fSk; nghJ xOf;fk;> fl;Lg;ghL> mwnewp gw;wp

typAWj;jpd. Kfkjpa jj;Jtk; fUj;jhokpf;fJ. ,tw;wpd;

topahfj; jkpou;fs; ,];yhkpaupd; tuyhw;iwAk;> rkar;

rpwg;igAk;> rKjha rkj;Jtj;ijAk;> tho;f;if xOf;f

tof;fq;fisAk;> jdpkdpj fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s

Kbe;jJ. NkYk;> Adhdp kUj;Jt Kiw jkpo;ehl;L Kfkjpaupd;

rpwg;Gf;Fupa gq;fspg;ghFk;. vdNt jkpo; ehl;bd; nkhop>

,yf;fpak;> rKjhak;> rkak;> fiyfs;> kUj;Jtk; Nghd;w gy

JiwfspYk; ,];yhkpaupd; gzpfSk;> gq;fspg;GfSk;

ngUikf;Fk;> ghuhl;Lf;FKupait.


1. kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; Kjy; Ry;jhd; ahu;?

2. kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;ij mgfupj;Jf; nfhz;l ,uz;lhtJ Ry;jhd;

ahu;?

3. Mg;gpupf;fg; gazp ,gpd; gJ}jh ahiu Fzf;Nfld; vd;W

vOjpAs;shu;?

4. rk];fpUjj;Jf;Fg; gjpy; ve;j nkhopfs; nry;thf;F ngw;wd?

5. Kfkjpaupd; fhyj;jpy; ve;j Gjpa ,irf; fUtpfs;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld?

6. vJ jkpo;ehl;L Kfkjpaupd; rpwg;Gf;Fupa kUj;Jt Kiw?


1. [yhYjPd; mrd; \h

2. fpahRjPd; jhkd; \h

3. [yhYjPd;

4. cUJ-ghurPf

138

5. jk;Guh> rpjhu;

6. Adhdp kUj;Jt Kiw


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. [yhYjPd; mrd; \h gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf.

2. erPUjPd; KfkJ gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

3. kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; fiy tsu;r;rp Fwpj;J vOJf

tpupthd tpdhf;fs;

1. fpahRjPd; jhkd; \h gw;wp fl;Liu vOJf.

2. kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rpAk; tpisTk; gw;wp tpthjp.











Briggs John. History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India: Till

the year AD 1612


139

myF - 9

kJiu ehaf;fu;fs;

ghl mikg;G

9.1. Kd;Diu

9.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

9.3. ehfk ehaf;fu;




9.5. Fkhu fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;> 1563-1573




9.6.1.kJiu kp\d;

9.6.2. rkag;gzp

















140

9.1. Kd;Diu

kJiuia tp[aefuk; ifg;gw;Wtjw;FKd; ghzj;

jiytu;fs; Ml;rp nra;J te;jdu;. mtu;fs; Nrhou;fSf;Fk;>

ghz;bau;fSf;Fk; KiwNa fl;Lg;gl;L FWepy muru;fshf Ml;rp

nra;J te;jdu;. 13-Mk; E}w;whz;by; Re;ju ghz;baDf;Fk;

FNyhj;Jq;f NrhoDf;FkpilNa Vw;gl;l Nghupy; ghzu; jiytd;

ghz;baUf;Fj; Jizahf ,Ue;jikahy; Nrho ehl;bd;

xUgFjpia mtUf;Fg; guprhf toq;fpdhu;. 14-Mk; E}w;whz;by;

kJiu tp[aefu Ml;rpapd;fPo; te;jgpwF kJiuAk; ghzu; gFjp

cl;gl gpw Rw;Wg;gFjpfSk; tp[aefug; Nguuru; trk; te;jd.

,g;gFjpfis epu;tfpg;gjw;fhf tp[aefug; Nguuru; gy

ehaf;fu;fis epakpj;jhu;. mtu;fSs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd ,tu;

ehfk ehaf;fu;> mtuJ kfd; tpRtehj ehaf;fu; Mtu;. tpRtehj

ehaf;fu; topte;Njhu; kJiu ehaf;fu;fs; vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. fpU\;zNjtuhau; Ml;rpf;fhy ,Wjpapy;

kJiu ehaf;fk; (Nayakship of Madurai) Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; ehfk ehaf;fupd; kfd; tpRtehj ehaf;fu;.

,tiu njhlu;e;J Ml;rp nra;aj ehaf;fu;fspd; Ml;rpiaAk;

mtu;fspd; tPo;r;rpiaAk; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; fhzyhk;.

9.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


KbAk;

• ehaf;fu;fspd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tPo;r;rp Fwpj;J mwpa

cjTfpwJ.

• tp[a efug; Nguuurpd; fPo; kJiu ehaf;fu;fs; vt;thW

Ml;rp nra;jd vd;gij njupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

• jpUkiy ehaf;fu; kw;Wk; ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; Nghw;w epu;thf

jpwik nfhl;l kd;du;fspd; tuyhiwAk; fhz KbAk;.

9.3. ehfk ehaf;fu;

ehfk ehaf;fupd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ tp[aefug;

Nguhjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gl;bUe;j tPuNrfu NrhoUf;Fk; re;jpuNrfu

ghz;baUf;FkpilNa Vw;gl;l Nghupd;NghJ Njhy;tpaile;j

ghz;bau; tp[aefug; Nguuru; fpU\;zNjtuhauplk; Kiwapl;lhu;.

Nguuru; ,j;jfuhiwj; jPu;j;Jitf;FkhW ehfk ehaf;fUf;Ff;

141

fl;lis gpwg;gpj;jhu;. ehfk ehaf;fu; Nrho kd;du;

ghz;bauplkpUe;J Mf;fpukpj;j gFjpfisg; ghz;bauplk;

xg;gilf;fhky; jd; Nkyhz;ikapd;fPo; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. NkYk;>

tp[aefu Ml;rpapypUe;J tpLgLtjhfTk; mwptpj;jhu; ehfku;. ehfk

ehaf;fupd; fPo;g;gzpahik fz;L fpU\;zNjtuhau; Nfhgk;

nfhz;lhu;. vdNt mtuJ ek;gpf;iff;Fg; ghj;jpukhd tpRtehj

ehaf;fiu kJiuf;F mDg;gp fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu; ehfk ehaf;fiu

ifJ nra;AkhW Mizapl;lhu;. Nguurupd; guk tpRthrpahd

tpRtehj ehaf;fu; gykpf;fg; gilAld; kJiuf;F te;J je;ij

ehfk ehaf;fiuf; ifJ nra;J jdJ flikia epiwNtw;wpdhu;.

,e;j ,uh[tpRthrj;ijg; ghuhl;b tp[aefug; Nguuru;

fpU\;zNjtuhau; tpRtehj ehaf;fiu kJiu ehaf;fuhf

epakpj;jhu; (1529). je;ijiaf; ifJ nra;J kJiuapd; Kjy;

ehaf;fuhdhu; tpRtehj ehaf;fu;.


fpU\;zNjtuhauhy; kJiu ehl;L ehaf;fuhf epakpf;fg;gl;l

tpRtehj ehaf;fu; mtUf;Fg;gpd; te;j mr;Rjuhauhy; Kiwahf

KbR+l;lg;gl;lhu;. Kiwahf kJiuapd; Kjy; ehaf;f kd;duhfg;

gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpRtehj ehaf;fu; kJiuiaj; jiyefuhff;

nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jhu;. Kjypy; jiyefiu gyg;gLj;jpdhu;. jdJ

Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gFjpfspd; epu;thfj;ijj; jpUj;jp mikj;jhu;.

tpRtehj ehaf;fupd; epu;thfr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;F mtuJ

ek;gpf;iff;Fupa tyf;fuj; jsgjpahd mupaehj Kjypahu;

Njhd;whj; Jizahf ,Ue;jhu;; mtuJ epoyhfr; nray;gl;lhu;.

mjpfhuj;ijg; gfpu;e;J nfhz;ljhfTk; $wg;gLfpwJ.


tpRtehju; kJiu ehaf;fuhdijg; ghz;bau; Vw;Wf;

nfhs;stpy;iy. njd;ghz;bg; ghz;bau; kJiu ehaf;fu; Ml;rpia

vjpu;j;Jf; fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;. ,f;fpsu;r;rpia KisapNyNa fps;sp

vwpAk; Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lhu; tpRtehju;. ghz;bau; fpsu;r;rpia

Kwpabf;f tpRtehj ehaf;fu; mtuJ Nghu;thshd mupaehj

Kjypahiu mDg;gpdhu;. mtu; ghz;baf; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fisj;

Njhw;fbj;J mtu;fsJ Nfhl;iliaAk;> mfopiaAk;

jfu;j;Jtpl;lhu;. tpRtehj ehaf;fu; ghz;bau; Nfhl;il ,Ue;j

,lj;jpy; ,uz;L Rtu;fisf; nfhz;l tpupthd Nfhl;ilia

vOg;gpdhu;. mij 72 gilg; gpupTfs; ghJfhj;jd. NkYk;> itif

Mw;wpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; tha;f;fhy;fis ntl;b> mtw;wpd;

topahf itif ePiug; ghrdj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;.

,f;fhy;tha;j; jpl;lNk gpd;du; NguizahfTk;> rpw;wizahfTk;

142

rpwg;Gw;wJ. tpRtehj ehaf;fupd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; jpUthq;$u;

kd;du; tp[aefug; NguuRf;Ff; fg;gk; fl;l kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. Nguuru;

mr;Rjuhau; jpUthq;$u; kd;diug; gzpaitf;Fk; nghUl;L

gilnaLj;J te;J ];uPuq;fj;jpy; Kfhkpl;bUe;jhu;. mg;NghJ

tpRtehj ehaf;fu; NguurUf;Fg; gil cjtpAk;> nghUs; cjtpAk;

nra;jhu;. fhyj;Nj nra;j tpRtehjupd; cjtpAld; jhkpuguzp

Mw;wq;fiuapy; eilngw;w Nghupy; jpUthq;$u; kd;du;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;; jpiw nrYj;j rk;kjpj;jhu;. tpRtehj ehaf;fu;

tp[aefug; Nguuru; mr;RjuhaUf;Fr; nrYj;jpa ed;wpf;fld; ,J.


tpRtehj ehaf;fu; Njhw;Wtpj;j kJiu ehaf;fk;

jdpj;jd;ikAilaJ. ,J nrQ;rp> jQ;ir> ehaf;fq;fspypUe;J

NtWgl;lJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzq;fs; %d;W: 1) ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf;Fg;

ghz;bau; njhlu;e;J fhl;ba vjpu;g;G; 2) kJiuf;F mz;ikapy;

,Ue;j jpUthq;$u; kd;dupd; NguuRf;F vjpuhd Nghf;F; 3) Nguurpd;

jiyefUf;Fk; kJiuf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l J}uk;. ,k;%d;W

R+o;epiyfSk; kJiu ehaf;fk; jdpj;jd;ikAld; cUthff;

fhuzkhf ,Ue;jd. vdNt> tpRtehj ehaf;fupd; epiy gpw

ehaf;fu;fspd; epiyiatpl cau;thf ,Ue;jJ.

tpRtehj ehaf;fu; tp[aefug; Nguurpd; tpRthrp; murpay;

tpNtfp; njspthd jPu;f;fjuprdKilatu;; gpwu; jpwikia ed;F

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sj; njupe;jtu;; GJikfisg; GFj;Jk;

Neu;ikahd epu;thfp; ehaf;fj;ij ikag;gLj;jp kf;fs; eyj;

jpl;lq;fis tFf;fj; njupe;j kjpA+fp; kdpj tsj;ij Kiwahf

newpg;gLj;jpa Nkyhsu;. tpRtehj ehaf;fu; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa

ghisag;gl;L Kiw (Poligari System) fhyj;ij ntd;W

epd;wJ. ,tuJ epiyahd epu;thfr; rPu;jpUj;jkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

9.5. Fkhu fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;

tpRtehj ehaf;fUf;Fg;gpd; kJiu mupaizNawpa mtuJ

kfd; fpU\;zg;gu; Kjyhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpwhu;. ,tUila Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpYk; mupaehj

Kjypahu; ,tUf;Fg; gf;fgykhf ,Ue;jhu;. mupaehju;

jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; Nghupy; (1565) gq;Nfw;fr; nrd;wpUe;jNghJ>

ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ. ehaf;fu; Ml;rpia mtUf;Ff;

fPopUe;j ghisaf;fhuu;fNs Vw;f kWj;jdu;. ehaf;fiug; Nghd;Nw

mtu;fSk; Rje;jpukhfr; nray;gl tpUk;gpdu;.

143


Jk;gr;rp ehaf;fu; vd;w ghisaf;fhuu; gpw

ghisaf;fhuu;fSld; Nru;e;J nfhz;L kJiu ehaf;fUf;F

vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;jhu;. fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; gukf;Fbiaf;

ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;. fpsu;r;rp nts;sk; jiyf;FNky; nry;tjw;F

Kd; mijj; jLf;f Kw;gl;lhu; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;. jsgjp

mupaehju; jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; Nghupy; gq;Nfw;wikahy; mtUf;Fg;

gjpy; ngj;J Nfrtg;g ehaf;fu; jiyikapy; xU gilia

mDg;gpdhu; tp[aefug; Nguuru;. Mdhy; Nfrtg;g ehaf;fu; gil

fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fshy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ; Nfrtg;gUk;

nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. vdNt Nfrtg;gupd; kfd; rpd;d Nfrtg;gd;

jiyikapy; xU ngUk;gil mDg;gg;gl;lJ. ,g;gil

ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rpia Kwpabj;jJ. Jk;gpr;rp ehaf;fu;

nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fspd; gFjpfs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld.


tp[aefug; Nguurpd; Mjpf;fk; ,yq;if tiu nrd;wpUe;jJ.

,yq;if tp[aefuj;Jf;Ff; fg;gk; fl;bf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. kJiu

ehaf;fk; Vw;gl;lgpd; ,f;fg;gj;ij kJiu ehaf;fu;fs; tR+ypj;J

te;jdu;. Jk;gpr;rp ehaf;fupd; ez;guhd ,yq;ifapd; fz;b kd;du;

jpiw nrYj;Jtij epWj;jptpl;lhu;. vdNt fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;

,yq;if kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W fz;b kd;diuj;

Njhw;fbj;jhu;. fz;b nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;lJ. fz;b kd;du; fg;gk;

fl;l rk;kjpj;jjhy; ,e;j ntw;wpfukhd gilnaLg;G tpyf;fpf;

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

fiyg;gzp

fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fupd; fiyg;gzp Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,tuJ

Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ghisaq;Nfhl;ilf;fUNf fpU\;zhGuk; vd;w

efu; vOg;gg;gl;lJ. me;efupy; Myak; xd;Wk; fl;lg;gl;lJ.

,j;jifa xU efu; filaj;jpYk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;tpuz;by;

ghisaq;Nfhl;il fpU\;zhGuj;J jpUNtq;flehju; Myak;

rpw;gf;fiyf;Fg; ngau; ngw;wJ. ,f;Nfhapypd; rpw;gq;fs; ehaf;fu;

fhyj;J fiyf;F tpsf;fkspf;fpd;wd. ,k;kd;du; kJiu kPdhl;rpf;

NfhapYf;Fk; jpUg;gzpfs; nra;Js;shu;. Myag; guhkupg;Gf;fhf gy

rpw;W}u;fis ,iwapypahf toq;fpdhu;. fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fupd;

tp[aefu tpRthrKk;> Nghu; ntw;wpfSk;> fiyj; njhz;Lk;

kf;fspilNa kpFe;j ghuhl;ilg; ngw;wd. kf;fspd; kfj;jhd

kjpg;igg; ngw;w kJiu ehaf;fu;fspy; xUtu; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;.

144


fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fUf;Fg; gpwF mtuJ ,uz;L kfd;fSk;-

tPug;gd;> tpRtehjd;-$l;lhf Ml;rp nra;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.

vdpDk; tPug;g ehaf;fNu kJiu kd;duhfTk;> mtUf;Fj;

Jizahf mtuJ ,stYk; ,Ue;jdu;. mupaehj Kjypahu;

njhlu;e;J tPug;g ehaf;fUf;F tyf;fukhfNt tpRthrj;Jld;

ePbj;jhu;; gpujhdpahfTk;> jsthahfTk; nray;gl;lhu;. tPug;g

ehaf;fUk; tp[aefu tpRthrpahfNt ,Ue;jhu;. ngZ

nfhz;lhitj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;j Kjyhk;

];uPuq;fUf;F ed;wpAzu;NthL ,Ue;jhu;. ,Ug;gpDk; tPug;gehaf;fu;

Nguuru; Kjyhk; ];uPuq;fUf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;jjhfTk;

(1583)> jpiwnrYj;j kWj;jjhfTk;> tp[aefug; Nguuru; jQ;ir

ehaf;fupd; cjtpNahL tPug;giu ty;yj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;jjhfTk;

$wg;gLfpwJ.

9.6.1.kJiu kp\d;

tPug;g ehaf;fupd; Ml;rpf;fhy ,Wjpapy; ngu;zhz;l];

ghjpupahu; jiyikapy; Gfo;ngw;w kJiu kp\d; (Jesuit

Mission) Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. tPug;gu; ,ijj; jil

nra;atpy;iy. kJiu kp\dpd; rkag; gpur;rhug; gzp gpd;du; te;j

,uhgu;l; nehgpyp (Robert de Nobili> 1606) kfj;jhd ntw;wp

ngWtjw;F toptFj;jhu;.

9.6.2. rkag;gzp

tPug;gupd; rkag;gzp rpwg;ghdJ. tPug;gu; jdf;F Kjyhk;

];uPuq;fuhy; mspf;fg;gl;l mkuehaf fpuhkj;ij fpU\;zhGuk;

jpUNtq;flehju; NfhapYf;F mu;g;gzpj;Jtpl;lhu;. ,tuJ Ml;rpapd;

NghJ rpjk;guk; eluh[u; Nfhapypy; nts;isak;gyKk;> tlf;Ff;

Nfhapy; Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgKk;> kJiu kPdhl;rpf; Nfhapy;

J}z;fSk; jq;ff; fyrq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. jpy;iy Myaj;ijr;

Rw;wp muz; vOg;gg;gl;lJ. Ntjpau; Fyj;jtUf;Ff; FbapUg;Gfs;

fl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. ,tw;NwhL mUg;Gf;Nfhl;ilf;F muZk;>

jpUr;rpf;Nfhl;il rPuikg;Gk; eilngw;wd.


tPug;g ehaf;fiuj; njhlu;e;J kJiu kd;duhd ,uz;lhk;

fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; tp[aefug; Nguuru; Kjyhk; ntq;fluplk;

,tUf;F Kd;gpUe;j ehaf;fiutpl mjpf tpRthrj;Jld; ,Ue;jhu;.

vdpDk; ,tuJ Ml;rpf;fhy ,Wjpf; fl;lj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;by;

145

nghJthf midj;J ehaf;fu;fSNk fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;. ,uz;lhk;

fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; tpjptpyf;fy;y. jQ;ir mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fiug;

Nghd;Nw ,tUk; jpiw nrYj;Jtij epWj;jptpl;lhu;. ,tu;fisg;

Nghd;Nw nrQ;rp> NtY}u; ehaf;fu;fSk; fg;gk; fl;ltpy;iy.

,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; kJiu> jQ;ir>

nrQ;rp ehaf;fq;fspy; Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;j Nguhau; gpikd;lh

(Father Pimenta) Nguuru; Kjyhk; ntq;flu; kJiu ehaf;fUld;

Nghupy; <Lgl;Ls;sjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; (1599). vr;rk ehaf;fu;

cj;jpuNk&iu Kw;Wifapl;lhu;. ,f;fpsu;r;rpfis mlf;f Kjyhk;

ntq;flu; kj;th Mde;jh jiyikapy; xU ngUk; giliaj;

jkpo;ehl;Lf;F mDg;gpdhu;. mtUld; mtuJ kfd;fs;

ntq;flehjUk;> jNku;th nrd;dh gpwUk; te;jdu;. ,g;gil jQ;ir

ehaf;fu; gilia $lyhj;J}upYk;> fhNtupiaf; fle;J nrd;W

kJiu ehaf;fiuAk; Njhw;fbj;jJ. kJiu ehaf;fu; fg;gk; fl;l

rk;kjpj;jhu;. gpd;du; nrQ;rp> NtY}u; ehaf;fu;fSk;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldu;. jkpo;ehl;L ehaf;fu;fs; midtUk; tp[aefug;

Nguuru; Kjyhk; ntq;flupd; Nkyhz;ikia Vw;Wf; nfhz;L jpiw

nrYj;jpdu;. ,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf;fhy ,Wjpapy;

mupaehj Kjypahu; ,aw;if va;jpdhu; (1601).


,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;giuj; njhlu;e;J kJiu kd;duhd

mtuJ jk;gp %d;whk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;jhd;

NrJgjpfs; jiyikapy; Kiwahf mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J xU

tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f epfo;r;rpahFk;. NrJgjp' vd;why;

'NrJtpd; fhtyd;' vd;W nghUs;. mjhtJ NrJgjpapd; flik

,uhNk];tuk; NghFk; ghijiaf; fhg;gjhFk;. Fwpg;ghf

,uhNk];tuj;Jf;F tUk; gazpfisg; ghJfhg;gJ NrJgjpapd;

nghWg;ghFk;. NghfY}u; mjpgjp rilaj;Njt cilahu; NrJgjpahf

epakpf;fg;gl;lhu; (1605). ,tu;jhd; Kjy; NrJgjp. ,tu; kwtu;

tho;e;j gFjpf;Fj; jiytuhdhu;. NrJ ehl;bd; fhtyu;. ,tu;

NrJgjpahf;fg;gl;ljhy; %d;whk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fUf;F %d;W

ed;ikfs; tpise;jd: 1) ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; jpUlu;

njhy;iy jtpu;f;fg;gl;lJ; 2) flw;fiug; gFjpapy; tpiuthfg;

gutpte;j Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpauJ Mjpf;fk; jLf;fg;gl;lJ; 3)

,uhNk];tuk; ahj;uPfu;fSf;Fg; ghJfhg;G fpilj;jJ. kJiu

kz;lyj;jpy; mikjp epytpaJ.


,uhkehjGuj;jpy; rilaf;fNjtu; NrJgjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;l mLj;j

Mz;L (1606) ,j;jhypa rkag;gug;ghsu;> fj;Njhypf;fg; ghjpupahu;

146

,uhgu;l; Nehgpyp (Robert de Nobili) mtuJ mUk; gzpiaj;

Jtf;fpdhu;. nehgpyp jkpo;> njYq;F> tlnkhopfspy; Gyik

ngw;wtu;. jkpiog; gOjwg; gapd;W kzpg;gpuths eilapy; ruskhf

vOjpdhu;. jkpo; ciueilapd; Kd;Ndhb. ,tu; jkpopy; vOjpa

E}y;fs; gy.


%d;whk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;j fy;tp

epiy gw;wp n[];A+l; ghjpupahu;fspd; fbjq;fspypUe;J XusT

mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ. kJiuapypUe;j fy;tpf; $lq;fspy;

10>000 khztu;fs; fy;tp fw;whu;fs;. ,tu;fs; midtUk;

gpuhkzu;fs;. khztu;fs; tFg;Gthupahfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L fw;gpf;fg;

gl;ldu;. xt;nthU tFg;gpYk; 200ypUe;J 300 khztu;fs; tiu

,Ue;jdu;. ,g;gs;spfisg; guhkupg;gjw;Fk;> Mrpupau;fSf;F Cjpak;

toq;fTk;> Mrpupau;fSk; khztu;fSk; ciwAYk;> cz;bAk;

,ytrkhf toq;Ftjw;Fk; Njitahd trjpfisAk; tp[aefug;

NguurUk;> ehaf;fUk; nra;J nfhLj;jpUe;jdu;."

gujtupd; ghJfhtyu;

%d;whk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; flw;fiug; gFjpapy; kPd;gpbj;

njhopiy tho;thjhukhff; nfhz;bUe;j gujtu;fis ntspehl;ltu;

nry;thf;fpypUe;J kPl;L jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jhu;.

fd;dpahFkup gftjp NfhapYf;F epyf;nfhil mspj;jhu;.


%d;whk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fupd; kfd; ,uz;lhk; tPug;g

ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,uz;L tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f

epfo;Tfs; eilngw;wd: Kjyhtjhf> tp[aefug; Nguurpd;

thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jiyapl;lJ. ,uz;lhk; ];uPuq;fu;

muz;kidg; Gul;rp'apy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lijj; njhlu;e;J

Nguuru; ntq;flupd; ikj;Jdu; [f;fuhkUf;Fk;> ];uPuq;fupd; kfd;

,uhkNjtUf;Fk; ,ilNa thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;wJ.

,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; tPug;g ehaf;fu; [f;fuhkiu Mjupj;jhu;.

Mdhy; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ntw;wp ngw;w ,uhkNjtu; Nguuruhf

KbR+l;bf; nfhz;lhu;. vdNt> Gjpa Nguuru; ,uhkNjtUf;Fk;

,uz;lhk; tPug;g ehaf;fUf;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlu;gpy; tpupry;

Vw;gl;lJ.

147

jiyefu; khw;wk;

,uz;lhtjhf> ,uz;lhk; tPug;g ehaf;fu; jiyefiu

kJiuapypUe;J jpUr;rpf;F khw;wpdhu; (1616). jiyefiuj;

jpUr;rpf;F Vd; khw;w Ntz;Lk;? ,j;jiyefu; khw;wj;Jf;Ff;

fhuzk; kJiu-jQ;ir ehaf;fu;fSf;fpilNa eilngw;w NghuhFk;.

,g;Nghiu ntw;wpfukhf Kbg;gjw;fhd murpay; cj;jpNa jiyefu;

khw;wk;. ,e;j khw;wj;Jf;Fg; NgUjtpahf ,Ue;jtu; njd;fhrpg;

ghz;bau; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

fpwpj;Jt gpuhkzu;

,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,uhgu;l; nehgpyp kJiuf;F te;J

,e;J re;epahrpiag; Nghd;W fhtp cil mzpe;J>

nkhl;ilabj;Jf; nfhz;L> FLkp itj;Jf; nfhz;L> G+Z}y;

mzpe;J> new;wpapy; re;jdg; nghl;bl;L> xU ifapy; jz;lj;ijAk;>

kWifapy; fkz;lyj;ijAk; itj;Jf; nfhz;L fpwpj;Jtg;

gpuhkzuhfp rkar; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhu;. kJiu ehaf;fu;

rkag;nghiw fhj;jhu;.


jpUkiy ehaf;fu; kJiu ehaf;fu;fSld; NkUntdj;

jpfo;e;jhu;. ,tu; rpwe;j tPuu;> tpNtfp> njhiyNehf;Fila

fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;. ,tu; Kj;JfpU\;zg;g ehaf;fupd; ,uz;lhtJ kfd;.

Kj;J tPug;g ehaf;fu; ,tuJ mz;zd;. mz;zZf;Fj; Jizahf

,Ue;J epu;thf mDgtk; ngw;whu;. ,uz;lhk; tPug;gu; ,we;jTld;

kJiu kd;duhdhu;.

jiyefu; khw;wk;

jpUkiy kJiu kd;duhdTld; Nkw;nfhz;l Kjy; fhupak;

jiyefiuj; jpUr;rpapypUe;J kPz;Lk; kJiuf;F khw;wpaNjahFk;

(1634). gjpndl;L Mz;LfSf;Fg;gpd; ,j;jiyefu; khw;wk;

Vw;gl;lJ. ,j;jiyefu; khw;wk; jpUkiy ehaf;fupd; njhiyg;

Nehf;Fg; ghu;itNahL njspthf KbntLf;Fk; jpwikf;fhd

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,k;Kf;fpa KbTf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ,uz;L: 1)

kJiuapd; Guhjdg; Gdpjj;ijg; GJg;gpj;jy;; 2) tlf;fpypUe;J te;j

neUf;fbfs; Fiwe;jd.

jpz;Lf;fy; kPl;G

jkpo;ehl;il Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rp nra;j NghJ epfo;e;j Kjy;

ikR+u; Nghupd; NghJ ikR+u; kd;dd; rhkuh[ cilahu;

kJiuiaj; jhf;fpdhu;. ikR+u; gil jpz;Lf;fy;iy

148

Kw;Wifapl;lJ. jpUkiy ehaf;fu; rJu;Ntjpkq;fy fpuhkg;ga;ad;

jiyikapy; xU gilia mDg;gp> ikR+u;g; giliaj;

Njhw;fbj;J> jpz;Lf;fy;iy kPl;lhu;. jpz;Lf;fy; ikR+u;

Mf;fpukpg;gpypUe;J fhg;ghw;wg;gl;lJ (1634).

jpUthq;$iug; gzpa itj;jy;

jtwhJ fg;gk; fl;bte;j jpUthq;$u; kd;dd; cd;dp

Nfustu;kd; jpUkiy ehaf;fupd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; jpiw nrYj;j

kWj;Jf; fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. jpUkiy ehaf;fu; ,uhkg;ga;adpd;

jiyikapy; gilia mDg;gp jpUthq;$u; kd;dDf;Fj; jf;f

ghlk; fw;gpj;jhu;. ruzile;j jpUthq;$u; kd;dd; jpiw nrYj;j

rk;kjpj;jhu;.


,uhkehjGuk; NrJgjpfs; Rakupahij kpf;ftu;fs;. Mdhy;

jq;fSf;Fs; xw;Wikaw;wtu;fs;. kz;zpd; ike;ju;fSf;NfAupa

,g;gz;G ,tu;fsplKk; ,Ue;jJ. %d;whtJ NrJgjpahd ,uz;lhk;

rilaf;fj; NjtUk; jk;gp vd;gtUk; thupRupikf;fhfg;

Nghl;bapl;ldu;. Nghl;b> Nghuhl;lkhfp> Nghuhl;lk; Nghu; vd;w

epiyia vl;baJ. jk;gp jpUkiy ehaf;fupd; cjtpia ehbdhu;.

typa te;j ,e;j tha;g;ig ed;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l jpUkiy

ehaf;fu; ,uhag;gd; jiyikapy; xU gilia mDg;gpdhu;.

rilaj; Njtu; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. jk;gp NrJgjpahf;fg;gl;lhu;

(1637). ,uhkehjGuk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ifg;gw;wg;gl;l ,uhkehjGuk;>

rptfq;if> jpUthlhid Mfpa %d;W jdpg; gFjpfshfg;

gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. gpupf;fg;gl;l ,uhkehjGuk; ,uFehjUf;Fk;>

rptfq;if jk;gpf;Fk;> jpUthlhid jf;fNjtUf;Fk;

nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. xd;whf ,Ue;j ,uhkehjGuk; %d;whfg;

gq;fplg;gl;lJ. xw;Wikapd;ikf;fhf NrJgjpfs; nfhLj;j tpiy

,J. ,g;gpuptpid gpupj;J Ml;rp nra;Ak; (Divide and Rule)

murpay; fiyf;fhd rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,J jpUkiy

ehaf;fupd; murpay; rhzf;fpaj;Jf;fhd rhd;whFk;.

NguuRf;nfjpuhd fpsu;r;rp

jd;idg; gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l jpUkiy ehaf;fu;

tp[aefug; NguurpypUe;J tpLgLtjw;fhd jf;f jUzj;ij

vjpu;ghu;j;jpUe;jhu;. me;j tha;g;Gk; typa te;jJ. NtY}iuj;

jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;J te;j %d;whk; ];uPuq;fu; jdJ

Nkyhjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;bf; nfhs;sTk;> tpiue;J typik

ngw;Wte;j jpUkiy ehaf;fiu mlf;fTk; gilnaLj;jhu;.

,g;gilnaLg;igj; jdf;F rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l

jpUkiy ehaf;fu; Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhdpd; cjtpAld;

149

];uPuq;fiuj; Njhw;fbj;jhu; (1646). Njhy;tpaile;j Nguuru;

];uPuq;fd; ikR+Uf;Fr; nrd;Wtpl;lhu;. kJiu fhg;ghw;wg;gl;lJ.

Mdhy; Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhd; topahf Kfyha xl;lfk;

jkpo;ehl;Lf; $lhuj;Jf;Fs; Eioe;jJ. jpUkiy R+o;r;rpahy; jdJ

jiyefiuf; fhg;ghw;wpdhu; vd;whYk; xU nghJ mghaj;ijj;

jkpofj;Jf;F tutioj;j jtiwr; nra;jhu;.

Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhdpd; cjtpAld; tp[aefug; Nguuru;

];uPuq;fiu ntw;wp nfhz;ljw;fhd tpiyia tpiutpNyNa

nfhLf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. jkpo; ehl;Lf;Fs; Eioe;j

Nfhy;nfhz;lh Kfyhag; gil NtY}iuf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;L

nrQ;rpia Nehf;fp Kd;NdwpaJ. nrQ;rpiaf; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf

jpUkiy ehaf;fu; gP[g;G+u; Ry;jhdpd; cjtpia ehbdhu;.

jkpo;ehl;Lf;F te;j gP[g;G+u; gil Nfhy;nfhz;lh gilAld; Nru;e;J

nfhz;L nrQ;rpia R+iwahbd; mq;F Nru;j;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;j

nry;tk; midj;Jk; Kfkjpau; trk; te;jJ. nrQ;rpiaf;

ifg;gw;wpa Nfhy;nfhz;lh-gP[g;G+u; $l;Lg;gil jQ;ir topahf

kJiuf;F Kd;NdwpaJ. kJiu jhf;fg;gl;lJ. jpUkiy ehaf;fu;

Ry;jhd;fisj; jpUg;jp nra;J kJiuiaf; fhg;ghw;wpdhu;.


jpUkiy ehaf;fuplk; Njhy;tpAw;W ikR+u; nrd;w

tp[aefug; Nguuru; ];uPuq;fUf;F milf;fyk; nfhLj;j ikR+u;

kd;dd; cilahu; fe;ju;t euruh[h kJiu ehaf;fiuj;

jz;bg;gjw;fhf xU gopthq;Fk; gilia mDg;gpdhu;. mg;gil

tpiue;J te;J rj;jpakq;fyj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaJ (1656). ikR+u;

gilapdu; fpuhkq;fisf; nfhs;isabj;jdu;; tPLfis vupj;jdu;;

jg;gpNahbNahupd; %f;Ffis mWj;Jf; nfhLikg;gLj;jpdu;.

Nguopit Vw;gLj;jpa ikR+u; gil kJiuia Nehf;fp Kd;NdwpaJ.

,e;j neUf;fbahd Neuj;jpy; jpUkiy ehaf;fu; ,uhkehjGuk;

NrJgjp ,uFehjupd; MjuTld; jpz;Lf;fy;ypy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j

ikR+u; gilia %u;f;fj;Jld; jhf;fpdhu;. Njhw;W Xba ikR+u;g;

gilapdupd; %f;fWj;Jg; gopf;Fg; gop thq;fpdhu;. ,g;gilnaLg;gpd;

NghJ %f;fWg;G Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; gpbj;jikahy; %f;fWg;Gg; Nghu;

vd;W tu;zpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tpaj;jF ntw;wpf;Fg; ngupJk;

fhuzkhd ,uFehjUf;F jpUkiy NrJgjp vd;W gl;lg; ngaupl;Lg;

ghuhl;bdhu; jpUkiy ehaf;fu;.

rhjidfs;

kJiuia Ml;rp nra;j ehaf;f kd;du;fSf;Fs; jpUkiy

ehaf;fUf;F epiyahd ,lk; cz;L. ,tuJ rhjidfs; gy: 1)

,tu; tp[aefug; Nguurpd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J Kw;wpYkhf tpLgl;L

150

Rje;jpu Ml;rpia mikj;j Kjy; kJiu ehaf;f kd;du;. 2)

njhiyNehf;Fld; jiyefiu jpUr;rpapypUe;J kJiuf;F

khw;wpdhu;. 3) gy;NtW cl;Gw> ntspg;Gw neUf;fbfSf;Fs;shd

kJiu ehaf;fj;ijg; ghJfhj;J mjd; gyj;ijAk;> GfioAk;>

ngUikiaAk; cau;j;jpdhu;. 4) Nghu; ehafuhd ,tu; Nghu;fspd;

%yk; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fis mlf;fp kJiu ehaf;fj;ijf;

fl;Lf;Fiyahky; fhj;jhu;. ,jw;fhf ,tu; ve;j topiaAk;

ifahsj; jtwtpy;iy. 5) ,uh[je;jpuKk;> rhzf;fpaKk;> re;ju;g;g

rhku;j;jpaKk; ,tuJ ntspAwTf; nfhs;if ntw;wpngw cjtpd.

6) ,tu; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l muz;kid> GJkz;lgk;> jKf;fk;

muz;kid> njg;gf;Fsk;> rj;jpuq;fs;> neLQ;rhiyfs;> Myaj;

jpUg;gzpfs; Mfpait ,tuJ fiy Mu;tj;Jf;Fk;> kf;fs; ey

ehl;lj;Jf;Fkhd vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;. jpUkiy ehaf;fu;

rk];fpUj Nkij ePyfz;l jPl;rpjupd; Gutyu; vd;gJ epidT

$wj;jf;fJ.

kjpg;gPL

jpUkiy ehaf;fu; gy gupkhz kJiu kd;du;. ,tu;

mbg;gilapNyNa Nghu; tPuu;; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;. ,tuJ gilnaLg;Gfs;

midj;Jk; kJiu ehaf;fj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;litahFk;. ,tu; epfo;j;jpa Nghu;fs; ,tu;

,lu;ghLfisr; rkhspf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ikf;Fk;> kdj;jpz;ikf;Fkhd

rhd;WfshFk;. NrJgjpfis ,tuJ Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf;

nfhs;sg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;. jpUkiy jd;idf; fhj;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;fhfg; NguuirAk; vjpu;f;fj; jaq;ftpy;iy. %f;fWg;Gg;

Nghu; ,tuJ gopthq;Fk; Nghf;Ff;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. kdpjdpd;

kpUf czu;r;rpapd; ntspg;ghlhFk;. jpUkiy ehaf;fu;

lr;Rf;fhuu;fistpl Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpaUf;Nf Mjuthf ,Ue;jhu;. ,tuJ

Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;by; fpwpj;Jt rkak; gutpaJ. ,tu;

Nfhy;nfhz;lh> gP[g;G+y; Ry;jhd;fspd; cjtpia ehbaJ

re;ju;g;gthj murpayhFk;. ,J ,tuJ murpay; tpNtfj;jpd; kPJ

gbe;j fsq;fkhFk;. ,NjNghd;W ,tuJ xOf;ff;NfLfs; ,tuJ

elj;ij kPJ gbe;j fiuahFk;. ,tuJ RaeyKk;> JNuhfKk;

kiwf;f Kbahjit. vdpDk; jpUkiy ehaf;fu; vOg;gpa

fl;blq;fSk;> kf;fs; eyg; ngUf;fj;Jf;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l

jpl;lq;fSk; tuyhw;Wg; ghiw kPJ nrJf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;LfshFk;.

ve;j msTNfhiyf; nfhz;L kjpg;gpl;lhYk; jpUkiy ehaf;fu;

kJiu ehaf;fu;fspNyNa jdpj;J xspuf;$batu; vd;gjpy;

Iakpy;iy.

151


jpUkiy ehaf;fUf;Fg;gpd; kJiu mupaizNawpa mtuJ

Ngud; nrhf;fehju; jhj;jh nra;j jtiwj; jpUj;j Kw;gl;L gy

neUf;fbfSf;F cs;shdhu;. jpUkiy ehaf;fu; tp[aefug;

NguurUf;F tpRthrkpy;yhJ> mtUf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;jJ

ngupa jtW vd;W fUjpdhu; nrhf;fehju;. ,stajpy; kd;duhd

,tu; jhj;jhtpd; nfhs;ifiag; Gwf;fzpj;J tp[aefug; Nguuru;

%d;whtJ ];uPuq;fdupd; Nkyhz;ikia tpRthrj;Jld; Vw;Wf;

nfhz;lhu;. kPz;Lk; kJiu ehaf;fk; tp[aefug; Nguurpd;

Mjpf;fj;jpd;fPo;f; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. kJiu ehaf;fk; mjd;

Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;jJ.

jpUr;rp Kw;Wif

gP[g;G+u; trkpUe;jJ nrQ;rp. nrQ;rpapd; MSeu; \h[p

jpUr;rp kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W Kw;Wifapl;lhu;. mtUf;Fj;

JizNghdhu; jQ;ir ehaf;fu;. nrhf;fehju; jf;f jUzj;jpy;

jiyapl;L ,f;$l;L Kw;Wifia Kwpabj;jhu;. \h[p nrQ;rpf;Fj;

jg;gpr; nrd;whu;. kJiu ehaf;fu; nrhf;fehjUf;Ff; fpilj;j Kjy;

ntw;wp ,JthFk;.

jQ;irg; gilnaLg;G

jpUr;rp Kw;Wiff;Fj; JizNghd jQ;ir ehaf;fiuj;

jz;bf;fj; jPu;khdpj;j nrhf;fehju;> jQ;ir kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;.

,g;gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ jQ;ir tp[auhft ehaf;fu;

nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. jQ;ir kJiuAld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. mofpup

ehaf;fu; jQ;ir MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mofpup nrhf;fehjupd;

tsu;g;Gr; rNfhjud; (rpd;dk;khtpd; kfd;). ,j;jQ;ir ntw;wp

nrhf;fehju; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; eilngw;w epidT$wj;jf;f

epfo;r;rpahFk;.

NrJgjpapd; fpsu;r;rp

kwtu; ehl;L jpUkiy NrJgjp kJiu ehaf;fj;Jf;Ff;

fPo;g;gzpa kWj;Jf; fpsu;r;rp nra;jhu;. neUf;fbahd Neuj;jpy;

nrhf;fehjUf;F cjtp nra;a kWj;jhu;. vdNt NrJgjpiag;

gzpa itg;gjw;fhf nrhf;fehju; kwtu; ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr;

nrd;whu;. jpUg;gj;J}u;> GJf;Nfhl;il> khdhkJiu> fhisahu;

Nfhapy; Nfhl;ilfs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld. vdpDk; ,Wjpapy; ehaf;fu;

gil Njhy;tpiaj; jOtpaJ.

152

jiyefu; khw;wk;

jhj;jh jpUkiy ehaf;fu; jiyefiuj; jpUr;rpapypUe;J

kJiuf;F khw;wpdhu;. Ngud; nrhf;fehj ehaf;fu; jiyefiu

kPz;Lk; jpUr;rpf;Nf khw;wpdhu; ,j;jiyefu; khw;wk; vjw;fhf?

tltu; gilnaLg;GfspypUe;J kJiu ehaf;fj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk;

nghUl;Nl ,j;jiyefu; khw;wk; nra;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

Fwpg;ghf ikR+u; gilnaLg;igj; jLf;fNt ,k;khw;wkhFk;.

<Nuhl;Lg; Nghu;

tp[aefug; Nguuriuj; jd; Nkyhsuhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;l

nrhf;fehju; nrQ;rp ehaf;fj;ij Kfkjpau; gpbapypUe;J tpLtpj;J

tp[aefu Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;f; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis

Nkw;nfhz;lhu;! ,k;Kaw;rpapd; Kjy; fl;lkhf nrhf;fehju;

jkpo;ehl;by; ikR+upd; Mjpf;fj;ij mfw;w KbT nra;jhu;.

,jw;nfd xU $l;likg;ig cUthf;fpdhu;. ,f;$l;likg;ig

jQ;ir ehaf;fUk;> jhnku;yh ma;ag;ghTk;> gP[g;G+u; jsgjpAk;

Mjupj;jdu;. ,f;$l;likg;Gg; gilAk; ikR+u; gilAk; <Nuhl;by;

Nkhjpd. ,g;Nghupy; ,f;Nfup ehaf;fUk; gq;Nfw;wjhff;

fUjg;gLfpwJ. <Nuhl;Lg; Nghupy; nrhf;fehjupd; $l;Lg;gil

Njhw;wJ. ,j;Njhy;tpapd; tpisthf tp[aefug; Nguuru; %d;whk;

];uPuq;fu; ,f;Nfupapy; jQ;rk; mile;jhu;. jkpo;ehl;by; tp[aefug;

Nguurpd; Mjpf;fk; KOJkhf mfw;wg;gl;lJ. nrhf;fehj ehaf;fupd;

tpRthr Mir epuhirahapw;W.

kuhj;jpau; EioT

nrhf;fg;guhy; jQ;ir MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;l mofpup ed;wp

nfhd;W kJiu ehaf;fUf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;jhu;. fg;gk;

fl;l kWj;jhu;. RNal;irahf nray;glj; Jtq;fpdhu;.

nrhf;fehjUf;Fk; mofpupf;FkpilNa Nkhjy; Vw;gLk; R+o;epiy

cUthapw;W. ,r;R+o;epiyiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l mofpupapd;

Kd;dhs; ,uhark; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;w R+o;r;rp nra;jhu;. mofpup

jQ;irapypUe;J Juj;jg;gl;lhu;. mofpupf;Fg; gjpyhf tp[auhft

ehaf;fupd; kfd; nrq;fkyjhir mupaizapy; mku;j;j gP[g;G+u;

Ry;jhdpd; cjtpia ehbdhu; ntq;fz;zh. Njbte;j tha;g;igg;

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l gP[g;G+u; Ry;jhd; VNfh[p vd;w ntq;fh[p

vd;w kuhj;jpa jsgjpapd; jiyikapy; xU gilia mDg;gpdhu;.

jQ;irf;F te;j ntq;fh[p ntq;fz;zhTf;F cjthky;

jQ;iriaf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;. jQ;irapy; ehaf;fu; Ml;rp

Kbe;J kuhj;jpau; Ml;rp Jtq;fpaJ.

153

nrhf;fehjupd; Nrhfk;

nrhf;fehj ehaf;fu; Ml;rpapd; ,Wjpf;fl;lk;

Nrhfg;glykhFk;. nrhf;fehjupd; eltbf;iffshy; fUT+yk;

fhypahapw;W. kJiu ehaf;fpak; nghUshjhu neUf;fbapy;

rpf;fpaJ. jQ;ir ntq;fh[p trkhapw;W. kJiu Fog;gf; fhlhapw;W.

,f;Fog;gj;Jf;fpilNa URJk;fhd; vd;w Fjpiu tPud; jpUr;rp

muz;kidiaf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;. ,uz;lhz;L fhyk; Ml;rp

nra;jhu;. ikR+u; gil jpUr;rpia Kw;Wifapl;lJ (1680).

mLf;fLf;fhf Vw;gl;l neUf;fbfis vjpu;f;nfhs;tjpNyNa

nrhf;fehjupd; filrp fhyk; fope;jJ. kJiu ehaf;fuhl;rp typTk;

nghypTk; ,oe;jJ. Nrhfj;jpy; Mo;e;j nrhf;fehjiu mtuJ

,sty; Kj;Jypq;f ehaf;fu; mupaizia tpl;L mfw;wpdhu; (1678).

U];jk;fhd; vd;w K];yPk; jsgjp Kj;Jypq;fj;ij tpul;btpl;L

nrhf;fehjiu kPz;Lk; kJiu kd;duhf;fptpl;L Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig

jd;dplk; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. nray;glh ehaf;fuhf nray;gl;l

nrhf;fehju; 1682 Mk; Mz;L khuilg;ghy; kuzkile;jhu;.

kjpg;gPL

nrhf;fehj ehaf;fupd; vOr;rpAk; tPo;r;rpAk; mtUf;Fg;gpd;

te;NjhUf;Fg; gy ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;ff; $baitaha; ,Ue;jJ.

nrhf;fehju; Ml;rpapd; Kw;gFjp ntw;wpapy; Jtq;fpdhYk; gpw;gFjp

Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ. nrhf;fehju; mtuJ jhj;jh Nghl;Lf;nfhLj;j

Rje;jpug; ghijapypUe;J tpyfpr; nrd;wJ mtu; nra;j jiyaha

jtwhFk;. ,j;jtwpd; tpisTfis nrhf;fehju; mtu; tho;ehs;

KOtJk; vjpu;f;nfhs;s Ntz;bajhapw;W. kJiu kuhj;jpau;

trkhapw;W. ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; fpotd; NrJgjp jd; epiyiag;

gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;. jkpo;ehl;by; fpwpj;Jt rkak; tpiue;J

gutpaJ. kJiu ehaf;fu; jQ;ir ehaf;fupd; kWgjpg;ghf

khwptpl;lhu;. tPuKk; tpRthrKk; ,tUf;Ff; ifnfhLf;ftpy;iy.

Gypahf tho Ntz;batu; vypahfj; jho;e;jhu;. kf;fspd; kjpg;ig

,oe;j nrhf;fehj ehaf;fu; R+o;epiyf; ifjpahdhu;.


,Ugj;jp %d;whz;Lfhy nrhf;fehj ehaf;fupd;

nfhe;jspg;Gkpf;f Ml;rpf;Fg; gpwF mtuJ kfd; Kj;J tPug;gu;

kJiu ehaf;fuhdhu;. nrhf;fehjUf;Fk; kq;fk;khSf;Fk; gpwe;jtu;

Kj;J tPug;gu;. ,tu; nrhf;fehju; tpl;Lr; nrd;w gpur;ridfNshL

Nghuhbdhu;. jkpo;ehl;bd; tlgFjp ikR+u; kd;ddpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by;

,Ue;jJ. jQ;ir kuhj;jpa kd;dd; rhk;gh[papd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;

154

te;jJ. kJiuiaf; ifg;gw;w ikR+u; kd;dDk;> jQ;ir kd;dDk;

Nghl;b Nghl;ldu;.

mikjpahd Ml;rp

Kjypy; ikR+u; gil kJiuia Nehf;fp Kd;NdwpaJ. ,ij

mwpe;j jQ;ir kuhj;jpa kd;dd; rhk;gh[p ikR+iuj; jhf;fpdhu;.

kJiuapypUe;j ikR+u; gil ikR+Uf;Fg; gpd;thq;fpr; nrd;wJ.

kJiuf;F kiyNghy; te;j Mgj;J gdpNghy; kiwe;jJ. vjpu;ghuhj

,j;jpUg;gj;jhy; kJiuapy; mikjp epytpaJ. me;j mikjpiaf;

Fiyf;Fk; tifapy; fpotd; NrJgjp kJiuiaf; ifg;gw;w

Kaw;rpj;jhu;. Mdhy; mk;Kaw;rp Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ.

neUf;fbapypUe;J tpLgl;l Kj;J tPug;g ehaf;fu; cs;ehl;L

tptfhuq;fspy; mf;fiw nfhz;lhu;. GaYf;Fg; gpd; mikjp vd;W

$Wtijg; Nghy mikjpahf Ml;rp nra;J mkuuhdhu; Kj;J

tPug;g ehaf;fu;.


nrhf;fehj ehaf;fu; ,we;j NghJ mtuJ thupR kfd;

tp[auq;f nrhf;fehjDf;F taJ %d;W khjk;. %d;W khjf;

Foe;ijia Kiwg;gb kJiu ehaf;fuhf;fptpl;L mtUf;Fg;

gjpyhl;rpauhfg; (Regent) nghWg;Ngw;whu; mf;Foe;ijapd; ghl;b

kq;fk;khs;. gjpNdohz;Lfs; kJiu ehaf;fj;ij Ml;rp nra;J

Gjpa rfhg;jk; gilj;Jr; rpwg;Gr; rhjid nra;jhu; khju; Nkij

kq;fk;khs;. jpUr;rpiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jhu;.

,uhzp kq;fk;khs; Kfyhag; Nguuru; xsuq;frPg;gpd; (1658-

1707) rkfhyj;jtu;. tajpy; %j;jtUk; Ml;rp mDgtj;jpYk;

Nghuhw;wypYk; rpwg;Gw;w Kfyhag; Nguuru; jf;fhzj;ij mtuJ

Mjpf;fj;jpd;fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jhu;. me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; mtu;

mtuJ jsgjp Ry;gpfu;fhid jkpo;ehl;Lf;F mDg;gpdhu;.

jkpo;ehl;Lf;F te;j jsgjp nrQ;rpiaAk;> jQ;iriaAk; vspjpy;

ifg;gw;wpdhu;. tpid typAk;> jd; typAk; khw;whd; typAk;

JiztypAk; J}f;fpr; nray; Nglj; njupe;j ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;

Kfyhaj; jsgjpia tpiy cau;e;j nghUl;fis md;gspg;ghff;

nfhLj;J> cgrupj;J> tuNtw;gspj;jhu;. Kfyhag; Nguuru;

xsuq;frPg;Gf;Ff; fg;gk; fl;l rk;kjpj;jhu;. gjpYf;F kuhj;jpauplk;

,oe;j gFjpfisj; jpUk;gg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. ngz; rhzf;fpau;

ntw;wp ngw;whu;. ngUikg; gz;G vf;fhyj;jpYk; gzpe;J elf;Fk;.

jpUthq;$u; gilnaLg;G

155

,uhzp kq;fk;khspd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ kJiu ehaf;fj;ijr;

Rw;wpYk; tpNuhjpfs;. mtu;fspy; xUtu; jpUthq;$u; kd;du;.

kq;fk;khspd; jpwikiaf; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl;l mtu; jpiw nrYj;j

kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. mtUf;Fj; jf;f ghlk; fw;gpf;fj; jPu;khdpj;j

kq;fk;khs; mtuJ Nghu;f;fukhf ,Ue;j eurg;ga;adpd; jiyikapy;

xU gilia mDg;gpdhu;. mg;gilaplk; Njhy;tpaile;j

jpUthq;$u; kd;du; kq;fk;khspd; Nkyhd;ikia epge;jidapd;wp

Vw;Wf; nfhz;L jpiw nrYj;j rk;kjpj;jhu;. NkYk;> jstha;

eurg;ga;adplk; Vuhskhd nghd;idAk;> nghUl;fisAk;>

gPuq;fpfisAk; xg;gilj;jhu;. jpUthq;$upypUe;J nfhz;L tug;gl;l

gPuq;fpfisf; nfhz;L kJiu> jpUr;rp fhg;guz;fisg;

gyg;gLj;jpdhu; ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;.

jQ;irg; gilnaLg;G

jQ;iria Ml;rp nra;j kuhj;jpa kd;dd; \h[p kJiu

ehaf;fj;jpd; clypy; Fj;jpa Ks;shfNt ,Ue;jhu;. gifik

ghuhl;b te;jhu;. kJiuf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gFjpfisf; ifg;gw;wpf;

nfhz;lhu;. mg;gFjpfis kPl;Fk; nghUl;L ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;

eurg;ga;ad; jiyikapy; xU gilia mDg;gpdhu;. mg;gil

kuhj;jpag; gilia jiyefUf;fUNf Njhw;fbj;jJ. ,j;jpBu;j;

jhf;Fjyhy; epiyFiye;J Nghd kuhj;jpa kd;dd; \h[p

Vuhskhd nghUl;fisf; nfhLj;J rkhjhdk; nra;J nfhz;lhu;.

ikR+Uld; Nkhjy;

ikR+u; kd;du;fSk; kJiu ehaf;fu;fSk; neLq;fhyg;

giftu;fs;. Mz;Lf;fhz;L gif ngUfpaNjad;wp Fiwatpy;iy.

kq;fk;khs; jQ;ir kPJ gilnaLj;j Neuk; ghu;j;J ikR+u; kd;dd;

rpf;fNjtuhau; mDg;gpa gil jkpo; ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;J

te;J Nryk;> Nfhit> jpUr;rp Mfpa gFjpfisf; ifg;gw;wpf;

nfhz;L kJiu Nehf;fp Kd;NdwpaJ. vdpDk; kJiuia

Kw;Wifapl;l ikR+u; gil Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. Njhy;tpiaj;

jOtpa ikR+u; kd;dd; fhNtup Mw;Wf;Ff; FWf;Nf xU

miziaf; fl;b jQ;irf;Fk; kJiuf;Fk; ePu; neUf;fbiaf;

nfhLj;jhu;. jQ;ir kd;dUld; rkhjhdk; nra;J nfhz;bUe;j

,uhzp kq;fk;khs; kJiu-jQ;ir $l;Lg;gilia ikR+u; kd;dd;

rpf;fNjtuhaUf;F vjpuhf mDg;gpdhu;. Mdhy; mg;gil ikR+iu

miltjw;FKd; Nga;kio nga;J ikR+u; kd;dd; fl;ba miz

mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lJ. ikR+u; gilnaLg;Gf;F mtrpakpy;yhky;

Nghdikahy; mg;gilnaLg;G iftplg;gl;lJ. NrJgjpAld; Nkhjy;>

1702 jd;khdkpf;f NrJgjpfs; Jtf;fj;jpypUe;Nj kJiu

ehaf;fpaj;Jf;Ff; fPo;g;gzpe;jpUg;gij tpUk;gtpy;iy. fhyj;jpd;

fl;lhaj;jhy; kJiuapd; Nkyhz;ikiag; nghWj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.

156

tha;g;G fpilj;jNghnjy;yhk; fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;. ,uhzp

kq;fk;khspd; Ml;rpf;fhy ,Wjpapy; kwtu; ehl;L fpotd; NrJgjp

vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,uFehj NrJgjp KO Rahl;rpNfhup fg;gk;

fl;l kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. mJkl;Lky;y. kq;fk;khs; jQ;ir kPJ

gilnaLj;jNghJ fpotd; NrJgjp jQ;ir kuhj;jpa kd;did

Mjupj;jhu;. ,tw;why; Mj;jpukile;j ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; tof;fk;

Nghy; jstha; eurg;ga;adpd; jiyikapy; xU gilia

mDg;gpdhu;. kJiug; gil kwtu; gilaplk; gLNjhy;tp mile;jJ.

jsgjp eurg;ga;ad; Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; capupoe;jhu;. fpotd; NrJgjp

kJiu ehaf;fj;jpd; gpbapypUe;J tpLgl;lhu;. Mj;jpuf;fhuUf;Fg;

Gj;jp kl;L vd;w NgUz;ikia ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; Gupe;J

nfhz;lhu;. kq;fk;khs; elj;jpa ,Wjpg; Nghu; ,Jjhd;.


,uhzp kq;fk;khs; kf;fs; eyg; gzpfspy; ehl;lk; nfhz;l

jpwikahd epu;thfp. ey;y ciog;ghsp. mtu; kf;fs;

Nkk;ghl;Lf;Fk;> tptrha tsu;r;rpf;Fk;> tu;j;jf tpupthf;fj;Jf;Fk;>

njhopy; ngUf;fj;Jf;Fk;> ePu;ts trjpf;Fk;> nra;jpj; njhlu;Gf;Fk;>

cl;fl;Lkhdj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs; gy;

ghuhl;Lf;Fupait.

rhjidfs;

kJiu murp kq;fk;khs; tptrhaj;Jf;F Kd;Dupik

nfhLj;jhu;. ePu; epiyfs; rPuikf;fg;gl;ld. epoy; jUk; kuq;fNshL

rhiyfs; Nghlg;gl;ld. Fkup KidapypUe;J mikf;fg;gl;l

neLQ;rhiy kq;fk;khs; rhiy vd;W kf;fshy; miof;fg;gl;lJ.

,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; trjpf;fhff; fl;lg;gl;l

fl;blq;fs; gy. mtw;Ws; kf;fspd; kdijf; nfhs;is nfhz;lJ

kq;fk;khs; rj;jpuk; MFk;. kJiu> jpUney;Ntyp kw;Wk;

jkpo;ehl;bd; rpw;W}u;fspy; fhzg;gLk; nghJf; fl;blq;fs;

midj;Jk; kq;fk;khthy; fl;lg;gl;litahFk; vd;W kf;fs;

fUJfpd;wdu;. neLQ;rhiyg; gazpfSf;fhf trjpahd rj;jpuq;fs;

fl;lg;gl;ld. topg;Nghf;fu;fSf;Ff; FbePu; trjp nra;J jug;gl;lJ.

,jw;nfd cUthf;fg;gl;l fhg;gfj;Jf;F khdpak; toq;fg;gl;lJ

(1701). ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; vOg;gpa mtuJ

muz;kid tshfj;jpy; mike;jpUj;j jKf;fk; ikjhdj;jpy;

ahidg; Nghu; Nghd;w nghOJNghf;F epfo;r;rpfs; eilngw;wd;

tpohf;fs; nfhz;lhlg;gl;ld.

rka rkj;Jtk;

,uhzp kq;fk;khspd; kjkdg;ghd;ik tpag;Gf;FupaJ. rka

rkj;Jtj;Jf;fhd rhd;W mtu;. rkag; nghiw gw;wp murpapd;

157

thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhapd; rpyu; rhjk; rhg;gpLfpd;wdu;; rpyu;

khkprk; cz;fpd;wdu;; mNjNghd;W xt;nthUtk; mtUf;Fg; gpbj;j

rkaj;ijj; Nju;e;njLg;gJk;> gpd;gw;WtJk; rl;lg;gb rupahdjhFk;.

,e;j kdg;ghd;ik ,Ue;jikahy;jhd; uhzp kq;fk;khs; fpwpj;Jtg;

ghjpupahu;fis Mu;tKld; Mjupj;jhu;. milf;fyk; Njbte;j

fpwpj;Jtu;fSf;Fg; Gfyplk; nfhLj;jhu;. NkYk;> jpUr;rp ju;f;fhTf;F

fpuhkq;fisj; jhdkhff; nfhLj;jhu;. kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd;

NfhapYf;Ff; fzprkhd eiffisAk;> gy;yf;FfisAk;

nfhLj;jhu;. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; Mdp khjj;jpy; kJiuapy;

nfhz;lhlg;gLk; CQ;ry; jpUtpoh ,tuhy;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhFk;. vz;zpwe;j Nfhapy;fSf;Fk;

mwf;nfhilfs; mspj;jhu;. RUq;ff;$wpd; ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; rka

rkj;Jtj;jpd; kdpj mtjhukhff; fhl;rpaspj;jhu;.

ku;k kuzk;

ntspg;gilahf Ml;rp nra;j ,uhzp kq;fk;khtpd; kuzk;

ku;kkhf cs;sJ. ,tuJ kuzk; mtpo;f;fg;glhj tuyhw;W

Kbr;Rfspy; xd;whf cs;sJ. taJf;F te;j ,uhzpapd; Ngud;

tp[auq;f nrhf;fehjdplk; Ml;rpia xg;gilf;fhikNa ,tuJ

rhTf;Ff; fhuzk; vd;W $wg;gLtJ rhd;ww;wf; Fw;wr;rhl;lhFk;.

,uhzp kq;fk;khSf;Fg;gpd; kJiu ehaf;fk; tPo;r;rpg; ghijapy;

tpiue;J nrd;wJ.

kjpg;gPL

,uhzp kq;fk;khs; jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; epiyahd

,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;s ngz;zurp Mthu;. ,tu; jpUkiy ehaf;fiu

Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jhu;. kq;fk;khs; kJiu

ehaf;fj;ij tp[aefu Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLtpj;J Rje;jpukhf

muir elj;jpdhu;. Nghupd; vy;iyia ed;fwpe;j ,tu;

,uh[je;jpuj;ijf; ifahz;lhu;. yl;rpaf; fdT fhzhky;

eilKiw rhj;jpakhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

xsuq;frPg;gpd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F tise;J nfhLj;J kJiu

ehaf;fj;jpd; eyidf; fhg;ghw;wpaJ ,tuJ mZFKiwf;fhd

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; kdj;jpd;ikAk;> ,uf;f

FzKk;> kf;fs; ey ehl;lKk; cilatu;. ,tuJ nghJg;gzpfs;

,f;Fzq;fSf;F rhl;rpaq;fshf cs;sd. ,tuJ ngz;Zs;sk;

Vio vspNahupd; gf;fk; nrd;wJ. ,tuJ gue;j kdg;ghd;ik rka

rkj;Jtj;ij ehbaJ. ,tuJ gjpNdohz;L fhy Ml;rpapy; ,tu;

nra;j jtW fpotd; NrJgjpf;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhz;l Mj;jpu

eltbf;ifahFk;. ,jd; %yk; mtrug;gl;L KbntLj;jhy;

epjhdkhf tUj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w tuyhw;W cz;ikia

mwpe;J nfhz;lhu;. ,tUf;F vjpuhf vOg;gg;gLk; rpy

158

Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; Ritahf ,Uf;fyhk;; Mdhy; Mjhukw;wit.

,uhzp kq;fk;khtpd; Mf;fg; gzpfNs ,tUf;F tuyhw;wpy;

epiyahd ,lj;ijj; Njbj;je;Js;sd. jpUkiy ehaf;fUf;Fg;gpd;

Ml;rp Gupe;j ehaf;fu;fSs; kpfg; Gfo; ngw;wtu; kq;fk;khs;

vd;gjw;F Iakpy;iy. xU ngz;zhy; rpwg;ghf Ml;rp nra;a

KbahJ vd;w kdg;ghd;ikiag; ngha;g;gpj;jhu;.


,uhzp kq;fk;khSf;Fg;gpd; kJiu mupaizNawpa mtuJ

gjpNdO taJ Ngud; tp[auq;f nrhf;fehju; jpwikahd murpia

mLj;J te;j jpwikaw;w muru;. ,uz;lhk; nrhf;fehju; mtuJ

ghl;baplkpUe;J ve;jg; ghlj;ijAk; fw;fTkpy;iy; kwf;fTkpy;iy

gpQ;rpy; gOj;j gokhd nrhf;fehju; Ml;rpia Gwf;fzpj;J

rkaj;jpy; ruzile;jhu;. rkathjp xUehSk; Ml;rpahsuhf

KbahJ vd;w tuyhw;W cz;ikia ,tu; mwpe;jhupy;iy.

tp[auq;f nrhf;fehjupd; gytPdj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhz;l

jstha; f];J}up nuq;ifahTk;> gpujhdp ntq;fpl fpU\;za;ahTk;

Ml;rpiaj; jq;fs; trkhf;fpf; nfhz;L murhq;f tUthapy;

jq;fsJ nrhe;j eyd;fisg; ngUf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;. kJiu

ehaf;fj;jpy; thy; ehia Ml;Lk; epiy cUthapw;W. mikr;ru;

muh[fk; fl;ltpo;e;J tplg;gl;lJ. nrhf;fehju; nfhLikfspd;

Ftpikakhdhu;. kf;fs; nrhy;nyhdhj; Jd;gq;fSf;Fs;shapdu;.

rl;lk; xOq;F rPu;Fiye;J kJiu ehaf;fk; Fog;gf;fhlhapw;W.

RUq;ff;$wpd; tp[auq;f nrhf;fehjupd; ,Ugj;jhwhz;L fhy Ml;rp

tPzhf;fg;gl;l tha;g;ghFk;. kJiu ehaf;fk; tPo;r;rpg; ghijapy;

gazpj;jJ.


tp[auq;f nrhf;fehju; thuprpd;wp ,we;jikahy; mtuJ

tpjit kidtp kPdhl;rp Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. gjpdhwhz;Lfhy

mty Ml;rpf;Fg;gpd; te;j kPdhl;rp jpUkiy ehaf;fUf;F

cwtpduhd gq;fhU jpUkiy vd;gtuJ kfd; tp[aFkhuid

jj;J vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. kPdhl;rp ,j;jj;Jg;gps;isapd; rhu;ghf

Ml;rp nra;jhu;. ,uhzp kq;fk;khSf;F ,Ue;j kdj;jpd;ikAk;>

jd;dk;gpf;ifAk;> vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wYk; ,tUf;fpd;ikahy;

kPdhl;rp R+o;r;rp tiyapy; rpf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;. Nguhir gpbj;j

gq;fhU jpUkiy kPdhl;rpia mfw;wptpl;L> jd; kfidf;

Nflakhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;aj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;. ,j;jpl;lj;ij

epiwNtw;w Mu;f;fhL ethG Njh];j; mypapd; cjtpia ehbdhu;.

159

typa te;j tha;g;ig eOttpl tpUk;ghj Mu;f;fhL ethG

re;jhrhfpgpd; jiyikapy; xU gilia mDg;gpdhu;. jiyefu;

jpUr;rpf;F te;j re;jhrhfpigr; rhku;j;jpaj;jhy; jd; gf;fk;

,Oj;Jf; nfhz;l kPdhl;rp gq;fhU jpUkiyapd; R+o;r;rpia

Kwpabj;jhu;. gq;fhU jpUkiyapd; R+o;r;rpia Kwpabj;j ,uhzp

kPdhl;rp re;jhrhfpgpd; R+o;r;rpapy; rpf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;.

jpz;Lf;fy;Yf;fUNf mk;ikaehaf;fD}upy; ele;j Nghupy; gq;fhU

jpUkiyiaf; nfhd;Wtpl;l re;jhrhfpG kPdhl;rpaplk; te;J xU

cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhu;. Mdhy; re;jhrhfpNg ,e;j

cld;gbf;ifia kPwp kPdhl;rpiaf; ifJ nra;J rpiwapl;lhu;.

mtkhdk; nghWf;fhky; ,uhzp kPdhl;rp jw;nfhiy nra;J

nfhz;lhu;. kPdhl;rpNahL kJiu ehaf;fk; KbTw;wJ.


1. kJiuapd; Kjy; ehaf;fu; ahu;?

2. ahuhy; ghisaq;Nfhl;ilf;fUNf fpU\;zhGuk; vd;w efu;

vOg;gg;gl;lJ?

3. ahUila Ml;rpf;fhy ,Wjpapy; kJiu kp\d; (Jesuit

Mission) Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ?

4. Kjy; NrJgjp ahu;?

5. jpUkiy ehaf;fu; ahUila cjtpAld; ];uPuq;fiuj;

Njhw;fbj;jhu;?

6. tp[aefug; Nguurpd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J Kw;wpYkhf tpLgl;L

Rje;jpu Ml;rpia mikj;j Kjy; kJiu ehaf;f kd;du; ahu;?

7. Fkup KidapypUe;J mikf;fg;gl;l neLQ;rhiy vt;thW

kf;fshy; miof;fg;gl;lJ?


1. tpRtehj ehaf;fu;.

2. Fkhu fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;.

3. tPug;g ehaf;fu;.

4. NghfY}u; mjpgjp rilaj;Njt cilahu;.

5. Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhd;.

6. jpUkiy ehaf;fu;.

7. kq;fk;khs; rhiy.

Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. ehfk ehaf;fu; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.

2. tPug;g ehaf;fupd; rkag;gzp Fwpj;J RUf;fkhf vOJf.

160

3. ehaf;fu;fspd; tPo;r;rp Fwpj;J vOJf.

tpupthd tpdhf;fs;

1. tpRtehj ehaf;fu; Ml;rp Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf.

2. Fkhu fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; gilnaLg;ig tptup.

3. ,uhzp kq;fk;khspd; epu;thf jpwik Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf











myF - 10

nrQ;rp> jQ;ir ehaf;fu;fs;- ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; epu;thfk;

ghl mikg;G

10.1. Kd;Diu

10.2. Nehf;fq;fs;









161










10.12. ghisaf;fhuu;









10.1. Kd;Diu

mupfud;> Gf;fd; Mfpa rq;fk rNfhjuu;fshy; 1336 Mk;

Mz;L tp[a efuk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. tp[a efuj;ij rq;fk>

rhSt> JSt mur Fyq;fisr; Nru;e;j kd;du;fs; Ml;rp

nra;jdu;. ,tu;fs; fhyj;jpy; tp[aefuk; tsu;e;J> Nguurhf

tpuptile;J> Gfo;aile;jJ. JSt rjhrptuhad; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;

(1542-1570) eilngw;w jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; NghU (1565)f;Fg;gpd;

tp[aefuk; tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. tPo;r;rpaile;j tp[aefug; Nguuir

mutPL mur Fyj;jpdu; RtPfupj;Jf;nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jdu;. mutPL

muru;fs; fhyj;jpy; jhd; nrQ;rp> jQ;ir> kJiu ehaf;fu;fs;

tp[aefu Nkyhjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;J Rahl;rp

ngw;wdu;. tpRtehj ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; (1529-1564) mtuJ

jstha; mupaehj Kjypahuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l 72 ghisaq;fs;

kJiu ehaf;fu;fs; fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dUk; ePbj;jd. Jtf;fj;jpy;

ngUk;ghd;ikahd ghisaf;fhuu;fs; Me;jpuhtpypUe;J te;j

,uhZtj; jiytu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,ilg;

gFjpapy; tp[a efug; NguuR gytPdg;gl;l NghJ

162

,g;ghisaf;fhuu;fs; Rje;jpukhfr; nray;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs; jq;fsJ

Rje;jpuj;jpy; Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfSk; Mq;fpNyaUk; jiyapl;lij

tpUk;gtpy;iy; vjpu;j;jdu;. ,e;j mj;jpahkhdJ nrQ;rp> jQ;ir

ehaf;fu;fs;- kw;Wk; ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; epu;thfk; Fwpj;J

tpsf;FfpwJ .

10.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


KbAk;

• nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; epu;thfk; gw;wp

mwpa cjTfpwJ.

• jQ;ir ehaf;fu;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; epu;thfk; gw;wp

tpthjpf;fpwJ.

• ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; epu;thfk; gw;wp tptupf;fpwJ.



nrQ;rp njhz;il kz;lyj;jpd; uhZt Kf;fpaj;JtKila

fhty; Nfhl;lkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. Nrhou;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd ,e;j

,lj;jpy; tp[auq;f ehaf;fu; vd;gtu; xU Nfhl;iliaf;

fl;bajhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. Fkhufk;gzu; fhyj;jpypUe;J nrQ;rp

njhz;il kz;lyj;jpd; jiyikafkhf ,Ue;J te;jJ.

tpUg;gz;z cilahu; vd;gtu; ,jd; kfhkz;lNy];tuuhf

,Ue;jhu;. ,uhZt Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f nrQ;rp fpU\;zNjtuhaupd;

ftdj;ijf; ftu;e;jJ. mtuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; njhz;il

kz;lyk; gy FWepyg; gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L> mur Fyj;ijr;

Nru;e;jtu;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld. Mdhy; mtu;fs;

fpU\;zNjtuhaupd; Nkyhz;ikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;s kWj;jdu;.

Mj;jpukile;j mtu; itag;g ehaf;fu;> Jghfp fpU\;zg;g

ehaf;fu;> tp[auhft ehaf;fu;> ntq;flg;g ehaf;fu; Mfpa ehy;tuJ

jiyikapd; fPo; xU typikahd giliaj; njhz;il

kz;lyj;Jf;F mDg;gpdhu;. ,g;ngUk;gil NtY}upy; Kfhkpl;lJ.

,ijawpe;j fpsu;r;rpj; jiytu;fs; fpU\;zNjtuhaupd;

Nkyhz;ikia Vw;Wf; nfhz;L> fg;gk; nrYj;j xg;Gf; nfhz;ldu;.

itag;g ehaf;fu; ,tu;fs; nrYj;j Ntz;ba jpiwiaj;

jPu;khdpj;jhu;.

163

%d;W kz;lyq;fs;

mjd;gpd; tp[aefug; gil NtY}upypUe;J nrQ;rp nrd;W

Kfhkpl;lJ. mg;NghJ Nrho kz;lyf; FWepyj; jiytu;fs;

nrYj;j Ntz;ba fg;gj;njhif KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.

mJkl;Lky;y. jkpo;ehL KOtJk; %d;W kz;lyq;fshfg;

gpupf;fg;gl;L MSeu;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. me;j %d;W

kz;lyq;fshtd: 1) nrQ;rp kz;lyk;. ,g;gFjp

nfhs;splj;jpypUe;J ney;Y}u; tiu ,Ue;jJ; 2) jQ;ir kz;lyk;.

ePu;tskpf;f gFjp; 3) kJiu kz;lyk;.. rpd;d jpk;ka;a ehaf;fupd;

kfdhd itag;g ehaf;fu; nrQ;rp kz;lyj;Jf;F ehaf;fuhf

epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. vdNt fpU\;zNjtuhauhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l

itag;g ehaf;fNu nrQ;rp kz;lyj;jpd; Kjy; ehaf;fu; Mthu;.


itag;g ehaf;fu; nrQ;rpapNyNa jq;fp Ie;jhz;L fhyk;

Ml;rp nra;jhu;. jd;id nrQ;rp ehaf;fuhf;fpa

fpU\;zNjtuhaUf;F ed;wpf;fld;gl;L tpRthrj;NjhL Ntiy

nra;jhu;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; nrQ;rp ehaf;fk; epiy ngw;wJ;

Gfo; ngw;wJ. itag;g ehaf;fu; [k;ig rptd; NfhapYf;F khdpak;

toq;fpdhu; (1530). tlMu;f;fhL khtl;l khjpupkq;fyj;jpy;

gpuhkzu;fSf;F xU mf;fpufhuj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhu; (1532). itag;g

ehaf;fupd; fPo; gzpahw;wpa NtY}u; nghk;K ehaf;fiu tupapy;yh

epyj;ijj; jpUf;NfhtpY}u; jhYf;fhtpypUe;j gs;spr;re;jy;

NfhapYf;Fj; jhdkhff; nfhLf;f Mizapl;lhu;. trtg;g ehaf;fu;

vd;gtu; itag;g ehaf;fu; ngaupy; ,U fpuhkq;fisf;

nfhilahff; nfhLj;jhu; (1538). itag;g ehaf;fu; tyaj;J}u;

Myaj;Jf;F ,uz;L fpuhkq;fis khdpakhf toq;fpdhu; (1541).

,tu; kfhehaf;fu; vd;W Gfo; ngw;whu;. itag;g ehaf;fu;

fpU\;zNjtuhaUf;Fk;> mtUf;Fg;gpd; te;j mr;RjUf;Fk; ed;wp

tpRthrj;NjhL ele;J nfhz;lhu;.


itag;g ehaf;fu; nrQ;rp ehafj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;J mjd;

Kjy; ehaf;fuhf Ie;jhz;L fhyk; Ml;rp nra;jgpd; mtuJ

ek;gpf;iff;Fg; ghj;jpukhd fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fiu nrQ;rpapd;

Ml;rpauhf epakpj;jhu;. fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; itag;g ehaf;fUf;F

mLj;j epiy ,uhZtj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtu;. ,tu; Jghfp

fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tuJ ngaUf;Fg;gpd;

cs;s Kw;Nru;f;if (Prefix)ahd Jghfp vd;gJ gl;lg;ngau;. ,tu;

ngj;j fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tu;

tp[aefu kd;du; mutPL mupa ,uhkuhaupd; rkfhyj;jtu;.

164

ngau; khw;wk;

Jghfp fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; NfhNdup nrl;bapd; kfdhff;

fUjg;gLfpwhu; nrl;b Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;j ,tuJ gjp%d;whz;L fhy

Ml;rpapy; nrQ;rp ehaf;fk; gyk; ngw;W tpuptile;jJ. nrQ;rp muR

tljkpo; ehl;bd; nrd;id> ghz;br;Nrup> ney;Y}upd; ngUk;gFjp>

rpj;J}u;> NtY}u;> re;jpufpup Mfpa gFjpfis cs;slf;fpaJ. ,jd;

njd; vy;iy nfhs;splf; fiu tiu nrd;wJ. ,e;j vy;iyNa

nrQ;rp kz;lyj;ijj; jQ;ir> kJiu kz;lyq;fspd; vy;iyg;

gFjpahf ,Ue;jJ. fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; nrQ;rpf; Nfhl;ilia

NkYk; gyg;gLj;jp Mde;jfpup vd;w ngaiu ,uh[fpup vd;W

khw;wpdhu;.

thupR

fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fUf;F yl;Rkhk;gh> ntq;fyhk;gh vd;W

,uz;L kidtpau; ,Ue;jdu;. yl;Rkhk;ghtpd; kfd; Kjyhk;

fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;. ntq;fyhk;ghtpd; gps;isfs; %tu;: 1) R+ug;g

ehaf;fu;; 2) jpthfud;; 3) igutd;. ,k;%tUs; R+ug;g ehaf;fu;

Jghfp fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fupd; thuprhf mupaizNawpdhu;.


R+ug;g ehaf;fu; Jghfp fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fupd; ,uz;lhtJ

kidtp ntq;fyhk;ghTf;Fg; gpwe;jtu;. Kjy; kidtp

yl;Rkhk;ghTf;Fg; gpwe;j fpU\;zg;gh ,stajpduhf ,Ue;jikahy;

R+ug;g ehaf;fu; nrQ;rpapd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;whu; ,ij

tp[aefug; Nguuru; rjhrptuhau; (1542-1570) mq;fPfupj;jhu;. vdNt

R+ug;gu; rjhrptuhaUf;F ed;wpAzu;NthL gzpahw;wpdhu;. gpd;du;

,tuJ khw;whe;jha; kfdhd fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fUld; ,ize;J

nrQ;rpia Ml;rp nra;jhu;. ,UtUk; rjhrptuhaUf;F

tpRthrj;Jld; ,Ue;jdu;.

mq;fPfhuk;

jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; Nghupd; NghJ (1565) R+ug;g ehaf;fu;

rjhrptuhaUf;Fg; gilAjtp nra;jhu;. mjd; fhuzkhf

gtdGUN\hj;jkd; R+ug;gUf;F fu;ehlf rpk;khrd

gpujP\;lghzhr;rhupah vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpg; ngUikg;gLj;jpdhu;.

,J mtu; jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; Nghupd; NghJ tp[aefug; NguuRf;Fr;

nra;j cjtpf;Fr; fpilj;j mq;fPfhukhFk;. R+ug;g ehaf;fu;

fyhurpfu;; fiyQu;fspd; Gutyu;. ,tu; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j gpugy

,uj;dNfl;lh ];uPdpthr jPl;rpjiu Mjupj;jhu;. jPl;rpju; gjpndl;L

ehlfq;fisAk;> mWgJ ghly;fisAk; gilj;jtu;. ,tu; vOjpa

165

gtdhGUN\hj;jkh vd;w ehlfj;ij mtUf;Fg; Gutyuhf ,Ue;j

R+ug;g ehaf;fUf;F mu;g;gzpj;jhu;.


R+ug;gUf;Fg;gpd; mtuJ khw;whe;jha; kfDk; rNfhjuDkhd

fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf;F te;jhu;. ,tiug; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;

,uz;L fy;ntl;Lfspy; (1546> 1575) fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,it

,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg;

gad;gLtjhapy;iy. tl Mu;f;fhl;by; fpilj;j kw;nwhU

fy;ntl;Lk; (1570) rpije;j epiyapy; cs;sJ. kpFe;j Kaw;rpNahL

,f;fy;ntl;il Muha;e;Njhu; xU jftiyj; jUfpd;wdu;. mjhtJ

Kjyhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; gr;rkfd; vd;gtUf;F epyj;ij

cjpug;gl;bahff; nfhLj;jhu;. Nghupy; gq;Nfw;wikf;fhff;

nfhLf;fg;gLtJ cjpug;gl;b epykhFk;. jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; Nghupy;

rpwg;ghfg; gq;Nfw;wikf;fhf fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; gQ;rkfDf;F

epyf;nfhil nfhLj;J ngUik nra;jhu; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.


,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; ita;ag;g fpU\;zg;g

njhz;lk; ehaf;fu; vd;W fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhu;. ,jd;

%yk; ,tu; Kjyhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fupd; kfdhfTk;> itag;g

ehaf;fupd; NgudhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W Cfpf;fg; gLfpwJ. ,tu;

MutPL Kjyhk; ];uPuq;fu; (1586-1614)> ,uz;lhtJ ntq;flu; (1614)

Mfpa tp[aefu kd;du;fspd; rkfhyj;jtu;. fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;

mutPL tp[aefu kd;du; ntq;flupd; Nkyhz;ikia Vw;f

kWj;jhu;. fg;gk; fl;lhky; fpsu;r;rp nra;jhu;. ,f;fpsu;r;rpia

Kwpabf;Fk; nghUl;L ntq;flu; xU gilia mDg;gpdhu;. mg;gil

fpU\;zg;giuj; Njhw;fbj;J> ifJ nra;J> rpiwapy; milj;jJ.

gpd;du; jQ;ir ehaf;fu; ,uFehju; jiyapl;L ,uz;lhk;

fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fiu rpiwapypUe;J tpLtpj;jhu;.

vjpu;g;ig vjpu;nfhz;lhu;

,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; jPtpu itztu;. vz;zpaij

Kbf;Fk; kdj;jpz;ik ngw;wtu;. ,tu; rpjk;guk; Nfhtpe;juh[g;

ngUkhs; Nfhapiyg; GJg;gpg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

Mdhy; mjw;F rpjk;guk; Nfhapy; jPl;rpju;fs; Ml;Nrgk;

njuptpj;jdu;; jPtpukhf vjpu;j;jdu;. ,e;j vjpu;g;igg;

nghUl;gLj;jhky; Gduikg;Gg; gzpiaj; njhlu;e;jhu; fpU\;zg;g

ehaf;fu;. jPl;rpju;fs; td;Kiwapy; ,wq;fpdu;. jw;nfhiy nra;J

nfhs;sg;Nghtjhf kpul;bdu;. mtu;fsJ kpul;ly;fSf;F ehaf;fu;

nrtprha;f;ftpy;iy. xU ngz; cl;gl rpy vjpu;g;ghsu;fs;

jPf;Fspf;f Kad;wdu;. nghWikapoe;j fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;

166

Jg;ghf;fpr;R+L elj;jp epiyikia fl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L te;jhu;.

,j;Jg;ghf;fpr; R+l;by; rpyu; khz;ldu;. Nfhtpe;juh[u; Myaj;

jpUg;gzp ntw;wpfukhf Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ.

rka Rje;jpuk;

,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; nts;shw;wpd;

Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; fpU\;zgl;bdk; vd;w JiwKfg; gl;bdj;ijj;

Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;. mJNt gpd;du; Nghu;Nlh NehNth (Porto Novo)

vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa

rkag; gug;ghsu;fshd n[];A+l;fs; (Jesuits) rkag; gzpahw;wp

te;jdu;. fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; jPtpukhd itztuhf ,Ue;j

NghjpYk; fpwpj;Jt kjg; gpur;rhuj;ijj; jil nra;atpy;iy. rkag;

nghiwiaf; filg;gpbj;jhu;.

kf;fspd; nry;thf;F

,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; kf;fspilNa kpFe;j

nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;jhu;. NtY}u; ehaf;fu; cl;gl gy Jiz

ehaf;fu;fs; ,tUf;F MjuthfTk; ,tuJ Ml;rpf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;Lk;

,Ue;jdu;. ,ijf; fz;L nghwhj MutPL tp[aefu kd;du;

ntq;flu; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fiuf; fPo;gzpa itf;fj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;.

mjd;gb xU gilia mDg;gp nrQ;rp ehaf;fiug; gzpa itj;jhu;

(1607-1608). mJkl;Lky;y. fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;

flY}upy; xU njhopw;$lj;ijf; fl;bf; nfhs;tjw;fhff; nfhLj;j

cj;juitAk; jpUk;gg; ngwr; nra;jhu;. tp[aefu kd;dupd;

,r;nray; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fUf;F kpFe;j Vkhw;wj;ijAk;>

kdtUj;jj;ijAk;> lr;Rf;fhuu;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;j thf;iff;

fhg;ghw;w Kbahky; Nghdjhy; mtkupahijiaAk; nfhLj;jJ.

kd;dUf;Fk; ehaf;fUf;Fk; ,ilNaahd ,ilntsp mjpfupj;jJ.


ntq;flUf;Fg; gpwF ,uz;lhk; ];uPuq;fu; tp[aefu

kd;duhdhu; (1614-1632). ,tu; fhyj;jpy; cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu; (Civil

War) vOe;jJ. nrQ;rp ehaf;fu; ,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;gu; fg;gk; fl;l

kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. ,tupd; MSiff;Fl;gl;l NtY}u; rq;fu ehaf;fu;

];uPuq;fUf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;jhu;. ,f;fpsu;r;rpia nrQ;rp

fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fUk;> kJiu Kj;J tPug;g ehaf;fUk; Mjupj;jdu;.

tp[a efu kd;du; rhu;ghf vr;rk ehaf;fUk; jQ;ir ,uFehj

ehaf;fUk; ,g;Nghupy; gq;Nfw;wdu;. ,e;j cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu;

%d;whz;Lfs; eilngw;wJ. ,Wjpapy; 1616 Mk; Mz;L

jpUr;rpf;fUNf Njhg;G+upy; eilngw;w Nghupy; NtY}u; rq;fu ehaf;fu;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. gpd;du; rpjk;guj;Jf;fUNf eilngw;w NghupYk;

fpsu;r;rpg;gil Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,ul;ilj; Njhy;tp

167

fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fUf;Fg; ngUk; gpd;dilit Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; gpd;thq;fpr; nrd;W nrQ;rpf; Nfhl;iliaj;

jf;f itj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. ,Wjpapy; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fUk;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L> kd;dpf;fg;gl;L> kPz;Lk; nrQ;rp ehaf;fuhf

epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,e;j cs;ehl;Lg; Nghupy; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhYk;> tp[aefug; Nguurpd; gytPdKk; rupTk;

njspthfj; njupe;jd. Nguurpd; gytPdj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L

nrQ;rp> jQ;ir> kJiu ehaf;fu;fs; Nghu;f;nfhb cau;j;jj;

njhlq;fpdu;.


gP[g;G+u;> Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhdpaq;fs; tp[aefug; NguuRf;F

epue;ju rthy;fshf ,Ue;jd. MutPL tp[aefu muru;fspd;

mf;fiwnay;yhk; ,tu;fsJ Mf;fpukpg;gpypUe;J Nguuirf;

fhg;ghw;WtjpNyNa ,Ue;jJ. Mq;fpNyauJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;

tp[a efug; NguuRf;F vjpuhf kJiu jpUkiy ehaf;fu; jQ;ir>

nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fSld; Nru;e;J nfhz;L tp[aefug; NguuRf;F

vjpuhff; $l;Lr; rjpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. Mdhy; ,r;rjpia jQ;ir

tp[aehaf;fu; tp[aefug; Nguuru; ];uPuq;fUf;Fj; njuptpj;Jtpl;lhu;.

Ry;jhdplk; ruz;

tp[aefug; Nguuru; ];uPuq;fu; nrQ;rp kPJ gilnaLj;Jr;

nrd;W (1645) nrQ;rpg; giliaAk;> kJiug; giliaAk;

Njhw;fbj;jhu;. NtWtopapd;wp kJiu> nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fs;

Nfhy;nfhz;lh> gP[g;G+u; Ry;jhd;fspd; cjtpia ehbdu;. ,ijj;

jq;fSf;Fr; rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Nfhy;nfhz;lh

Ry;jhd; flw;fiu topahfg; gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W lr;Rf;fhuu;

trkpUe;j Gypf;fhl;ilAk; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhu; (1646).

mNjNghd;W gP[g;G+u; Ry;jhdpd; gil NtY}iuAk;> nrQ;rpiaAk;

ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ (1649). ,g;gP[g;G+u; gilnaLg;G nrQ;rp

ehaf;fj;Jf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;jJ.


nrQ;rp ehaf;fj;jpd; tPo;r;rp jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; tpguPj

tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpaJ. nrQ;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpa gP[g;G+u; gil

nrQ;rpf; Nfhl;ilapy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fisAk;>

nry;tj;ijAk; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. gyNfhb &gha; nuhf;fKk;

fzf;fpylq;fh jq;fKk;> eiffSk; nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;ld.

mJkl;Lky;y. nrQ;rp ehaf;f kf;fs; nfhLikfSf;Fs;shapdu;.

kf;fs; fl;lha kjkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;ldu;. kR+jpfs; fl;lg;gl;ld.

mJkl;Lky;y. gP[g;G+u; gil njw;F Nehf;fpr; nrd;W jQ;iriaAk;>

168

kJiuiaAk; R+iwahb gzpar; nra;jJ. jkpo;ehL gP[g;G+u;>

Nfhy;nfhz;lh jatpy; ,Ue;jJ. Kfkjpau; Mjpf;fk; nfhbfl;bg;

gwe;jJ. ,tw;wpd; $l;L tpisthfj; jkpo;ehl;by; njYq;fu;

nry;thf;F gytPdkile;jJ.


1. ahu; kfhehaf;fu; vd;W Gfo; ngw;whu;?

2. ahu; Mde;jfpup vd;w ngaiu ,uh[fpup vd;W khw;wpdhu;?

3. nts;shw;wpd; Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; fpU\;zgl;bdk; vd;w JiwKfg;

gl;bdj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; ahu;?


13-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; filg;gFjpapy; Nrhou; Nguurpd;

tPo;r;rpf;Fg;gpwF jQ;rhT+u; jho;r;rpAw;wJ. mq;F epiyahd Ml;rp

,y;iy. ghz;bag; Nguurpd; gpbf;Fs; rpf;fpaJ Nrho ehL.

mjd;gpwF kJiu Ry;jhd;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpd;fPo;f;

nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;ij tPo;j;jpa tp[aefu;

Nrhoehl;il tp[aefug; Nguurpd; gFjpahf;fptpl;lJ.

fpU\;zNjtuhau; fhyj;jpy; (1509-1530) Nrho ehL kJiu

ehaf;fj;jpd; gFjpahf ,Ue;jJ. mtuJ thuprhd mr;Rjuhau;

fhyj;jpy; (1530-1542) Nrho ehL kJiu ehaf;fj;jpypUe;J

gpupf;fg;gl;L jQ;ir ehaf;fkhf;fg;gl;lJ.


jQ;ir ehaf;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; nrtg;g ehaf;fu;.

mtNu mjd; Kjy; ehaf;fu;. jpk;kg;g ehaf;fupd; kfd; nrtg;g

ehaf;fu;. jpk;kg;g ehaf;fu; tl Mu;f;fhL neLq;Fd;wj;ijj;

jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jtu;. mtu; fpU\;z Njtuhaupd;

thapy; fhg;ghsuhfTk;> jsthahfTk; tpRthrj;Jld;

gzpahw;wpatu;. jpk;kg;g ehaf;fUf;Fk; gahk;gpiff;Fk; kfdhfg;

gpwe;jtu; nrtg;g ehaf;fu;.

ciog;ghy; cau;e;jtu;

nrtg;g ehaf;fu; fpU\;zNjtuhau;> mr;Rjuhau; Mfpa

Nguuru;fspd; fPo;g; gzpahw;wpatu;. mtu;fspd; ek;gpf;ifiaAk;>

ed;kjpg;igAk; ngw;wtu;. mwpTj; jpwikahYk;> Neu;ikahYk;>

mauh ciog;ghYk; cau;e;jtu;. mr;Rjuhaupd; ikj;Jdp

%u;j;jpkhk;ghitj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;ljd; %yk; mur

169

FLk;gj;Jld; cwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;. tp[aefug; Nguuru;

mr;Rjuhau; mtuJ rfiy nrtg;gdiu jQ;ir ehaf;fuhf

epakpj;jhu; (1532). nrtg;g ehaf;fu; jQ;ir kz;ly ehaf;fuhdjd;

%yk; jQ;ir ehaf;f tk;rhtspiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;. jQ;ir

ehaf;fk; jQ;rhT+u;> njd; Mu;f;fhL khtl;lj;jpd; gFjp> jpUr;rp

Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.

nra;j Nritfs;

nrtg;g ehaf;fu; rpwe;j epu;thfp> murpay; tpNtfp> nghJey

ehl;l Kilatu;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; gy nghJeyg;

gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. Fwpg;ghf ePu;g;ghrd trjpiag;

ngUf;Ftjw;fhfj; jQ;irapy; ngupa Fsk; xd;iw ntl;lr;

nra;jhu;. mjw;F rptg;gNdup vd;W ngauplg;gl;lJ. ,tu; rka

rfpg;Gj; jd;ikiaf; filg;gpbj;jhu;. K];yPk; mUl;njhz;lu;fis

Mjupj;J mtu;fSf;Fj; jhdq;fs; nfhLj;jhu;. mNjNghd;W nrtg;g

ehaf;fu; Nghu;r;Rf;fPupaupd; eltbf;iffis Cf;Ftpj;jhu;. mtu;fs;

ehifapy; FbapUg;Gfis mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba

cjtpfisr; nra;jhu;. ehifj; JiwKfj;ijr; nrg;gdpl;lhu;.

lr;Rf;fhuu;fSlDk; el;GwNthL ,Ue;jhu;. jQ;irf; Nfhl;il

fl;lg;gl;lJ. Nfhapy; jpUg;gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

Myaq;fSf;Fg; gy fpuhkq;fs; jhdkhf mspf;fg;gl;ld. nrtg;g

ehaf;fu; ,yf;fpa ehl;lKilatu;. jj;Jt rpe;jidahsu;. gpugy

,yf;fpag;Gyik gilj;j jj;Jtu; kj;th FU tp[apd;jpu jPu;j;ju;

,tuJ muritia myq;fupj;jhu;. RUq;ff;$wpd;> nrtg;g ehaf;fu;

jQ;ir ehaf;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;J> gyg;gLj;jp> Gfo; ngwr;

nra;jhu;.


nrtg;g ehaf;fiug; Nghd;Nw mtUf;Fg;gpd; jQ;ir

ehaf;fuhd mr;Rjg;gUk; tp[aefu tpRthrp. tp[a efug; Nguuru;

mr;Rjg;guhaupd; epidthf ,tUf;F ,g;ngau; R+l;lg;gl;lJ. nrtg;g

ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpNyNa ,tu; gl;lj;J ,sturuhapUe;J

epu;thf mDgtk; ngw;whu;. jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; Nghupd; NghJ (1565)

mr;Rjg;gu; tp[aefuj;Jf;Fg; gil cjtpAk;> nghUs; cjtpAk;

nra;jhu;. gpd;du; ty;yj;jpy; kJiu-nrQ;rp fpsu;r;rpf; $l;Lg;

gilf;Fk; tp[aefug; gilf;Fk; Nghu; %z;l NghJ mr;Rjg;g

ehaf;fu; tp[aefu; NguurUf;Fj; Jizahf ,Ue;jhu;. ,JNt

kJiu-jQ;ir ehaf;fu;fSf;fpilNa jPuh tpNuhjj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;lJ.

,yq;iff;Fk; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpaUf;FkpilNa eilngw;w Nghupy; ,tu;

170

,yq;ifia Mjupj;jhu;. ,g;Nghupy; Njhy;tpAw;w ,yq;if

kd;dUf;F jQ;irapy; milf;fyk; nfhLj;jhu;.

mwg; gzpfs;

mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fupd; gpujk mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jtu; Nfhtpe;j

jPl;rpju;> rpwe;j mwpthsp. mwpTf;$u;ikkpf;f epu;thfp. mr;Rjg;guplk;

Nghu;j; jpwikAk; rkag; gw;Wk; xUq;Nf mike;jpUe;jd. ,tuJ

Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Fk;gNfhzk; kfhkf Fsk; J}u;thug;gl;lJ. gy

Nfhapy;fspd; cl;fl;Lkhdg; gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld; jhdq;fs;

jhuhskhf toq;fg;gl;ld. Fwpg;ghf ];uPuq;fk; Nfhapy;. je;ijiag;

Nghd;Nw ,tUk; ePu;g;ghrdg; ngUf;fj;Jf;Fr; rpwg;gplk; nfhLj;jhu;.

mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fu; jpUthbf;fUNf fhNtupf;Ff; FWf;Nf fl;ba

miz Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. gpuhkzu;fSf;Fg; gy mf;fpufhuq;fs;

fl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. ,tuJ kfd; ,uFehj ehaf;fu;

Atuh[hthf ,Ue;J mr;Rjg;gUf;F cjtpahf ,Ue;jhu;. vdpDk;

mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fupd; filrp fhyj;jpy; mbf;fb Nghu;fSk;

Fog;gq;fSk; Vw;gl;ld. re;jpufpupapYk;> NtY}upYk; ,Ue;j

ehaf;fu;fs; jQ;irf;F thupRupik Nfhupajhy; ,f;Fog;gq;fs;

Vw;gl;ld.


,uFehj ehaf;fu; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;wTld; je;ij

mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fu; tpl;Lr; nrd;w mur ghuj;ij Rkf;f

Ntz;bajhapw;W. ,tu; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu;

Jtq;fpw;W. NtY}iuj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;j

tp[aefug; NguuRf;fhd thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lk; Nghupy; Kbe;jJ.

,g;Nghupy; tp[aefu tpRthrpahd ,uFehj ehaf;fu; gq;Nfw;f

Ntz;ba fl;lhak; Vw;gl;lJ. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Nguurpd; rhu;ghfg;

Nghl;bapl;l vr;rk ehaf;fiu Mjupj;jhu; jQ;ir ehaf;fu;. vr;rk

ehaf;fiu vjpu;j;Jg; Nghl;bapl;l [f;fuhaiu kJiu> nrQ;rp

ehaf;fu;fs; Mjupj;jdu;. ,t;tpU jug;gpdUf;FkpilNa Njhg;G+upy;

eilngw;w Nghupy; (1616) uFehj ehaf;fupd; cjtpAld; NguuRg;

gil ntw;wp ngw;wJ.

Nghupd; tpisT

Njhg;G+u; Nghupd; tpisthf ,uFehj ehaf;fUf;Fg; ngupa

gad; VJk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Njhg;G+u; Nghu; tp[aefug; Nguuir

NkYk; gytPdg;gLj;jpaNj ad;wp ,uFehj ehaf;fupd; epiyia

cau;j;jtpy;iy. jQ;ir ehaf;fUf;Fk; kJiu ehaf;fUf;Fk;

,ilNaahd tpNuhjKk; FNuhjKk; mjpfupj;jdNtad;wp

Fiwatpy;iy. jkpo;ehl;by; ,UngUk; ehaf;fpaq;fspd;

171

jiytu;fshapUe;j ehaf;fu;fs; njYq;fu;fshf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;

,tu;fSf;fpilNa fLikahd nghwhikg; Nghl;b epytpaJ.

gy;fiy ty;ytu;

,uFehj ehaf;fu; gy;fiy ty;ytu;. ,tu; rk];fpUjj;jpYk;

njYq;fpYk; Gyikkpf;ftu;. ,tuJ murit Gytu;fshYk;

,yf;fpag; gilg;ghspfshYk; epiwe;jpUe;jJ. ,uFehju; ,irQhdp.

,tu; Gjpa ,uhfq;fisAk;> jhsq;fisAk;> Nksq;fisAk;

cUthf;fpdhu;. ,tuJ rq;fPj Rjh ,ir gw;wpa tlnkhop

E}yhFk;. ,tuJ kidtp gj;uhk;gh rpwe;j ftpQu;. ,uFehjupd;

,ir kw;Wk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfs; gy. Nfhtpe;j jPl;rpjupd; kfd;

aQ;dehuhazh mtuJ rhfpj;a ,uj;dhfuh vd;w E}ypy;

,uFehjupd; Ml;rpr; rpwg;igg; gw;wp tptupj;Js;shu;. ,uFehju;

kj;Jt Nkijfshd Rjpd;uh> ,uhfNte;uh MfpNahUf;Fg; Gutyu;.

,tuJ muz;kid E}yfNk gpd;du; ru];tjp kfhy; E}yfkhf

tpupTgLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,uFehju; jpwikkpf;f ths; tPr;rhsUk;$l.

Fjpiu rthupapy; ty;ytu;. juq;fk;ghbapy; Nldp\; FbapUg;G

cUthf cjtpatu; (1620). ,JNt gpd;du; Mq;fpNyau; jQ;ir

ehaf;fu;fsplk; tu;j;jf cjtpNfhu toptFj;jJ. ,uFehj ehaf;fu;

jQ;ir ehaf;fu;fspy; jiyrpwe;jtu; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.


,uFehj ehaf;fiuaLj;J jQ;ir ehaf;fuhd tp[auhft

ehaf;fu; tp[aefug; NguuRf;F tpRthrkhf ,Ue;J tpNuhjpahdtu;.

gopghgj;Jf;F mQ;rhjtu;. tp[aefug; Nguuru; %d;whk; ];uPuq;fu;

jdJ Nkyhjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;Lk; nghUl;L jkpo;ehl;bd; kPJ

gilnaLj;J te;j NghJ kJiu> nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fs; fLikahf

vjpu;j;jdu;. Mdhy; tp[auhftu; Nguuriu Mjupj;jhu;. mg;NghJ

kJiuia Ml;rp nra;j jpUkiy ehaf;fu; Nfhy;nfhz;lh

Ry;jhdpd; cjtpNahU ];uPuq;fiuj; Njhw;fbj;jhu;. ];uPuq;fu;

Njhy;tpaile;jij mwpe;j tp[auhft ehaf;fu; kdij khw;wpf;

nfhz;lhu;. Njhy;tpAw;W milf;fyk; Nfl;L te;j ];uPuq;fupd;

Ntz;LNfhis epuhfupj;Jtpl;lhu; tp[auhftu;. vdNt> ];uPuq;fu;

ikR+upy; milf;fyk; Nfl;L nry;yNtz;bajhapw;W.

tp[auhft ehaf;fupd; ,ayhikiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l

gP[g;G+u; Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhd;fs; jQ;ir kPJ gilnaLj;jdu;.

Kjypy; gilnaLj;J te;j Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhdplk;

ruzile;jhu; tp[auhf ehaf;fu;. mjd;gpd; gilnaLj;Jte;j

gP[g;G+u; Ry;jhDf;Fg; gae;J fhl;Lf;Fs; nrd;Wtpl;lhu;. gP[g;G+u;

gil jQ;ir> kd;dhu;Fb> ty;yk; Mfpa ,lq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpaJ.

172

Nrkpj;J itj;jpUe;j nry;tnky;yhk; R+iwahlg;gl;lJ. njhw;W

Neha;f;F mQ;rpa gP[g;G+u; gil gpd;thq;fpr; nrd;wJ.

ghJfhg;G Gwf;fzpg;G

gP[g;G+u; gil gpd;thq;fpr; nrd;wgpd; tdthrj;jpypUe;J

jpUk;gpa tp[auhft ehaf;fu; G+i[ nra;jhy; Ml;rpiaf;

fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;syhk; vd;W ek;gpdhu;. ngUk; nghUl;nrytpy;

etuhj;jpup G+i[ elj;jg;gl;lJ. gpuhkzu;fspd; topfhl;Ljypd;

Ngupy; rkar; rlq;Ffspy; f[hdhitf; fhyp nra;jhu;. murpay;

gpur;ridf;F rkaj;jPu;T vJTkpy;iy vd;gij mwpahj

tp[auhftu; ghJfhg;igg; Gwf;fzpj;jhu;. mjw;fhd tpiyia

tpiutpNyNa nfhLf;f Neupl;lJ.


tp[aefug; Nguuru; %d;whk; ];uPuq;fu; jkpo;ehl;bd; kPJ

gilnaLj;J te;j NghJ kJiu jpUkiy ehaf;fUf;F vjpuhfg;

Nguuriu Mjupf;fhjij kwf;fNth kd;dpf;fNth jahuhapy;iy.

tp[auhftiuj; jz;bf;Fk; nghUl;L kJiu nrhf;fehj ehaf;fu;

jQ;irkPJ gilnaLj;jhu;. tp[auhft ehaf;fu; Nghu;f;fsj;jpNyNa

nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. jQ;ir ehaf;fk; kJiu ehaf;fj;Jld;

,izf;fg;gl;lJ. kJiu nrhf;fehj ehaf;fupd; rNfhjuu; mofpup

jQ;ir MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. jQ;ir ehaf;fk; KbTf;F

te;jJ. mjd;gpd; jQ;ir kuhj;jpau; trkhapw;W.


4. jQ;ir ehaf;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; ahu;?

5. mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fupd; gpujk mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jtu; ahu;?

6. rq;fPj Rjh ,ir gw;wpa tlnkhop E}iy vOjpatu; ahu;.


jkpo; ehL tp[a efug; Nguurpd; gFjpahf ,Ue;j NghJ

,uhZt MSeu;fspd; fPo; gy gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.

MSeu;fs; mkuehaf;fu;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;. mtu;fs;

Ml;rp nra;j gFjpfs; mkuehaf;fjhdq;fs; vd;W ngau; ngw;wd.

tpRtehj ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; (1529-1564) mtuJ jstha;

mupaehj Kjypahuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l 72 ghisaq;fs; kJiu

ehaf;fu;fs; fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dUk; ePbj;jd. nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fSk;

,e;j ghisag;gl;L KiwiaNa gpd;gw;wpdu;. ,j;jifa

epyg;ghFghl;L Kiw jkpo; ehl;Lf;Fg; GjpJ; ghisaf;fhuu;fSk;

173

Gjpatu;. Jtf;fj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd ghisaf;fhuu;fs;

Me;jpuhtpypUe;J te;j ,uhZtj; jiytu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. 16-Mk;

E}w;whz;bd; ,ilg; gFjpapy; tp[a efug; NguuR gytPdg;gl;l

NghJ ,g;ghisaf;fhuu;fs; Rje;jpukhfr; nray;glyhapdu;. ,tu;fs;

jq;fsJ Rje;jpuj;jpy; Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfSk; Mq;fpNyaUk;

jiyapl;lij tpUk;gtpy;iy; vjpu;j;jdu;.

ghisak;

Me;jpu ehaf;fu;fs; Ml;rp nra;tjw;F trjpahfj; jkpo; ehL

gy ghisaq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. ghyK vd;W njYq;fpYk;>

ghisak; vd;W jkpopYk; ifahsg;gLk; ,r;nrhy; Jtf;fj;jpy;

,uhZt Kfhikf; Fwpj;jJ. gpd;du; khtl;lj;Jf;F ,izahd

,g;ghisaq;fs; Ms; epyg; gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gjhapw;W. ghisaq;fs;

ed;F ghJfhf;fg;gl;l epu;thf ikaq;fshfj; jpfo;e;jd. ,it

Gjpa murpay; mikg;Gfshf (Political Units) cUg;ngw;wd.

,uhkehjGuk;> rptfq;if> cilahu;gisak;> mupaY}u;>

ghQ;rhyk;Fwpr;rp Mfpait typikkpf;f Kf;fpa ghisaq;fshFk;.

nghJthf ,tw;iwj; njYq;F ghisaq;fs;> jkpo; ghisaq;fs;

vd;W gpupg;gJz;L. ney;fl;Lk;nrty;> rptfpup> rhj;J}u;> mofhGup

Nghd;w Nkw;Fg; ghisaq;fis jkpo; NgRk; ghisaf;fhuu;fs;

Ml;rp nra;jdu;. khwhf> vl;laGuk;> ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp> fly;Fb

Nghd;w fpof;Fg; ghisaq;fs; njYq;F NgRk; ghisaf;fhuu;fspd;

Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;jd.

10.12. ghisaf;fhuu;

ghisaj;jpd; nrhe;jf;fhuj; jiytu; ghisaf;fhuu; vd;W

miof;fg; gl;lhu;. ,tu;fs; ghisaq;fs; kPJ guk;giu cupik

ngw;wpUe;jdu;; Nfhl;ilfisf; fl;bf; nfhz;L ghJfhg;Gld;

,Ue;jdu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf kJiuia Ml;rp nra;j tpRtehj

ehaf;fu; kJiuia kWrPuikj;j NghJ kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Nfhapy;

cs;spl;l efiur; Rw;wp mfopfSld; $ba ,ul;ilr; Rtu;fSld;

Nfhl;iliaf; fl;bdhu;. Nfhl;iliar; Rw;wp ghisaf;fhuu;fspd;

mYtyfq;fSf;fhf 72 ,ul;il mLf;Ff; fl;llq;fisAk;

fl;bdhu;. 1841 ,y; gpupl;b\; fnyf;lu; gpshf; ngu;d; (Black Burn)

kJiu efiu tpupTgLj;Jtjw;fhf ,f;Nfhl;il muz;fis

mfw;wptpl;lhu;. gisaf;fhuu;fs; ehaf;fupd; gpujpepjpfshf

nray;gl;ldu;. mtu;fs; jq;fsJ eltbf;iffSf;F ehaf;fSf;Fg;

nghWg;ghdtu;fs;. ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; gpujhd gzp tup tR+ypj;jy;

MFk;. tR+ypj;j tupj;njhifapy; %d;wpy; xU gq;if ehaf;fUf;F

jpiwahfr; nrYj;jptpl;L vQ;rpa gq;iff; nfhz;L ghJfhty;

giliag; guhkupj;J nrhe;j nryTf;Fk; itj;Jf; nfhs;s

174

Ntz;Lk;. ghisaj;ij epu;tfpj;jy;> kf;fSf;Fg; ghJfhg;G

mspj;jy;> rl;lk; xOq;if epiyehl;ly;> ePjp toq;fy;>

ehaf;fUf;Fj; Njitg;gLk;NghJ gil tPuu;fis mDg;Gjy;

Nghd;wit ghisaf;fhuupd; gpw nghWg;GfshFk;.


xt;nthU ghisaKk; fpuhkq;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;.

ghisaj;jpd; mjpguhd ghisaf;fhuu; jdf;F cjtp nra;a

mikr;ru;fisAk;> mjpfhupfisAk; epakpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.

mikr;ru;fs; NrdhjpgjpfshfTk; ,Ue;jdu;. jstha;

NrdhjpgjpfSf;Fj; jiytu;. ghisaf;fhuu; jstha; %ykhf

ehaf;fUld; njhlu;G nfhz;lhu;. eilKiwapy; xt;nthU

ghisaf;fhuUk; ju;ghupy; mku;e;J fhl;rpaspj;J xU kd;diug;

Nghd;W jd;dpr;irahf glhNlhgkhf ele;J nfhz;lhu;.

ghisaf;fhuu; Ml;rp Kiw xU tifahd ,uhZt Kbahl;rp

vd;W $wyhk;.

epykhdpa Kiw

ghisaf;fhuu; Ml;rp epykhdpa Kiw (Feudalism)ia

ikakhff; nfhz;L Rod;wJ. tpis epyk; jhd; tUthapd; Cw;W;

tho;f;ifapd; Mjhuk;; murhq;fj;jpd; capu; %r;R. vdNt>

ghisaf;fhuu; tskpf;f epyj;ijj; jd; nrhe;j cgNahfj;Jf;F

itj;Jf; nfhz;L vQ;rpatw;iwg; gpw gpuKfu;fSf;Fg; gpupj;Jf;

nfhLj;jhu;. gpuKfu; Fj;jifjhuu;fs; ,UNtW flikfisr; nra;a

Ntz;Lk;: 1) murhq;fj;Jf;F epytup nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;; 2) neUf;fb

Neuj;jpy; ehaf;fUf;F ,uhZt cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. vdNt>

xt;nthU tptrhapAk; xU Nghu; tPuuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ghisaf;fhuu; epyj;Jf;Fr; nrhe;jf;fhuu; MapDk; cotu;fNs

tpisr;rYf;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jdu;. gapu; rhFgb ,tu;fspd;

ciog;igg; nghWj;Nj ,Ue;jJ. cotu;fs;jhd; epyj;ij cOJ>

tpijj;J> gapiu tsu;j;Jg; ghJfhj;J> rhFgb nra;J>

tpisr;riy xg;gilg;gtu;fs;. vdpDk; ,tu;fs; trpg;gjw;Fj;

Njitahd Fiwe;jgl;r tpisnghUis Cjpakhff; nfhLj;J

tpl;L kPjpiag; ghisaf;fhuu; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;. FLk;gj;

NjitfSf;F cotu;fs; ghisaf;fhuuplkpUe;J gzkhfNth

my;yJ nghUshfNth fld; ngw;W> thq;fpa flidf; nfhLf;f

Kbahky; nfhj;jbikfshf tho;f;ifapd; tpspk;gpNyNa ,Ue;jdu;.

RUq;ff;$wpd;> cotu;fs; fldpy; gpwe;J> fldpy; trpj;J> flidj;

jd; thupRfSf;F tpl;Lr; nrd;wdu;.

175

epiw Fiw

tpisepyk; tpisr;riyg; nghWj;J fupry;> nrk;kz;>

nghl;ly;> fspkz; G+kp vd;W tifg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. nghJthf

tpisr;rypy; ghjp ghisaf;fhuupd; gq;fhf ,Ue;jJ. ,g;gq;F

nghJr; nryT vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ nghJf;

fhupaq;fSf;fhfg; ngwg;gl;l gq;fhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. rupahd

tpisr;ry; kjpg;gPl;L KiwAk;> Kiwahd kh%y;' msTk;

,y;yhikahy; ghisaf;fhuu; jd; Njitf;Nfw;g jd; gq;if

aNjr;irahfj; jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. ,jdhy; tptrhapfSk;>

cotu;fSk; gy;NtW KiwNfLfSf;Fg; gypahapdu;.

,r;Ruz;lypypUe;J jg;gpf;f mtu;fs; tpisr;riyg; gw;wpa jtwhd

jfty;fisj; je;jdu;; ngha;f; fzf;iff; nfhLj;jdu;. ,jdhy; tup

Va;g;G tof;fkhfptpl;lJ. ,J Vkhw;WNthUf;Fk;

Vkhw;wg;gLNthUf;Fkhd Nghl;bahf ,Ue;jJ.

Cu;f;fhty; Kiw

Cu;f;fhty; Kiw jkpo; ehl;bd; ghuk;gupa cs;Shu;

ghJfhg;G KiwahFk;. fhty;fhuu;fs; Cu;g; ghJfhg;Gf;Fg;

nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jdu;. vdpDk;> jkpo;ehL tp[a efug; Nguurpd;

Neub Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;jtiu Cu;f;fhty; Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl

tpy;iy. gpd;du; ehaf;fu;fs; Rje;jpukhfr; nray;glj; Jtq;fpa

NghJ ,g;ghuk;gupag; ghJfhty; Kiw GJg;gpf;fg;gl;L

gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. fhty;fSf;fhd Cjpak; gzkhfNth

nghUshfNth nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. Cu;f;fhty; Kiw jyf;fhty; vd;w

ngaupy; nray;gl;lJ. ,f;fhty; Kiwapd; fhuzkhf fpuhk kf;fs;

mr;rkpd;wp ,Ue;jdu;; gapu;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;ld; fpuhkq;fs;

jpUlu;fspd; jhf;Fjypdpd;Wk; tpLtpf;fg;gl;ld.

jw;fhg;Gg; gil

ghisaf;fhuu;fs; jq;fsJ ghJfhg;Gf;fhfTk;> gfl;L

tho;f;iff;Fk;> r%f me;j];Jf;fhfTk; nrhe;j jw;fhg;Gg; gilia

itj;jpUe;jdu;. ghisaf;fhuu; vq;F nrd;whYk; ,g;gilapd; xU

gpuptpdu; mtUld; nry;tu;. jw;fhg;Gg; gilapy; %d;W gpuptpdu;

,Ue;jdu;: 1) mkUk; gzpahsu;fs;. ,tu;fs; ghisaf;fhuu;fspd;

ek;gpf;iff;Fg; ghj;jpukhdtu;fs;. $g;gpl;l FuYf;F Xb tUgtu;fs;.

,tu;fSf;F epyk; khdpakhf toq;fg;gl;lJ. 2) fl;Lg;gb

gzpahsu;fs;. ,tu;fs; ghisaf;fhuu;fSf;Fg; Nghu;j;

jsthlq;fisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhLg;gtu;fs;. ,tu;fSf;Fk; epyk;

khdpakhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. 3) iff; $ypfs;. ,tu;fs;

mtruj;Jf;Fg; gad;glf;$batu;fs;; MAjk; Ve;jp Nghuplf;

$batu;fs;. ,tu;fs; $ypf;F khubg;gtu;fs;'. ,tu;fSf;F Ntiy

176

ghJfhg;G ,d;ikahy;> Ntiyapd;wp ,Uf;Fk; NghJ nfhiy>

nfhs;is> jpUl;L Nghd;w eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;ldu;.

Nghu; Kiw

ghisaf;fhuu;fs; ngausTf;F ehaf;fUf;Ff;

fl;Lg;gl;ltu;fNsad;wp eilKiwapy; ,tu;fs; Rje;jpukhfr;

nray;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fsJ nrhy;Ny rl;lkhf ,Ue;jJ.

ghisaf;fhuu;fs; muz;fNshL $ba Nfhl;ilfisf; fl;bf;

nfhz;L vjpupfspd; jhf;Fjy;fspypUe;J jq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf;

nfhz;ldu;. ngUk; jhf;Fjy;fisAk; Nfhl;ilf;Fs; ,Ue;J

nfhz;Nl vjpu;nfhz;ldu;. Nfhl;ilfisj; jhz;br; nrd;W

,tu;fis nty;tJ fbdk;. ghisaf;fhuu;fs; gy;NtW Nghu;f;

fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. ehl;Lj; Jg;ghf;fpfSk;> Nty; fk;G>

<l;bfSk; ,tu;fsJ gpujhd MAjq;fs;. ,tw;NwhL gPuq;fp>

ifj;Jg;ghf;fp> Nghu; ths;> Fj;J ths;> Nflak;> $u;q;Nfhy;> tpy;-

mk;G> ftz;> <l;b> ce;Jthzk;> jhf;fpj; jpUk;Gk; ths;jb Nghd;w

MAjq;fisAk; ifahz;ldu;.

ghisaf;fhuu;fs; nghJthf vjpupfis NeubahfNth

my;yJ kiwe;jpUe;J jhf;Fk; Nghu; cj;jpfisg; gpd;gw;wpdu;.

mlu;e;j fhLfisg; gJq;fpf; nfhz;L vjpupfs; kPJ vjpu;ghuh

Neuj;jpy; gha;e;J jhf;fpg; Nguopit Vw;gLj;Jtu;. vjpupapd; Fjpiug;

gilia ,tu;fsJ $u;q;Nfhy; tPuu;fs; Rw;wp tisj;Jj; jpBu;j;

jhf;Fjy; elj;jpr; nraypof;fr; nra;tu;. ,tu;fSf;Fj; Jizahfg;

gPuq;fpg; gilapdUk;> Jg;ghf;fp Ve;jpfSk; Nghupy; fye;J nfhs;tu;.

gilg; gpuptpdu; midtUk; $l;Lj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jp vjpupfspd;

gilfisj; jpf;FKf;fhlr; nra;tu;.

jdpf;fhl;L ,uh[hf;fs;

fpl;lj;jl;l xU E}w;whz;L fhyj;Jf;F Nky; (1650-1760)

ghisaf;fhuu;fs; jkpo; ehl;by; jdpf;fhl;L ,uh[hf;fshfr;

nray;gl;L te;jdu;. gy;NtW topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp ,tu;fsJ

jdpj;jd;ikiaAk;> Rje;jpuj;ijAk;> nry;tj;ijAk;>

nry;thf;ifAk; ngUf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;. ,tu;fs; gaj;jhYk;>

eaj;jhYk;> tPujPu guhf;fpukr; nray;fshYk; ghisa kf;fspd;

Mjuitg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. ehaf;fu; Ml;rp gytPdkhf ,Uf;Fk;

NghJ ghisaf;fhuu;fs; murhq;f fpuhkq;fis Mf;fpukpj;Jf;

nfhz;ldu;. cs;shl;rp epu;thfpfisg; gaKWj;jpg; gzpaitj;J

mtu;fsplkpUe;J kh%y;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. murhq;fj;Jf;F

,uhZt cjtp nra;J murhq;fj;jpd; Mjuitg; ngw;wdu;.

murhq;f MjuTld; ghisaq;fis tpupTgLj;jpdu;; giliag;

ngUf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;. fpuhkq;fis ,uhZt Kfhk;fshf

177

cUkhw;wk; nra;jdu;. murhq;fk; neUf;fbapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ

vjpu;f;fTk; nra;jdu;.


jkpo; ehl;by; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd ghisaf;fhuu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.

kJiu ehl;by; kl;Lk; 72 ghisaq;fs; ,Ue;jd. tp[a efu

Ml;rpapd; NghJ kl;Lk; 200f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ghisaf;fhuu;fs;

,Ue;jdu;. kJiu ehaf;fu;fs; fhyj;jpy; (1549-1736) kJiu> jpUr;rp>

jQ;ir> nrQ;rp Mfpa gFjpfspy; ghisaf;fhuu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.

gpd;du; ,tu;fs; jkpo; ehl;bd; ehd;F jpf;FfspYk; jq;fsJ

Ml;rpia mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. nfhq;F ehl;by; kl;Lk; 10

gykpf;f fTz;lu; ghisaf;fhuu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.

njd;dpe;jpahtpNyNa nfhq;F ehl;by; jhd; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy;

ghisaq;fs; ,Ue;jd. ney;fl;Lk;nrty; (kJiu); ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp>

vl;laGuk; (kJiu-jpUney;Ntyp); rpq;fk;gl;b (jpUney;Ntyp);

fd;dpthb> tpUg;ghl;b (kJiu-jpz;Lf;fy); fhsfjp (re;jpufpup);

kJuhe;jfk; (re;jpufpup-NtY}u;) ghisaf;fhuu;fs;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.


1736-Mk; Mz;L kJiu ehaf;fu; Ml;rp tPo;r;rp mile;j

gpd;du; ghisaq;fs; Fog;gf; fhLfshapd. 1690-fspy; kJiu

ehaf;fu; ehL Mu;f;fhL ethGfspd; Ml;rpapd; fPo;f;

nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ehaf;fu;fSf;Fg; gjpy; ethGfs;

ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; Nkyjpfhupfshapdu;. ghisaf;fhuu;fs;

ethGfSf;Ff; fg;gk; fl;Lk; fl;lhaj;Jf;Fj; js;sg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j

Ml;rp khw;wj;ijg; ghisaf;fhuu;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy; NtW topapd;wp

Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. 1750-fspy; Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs; Mq;fpNyaupd;

Mjpf;ff; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; te;jNghJ mtu;fs; ghisaf;fhuu;fspd;

GJ Nkyhz;ikf;F xU Nky;epyf;fohuhapdu;. Mq;fpNyau; tup

tR+iyj; jPtpug;gLj;jpa NghJ mtu;fSf;Fk;

ghisaf;fhuu;fSf;FkpilNa Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gl;ld; ,e;j Nkhjy;fs;

fpsu;r;rpfshf khwpd.


1715 nrg;lk;gu; Kjy; Njjp jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy;

rq;fud;NfhapYf;F mUfhikapy; cs;s MTilahu;Guk; vd;w

fpuhkj;jpy; rpj;jpuGj;jpu NjtUf;Fk;> rptQhd ehr;rpahUf;Fk;

kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu; G+ypj;Njtd;. ,tUf;F ,sikapNyNa

jkpohu;tKk;> ftpijg;ghLk; jpwDk;> RakupahijAk;> Rje;jpu

178

czu;Tk; ,ay;ghfNt mike;jpUe;jd. tPukpf;f G+ypj;Njtd;

Gypiaf; nfhd;wjhy; ,tUf;Fg; Gypj;Njtd; vd;w ngau;

te;jjhff; $Wtu;. ,tUf;F ,aw;ngaiutpl fhuzg; ngauhd

Gypj;Njtd; vd;w ngaNu kf;fs; kdjpy; epiyj;Jtpl;lJ; mJNt

kuGtopg; gl;lg;ngauhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

ney;fl;lhd; nrty;

G+ypj;Njtd; gpwe;j MTilahu;Guj;J kf;fs; kJiu ehaf;f

kd;du;fSf;F ney;iyf; fg;gkhff; fl;b te;jikahy; me;j Cu;

ney;fl;Lk; nrty; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. G+ypj;Njtd; ney;fl;Lk;

nrty; ghisaf;fhuu; nghWg;Ngw;w gpwFk; jk; kf;fs;

fg;gf;fhzpf;if nrYj;Jtij tpUk;gtpy;iy. vdNt> Mu;f;fhl;L

ethG KfkJ myp Mq;fpNyaupd; Jiznfhz;L epytup tR+iyj;

jPtpug;gLj;jpa NghJ G+ypj;Njtd; tup nrYj;j kWj;jhu;. ,tu;

ney;iyf; fg;gkhff; fl;l kWj;jikahy; ney;fl;Lk; nrty;

ney;fl;lhd; nrty; Mapw;W. ,g;ngau; khw;wk; G+ypj;Njtdpd;

Nghuhl;l czu;tpd; rpd;dkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.

Kjy; Nkhjy;

Mw;fhl;L ethG KfkJ myp kJiuia fu;ehlfj;Jld;

,izj;Jf; nfhz;l gpwF (1736) Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdpapd; MjuNthL

Mjpf;fk; nrYj;j Kw;gl;lNghJ njd;Nfhb jkpo; ehl;Lg;

ghisaf;fhuu;fs; mk;Kaw;rpia vjpu;j;jdu;. me;j vjpu;g;ig

xUKfg;gLj;jp tbtk; nfhLj;jhu;> Jzpe;J ethg;-Mq;fpy

Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;jhu; G+ypj;Njtd;. mtu; xj;j kdg;ghd;ikAila

gpw ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; Jiz nfhz;L rthiy vjpu;f;nfhs;sj;

jPu;khdpj;jhu;. Nkw;Fg;Gwg; ghisaf;fhuu;fisf; nfhz;l Nkw;Ff;

$l;likg;ig (Western Confederacy) cUthf;fpdhu;. Mu;f;fhl;L

ethgpd; kfd; khg fhd; jiyikapyhd gilia G+ypj;Njtdpd;

$l;lzp Njhw;fbj;jJ. G+ypj;Njtdpd; Kjy; Nkhjy; ntw;wp

ngw;wJ. ,jd; %yk; Mq;fpNyaupd; MjuNthL Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l

ethgpd; Mjpf;f Kaw;rpia Kwpabf;f KbAk; vd;gij ep&gpj;jhu;

G+ypj;Njtd;.

Kw;Wif Kwpabg;G

khg fhd; G+ypj;Njtdpd; $l;lzpg; gilaplk;

Njhy;tpaile;j gpd; Mu;f;fhL ethG Mq;fpNyaupd; cjtpia

ehbdhu;. ethgpd; gytPdj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Mq;fpyf;

fk;ngdp jpUr;rpf;Fk; fd;dpahFkupf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l

ghisaq;fisj; jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L tUk;

Nehf;Fld; nùhd; (Heron) jiyikapy; xU gilia

mDg;gpaJ. mg;gil gy ghisaq;fisg; gzpa itj;Jtpl;Lj;

179

jpUk;Gk; topapy; nùhd; ethgpd; Nkyhjpf;fj;Jf;Fg; gzpa

kWj;j G+ypj;NjtDf;Fg; ghlk; fw;gpf;f KbT nra;jhu;.

ney;fl;lhd; nrty; Kw;Wifaplg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Kw;Wifiag; gw;wp

Kd;$l;bNa xw;wu; %yk; mwpe;jpUe;j G+ypj;Njtd; jf;f

Kd;Ndw;ghl;Lld; nùhdpd; jhf;Fjiy vjpu;f;nfhz;lhu;. Mq;fpyg;

gilf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fs; fpilf;fhky; nra;jhu;.

ney;fl;lhd;nrty; Kw;Wif Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ. nùhd;

GwKJfpl;Lg; gpd;thq;fpdhu;. Mq;fpyg; gil G+ypj;Njtdplk;

Njhw;wJ. G+ypj;Njtdpd; mu;g;gzpg;Gg; gil> jPu;f;fkhd jiyik>

,uh[je;jpuk; ,t;ntw;wpf;Ff; ifnfhLj;jd.

fsf;fhL Kw;Wif

G+ypj;Njtdplk; Njhy;tpfz;l khg fhd; kPz;Lk; jd;

mjpfhuj;ij epiyepWj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fj;NjhL kPz;Lk;

ghisag; gilAld; NkhJk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. khg fhd;

jpl;lj;ij Kd;$l;bNa mwpe;j G+ypj;Njtd; Mu;f;fhL ethgpd;

gzpapypUe;j jpwikkpf;f KNlkpah (Mudemiah)> kpahd; (Mian)>

egpfhd; (Nabi Khan) Nghd;Nwhiuj; jd; gf;fk; ,Oj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.

NkYk;> jpUtpjhq;$u; kd;du; khu;j;jhz;ltu;khtplk; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij

elj;jp 4000 Nghu; tPuu;fis tutioj;jhu; G+ypj;Njtd;.

tof;fk;Nghy kwtu; gil mtUf;Fj; Jiz epd;wJ.

G+ypj;Njtdpd; $l;lzpg; gil khg fhdpd; Fjpiug; gilia

,ilepWj;jp epiyFiyar; nra;jJ. khg fhd; trkpUe;j fsf;fhL

Nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifapl;lhu;. me;epiyapy; jpUtpjhq;$upy; ntbj;j

fpsu;r;rpia mlf;Ftjw;fhf jd; tPuu;fis tpyf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;

khu;j;jhz;ltu;kh. vdpDk; khg fhd; fsf;fhL Nfhl;iliaj;

jpUk;gg; ngw Kbahky; jLj;Jtpl;lhu; G+ypj;Njtd;. fsf;fhL

Kw;Wif G+ypj;Njtupd; ngUikia NkYk; cau;j;jpaJ.

kPz;Lk; Kw;Wif

khg fhd; fsf;fhl;il G+ypj;NjtuplkpUe;J kPl;fj;

jPu;khdpj;jhu;. mtuJ Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f Mu;f;fhL ethGk;

Mq;fpNyaupd; uhZt cjtpiag; ngw;Wj; je;jhu;. ,k;Kiw

Njitahd czTg; nghUs;fisAk;> $Ljy; gilAlDk; khg

fhd; fsf;fhL Nehf;fp te;jhu;. ,ij Kd;$l;bNa mwpe;j

G+ypj;Njtd; khg fhd; gilkPJ jpBu;j; jhf;Fjiy elj;jpdhu;;

nghUl;fs; nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;ld. ,j;jpBu;j; jhf;Fjy; ethGf;Fk;

Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; mjpu;r;rpiaf; nfhLj;jJ. khg fhd; fsf;fhl;il

Kw;Wifapl;Lf; ifg;gw;Wk; Kaw;rpiaf; iftpl;L jpUney;Ntyp

KfhKf;Fj; jpUk;gpdhu;.

nrtYf;Fr; rthy;

G+ypj;Njtdpd; Nfhl;ilahd ney;fl;lhd;nrtiyf;

ifg;gw;wptpl;lhy; G+ypj;Njtidg; gzpa itj;Jtplyhk; vd;W

180

vz;zpa khg fhd; kPz;Lk; mij Kw;Wifapl;lhu;. G+ypj;Njtd;

$Ljy; gilapdUld; ney;fl;lhd;nrty; Nfhl;iliag;

gyg;gLj;jpapUe;jikahy; khg fhdpd; Kaw;rp ,k;KiwAk; ntw;wp

ngwtpy;iy. me;j Mj;jpuj;jpy; ethgpd; epyq;fis R+iwahba

fs;su; gilapdiu %u;f;fkhfj; jhf;fpr; rpjwbj;jhu; khg fhd;.

,jdhy; G+ypj;Njtdpd; gilgyk; ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

];uPtpy;ypGj;J}u; Kw;Wif

ghisaf;fhuu;fs; kJiu mur guk;giuiar; Nru;e;jtu;fs;

vd;Wk;> Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs; kJiuia Mf;fpukpj;jtu;fs; vd;Wk;

fUjpa G+ypj;Njtd; kJiuia kPl;f KbT nra;jhu;. NkYk; gy

Nkw;Fg; gf;fk; ghisaf;fhuu;fisj; jd; $l;likg;gpy; Nru;j;Jf;

nfhz;lhu;. fpof;fj;jpa ghisaf;fhuu;fs; ethgpd; mlf;F Kiwf;F

mQ;rp G+ypj;NjtDld; Nruj; jaq;fpdhYk;> ghisaf;fhuu;fs;

fu;ehlf ethG-Mq;fpNyaf; $l;lhjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhf xj;Jiof;f

xg;Gjy; mspj;jdu;. mNjNghd;W> kJiug; ghisaf;fhuu;fSk;

G+ypj;NjtDf;F Nerf;fuk; ePl;bdu;. njhlu; ntw;wpfshy; ngupJk;

Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l G+ypj;Njtd; tpupTgLj;jg;gl;l ghisaf;fhuu;

$l;likg;Gf;Fj; jiyikg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;.

G+ypj;Njtd; ];uPtpy;ypGj;J}u; topahfr; nrd;W kJiuia

ethgplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;. mj;jpl;lj;jpd;gb mtu;

$l;likg;Gg; gilapdUld; ];uPtpy;ypGj;J}iu mile;J mf;Nfhapy;

efuf; Nfhl;ilia mg;Jy; ,ufPkpd; gpbapdpd;Wk; ifg;gw;wpdhu;.

ve;j ,lj;jpYk; vjpupg; gilAld; Nkhjhky; kiwe;jpUe;J jhf;fp

mtu;fis Mr;ru;aj;jpy; tPo;j;jpdhu; G+ypj;Njtd;. ethgpd; tPuu;fs;

epiyFiye;jdu;; gyu; Nfhl;ilf;Fs; ruzile;jdu;; NkYk; gyu;

jg;gpr; nrd;wdu;. ,t;tPukpF ntw;wp G+ypj;Njtdpd; Gfiog;

gd;klq;F ngUf;fpw;W. kjpy;Nky; G+idfshf ,Ue;j

ghisaf;fhuu;fSk; G+ypj;Njtd; gf;fk; Nru Kd;te;jdu;.

RUq;ff;$wpd;> ];uPtpy;ypGj;J}u; ntw;wp G+ypj;Njtdpd; jiyikf;Ff;

fpilj;j kzp kFlkhFk;.


G+ypj;Njtdpd; kpd;dy;Ntf Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fz;l

Mu;f;fhl;L ethGk;> Mq;fpNyaUk; fyf;fKw;wdu;. ,yl;rpa

ntwpNahL> jpl;lkpl;L Kd;NdWk; G+ypj;Njtidj; jLj;J epWj;j

KbT nra;jdu;. mjw;Nfw;g ,uhZt cj;jpfis tFj;jdu;.

,k;Kiw ,uhZtj; jhf;Fjy; nghWg;ig Mq;fpNyau; Vw;Wf;

nfhz;ldu;. khg fhdpd; jpwikapd;ikia cWjp nra;J nfhz;l

Mq;fpNyau; gy;jpwd;kpf;f fhd;rhfpig jsgjpahf epakpj;J

ghisaf;fhuu;fSf;F vjpuhf mDg;gpdu;. fhd;rhfpG jpUney;Ntyp

nrd;W Kfhkpl;L ghisaf;fhuu; vjpu;g;ig vjpu;f;nfhs;sj;

181

jpl;lkpl;lhu;. ,jd; %yk; Mq;fpNyau; ghisaf;fhuu;fs; rk;ke;jkhf

Neubahfj; jiyapl;ldu;. mjhtJ fhd;rhfpigf; fUtpahff;

nfhz;L> njd; jkpo; ehl;by; rl;lk; xOq;if epiyehl;b> tup

tR+iy Neubahf Nkw;nfhs;sj; jpl;lkpl;ldu; Mq;fpNyau;.

jpUney;Ntyp jhf;Fjy;

kJiuiaf; ifg;gw;WtJ cWjpahfptpl;l epiyapy;

$l;likg;Gg; gilj; jiytu;fs; rpyu; ethgpd; ,uhZt Kfhkhd

jpUney;Ntypiaf; ifg;gw;wptpl;lhy; kJiuia kPl;gJ vspJ vd;w

khw;Wj; jpl;lj;ij Kd;itj;jdu;. njw;Nf jpUney;NtypiaAk;>

Nkw;Nf kJiuiaAk; ifg;gw;wpa gpd;du; ethigAk;

Mq;fpNyaiuAk; xUNru tpul;LtJ vspjhfptpLk; vd;W mtu;fs;

thjpl;ldu;. $l;likg;Gj; jiytu;fspd; fUj;Jf;F kjpg;gspj;j

G+ypj;Njtd; jpUney;Ntypiaf; ifg;gw;Wk; Nehf;Fld;

$l;Lg;gilia topelj;jpr; nrd;whu;. G+ypj;Njtdpd; jpBu;g;

Nghu;j;jpl;l khw;wj;ij mwpe;j fhd;rhfpG fpof;Fg; gFjpg;

ghisaf;fhuu;fSs; rpyiu jd;gf;fk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;L

jpUney;Ntypapy; jd; epiyiag; gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;.

,e;epiyapy; G+ypj;Njtdpd; gil jpUney;Ntypiaj; jhf;fpaJ.

1756 khu;r; 21 Mk; Njjp Jtq;fpa jpUney;Ntyp Nghupy;

G+ypj;Njtdpd; $l;Lg; gilf;F gpd;dilT Vw;gl;lJ. $l;Lg;

gilapdu; gpupe;J gpd;thq;fj; Jtq;fpdu;. Nguopit re;jpf;f

tpUk;ghj G+ypj;Njtd; jd; gil tPuu;fSld; ney;fl;lhd;

nrtYf;Fj; jpUk;gpdhu;.

jpUney;Ntypiaf; ifg;gw;Wjy;

jpUney;Ntypj; jhf;Fjy; Njhy;tpapypUe;J ney;fl;lhd;

nrtYf;Fj; jpUk;gpa G+ypj;Njtd; Gjpa Nghu;f; nfhs;ifia

tFj;jhu;. mjd;gb ethg;-Mq;fpNyaUld; rkurg; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij

elj;jpf; nfhz;L mtu;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gFjpfisj; jhf;fpr;

rPuopg;gJ. ,e;j ,UKidf; nfhs;ifapd;gb kJiuapy; Gjpjhf

epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;j jPu;j;jhug;g KjypAld; fg;gk; fl;lj; jahuhf

,Ug;gjhfg; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;jpf; nfhz;Nl ethgpd; epyq;fisr;

R+iwahl fs;su;fis mDkjpj;jhu; G+ypj;Njtd;. gpd;thq;fpg; Nghd

ghisaf;fhuu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jp kPz;Lk; $l;likg;igg;

GJg;gpj;jhu;. fpof;Fg; gFjpg; ghisaf;fhuu;fs; rpyu; mDg;gpa

giltPuu;fisAk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;L> fhl;L topahfr; nrd;W

jpUney;Ntyp kPJ jpBu;j; jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdhu; G+ypj;Njtd;.

mjpu;r;rpf;Fs;shd vjpupg; gilapdu; nraypoe;jdu;. jpUney;Ntyp

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

182

ghisaq;Nfhl;il Kw;Wif

jpUney;Ntypiaf; ifg;gw;wp tYthd epiyapy; ,Ue;j

G+ypj;Njtdpd; ftdj;ijj; jpir jpUg;Gk; nghUl;L Mq;fpyg;

gilj; jsgjp fhd;rhfpG ghisaq;Nfhl;ilf;F tpiue;J nrd;W

Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. ,ij mwpe;j G+ypj;Njtd;

ghisak;Nfhl;ilf;F tpiue;J nrd;W Nfhl;iliar; Rw;wp

tisj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. Nfhl;ilf;Fs;spUe;j vjpupg; gilapdUf;F

czTg; nghUl;fs; nry;tijj; jLj;J epWj;jpdhu;. gpd;du; mtuJ

giltPuu;fs; Nfhl;ilapd; kPJ Vw Kw;gl;lNghJ Mq;fpyg;

gilapd; gPuq;fpj; jhf;FjYf;F ,yf;fhapdu;. NtWtopapd;wp

G+ypj;Njtd; ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapypUe;J gpd;thq;f Neupl;lJ.

kPz;Lk; jpUney;Ntyp Kw;Wif

ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapypUe;J jg;gp fhl;Lf;Fs; nrd;w

G+ypj;Njtd; kJiuia kPl;Fk; ,yl;rpaj;NjhL nray;gl;lhu;.

jpUney;Ntypapy; vQ;rpapUe;j ikR+u; mjpfhupfSld; njhlu;G

nfhz;L ,uhZt cjtpia ehbdhu;. khg fhidAk; mtuJ

Coy; mjpfhupfisAk; nghUshir fhl;bj; jd;gf;fk; ,Oj;Jf;

nfhz;lhu;. kPz;Lk; ghisaf;fhuu; $l;likg;igg; GJg;gpj;jhu;.

jpUney;Ntypiaf; ifg;gw;wpa gpd;du; kJiuia kPl;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;w jpl;lg;gb jpUney;Ntyp kPJ gilnaLj;jhu; G+ypj;Njtd;.

,jw;fpilNa fhd;rhfpG fsf;fhL> ghg;ghd;Fsk;> Mo;thu;f;Fwpr;rp>

gpukNjrk;> jud;Fwpr;rp Mfpa gFjpfisf; ifg;gw;wp G+ypj;Njtdpd;

$l;likg;Gg; gil gyj;ijg; gytPdg; gLj;jpdhu;. vdNt>

G+ypj;Njtd; jpUney;Ntypiaf; ifg;gw;Wk; Kaw;rpiaf; iftpl;Lj;

jpUk;gpdhu;.

,Wjpg; Nghuhl;lk;

G+ypj;Njtidg; Gwq;fhz;gJ vspjy;y vd;gijg; Gupe;J

nfhz;l fhd;rhfpG mtiu R+o;r;rpj; jpwdhy; tPo;j;j KbT

nra;jhu;. gy ghisaf;fhuu;fis $l;likg;gpypUe;J gpupj;jhu;.

rgykdKila khg fhid tpiyf;F thq;fpdhu;. jpUtpjhq;$u;

kd;dupd; ,uhZt cjtpiag; ngw;whu;. ,j;jifa eltbf;iffs;

%yk; G+ypj;Njtid jdpikg;gLj;jpdhu; fhd;rhfpG. mjd; gpd;du;

fhd;rhfpG G+ypj;Njtdpd; gykpf;f thRNjtey;Y}u; Nfhl;ilia

Kw;Wifapl;L xUkhj fhy Nghuhl;lj;Jf;Fg; gpd; ifg;gw;wpdhu;.

rhj;J}u; Nfhl;ilf;Fs; Kfhkpl;bUe;j G+ypj;Njtidj; jd;

R+o;r;rpj; jpwdhy; Nfhl;ilia tpl;L ntspNawr; nra;jhu;

fhd;rhfpG. Nfhl;ilia tpl;L ntspNawpa G+ypj;Njtd; vjpupapd;

,uhZt Kfhk;fisj; jhf;fp Nguopit Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. Cj;Jkiyf;

Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. ,tw;why; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l

G+ypj;Njtd; ghisak;Nfhl;iliaAk;> jpUney;NtypiaAk;

ifg;gw;Wk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. Mdhy; G+ypj;Njtdpd; ,Wjp

183

Kaw;rpia Kwpabj;jhu; fhd;rhfpG. 1761 ,y; ney;fl;lhd; nrty;

Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. fhl;Lf;Fs; jg;gpr; nrd;w

G+ypj;Njtdpd; kiwT ,d;W tiu mtpo;f;fg;glhj tuyhw;W

Kbr;rhfNt cs;sJ. ,Jgw;wp tuyhw;W Mjhukw;w gy fijfs;

fw;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

kjpg;gPL

ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; ,uhZt Ml;rpapd; fPo; epykhdpa

Kiw tof;fj;Jf;F te;jJ. mjd; jhf;fj;jhy; jkpou;fs; ngupJk;

ghjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. Fwpg;ghf> cotu;fSk; ciog;ghspfSk;

gd;Kidr; Ruz;lYf;F ,yf;fhapdu;. ghisaf;fhuu;fs; jq;fsJ

jdpj;jd;ikiaAk;> Rje;jpuj;ijAk; ,of;fj; jahuhf ,y;iy.

kJiu ehaf;f kd;du;fspd; thupRfshff; fUjpf; nfhz;l ,tu;fs;

Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfis me;epauhfTk;> jq;fsJ kuGupikiag;

gwpj;Jf; nfhz;ltu;fshfTk; fUjp vjpu;j;J te;jdu;. ethGfis

Mjupj;j Mq;fpNyaiuAk; mayhu;fshfNt vz;zp vjpu;j;jdu;.

,e;j vjpu;g;Gf;F xU ,yf;ifAk;> tbtj;ijAk; nfhLj;J ethG-

Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lg; ghijiag; Nghl;Lf;

nfhLj;jtu; G+ypj;Njtd;. ,yl;rpaf; fdTld; me;epa Mjpf;fj;Jf;F

vjpuhf ney;ypf;fha;fshf ,Ue;j ghisaf;fhuu;fis xd;W

Nru;j;J> xU $l;likg;gpd; fPo;f; nfhz;L te;J> mjw;Fj;

jiyikjhq;fp> Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpa Kjy; tpLjiyg; Nghuhsp

G+ypj;Njtd;. ,tu; gpw NghuhspfSf;F Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jhu;.

,tuJ Njhy;tp ,tUf;Fg; gpd; te;NjhUf;F tuyhw;Wg;

ghlkhapw;W.


7. mkuehaf;fu;fs; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;ldu;.

8. ghyK vd;why; vd;d?

9. kJiu ehl;by; vj;jid ghisaq;fs; ,Ue;jd.


1. itag;g ehaf;fu;

2. fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;

3. ,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;

4. nrtg;g ehaf;fu;

5. Nfhtpe;j jPl;rpju;

6. ,uFehj ehaf;fu;

7. MSeu;

8. ghisak;

9. 72 ghisaq;fs;

184


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fs; Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.

2. jQ;ir ehaf;fu;fspd; tPo;r;rpia vOJf.

3. ghisaj;jpd; tsu;r;rpia vOJf.

tpupthd tpdhf;fs;

1. kJiuapd; tsu;r;rpapy; ehaf;fu;fspd; gq;F gw;wp tpthjp.

2. nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fspd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tPo;r;rpia vOJf.

3. G+ypj;Njtdpd; epu;thfk; Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf.








ntq;fNlrd; f. jw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW



myF – 11

INuhg;gpa nry;thf;fpd; Muk;gk; - Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;- lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; -

Nldpau;fs; - Mq;fpNyau; - gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; - Mq;fpNyh - gpuQ;R

Nghl;b - Mq;fpNyh ikR+u; Nghu;fs;.

ghl mikg;G

11.1. Kd;Diu

11.2. Nehf;fq;fs;



11.3.2. Gdpj jhk];

185



11.5. Nldpau;fs;

11.5.1.fy;tpg; gzp

11.5.2. rKjhag;gzp

11.6. Mq;fpNyau;fs;



11.8.1. Kjy; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1767-1769






11.8.3. ,uz;lhk; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1780-1784




11.8.4. %d;whk; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1790-1792






11.8.4.4.2. tpisTfs;



11.8.5.2. tpisTfs;




11.1. Kd;Diu

17-Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;gpau; jkpo; ehl;Lf;F te;jNghJ

jkpo; ehl;ilj; jkpou;fs; Ml;rp nra;atpy;iy. mg;NghJ jkpo;

ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jtu;fs; tu;j;jf cwTf;fhf te;j

ntspehl;ltUf;Ff; fjTfisj; jhuhskhfj; jpwe;J tpl;ldu;.

Nghjpa Mjutspj;jdu;. ,j;jhuhs kdg;ghd;ikiag; gad;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;l Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; kjkhw;wj;jpy; <Lgl;ldu;. lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;

tu;j;jfj;ijg; ngUf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;. Nldpau;fs; Nru;e;j

nry;tj;ijr; nrytpl;L juq;fk;ghbia mtu;fsJ gz;ghl;L

186

efukhf;fpdu;. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; Mjpf;fg; Nghl;bapy; mjpf

mf;fiw fhl;bdhYk; ghz;br;Nrupia khjpup efukhf khw;wpdu;.

Mq;fpNyaUf;Fj; njspthd Fwpf;NfhSk;> jPu;f;fkhd

mZFKiwAk;> gzgyKk;> tu;j;jf ntw;wpAk; mtu;fs; gpw

INuhg;gpag; Nghl;bahsu;fis ,Wjpapy; ntw;wp ngw Kbe;jJ.

midj;J Kf;fpa INuhg;gpa ehLfSk; jkpo; ehl;by; tu;j;jf-

murpaypy; mf;fiw nfhz;bUe;jdu; vd;Wk;> mjd; fhuzkhfj;

jkpo; ehL ,uhZt Kf;fpaj;JtKila gFjpahf tpsf;fpaJ.

,e;j mj;jpahkhdJ INuhg;gpau;fs; jkpofj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpa

nry;thf;fpidAk; mtu;fSf;Fs; epfo;e;j Nghu;fisAk;

tpsf;FfpwJ

11.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


KbAk;

• INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUif kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; Mf;fg;gzpfs; gw;wp

mwpa cjTfpwJ.

• INuhg;gpau;fspd; tu;j;jfg; Nghl;bia tptupf;fpwJ.

• INuhg;gpau;fs; kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpa kd;du;fSld; Vw;gl;l

Nghu;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; jhf;fk; Fwpj;J tpthjpf;fpwJ.


fs;spf;Nfhl;ilapy; fhY}d;wpa Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau; (1498)>

Nfhthitj; jq;fsJ jiyikafkhff; nfhz;L (1510)> 1522 Mk;

Mz;L jkpo; ehl;bd; tlNkw;Fg; gFjpapy; nry;tr; nropg;NghbUe;j

ikyhg;G+upy; cs;s rhe;Njhkpy; jq;fsJ FbapUg;ig mikj;jdu;.

rhe;Njhk; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; tu;j;jfj;Jf;Fk;> kjg;

gpur;rhuj;Jf;Fkhd Kf;fpa ikakhf ,Ue;jJ.


jkpo; ehl;Lf;F te;j Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau; tu;j;jf tpupthf;fj;jpy;

Cf;fj;Jld; nray;gl;ldu;. mtu;fs; nrQ;rpapy; xU tu;j;jff;

FbapUg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdu;. Nghu;l;NlhNehNthitj; JiwKf efuhf

khw;wpdu;. jQ;ir nrtg;g ehaf;fupd; (1532-1580) Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;

Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; FbNawp mij xU tu;j;jf

efukhf tpupTgLj;jpdu;. ehif> rPdh> kyhf;fh Nghd;w ehLfSld;

tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jdu;. tu;j;jf tpupthf;fKk;> rkag;

187

gpur;rhuKk; Nghu;r;Rf;fPupaupd; ,ul;ilf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fshFk;. mtu;fs;

tu;j;jfg; ngUf;fj;ijtpl kjkhw;wj;jpy; mjpf mf;fiw fhl;bdu;.

mtu;fs; rhe;Njhkpy; FbNawpaTld; mq;F xU Njthyaj;ijf;

fl;bdu;. mJNt mtu;fsJ rkag; gpur;rhuf; Nfe;jpukhapw;W.

Nkw;Ff; flw;fiug; gFjpfspy; rkag; gpur;rhuj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L

mq;fpUe;j kPdtu;fis kjkhw;wk; nra;jdu;. Nrho kz;lyKk;>

J}j;Jf;FbAk; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpaupd; kjkhw;w tl;lj;Jf;Fs; te;jd.

J}j;Jf;Fbg; gutu;fs; (Paravas) tp[a efug; Nguurpd; tpRthrpfs;.

vdpDk;> mg;NguuR mtu;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa rKjhag; ghJfhg;G

mspf;ftpy;iy. NkYk;> mtu;fs; ehaf;fu;fspd; nfhLikfSf;F

,yf;fhapdu;. mjdhy; ntWg;gile;j gutu;fs; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpaupd;

cjtpia ehbdu;. kjkhw;wj;jpy; Nguhu;tkpf;f Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau; me;j

tha;g;igg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L 1583 Mk; Mz;L gutu;fSld;

jq;fp> mtu;fSila ek;gpf;ifiag; ngw;W> mtu;fSila

rk;kjj;Jld; kjkhw;wk; nra;jdu;. xNu ehspy;

E}w;Wf;fzf;fhNdhUf;F jPr;ir (Baptism) nra;J itf;fg;gl;lJ.

“tp[a efug; Nguurpd; myl;rpag; Nghf;Fk;> ehaf;fu;fspd;

nfhLq;Nfhd;ikAk; gutu;fspd; kjkhw;wj;Jf;Ff; fhuzk; vd;W

$Wfpwhu;” Nf.uh[a;ad;. kjkhw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf J}j;Jf;Fb

Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpaupd; nry;thf;F ikakhapw;W vdf; fUJfpwhu;

rp.v.rPdpthrhr;rhup. kjkhw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd

gpw;gLj;jg; gl;l> jPz;lj;jfhNjhu; vd;W Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l> gy;NtW

r%ff; nfhLikfSf;F cs;shd FLk;gq;fs; GJtho;T ngw;wdu;;

mtu;fSf;F r%f mq;fPfhuKk;> milahsKk; fpilj;jJ.

11.3.2. Gdpj jhk];

fhtyd; Gdpj jhk]; (St.Thomas) Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpaupd; Kjy;

rkag; gpur;rhufuhff; fUjg;gLfpwhu;. Nuhkd; fj;Njhypf;fuhd ,tu;

fp.gp.52-y; ghyjPdj;jpypUe;J Nfushtpy; cs;s nfhLq;fY}Uf;F

te;jjhfTk;> mq;F mtu; 20 Mz;Lfs; (fp.gp.52-72) rkaj; njhz;L

nra;J te;jjhfTk;> mtu; ,e;Jf;fis kjkhw;wk; nra;jhu; vd;W

Mj;jpukile;j rdhjd rkathjpfs; jhkirf; nfhiy nra;a

Kad;wjhfTk;> mf;nfhiy Kaw;rpapypUe;J jg;gpa mtu;

ikyhg;G+u; kiyKfl;Lf;F te;J mq;F xU Njthyaj;ijf;

fl;bdhu; vd;gJk; tof;fhW. fp.gp.72 Mk; Mz;L Gdpj jhk xU

fy; kPJ mku;e;J gpuhu;j;jidapy; Mo;e;jpUe;j NghJ rka

ntwpau;fshy; Fj;jpf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. mtuJ cly; mtuhy;

fl;lg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk; Njthyaj;Jf;Fs;NsNa xU

fy;yiwapy; (sepulcher) ey;ylf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. gpd;du;

,j;Njthyak; Mq;fpNyau;fshy; Nfhjpf; (Gothic) fl;blf;fiy

188

ghzpapy; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,d;Wk; ,e;jj; 'Njthyak; Gdpjkhd

ahj;uPfj; jykhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.


1. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpaupd; jiyefu; vJ?

2. rhe;Njhk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ?


lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpauplkpe;J Kw;wpYk;

khWgl;ltu;fs;. ,tu;fs; rka Nehf;fk; vJTkpd;wp tu;j;jf

tpupthf;fj;jpy; kl;LNk ftdk; nrYj;jpdu;. ,tu;fsJ ehd;F

tu;j;jff; fg;gy;fs; 1595 Mk; Mz;L kyghu; flw;fiuia

te;jile;jd. mq;fpUe;J mtu;fs; fpof;Ff; flw;fiuf;F te;jdu;.

1602-y; gy lr;R tu;j;jf epWtdq;fs; xUq;fpize;J typikahd

If;fpa fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpia cUthf;fpdu;. lr;R murhq;fKk;

mk;Kaw;rpf;F KO Mjuit mspj;jJ. If;fpa fpof;fpe;jpa

fk;ngdpapd; rhu;ghf ,e;jpahTf;F te;j lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; 1605 Mk;

Mz;L fpof;Ff; flw;fiuapy; kR+ypg;gl;bdj;jpy; ikak;

nfhz;ldu;. Nfhy;nfhz;lhit xU JiwKf efukhf;fpdu;. mjd;

gpd;du; mtu;fs; gbg;gbahf jkpof Nrho kz;lyj;jpy; jq;fsJ

tu;j;jff; FbapUg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpdu;. 1608 Mk; Mz;L lr;R

tu;j;jfu;fs; nrQ;rp fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fupd; mDkjpNahL

Njtdhk;gl;bdj;jpy; jq;fsJ FbapUg;ig mikj;jdu;. ,JNt

gpd;du; Mq;fpNyaupd; Gdpj Nltpl; Nfhl;il (Fort St.David) Mfg;

ngau; khw;wk; ngw;wJ. mLj;j ,uz;L Mz;Lfspy; (1608-1610)

lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; cs;Shu; ehaf;fuplkpUe;J Gypf;Nfhl;iliag;

(Pulicat) ngw;Wf; nfhz;L mijj; jq;fsJ muz;fhg;G ikakhf

khw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;. mjd;gpd; mtu;fs; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpauplkpUe;J

juq;fk;ghbiaAk; (1620)> J}j;Jf;FbiaAk; (1658)>

ehfg;gl;bdj;ijAk; (1659) ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;. ,tw;Ws;

ehfg;gl;bdk; lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; tu;j;jfj; jiyefukhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.

,tu;fsJ FbapUg;Gfs; midj;Jk; muz;fhg;Gfshy;

typikg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.


lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; tu;j;jf ty;Yeu;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ jpwikahd

epjp epGzu;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdu;. rq;f fhyj; jkpou;fisg; Nghd;W

jpiuflNyhb jputpak; Nru;e;J ngUk; nghUs; <l;bdu;. Nru;j;j

nry;tj;ij tu;j;jf tpupthf;fj;Jf;Nf nrytpl;ldu;. tu;j;jfj;jpy;

ehl;lk; nfhz;l lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; kjkhw;wj;ijj; jtpu;j;jdu;. jkpof

Ml;rpahsu;fspd; cs; tptfhuq;fspy; jiyapLtjpy;iy. lr;R

189

tu;j;jfu;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jha;ehl;L MjuTk;> Njrpa FzKk;>

njspthd Fwpf;NfhSk;> jPu;f;fkhd KiwfSk; ,tu;fsJ

ntw;wpf;Ff; fhuzk;.; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; kjkhw;wj;jpy; mf;fiw

nfhs;shtpl;lhYk;> mbik tpahghuj;jpy; Mu;tk; fhl;bajhy;

mtu;fSf;F kf;fs; nry;thf;F Fiwayhapw;W. NkYk; mtu;fshy;

Mq;fpNyaupd; tu;j;jfr; rthiy rkhspf;f Kbatpy;iy. vdNt>

lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; jkpo; ehl;iltpl;L ntspNaw Ntz;bajhapw;W.


3. ahu; mDkjpNahL Njtdhk;gl;bdj;jpy; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;

FbapUg;ig mikj;jdu;?

4. lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; tu;j;jfj; jiyefuk; vJ?

11.5. Nldpau;fs;

1616-Mk; Mz;L nld;khu;f; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp kd;du;

ehd;fhtJ fpwpbadJ NguhjuTld; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

ehd;fhz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF 1620-y; kd;du; fpNug; (Grape)

jiyikapy; rpy tzpfu;fisj; jQ;rhT+Uf;F mDg;gpdhu;.

jQ;rhT+Uf;F te;j tu;j;jfu;fs; jQ;ir ,uFehj ehaf;fUld;

(1600-1640) Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;jp mtUila MjuNthL

juq;fk;ghbapy; jq;fsJ tu;j;jff; FbapUg;ig mikj;Jf;

nfhz;ldu; (1620). ,uFehj ehaf;fu; Nldpau;fspd; FbNaw;wj;ij

tpUk;gp tuNtw;wjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu; Nguhrpupau; Mu;.rj;jpaehja;au;.

Nldpau;fs; jpwikkpf;f tu;j;jfu;fs;. mtu;fs; Njapiyia ngupa

mstpy; ,wf;Fkjp nra;J> mjpy; ngUk;gFjpia gpupl;lDf;F

Vw;Wkjp nra;J mjpf yhgj;jpw;F tpw;wdu;. mNjNghd;W> lr;Rf;

fk;ngdp jkpofg; nghUs;fis kyha; jPTf; $l;lj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L

nrd;W tpw;gid nra;jdu;; jpUk;Gk; NghJ thrid jputpaq;fisf;

nfhz;L te;J tpahghuk; nra;jdu;. Nldpau;fs; juq;fk;ghbiag;

ngupJk; Nerpj;jdu;. juq;fk;ghb vd;why; ,ir ghLk; miyfisf;

nfhz;l ,lk; vd;W nghUs;. mtu;fs; juq;fk;ghbia Nldp Nghu;f;

(Danesborg) vd;W mioj;jdu;. ,e;jf; ftpij ghLk; flNyhuf;

fiuapy; Nldpa jsgjp xNt N[Nl (Ove Gjedde) xU

Nfhl;iliaf; fl;bdhu;. Jtf;fj;jpy; mf;Nfhl;ilia MSeUk;>

mtuJ mjpfhupfSk; gad;gLj;jpdu;; mtu;fSf;nfd FbapUg;Gk;

fl;lg;gl;lJ.

1620-Mk; Mz;L Nldpau;fs; juq;fk;ghbf;F te;j NghJ

mq;fpUe;j xU mofhd rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfSld; $ba

khrpyhkzpehju; Myak; ,Ug;gijf; fz;L mjprapj;jdu;.

mf;Nfhapy; fp.gp.1305-y; khwtu;k Re;ju ghz;ba kd;duhy;

190

fl;lg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. me;jf; NfhapYf;F ve;j

,ilA+Wkpd;wp Nldpau;fs; xU rpNahd; Njthyaj;ijf; (Zion

Church) fl;bdu; (1701). gpd;du; mq;F MSeu; muz;kidAk;

(1782)> EiothapYk; (1792) fl;lg;gl;ld. FbapUg;igr; Rw;wp

INuhg;gpa ghzpapy; caukhd kjpy; Rtu; vOg;gg;gl;lJ.

RUq;ff;$wpd;> juq;fk;ghb xU vopy; nfhQ;Rk; gz;ghl;Lg;

gl;bdkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.

1729 Mk; Mz;L nld;khu;f; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp GJg;gpf;fg;gl;L

Mrpaf; fk;ngdp (Asiatiok Komregni) vd;w ngaupy;

NkYk; 40 Mz;L fhyk; VfNghf tu;j;jf cupik ngw;wJ. vdpDk;

mf;fk;ngdpahy; vjpu;ghu;j;j tu;j;jf ntw;wpiag; ngwKbatpy;iy.

gpupl;ldhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l nld;khu;f; jdJ ,e;jpa tu;j;jff;

Nfe;jpuq;fs; midj;ijAk; gpupl;lDf;F tpw;Wtpl;lJ (1845).

juq;fk;ghb Y}jud; kp\d; rPfd;ghy;f;> 1682-1719 rkag; gug;G+opau;.

ghu;j;jNyhkpNah rPfd;ghy;f; (Bartholomeau Zie Genbalg) xU

n[u;khdpau;. ,tu; n[u;kdp rhf;rdpapy; cs;s Gy; ePl; vd;w

rpw;W}upy; 1683 [_d; 24 Mk; Njjp xU Vio itjPff; fpwp jtf;

FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; ,sikg; gUtj;jpNyNa taJf;F kPwpa

mwpthw;wiyf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. ,irapy; ehl;lKilatuhff;

fhzg;gl;lhu;. `hNy gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; rPfd;ghy;f; Y}jupr

rpj;jhe;jj;jpy; rpwg;Gj; Nju;r;rp ngw;whu;. ,tuJ mwpthw;wiyAk;

Nrit kdg;ghd;ikiaAk; gw;wpf; Nfs;tpAw;w nld;khu;f; kd;du;

ehd;fhk; gpnunlupf; ,tiu rkag; gug;G+opauhfj; Nju;T nra;J

juq;fk;ghbf;F mDg;gpdhu;. mJkl;Lky;y. rPfd;ghy;f; kPJ

itj;jpUe;j kupahijapd; fhuzkhf kd;dNu JiwKfj;Jf;F

Neupy; te;J topaDg;gpdhu;. rPfd;ghy;f;jhd; ,e;jpahTf;F te;j

Y}ju; mikg;igr; Nru;e;j Kjy; kWg;gpaf;f rkag;gug;G+opau;

(Protestant Missionary) Mthu;.

11.5.1.fy;tpg; gzp

juq;fk;ghbf;F te;j rPfd;ghy;f; nra;j Kjy; fhupak;

mq;fpUe;j jho;j;jg;gl;l> Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l> jPz;lj;jfhNjhu; vd;W

xJf;fg;gl;l kf;fspy; xUtuhf mtu;fSld; jq;fpaJjhd;. mLj;J

mtu;fsJ Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhf rPfd;ghy;f; Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs;.

fy;tpapd; %ykhfj; jhd; kf;fis Kd;Ndw;w KbAk; vd;gij

ed;fwpe;j mtu; Mrpupau;fSf;Fg; gapw;rp mspg;gjw;fhd xU

gapw;rpg; gs;spia (Seminary) Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;. kf;fspd; nkhopia

ed;F fw;Wf; nfhz;l rPfd;ghy;f; jkpio ,g;gs;spapd; gapw;rp

nkhopahf;fpdhu; (1707). ngz; fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;e;j

rPfd;ghy;f; ngz;fSf;nfd gpuj;Nafkhf xU gs;spia epWtpdhu;.

rhjp> rka> epw NtWghbd;wp mg;gs;spapy; ngz;fs; Nru;j;Jf;

191

nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;. me;jg; gs;spia epu;thfpf;Fk; nghWg;ig xU

tpjitau; FOtplk; xg;gilj;jhu;.

11.5.2. rKjhag;gzp

juq;fk;ghb kf;fspilNa gd;ndLq;fhykhf epytp te;j

rhjp NtWghLfisg; Nghf;Fk; rKjhag; gzpapy; rPfd;ghy;f;

Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;lhu;. rKjhaj;jpy; xU gpuptpdiu xJf;fp

itj;J> mtu;fSf;Ff; fy;tp mspf;fhky; Gwf;fzpj;J>

jPz;lj;jfhjtu;fshf;fpa gpuhkzu;fisf; fLikahff; fz;bj;jhu;.

mjdhy; Mj;jpukile;j rpy mbg;gilthjpfs; rPfd; ghy;iff;

nfhiy nra;a rjp nra;jdu;. mijg; nghUl;gLj;jhky; rPfd;ghy;f;

kf;fs; njhz;Nl kNfrd; njhz;L' vdf; fUjp r%f Nritapy;

Mu;tj;Jld; jd;id mu;g;gzpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. kf;fs; ,tuJ

gzpahy; ngupJk; ftug;gl;ldu;.

rkag;gzp

rPfd;ghy;f;fpd; rkar; nra;jpfs; kf;fisr; nrd;wila

Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf gy rkaj; njhz;lu;fSf;Fj; jkpopNyNa

gapw;rp mspj;jhu;. 1718 - mf;Nlhgu; 11 Mk; Njjp Gjpa n[&rNyk;

Njthyaj;ij epWtp mij kf;fSf;F mu;g;gzpj;jhu;. me;j

Njthyaj;jpy; kf;fs; jq;fs; fyhr;rhuj;Jf;Nfw;g jkpopy; topgl

toptFj;jhu;. Myaj;jpy; jkpopy; topghL. mJkl;Lky;y> gy;NtW

rkaq;fisr; Nru;e;j jiytu;fis mioj;J ru;t rka

ciuahlYf;F Vw;ghL nra;jhu;. rkaq;fis rkkhff; fUjpdhu;.

,tu; vOjpa njd;dpe;jpaf; flTs;fspd; Fbtopg; gl;bay; (The

Genealogy of South Indian Gods)> ,tuJ rpwe;j gilg;ghFk;.

kdk; jkpo;g; gzp

rPfd;ghy;f; kf;fs; nkhopahd jkpopy; NgrTk;> vOjTk;

fw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. jkpo;g; Ngr;R nkhopiaAk;> ,yf;fpa

nkhopiaAk; jdpj;jdpNa gapd;whu;. jkpopNyNa rka tpsf;fg;

NgUiufshw;wpdhu;. cyf ePjp> nfhd;iw Nte;jd;> ePjpntz;gh

Mfpa jkpo; ePjp E}y;fis nkhop ngau;j;J cyfwpar; nra;jhu;.

INuhg;gpaupd; cgNahfj;jpw;fhf jkpo; mfuhjpiaAk;> jkpo;

nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijAk; jahupj;jhu;. Gjpa Vw;ghl;il (New

Testament) jkpopy; nkhop ngau;j;jhu;. rPfd;ghy;f; xU elkhLk;

E}yfkhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;.

gjpg;gfg; gzp

rPfd;ghy;f; Gj;jfg; gjpg;gfj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb. MrpahtpNyNa

Kjy; Kiwahf mr;Rf; $lj;ij (Printing Press) epWtpa ngUik

,tUilaJ. ,jw;fhd mr;R ,ae;jpuk;> fhfpjk;> ik Nghd;wit

n[u;kdpapypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. ,jpy; rpwg;G

192

vd;dntd;why; mr;Rf; Nfhg;Gf;fhd jkpo; mr;Rf;fis

n[u;kdpapNyNa jahupj;Jf; nfhz;L te;jjhFk;. ,J

mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; vtuhYk; epidj;Jf; $lg; ghu;f;f Kbahj mupa

rhjidahFk;. juq;fk;ghbapypUe;j gyu; ,k;Kaw;rpiag;

igj;jpaf;fhuj; jdkhdJ vdf; fUjpdu;. ,J cz;ikapNyNa xU

igj;jpaf;fhu rhjidjhd;. ,e;j mr;rfj;jpy; jkpo; ePjp E}y;fs;>

nkhop ngau;g;Gfs;> ehs;fhl;bfs;> Jjpg;ghly;fs;> Gjpa Vw;ghL

Nghd;wit mr;rplg;gl;L ntspaplg;gl;ld. RUq;ff; $wpd;>

rPfd;ghy;f; vOj;jhsuhfTk;> gjpg;ghsuhfTk;> ntspaPl;lhsuhfTk;

tpsq;fpdhu;.

,Wjp ehl;fs;

rPfd;ghy;f; ,Wjptiu XahJ cioj;jhu;. filrp

fhyj;jpy;$l jkpopy; n[u;khdpag; Gyikia epiyahff; nfhLf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd mbg;gilia mikg;gjpy; ftdk;

nrYj;jpdhu;. tptpypaj;jpd; gioa Vw;ghl;ilj; jkpopy; nkhop

ngau;g;gjpy; Neuj;ijr; nrytpl;lhu;. ,e;E}y; gpd;du; nrd;idapYk;>

INuhg;ghtpYk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. rPfd;ghy;f; cly;eyf; Fiwthy;

jdJ 37tJ tajpy; 1719 gpg;utup khjk; 23 Mk; ehs;

juq;fk;ghbapy; capu; ePj;jhu;. jkpou;fSf;fhf> jkpOf;fhfj; jd;

tho;ehisr; nrytpl;l rPfd;ghy;f; jkpo; kz;zpNyNa kbe;jhu;.


5. Nldpau;fs; jq;fsJ tu;j;jff; FbapUg;ig vq;F mikj;jdu;?

6. njd;dpe;jpaf; flTs;fspd; Fbtopg; gl;bay; vd;w E}iy

vOjpaJ ahu;?

11.6. Mq;fpNyau;fs;

1600-Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; khjk; 31-Mk; Njjp Jtf;fg;gl;l

Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpag; Nghl;bf;

fk;ngdpfspd; fLikahd vjpu;g;ig vjpu;f;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

,g;Nghl;bfisr; rkhspf;f Mq;fpNyau; nfhq;fzj;ijAk;> kyghu;

flw;fiu kw;Wk; fpof;Ff; flw;fiug; gFjpfisj; Nju;e;njLj;jdu;.

,tw;Ws; ,tu;fspd; NjitfSf;fhd tha;g;igAk;> trjpiaAk;

jkpo;ehL je;jJ. jkpo;ehL mg;NghJ tp[a efug; Nguurpd;

gFjpahf ,Ue;jJ. gpuhd;rp Nl (Francis Day) vd;w Mq;fpNyau;

G+e;jky;yp ehaf; jkupy;yh ntq;flg;ghtplkpUe;J 1639 Mk; Mz;L

22 Mk; Njjp kjuh] gl;bdj;jpy; xU FbapUg;igAk;>

Nfhl;iliaAk; fl;bf; nfhs;tjw;fhd mDkjpiag; ngw;whu;. ,e;j

mDkjpia tp[a efug; Nguuru; ,uz;lhtJ ntq;flh cWjp

nra;jhu;.

193

nrd;idg;gl;ldk;

Nguuru; ntq;flhtpd; je;ijapd; ngau; nrd;dh. vdNt>

mtu; jdJ je;ijapd; epidthf me;j ,lj;Jf;F nrd;dg;gl;ldk;

vd;W ngaupl;lhu;. nrd;dg;gl;ldj;ij Vd; Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;?

mq;fpUe;J Njitahd Jzpia Fiwe;j tpiyf;Fg; ngwyhk;

vd;W $Wfpwhu; rp.v .rPdpthrhr;rhup. gpuhd;rp]; Nl rhe;NjhkpypUe;j

jd; fhjypia mbf;fb re;jpf;fyhk; vd;w Nehf;fj;NjhL

nrd;idg;gl;bdj;ijj; Nju;e;njLj;jjhff; fUJfpwhu; ,e;jpahtpy;

gpupl;brhupd; r%f tho;f;ifiag; gw;wp vOjpAs;s nldp fpd;nfa;L

tu;j;jff; fg;gy;fis epWj;j trjpahd ,lk; vd;gJ kw;nwhU

fhuzk;. nrd;idg;gl;bdk; vd;w kPdtu; Fg;gk;jhd; gpd;du; Gdpj

[hu;[; Nfhl;ilahf cUkhw;wk; ngw;wJ. gpuhd;rp]; Nl

jpl;lkpl;lgb nrd;idg;gl;bdj;jpy; xU FbapUg;Gk;> Nfhl;ilAk;>

JiwKfKk; fl;lg;gl;ld. 1641 Vg;uy; 23-k; ehs; fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;l

Nfhl;ilf;F ,q;fpyhe;J Gutyu; Gdpju; (Patron Saint) [hu;[pd;

ngau; R+l;lg;gl;lJ. ,f;Nfhl;il Jtf;fj;jpy; Mq;fpNyaupd;

tu;j;jff; Nfe;jpukhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. tpiutpy; ,e;j ,lj;ijr; Rw;wp>

[hu;[; lTd; cUg;ngw;W> nrd;id efukhapw;W. 1653 Mk; Mz;L

Gdpj [hu;[; Nfhl;il jdp khepykhf;fg;gl;lJ. Muhd; Ngf;fu;

(Aaron Baker) mjd; Kjy; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. gpd;du;

1654-y; Nrho kz;lyj;jpd; jiyikafkhapw;W. mJNt

Mq;fpNyau; ,e;jpahtpy; ngw;w Kjy; cupikahsu; cilik

(Proprietary Holding) MFk;. mLj;j MW Mz;Lfspy; nrd;id

Mq;fpNyaupd; fpof;fpe;jpa ehLfspd; gpujhd tu;j;jff;

Nfe;jpukhapw;W. 1670-y; nrd;idapd; kf;fs; njhif 40>000 Mf

,Ue;jJ.

1681-Mk; Mz;L Mq;fpNyau; flY}upYk;>

Nghu;l;NlhNehNthtpYk; jq;fsJ FbapUg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpdu;.

nrd;id MSeu; nrd;id mjpgu; kw;Wk; MSeu; (President and

Governor) vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. tpiutpNyNa nrd;id efuhl;rp

Mapw;W (1688). efuhl;rpia NkaUk;> 12 My;lu;nkd;fSk;

epu;tfpj;jdu;. 1690-Mk; Mz;L nrd;id Gdpj [hu;[; Nfhl;ilapd;

MSeuhapUe;j jhk]; Nay; (Thomas Yale) nrQ;rp kuhj;jpa

Ml;rpahsu; ,uh[huhKld; rkurg; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;jp Gdpj

Nltpl; Nfhl;iliag; (Fort St. David) ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;.

Nfhl;iliaAk;> flY}iuAk; guhkupg;gjw;fhd khdpaKk;

Mq;fpNyaUf;Ff; fpilj;jd. Gdpj Nltpl; Nfhl;il ghz;br;Nrupf;F

mUfhikapy; mike;jpUe;jjhy; xU tsikahd Mq;fpyf;

FbapUg;ghf tsu;e;jJ. tu;j;jf tsu;r;rpNahL Mq;fpNyaupd;

murpay; MirfSk; tsuyhapd.

194


7. vg;NghJ Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp Jtf;fg;gl;lJ?

8. Gdpj [hu;[; Nfhl;il ahuhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ?


gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fsJ murpay;

nry;thf;if epiyehl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;w cWjpahd Nehf;fj;NjhL

te;jdu;. gpuhd;rpd; kd;du; gjpdhd;fhk; Y}apapd; epjp mikr;ru;

fhy;gu;l; (Jean-Baptiote Colbert)bd; Kaw;rpahy; 1664 Mk; Mz;L

cUthf;fg;gl;l gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpf;F fPio

ehLfSld; 50 Mz;LfSf;Fj; jilaw;w tzpg VfNghf

cupikAk;> epyj;ij Mf;fpukpj;J ifafg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd

rpwg;GupikAk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,ul;il cupikfs;

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; xU mjpfhu Mjpf;f rf;jpahf

cUntLf;ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.

ghz;br;Nrup

ghz;br;Nrup Nrho kz;lyf; flw;fiuapy; mike;Js;s xU

Guhjd Cu;. fp.gp. Kjy; E}w;whz;by; ngupgps]; (Periplus A.D.81-

96) vOjpa E}ypy; ,t;T+u; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ghz;br;Nrupf;F

mUfhikapy; mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Nuhkhdpa tu;j;jf ikak;

ghz;br;Nrupapd; tu;j;jfj; njhd;ikf;F typik Nru;g;gjhf

cs;sJ. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ,t;T+u; GJit vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lJ. 11> 12 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; xl;lf;$j;jUk;>

fk;gUk; ,e;j Ciug; GJit vd;Nw Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. gpuhd;rpd;

epjp mikr;ru; fhy;gu;l; 1667 Mk; Mz;L gpuhd;rp]; fuhd;

(Francois Caron) vd;gtiu ,e;jpahTf;F mDg;gp itj;jhu;. ,tu;

lr;Rf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpapy; gzpahw;wpa mDgtk; ngw;wtu;.

fuhd; R+uj;jpYk; (1668)> kR+ypg;gl;bdj;jpYk; (1669)

njhopy;Ngl;ilfis mikj;jhu;. mtuJ nrd;id rhe;Njhikf;

ifg;gw;Wk; Kaw;rpia lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; Kwpabj;Jtpl;ldu; (1674).

fNuhDf;Fg; gpd; gpnuQ;R epu;thfg; nghWg;Ngw;w gpuhd;rp]; khu;l;bd;

(Francois Martin) gP[g;G+u; Ry;jhd; n\u;fhd; NyhbaplkpUe;J ngw;w

epyj;jpy; ghz;br;Nrup efiu cUthf;fpdhu;. me;efNu

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fspd; ,e;jpaj; jiyefuhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.

gpuhd;rp]; khu;l;bd; jha; ehl;Lg; gw;W kpf;ftu;. tu;j;jf

tpupthf;fj;ij tpl Mjpf;fg; ngUf;fj;jpy; mjpf mf;fiw

195

nfhz;ltu;. murpay; ,uh[je;jpup. Nrho kz;lyj;jpy; rpth[pf;Fk;

n\u;fhDf;FkpilNa Nkhjy; Vw;gl;lNghJ khu;l;bd; eLepiy

tfpj;jhu;. khu;l;bd; epiyahf tpl;Lr; nrd;w ed;nfhil mtu;

gz;ila GJitia etPd ghz;br;Nrup efukhf khw;wpaJjhd;.

mq;F xU mofhd Gdpj Y}ap]; Nfhl;il (Fort St.Louis)iaf;

fl;bdhu;. ghz;br;Nrup Neu;g; ghijfisf; nfhz;l ed;F

jpl;lkplg;gl;l etPd efukhf cUkhw;wk; ngw;wJ. tu;j;jf

,yhgj;ijf; nfhz;Nl ,e;j efiu epu;khzpj;jhu;. jha; ehl;L

MjuT ,y;yhj NghjpYk;> gy neUf;fbfSf;fpilNa

ghz;br;Nrupia nry;tr; nropg;ghd gpnuQ;Rj; jiyikafkhf

khw;wpa ngUik khu;l;bidNa NrUk;. gpnuQ;R ehl;Lf;fhff;

fpl;lj;jl;l ehw;gjhz;Lfs; cioj;j gpuhd;rp]; khu;l;bd; 1706 Mk;

Mz;L capu; ePj;jhu;. ,tuJ rhjidia ,tUf;Fg; gpd; ^g;Ns

(Dupleix) Kd; nfhz;L nrd;whu;.


9. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fspd; ,e;jpaj; jiyefuk; vJ?


18-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; vq;F

Nghu; eilngw;whYk; mjd; jhf;fk; jkpo; ehl;ilg; ghjpj;jJ.

ghjpg;G Fiwthf ,Ue;jhYk; mijf; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl KbahJ.

ikR+u; Nghu;fs; Iju; myp-jpg;G Ry;jhd;> Ijuhghj; ep[hk;>

kuhj;jpau; MfpNahUf;fpilNa Vw;gl;l Kj;jug;G Mjpf;fg;

Nghuhl;lkhFk;. ,k;Kf;Nfhzg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Mw;fhl;L ethGk;>

Mq;fpNyaUk;> gpnuQ;Rf;fhuUk; gq;Nfw;f Ntz;baJ fhyj;jpd;

fl;lhakhapw;W.

11.8.1. Kjy; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1767-1769

Kjy; ikR+u; NghUf;fhz fhuzq;fs; gy. Kjyhtjhf

Iju; mypapd; mrhjhuz vOr;rp Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; kuhj;jpaUf;Fk;

mr;RWj;jyhf ,Ue;jJ. ,uz;lhtjhf> Iju; mypf;Fk;

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuUf;FkpilNa ,Ue;j njhlu;G Mw;fhl;L ethg; KfkJ

mypf;Fr; rthyhf ,Ue;jJ. %d;whtjhf> vjpupapd; ez;gd; vjpup

vd;gjw;Nfw;g gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; ez;guhd Iju; myp ethg; KfkJ

mypia Mjupj;j Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpupahdhu;. ehd;fhtjhf>

Ijuhghj; ep[hk; kjpy; Nky; G+idahf ,Ue;jikahy; Mq;fpNyau;

mtUld; xU cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;ldu; (1766). mjd;gb

ep[hKf;Fk; Iju; mypf;FkpilNa Nkhjy; Vw;gl;lhy; Mq;fpNyau;

ep[hKf;F Mjuthf ,Ug;gu;. ,e;j cld;gbf;if Iju; mypf;Fk;

196

Mq;fpNyaUf;FkpilNa ,Ue;j mtek;gpf;ifiaAk; tpNuhjj;ijAk;

mjpfupj;jJ. Ie;jhtjhf> Mw;fhl;L ethG KfkJ mypAld;

,Ue;j epyj; jfuhWfisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd jUzj;ij

vjpu;ghu;j;jpUe;jhu; Iju; myp. Mwhtjhf> Ijuhghj; ep[hk;

Mq;fpNyaUld; nra;J nfhz;l cld;gbf;ifia kPwp Iju;

mypAld; Nru;e;J nfhz;lJk;> mt;tpUtUk; Nru;e;J fu;ehlfj;jpd;

kPJ gilnaLj;jJk; Kjy; ikR+u; NghUf;F cldbf;

fhuzkhapw;W.



Iju; mypAk; fl;rp khwpa ep[hk; KfkJ mypAk;

fu;ehlfj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;jdu; (1767). ,g;gilnaLg;ig

vjpu;ghu;j;j Mw;fhL ethGk;> Mq;fpNyaUk; mr;rthiy

vjpu;nfhs;sj; jahuhf ,Ue;jdu;. Mq;fpyg; gilj; jsgjpfshd

];kpj; (Colonel Joseph Smith)Jk;> cl;Lk; (Colonel Wood) Iju;

myp-ep[hk; $l;Lg; gilia KiwNa tl Mw;fhL khtl;lj;jpy;

cs;s rq;fkhtpYk;> jpUtz;zhkiyapYk; Njhw;fbj;jdu;.

Mq;fpyg; gilahy; nfhq;F ehl;Lg; gFjpfis mopf;f

Kbe;jNjad;wp mgfupf;f Kbatpy;iy. nrd;idia Nehf;fp

tpiue;j Iju; mypapd; kfd; jpg;G Ry;jhd; ,g;gpd;dilit

mwpe;J gpd;thq;fptpl;lhu;. Mk;G+iuf; ifg;gw;Wk; Ijupd; Kaw;rpAk;

Njhy;tp mile;jJ. tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J te;j xU Mq;fpyg; gilg;

gpupT ep[hkpd; epyg; gFjpapd; kPJ gilnaLj;jJ. mijf; fz;L

mjpu;r;rp mile;j ep[hk; kPz;Lk; fl;rp khwp Mq;fpNyau; gf;fk;

te;jhu;. Kd;dNkNa Mq;fpNyaUld; nra;J nfhz;l

cld;gbf;ifiag; gpd;gw;w cld;gl;lhu;. Njhy;tp fz;L Jtz;L

Nghfhj Iju; myp 1768 etk;gu; khjk; Nfhil ,bnadg;

gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W Nryj;Jf;F tlfpof;Nf cs;s guk`hy;

vd;wiof;fg;gl;l 12 k`hy;fisf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. NkYk; gy

,lq;fis Mf;fpukpj;j gpd;du; f&iug; gpbj;jhu;. Mq;fpyj; jsgjp

epf;ridj; Njhw;fbj;J <Nuhl;ilf; ifafg;gLj;jpdhu; (1769). f&u;

R+iwahlg;gl;lJ. grYy;yhfhd; jiyikapy; Ijupd; kw;nwhU

gilg; gpupT kJiu kw;Wk; jpUney;Ntyp Nehf;fp tpiue;jJ. Iju;

myp jQ;rhT+u; kPJ gilnaLj;jgpd; flY}Uf;Fr; nrd;whu;.


Iju; mypapd; R+whtspg; gilnaLg;Gfshy; Mq;fpNyau;

mjpu;e;J Nghapdu;. nfQ;rpdhy; kpQ;Rk;> kpQ;rpdhy; nfQ;Rk;

Mq;fpNyau; Iju; mypAld; rkurg; Ngr;Rf;Fk; rkhjhdj;Jf;Fk; tu

rk;kjpj;jdu;. mjw;nfd jsgjp G&f; (Captain Brooke) vd;gtiu

197

Iju; mypaplk; J}J mDg;gpdu;. ethg; KfkJ mypAld; Ngr

tpUk;ghj Iju; myp nrd;id nrd;W Mq;fpNyauplk; Neubahfg;

Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;jpdhu;. mjd; tpisthf ,UrhuhUf;FkpilNa

mikjp cld;ghL Vw;gl;lJ (1769 Vg;uy;).


Iju; mypapd; if NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jikahy; mtNu mikjp

cld;gbf;ifapd; tpjpfisj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;. mjd;gb 1) ,UrhuhUk;

ifg;gw;wpa ,lq;fisj; jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;; 2)

tpjptpyf;fhf Iju; myp ifg;gw;wpa f&iu mtNu jf;fitj;Jf;

nfhs;syhk;; 3) jw;fhg;Gg; Nghupd;NghJ xUtUf;nfhUtu; gu];guk;

cjtp nra;J nfhs;sy;. ,e;j tpjpapd;gb Iju; kuhj;jpaUld;

Nghupl Neu;e;jhy; Mq;fpNyau; mtiu Mjupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij

cWjp nra;J nfhz;lhu;. Iju; myp Mq;fpNyaUld; nra;J

nfhz;l mikjp cld;gbf;if mtuJ epaha czu;Tf;Fk;>

ngUe;jd;ikf;Fk;> ,uh[je;jpuj;Jf;Fkhd vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff;

fUjg;gLfpwJ. Mq;fpNyau; Iju; mypAld; Njhy;tp mile;jJ

mtu;fsJ ,uhZt typikiag; ngupJk; ghjpj;J tpl;lJ.

Raeyj;Jf;fhf jpwikaw;w Mw;fhL ethigj; njhlu;e;J

Mjupj;jikf;fhf Mq;fpNyau; nfhLj;j tpiyNa ,j;Njhy;tpahFk;.


Mq;fpNyau; Iju; mypAld; Njhy;tpaile;jjw;fhd

fhuzq;fs;: 1) Mq;fpNyauplk; tpiue;J nry;yf;$ba Fjpiug;il

,y;iy; 2) jsgjpfs; kpj;Jk;> cl;Lk; xUq;fpize;J

nray;gltpy;iy; 3) nrd;id fTd;rpypd; FWf;fPL; 4) nrd;id

murhq;fj;jpd; FWfpa fz;Nzhl;lk;> epiyahd nfhs;if ,d;ik;

5) Mq;fpNyau; ethg; KfkJ mypAld; itj;Jf; nfhz;l

re;ju;g;gthj $lhel;G; 6) Iju; mypapd; typikkpf;f tpiue;J

nry;yf;$ba Fjpiug;gil kw;Wk; mtUila njspthd jpl;lk;>

,uhZt cj;jp> kjpEl;gk;.

11.8.3. ,uz;lhk; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1780-1784

fhuzk;

Kjy; ikR+u; Nghu; 1769-k; Mz;L Iju; mypf;Fk;

Mq;fpNyaUf;FkpilNa nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l 'mikjp

cld;gbf;if'apd;gb KbTf;F te;jhYk; me;j cld;ghNl mLj;j

NghUf;fhd tpijfisj; jhq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,uz;lhk; ikR+u;

NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW tupirg;gLj;jyhk;. 1) Iju;

myp Mq;fpNyaUld; cld;ghl;Lf;F te;jhYk; mtu;fspd; Neu;ik>

ehzaj;jpd; kPJ mtUf;F ek;gpf;if ,y;iy. cld;gbf;if

198

nra;J nfhz;l mLj;j Mz;Nl (1770) ikR+u; kuhj;jpauhy;

jhf;fg;gl;l NghJ Mq;fpNyau; mtUf;F cjttpy;iy. Ijupd;

,e;j mtek;gpf;ifNa ,uz;lhk; ikR+u; NghUf;fhd mbg;gilf;

fhuzk;. 2) 1770y; nrd;id MSeuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;w ru; [hd;

ypz;l;Nr (Sir John Lindsay) ethg; KfkJ mypapd; MNyhridg;gb

Ijupd; ez;guhd Ijuhghj; ep[hKf;F vjpuhf kuhj;jpaUld;

cld;ghl;Lf;F te;jJ nte;j Gz;zpy; Nty; gha;r;rpaijg; Nghy;

Mapw;W. 3) Iju; ghz;br;Nrup MSeu; ngy;ypNfhk;Ng (Bellecombe)

%ykhf gpuhd;Rld; njhlu;G nfhz;L cld;ghl;Lf;F te;jJ

Mq;fpNyaiu Mj;jpukilar; nra;jJ. 4) Iju; myp mtUf;Fr;

nrhe;jkhd epyg;gFjpfs; topahf Mq;fpyg; gilfs;

nry;yf;$lhJ vd;W jil nra;jJ vupfpd;w neUg;gpy; vz;nza;

Cw;wpaijg;Nghy; Mapw;W. 5) Iju; myp kh`p topahf

INuhg;ghtpypUe;J Nghu;j; jsthlq;fs; ngw;wJ Mq;fpNyau; tpNuhj

eltbf;ifahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. 6) Iju; myp juq;fk;ghbapypUe;j

n[u;kd; rkag; gug;G+opau; Rthl;R (Schwartz)ld; neUq;fpa njhlu;G

nfhz;lJ Mq;fpNyaUf;Fg; gpbf;ftpy;iy. 7) nrd;id murhq;fk;

J}Jtu; fpNu (Crey) %yk; mDg;gpa md;gspg;ig Iju; Vw;f

kWj;J tpl;lhu;. 8) ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf Iju; myp Mq;fpNyaUf;F

vjpuhf eprhKlDk;> kuhj;jpaNuhLk; Kj;jug;G $l;L Nru;e;jJ (1780)

,uz;lhk; ikR+u; NghUf;fhd cldbf; fhuzkhapw;W.


Iju; mypapd; mrhjhuz mur je;jpuj;jhy; jkpo; ehl;by;

Mq;fpNyaiuj; jdpikg;gLj;jptpl;lhu;. mtu; ep[hk; kw;Wk;

kuhj;jpaupd; cjtpNahL fu;ehlfj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;. Iju;

jiutopahfTk;> gpnuQ;Rg; gil fly; topahfTk; ,UKidj;

jhf;Fjiyj; Jtf;fpdu;. Mq;fpNyau; kPJ ,Ue;j Mj;jpuj;jhy;

Iju; myp jkpo; ehl;bd; kPJ R+whtsp Nghy; Rod;wbj;Jk;

Nguopit Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. Ijupd; gil jpwikkpf;f gpnuQ;Rj;

jsgjpfshy; top elj;jg;gl;lJ. gilg; gpupTfs; fl;Lg;ghl;Lld;

mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. csTj; Jiw Ijupd; epjp mikr;ru;

G+u;za;ahtplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.

Ijupd; $l;Lg; gilia vjpu;nfhs;tjw;fhf Mq;fpyj;

jsgjp ru; n`f;lu; kd;Nwh (Sir Hector Munro) fhQ;rpGuj;Jf;F

mzptFj;Jr; nrd;whu;. Iju; mtiu NghypY}u; vd;w ,lj;jpy;

Njhw;fbj;Jf; fhag;gLj;jpdhu;. kd;Nwh nrd;idf;Fj; jpUk;gptpl;lhu;.

Iju; myp Mw;fhl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpdhu; (1780 etk;gu;). Njhy;tpia

re;jpj;j Mq;fpNyau; mtru cjtp Nfhup fy;fj;jh murhq;fj;ijf;

Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ldu;. Mq;fpNyaupd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f MSeu;

n[duy; thud; N`];bq; (Warran Hastings) ru; Iau;$l; (Sir Eyre

199

Goote) vd;w jpwikAk; mDgtKkpf;f jsgjpia mDg;gp

itj;jhu;. tpiue;J te;j $l; te;jthrp cs;spl;l gy ,lq;fis

kPl;l gpd;du; ghz;br;Nrup Nehf;fp tpiue;jhu;. Iju; myp

Mq;fpNyaUld; Neubg; Nghiuj; jtpu;j;J mtu;fSf;Fg; nghUl;fs;

nry;tijj; jLj;J epWj;jpdu;. jQ;rhT+iur; R+iwahbdu;. Ijiuj;

Juj;jpr; nrd;w $l;lj;ij rpjk;guj;jpy; Njhy;tp fz;lhu;. Mdhy;

Ijiug; Nghu;l;NehNthtpy; Njhw;fbj;jhu; (1781 [_iy). Iju; gyj;j

,og;NghL jg;gpr; nrd;whu;. 1781 Mf];L khjk; NghypY}upy;

eilngw;w rz;il ntw;wpNjhy;tpapd;wp Kbe;jJ. Iju; NtY}iu

Kw;Wifapl;lhu;. Nrhypq;fey;Y}u; rz;ilapy; $l; Iju; giliaj;

Njhw;fbj;jhu;. Mq;fpNyau; jsgjp kd;Nwhtpd; jiyikapy;

ehfg;gl;bdj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpdhu; (1781 etk;gu;). vdpDk; jsgjp

gpnuj;ntapl; (Colonel Braithwaite) Fk;gNfhzj;jpy; jpg;G

Ry;jhdplk; Njhy;tp mile;jhu;; mtiuj; jpg;G ifJ nra;jhu;.

1782 vg;uy; khjk; gpnuQ;R jsgjp G]p flY}u;

te;jile;jhu;. jsgjp rg;nud; (Admiral Sufbrein) Mq;fpNyaiu

Ie;J Kiw Nrhokz;lyf; fly; gFjpapy; vjpu; nfhz;lhu; (1782

gpg;utup> Vg;uy;> [_iy> nrg;lk;gu;; 1783 [_d;). Iju; myp gpnuQ;Rj;

JizAld; flY}iuf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. nrd;id fLikahd

gQ;rj;jpd; gpbapy; rpf;fpapUe;jJ (1782 mf;Nlhgu;). Ijupd;

cjtpf;F te;j jpg;Git Mq;fpNyau; njw;F kyghupy; cs;s

nghd;Ndupapy; Njhw;fbj;jdu;. 1782 etk;gu; Jtf;fj;jpy;

Mw;fhl;Lf;F Nkw;Nf Kfhkpl;bUe;j Iju; myp Gw;W Nehahy;

,we;jhu;. mtuJ ,wg;G ,ufrpakhff; fhf;fg;gl;lJ.


1783-Mk; Mz;L gk;ghapypUe;J te;j Mq;fpyj; jsgjp

khj;A+ (General Mathews) kq;fShiuf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. ngl;D}u;

ruzile;jJ (1783 gpg;utup). gpnuQ;R jsgjp G]p flY}u;

te;jile;jhu; (Vg;uy;). mtiu vjpu;f;nfhs;s Mq;fpyj; jsgjp

];̂ tu;l; (Stuart) flY}u; tpiue;jhu;. ,k;Nkhjy;fspy;

,Ujug;gpdUf;Fk; ntw;wp Njhy;tpapd;wp ,Ogwpapy; ,Ue;jJ.

,jw;fpilNa ,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fk; gpuhd;Rf;FkpilNa nra;J

nfhs;sg;gl;l ghup]; mikjp cld;gbf;ifahy; (Peace Treaty of

Paris) ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpy-gpnuQ;Rg; Nghuhl;lk; KbTf;F te;jJ

(1783 [_iy). ghz;br;Nrup gpnuQ;Rf;fhuuplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.

jpg;G fu;ehlfj;ijf; iftpl;L mtuJ ftdj;ij Nkw;F flw;fiug;

gFjp kPJ jpUg;gpdhu;. ,Wjpapy; 1784 khu;r; khjk; nra;J

nfhs;sg;gl;l kq;fShu; cld;gbf;if (Treaty of Mangalore)apd;gb

,uz;lhk; ikR+u; Nghu; KbTf;F te;jJ. ,g;Nghiu %d;wiu

200

Mz;Lfhy gadw;w nghUsw;w Nghu;' vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;

ngd;nluy; %d; (Penderel Moon).


kq;fShu; cld;gbf;ifapd; tpisTfshtd : 1) kq;fShu;

cld;gbf;ifahy; ehd;fhz;Lfs; eilngw;w ,uz;lhk; ikR+u; Nghu;

KbTf;F te;jJ. 2) mtutu; ifg;gw;wpa ,lq;fisAk;>

ifjpfisAk; jpUk;g xg;gilj;J tplNtz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk;

,UrhuhUk; Nghu; Jtq;Ftjw;F Kd;gpUe;j epiyf;Nf jpUk;gpdu;.

Mq;fpNyau;fs; ifg;gw;wpa NfhaKj;J}u;> f&u;> jhuhGuk; Nghd;w

gFjpfisj; jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. 3) gpuhd;];

jpg;Gtpd; cjtpNahL njd;dpe;jpahit ntw;wp nfhs;Sk; tha;g;ig

,oe;jJ. 4) mNjNghd;W Mq;fpNyaUk; fu;ehlfj;ijj; jq;fs;

trk; nfhz;Ltu Kbahky; Nghapw;W. 5) jpg;G Nkw;Ff; flw;fiug;

gFjpapy; rpy ntw;wpfisg; ngw;whYk; mtuJ gilgyk;

ntFthfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. 6) jpg;GTf;F Mq;fpNyau; kPjpUe;j

NfhgKk;> ntWg;Gk;> fho;g;Gzu;r;rpAk; gd;klq;F mjpfupj;jJ.

mJNt mLj;j NghUf;fhd mbg;gil Mapw;W.

11.8.4. %d;whk; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1790-1792

,uz;lhk; ikR+u; Nghu; Kbe;j Mwhz;Lfspy; %d;whk;

ikR+u; Nghu; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; tUkhW: 1)

miuFiwahf nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l kq;fShu; cld;gbf;if (1784)

Fwpg;ghf Mq;fpNyaUf;Fj; jpUg;jp mspf;ftpy;iy. 2) 1785 Mk;

Mz;L ftu;du; n[duyhfTk;> jiyikj; jsgjpahfTk;

nghWg;Ngw;w fhud;thyp]; gpuG (Lord Cornwallis) kq;fShu;

cld;gbf;ifia kjpf;fhky; jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; Ml;rpf;F KbTfl;lj;

jPu;khdpj;jhu;. 3) kq;fShu; cld;gbf;iff;Fg;gpd; jpg;Gtpd;

eltbf;iffs; mtuJ mfe;ijapd; ntspg;ghlhf ,Ue;jd. mtu;

Ry;jhd; gl;lj;ijr; R+l;bf; nfhz;lhu; (1786). jpg;G jd;id

NjtJ}jd; vd;W $wpf;nfhz;L kyghupy; fl;lha kjkhw;wj;jpy;

jPtpukhf <Lgl;lhu;. ,e;Jf;fis mtkjpj;jhu;. Nfhapy;fis

,bj;Jj; js;spdhu;. rkag; nghiwapd;ikAk;> ,Wkhg;Gk;>

jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdKk; jpg;Gtpd; fz;fis kiwj;J fUj;ijf;

FUlhf;fptpl;ld. vdNt> mtuJ eltbf;iffs; epjhdkpd;wp

,Ue;jd. 4) Mq;fpNyaiu tYr;rz;ilf;F ,Oj;J mtu;fis

,e;jpahittpl;Nl Juj;jj; jpl;lkpl;lhu; jpg;G. mjw;fhd

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,J rk;ge;jkhf

fhd;];lhz;bNehgpSf;Fk; (1785)> ghuPRf;Fk; (1787) J}J

mDg;gpdhu;. 5) Kd;dNkNa ikR+Uld; ,izf;fg;gl;l

Jq;fgj;uhTf;Fk; fpU\;zhTf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l epyg;gFjpfis

NkYk; tpupTgLj;j Kidg;Gld; nray;gl;lhu;. 6) jpg;Gtpd;

201

jpl;lq;fisAk;> eltbf;iffisAk; $u;e;J ftdpj;J te;j ftu;du;

n[duy; fhud;thyp]; Njitahd jLg;G Vw;ghLfisr; nra;jhu;.

,f;fhuzq;fspd; $l;L tpisNt %d;whk; ikR+u; NghuhFk;.


ftu;du; n[duy; fhud;thyp]; eprhk; mypAld; Gjpa

xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;ljd; (1788) %yk; jpg;G Ry;jhid

Mj;jpukilar; nra;jhu;. Mj;jpuj;jpy; epjhdkpoe;j Iju;

jpUtde;jGuj;ijj; jhf;fpdhu;. jpUtde;jGuj; jhf;Fjy;

Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhfj; njhLf;fg;gl;l Nghu; vd;W mwptpj;j

fhud;thyp]; NghUf;Fj; jahuhFkhW nrd;id murhq;fj;Jf;Ff;

fl;lisapl;lhu;.


1790 Nk khjk; jpg;GTf;Fk; Mq;fpNyaUf;FkpilNa Kjy;

fl;lg; Nghu; Jtq;fpaJ. Mq;fpNyau;-eprhk;-kuhj;jpaupilNa

Kj;jug;G $l;lzp (Triple Alliance) mikj;jhu; fhud;thyp];.

jsgjp nkNlh]; (Medows) NfhaKj;J}u;> jpz;Lf;fy; kw;Wk;

ghyf;fhl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpdhu; (nrg;lk;gu;). jsgjp khf;];nty;

(Maxwell) jiyikapy; nrd;id-tq;fhsg; gilg; gpupTfs;

xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;ld. vdpDk; jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij

jLj;J epWj;j Kbatpy;iy. mtu; fu;ehlfj;ijf;

nfhs;isabj;Jr; R+iwahbdhu;. jpUtz;zhkiyiaf;

ifg;gw;wpdhu;.


jpg;G-Mq;fpNyaUf;fpilNaahd ,uz;lhk; fl;lg; Nghu; 1791

Mk; Mz;L Jtq;fpaJ. ,g;Nghiu nrd;idf;F te;j ftu;du;

n[duy; fhud;thypNr jiyikNaw;W elj;jpdhu;. mtu; NtY}Uf;F

mzptFj;Jr; nrd;W gpd;du; ngq;fShiuf; ifg;gw;wpdhu; (1791

khu;r;). nrupq;fg;gl;bdk; (];uPuq;fg;gl;bdk;) nry;Yk; topapy; mtiu

vjpu;j;j jpg;Gitj; Njhw;fbj;jhu; (Nk). fhud;thyp ghuk`hy;

Nfhl;ilfisg; gzpaitj;jhu;.


,UrhuhUf;FkpilNaahd %d;whk; fl;lg; Nghu; 1792-y;

Jtq;fpw;W. ,k;Kiw fhud;thyp]; $l;lzpg; gilAld; nrd;W

nrupq;fg;gl;bdj;ij Kw;Wifapl;lhu;. mgu;FNuhk;Ng (Abercromby)

,f;$l;Lg; gilapdUf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fNshLk;>

gz;lq;fNshLk; te;J Nru;e;jhu;. jpg;G NtW topapd;wp fhud;thyp];

202

tpjpj;j epge;jidfis Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. fhud;thyp]; gpuG

Kd;dpd;W elj;jpa %d;whk; ikR+u; Nghu; KbTf;F te;jJ.


];uPuq;fg;gl;bdj;ij ,of;f tpUk;ghj jpg;G Ry;jhd;

xUjiyg;gl;rkhd cld;gbf;iff;F cld;gl;lhu;. ,e;j

xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb 1) jpg;G jdJ Ms;epyg; gFjpapy; ghjpia

Mq;fpNyauplk; xg;gilj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;; 2) %d;W Nfhb &ghia

,og;gPl;Lj; njhifahfr; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;; 3) ,j;njhif

KOtJkhf nrYj;jg;gLk;tiu jpg;Gtpd; ,uz;L kfd;fisAk;

gzaf; ifjpfshf xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;; 4) Kj;jug;G mzpf;

$l;lhspahd eprhKf;F flg;gh cs;spl;l Nkw;F

ikR+u;g;gFjpiaAk;> ,og;gPl;Lj; njhifapy; ghjpiaAk; nfhLf;f

Ntz;Lk;; 5) kw;nwhU $l;lhspahd kuhj;jpaUf;F ikR+upd;

tlNkw;Fg; gFjpfs; nfhLf;fg; glNtz;Lk;. 6) $u;f; muru;

Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdpf;Ff; fg;gk; fl;l Ntz;Lk;.

11.8.4.4.2. tpisTfs;

,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpisthf Mq;fpNyaUf;Fj; jkpo;

ehl;by; NfhaKj;J}u;> jpz;Lf;fy;> ju;kGup Kjypa khtl;lq;fs;

fpilj;jd. mjhtJ jpz;Lf;fy;Yk; ghukfhy; gFjpAk; Mq;fpNyau;

trkhapw;W. mjhtJ Mq;fpNyau; kq;fShu; cld;gbf;ifahy;

xg;gilj;j nfhq;F ehl;Lg; gFjpfis kPz;Lk; iftug; ngw;wdu;.

,jd; %yk; ,g;gFjpfs; topahf ikR+u; fu;ehlfj;jpd; kPJ

gilnaLf;f KbahJ. mNjNghd;W ikR+u; Ml;rpahsu; $u;f; %yk;

Nkw;Fg; gFjpf;Fs; Eioa KbahJ. mjhtJ ikR+upd;

gilnaLg;Gg; ghijfs; midj;Jk; milf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld. ,dp

ikR+u; Nkw;Ff; flw;fiu %yk; fly; njhlu;Gk; nfhs;s KbahJ.

];uPnuq;fg;gl;bd cld;gbf;ifia ntw;wpfukhf epiwNtw;wpj;

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; mjpfhur; rkepiy (Balance of Power)ia

Vw;gLj;jpa ftu;du; n[duy; thud; N`];bq;];> khu;Ftp];

(Marque's) gl;lk; nfhLj;J fTutpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,e;jpa

Ml;rpahsu;fspilNa Mq;fpNyaupd; me;j];J gd;klq;F

cau;e;jJ. 1794-,y; jpg;G Ry;jhd; ,og;gPl;Lj; njhifiar;

nrYj;jp jdJ ,U kfd;fisAk; kPl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;.


ftu;du; n[duy; fhud;thyp]; jpg;G Ry;jhidj;

jdpikg;gLj;jp> mjpfhug; gy;iyg; gpLq;fp> gytPdg;gLj;jptpl;ljhy;

ikR+u; Gyp mlq;fptpLk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;j;jhu;. Mdhy; mbgl;l Gyp

kPz;Lk; vOe;J Mq;fpNyaiu mopj;Jtplj; jPu;khdpj;jJ.

mtkjpf;fg;gl;l jpg;GTf;F Mq;fpNyau; kPjpUe;j ntWg;Gk;>

203

NfhgKk; mjpfupf;fNt nra;jJ. jd; trkpUe;j kq;fShiu

ikakhff; nfhz;L gpuhd;]; Nghd;w INuhg;gpa ehLfSld;

njhlu;G nfhz;lhu; jpg;G. Fwpg;ghf neg;NghypaDld; njhlu;G

nfhz;L mtuplkpUe;J el;Gf; fbjKk; ngw;whu;. rpy gpnuQ;R

mjpfhupfisAk; tuNtw;W cgrupj;jhu;. jpg;G Mg;fhdp];jhd;

mjpgu; rkhd; \hit mZfp ,e;jpah kPJ gilnaLf;FkhW

Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf guprpah> mNugpah>

nkhuP\pa Nghd;w ehLfspd; mjpgu;fSf;Ff; fbjq;fs; vOjpdhu;.

ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf ,e;jpaj; jiytu;fSld; njhlu;G nfhz;L

gpupl;b\; vjpu;g;Gf; $l;likg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;.

Mq;fpNyau; kPjpUe;j ntWg;G kpFjpahy; mtu;fis ‘kdpj Fyj;jpd; nfhLq;Nfhyu;fs;' vd;W tu;zpj;jhu;. jpg;Gtpd;

Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;f gpuhd;Rk; 'E}W njhz;lu;fis’’ mDg;gp

itj;jJ (1799 Vg;uy;). jpg;Gtpd; Nghu; Kaw;rpia Kwpabf;f

Mq;fpNyau; KbT nra;jdu;. Gjpjhf ftu;du; n[duy; nghWg;Ngw;w

nty;ny];yp (Richard Colley Wellesley) jpg;Gtpd; eltbf;iffisf;

$u;e;J ftdpj;J jf;f Kd;Ndw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. eprhKld;

xU Jiz cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhu; (1798 nrg;lk;gu;). 1790

,y; nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l Kj;jug;Gf; $l;lzpiag; GJg;gpj;jhu;.

mjd;gpd; Mq;fpNyaUld; cld;ghl;Lf;F tUkhW jpg;G

Ry;jhDf;Ff; fbjq;fs; vOjpdhu; nty;ny];yp. mf;fbjq;fSf;Fg;

gyNdJkpd;ikahy; nty;ny];yp Neubahf nrd;idf;Nf te;jhu;

(1798). nty;ny];ypapd; nrd;id tUifahy; ehd;fhk; ikR+u;

Nghu; jtpu;f;f Kbahjjhfptpl;lJ.


Mq;fpNyau; ed;F jpl;lkpl;L ikR+u; jhf;Fjiyj; Jtf;fpdu;.

ikR+u; ,UKidj; jhf;FjYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. jsgjp `hup];

(General Harris) xU gilg; gpupT Nkw;fpypUe;J jhf;fpaJ. ftu;du;

n[duypd; rNfhjuu; Mu;ju; nty;ny];yp (Arthur Wellesley) gpujhd

gilia Kd;dpd;W elj;jpdhu;. ,tu;fNshL eprhk; gilAk;

gq;Nfw;wJ. jpg;G $u;f; vy;iyapypUe;J gpd;thq;fp te;jhu;. Mu;ju;

nty;ny];yp eprhk; gil cjtpAld; jpg;Git ikR+upy; khyty;yp

vd;w ,lj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;jhu;. `huprpd; nrd;idg; gil

fhNtupiaf; fle;J nrd;W jiyefu; ];uPuq;fg;gl;ldj;ij

Kw;Wifapl;lJ (Vg;uy;). jpg;G NtWtopapd;wp rkurj;Jf;F te;jhu;.

Mq;fpNyau; ,uz;L epge;jidfis tpjpj;jdu;: 1) jpg;GTf;Fr;

nrhe;jkhd epyj;jpy; ghjpia xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;; 2) jz;lj;

njhifahf ,uz;L Nfhb &gha; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j

epge;jidfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;tijtpl Nghupl;L kbtNj Nky; vd;W

vz;zpa jpg;G Nghiuj; njhlu;e;jhu;. ];uPnuq;fg;gl;bdk; fLk;

jhf;FjYf;Fs;shapw;W (Nk). gLfhakile;j jpg;Git xU

204

giltPud; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whd;. gpzf;Ftpaypy; fhzg;gl;l jpg;Gtpd;

cliy vLj;Jj; Jg;ghf;fpKid <l;bahy; Fjwpf; fpopj;J>

,UKiw Rl;l gpwF ,Lg;gpy; mzpe;jpUe;j khzpf;ff; fw;fs;

gjpf;fg;gl;l Nghu; ths; gl;iliaj; jpUb tpl;ldu; vd;Wk;

$wg;gLfpwJ. ];uPuq;fg;gl;bdk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ,uz;L khj

ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghu; KbTf;F te;jJ.

11.8.5.2. tpisTfs;

jpg;Gtpd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd; ikR+u; nty;ny];ypapd; fhybapy;

fple;jjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; Nguhrpupau; Mu;.rj;jpaehja;au;.

fhybapy; fple;j ikR+iu Mq;fpNyaUk; mtuJ $l;lhspfSk;

gq;fpl;Lf; nfhz;ldu;. ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghupd; tpisTfs; gy: 1)

Mq;fpNyau; tlf;F-njw;F fd;dl khtl;lq;fs;; kyghu; khtl;l

itehL; Nfhak;Gj;J}u;> jhuhGuk; cs;spl;l nfhq;F ehL;

nrupq;fg;gl;ldk;; ikR+upd; fpof;Fg; gFjpfs; Mfpatw;iwf;

ifaf;fg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;; ikR+u; trkpUe;j nfhq;F ehl;il

ifafg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ljd; %yk; Mq;fpNyau; jkpo; ehl;bd;

Kf;fpa gFjpiaj; jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jdu;. 2)

eprhKf;F ikR+Uf;F tlfpof;fpy; mee;jG+u;> rpj;J}u;> rpj;jy;u;f;

khtl;lq;fspy; rpy gFjpfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld; 3) %d;whk;

fpU\;zuh[h cilahu; vd;w Ie;J taJ rpWtd; mupaizapy;

mku;j;jg;gl;lhd;. ,jd; %yk; guk;giu Kbahl;rp kPl;fg;gl;lJ.

Kd;dhs; mikr;ru; G+u;za;ah kPz;Lk; jpthd; nghWg;Ngw;whu;.

mtNu Foe;ij kd;dUf;Ff; fhg;ghsuhf ,Ue;jhu;. 4) ikR+u;

fu;ehlf khepyj;jpd; jiyefuhfp> 1610 ,y; ,oe;j jutupir

me;j];ijg; ngw;wJ. 5) jsgjp ghup (Barry) ikR+upd; Jizf;

fhg;ghsu; (Resideat)uhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. 6) ikR+Uld;

Mq;fpNyau; xU Jiz cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;ldu;. mjd;gb

ikR+u; Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdpapd; rhu;G khepykhf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk;

neUf;fb Neuj;jpy; fk;ngdp ikR+upd; KO epu;thfj;ijAk; jd;

nghWg;gpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. 7) jpg;Gtpd; FLk;gj;jpdu; NtY}upy;

jq;f itf;fg;gl;ldu;. 8) jpg;Git tPo;j;jp> ikR+upd; ',e;J'

Kbauir kPl;L> ikR+iug; gpupj;J kWrPuikj;jikahy; Mu;jy;

nty;ny];yp cz;ikahd fjhehafu;' Mdhu;. gpupl;b\; murhq;fk;

mtUf;F khu;Fa]; (Marques) vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpg; ngUik

Nru;j;jJ. RUq;ff;$wpd;> Mq;fpNyau; njd;dpe;jpa flw;gFjp

KOtijAk; jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L te;J> gpnuQ;R

Mjpf;fj;ij mopj;J> gpupl;b\; Nguurpd; ghJfhg;ig cWjp

nra;jdu;. ,e;j Vw;ghl;bd; tpisthf gpupl;brhu; njd;dpe;jpahtpy;

Nghl;bf;F ,lkpy;yh vjpu;g;ghuw;w Ml;rpahsu; Mapdu; vdf;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; tuyhw;whrpupau; [hd; Nf (John Keay).

rPuq;fg;gl;bdj; jhf;Fjy; ml;byh (Attila)itj; jiyFdpa

205

itj;jpUf;Fk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; mtu;. `_zu; jiytd;

ml;byh (A.D.406-453) NuhkhGupiaf; fhl;Lkpuhz;bj;jdkhfj;

jhf;fpatu;.

kjpg;gPL

INuhg;ghtpy; Vohz;Lg; Nghu; Jtq;fpa NghJ (1756) jkpo;

ehl;by; nrd;id gpnuQ;Rf;fhuuhy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;glf;$ba Mgj;J

,Ue;jJ. me;j Mgj;J ghup]; cld;gbf;ifahy; (1763) ePq;fpaJ.

gpnuQ;R Mgj;J ePq;fpdhYk; ikR+upy; Iju; mypAk; mtuJ kfd;

jpg;G Ry;jhDk; Mq;fpNyaupd; guk vjpupfshapdu;. mtu;fSila

gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpu;g;G %u;f;fj;jdkhfTk;>

Kul;Lj;jdkhfTk;> Kidg;ghu;itkpf;fjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ.

fu;ehlfj;jpy; Mq;fpNyaUf;F Iju;jpg;G tpl;l Neub rthy; mJ.

Mq;fpNyau; ehd;F ikR+u; Nghu;fspd; %yk; Nghuhl;lg; Gypfisj;

Njhw;fbf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W.

Kjy; ikR+u; Nghupy; Kjd; Kiwahf Mq;fpyf;

fk;ngdpapd; Mjpf;fj;ijj; jLj;J epWj;jpdhu; Iju; myp. ,uz;lhk;

ikR+u; Nghu; Ijupd; Mu;f;fhl;L Miria epuhirahf;fpaJ.

%d;whk; ikR+u; Nghu; jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; Mq;fpy vjpu;g;ig

Kwpabj;jJ. ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghu; jpg;Gtpd; Rje;jpuf; fditf;

fiyj;J Mq;fpNyaupd; Mjpf;fj;ij cWjp nra;jJ. fhud;thyp];

Jtf;fpa Mq;fpy Mjpf;f Kaw;rpia upr;ru;L nty;ny];yp

tpupTgLj;jpdhu;. ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghu; nty;ny];yp nghWg;Ngw;W

elj;jpa Nghu;. ikR+u; cs;spl;l njd;dpe;jpah Mq;fpy Mjpf;f

tl;lj;Jf;Fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. [hd; Nfapd; thu;j;ijfspy;

$wNtz;Lkhapd; “njd;dpe;jpa jPgfw;gj;jpy; gpupl;brhu; vjpu;g;gpd;wp tplg;gl;ldu;”. RUq;ff;$wpd;> Mq;fpy Vfhjpgj;jpaj;Jf;fhd

mbj;jsk; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Nghlg;gl;lJ.


10. Iju; myp vt;thW ,we;jhu;?

11. ];uPuq;fg;gl;ldk; cld;gbf;if ahu; ahUf;F ele;jJ?


1. Nfhth

2. ikyhg;G+u;

3. nrQ;rp fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;

4. ehfg;gl;bdk;

5. juq;fk;ghb

6. rPfd;ghy;f;

206

7. 1600 brk;gu; 31

8. gpuhd;rp]; Nl

9. ghz;br;Nrup

10. Gw;W Nehahy;

11. jpg;G Ry;jhDf;Fk; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyaf;Fk;


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. Nghu;r;RfPrpau;fspd; tUif Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.

2. Nldpau;fspd; jkpofj;jpy; fy;tpg;gzp Fwpj;J vOJf.

3. lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; tPo;r;rpia vOJf

tpupthd tpdhf;fs;

1. INuhg;gpau;fspd; tu;j;jf nray;ghLfis Fwpj;J fl;Liu

vOJf.

2. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fspd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tPo;r;rpia tpthjp.

3. ikR+u; Nghu;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; tpisTfis Fwpj;J fl;Liu

vOJf.











207

myF – 12

ethGfspd; epu;thfk;- fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp-

ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rp: tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;-

njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp- fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;-

fpsu;r;rpapd; Nghf;F- fpsu;r;rpapd; tPo;r;rp- NtY}u;f;

fpsu;r;rp

ghl mikg;G

12.1. Kd;Diu

12.2. Nehf;fq;fs;





12.5.2. KfkJ myp




12.7. fhd;rhfpG






12.9.2. Cikj;Jiu






12.10. njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp





12.11. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp> 1806




12.11.4. tpisTfs;

208




12.1. Kd;Diu

Kfyhag; Nguuru; mTuq;frPg; ,we;j gpd; (1707)

Ijuhghj;jpd; MSeuhf ,Ue;j mrg;[h Kfyhag; Nguurpd;

gpbapypUe;J jd;id tpLtpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. 1719 ypUe;J

Ijuhghj;jpypUe;J jf;fhzj;ij Ml;rp nra;j mrg;[h Fyj;ijr;

Nru;e;jtu;fs; ep[hk;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;.. ,tu;fsJ

Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; Ml;rp nra;jtu;fs; ethGfs;. mtu;fspd;

epu;thfk;> NkYk; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhff;

fpsu;r;rp> ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rp: tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;>

njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp> fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;> fpsu;r;rpapd;

Nghf;F> fpsu;r;rpapd; tPo;r;rp kw;Wk; NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp gw;wp

tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

12.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


KbAk;

• ethGfs; epu;thfk; gw;wp njupe;Jnfhs;s cjTfpwJ

• tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kdpd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tPo;r;rp Fwpj;J

tpthjpf;fpwJ.

• kUJ rNfhjuu;fspd; Nghu; jpwik gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s

cjTfpwJ

• njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpf;fis gw;wp tptupf;fpwJ. • NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.


Mu;f;fhl;ilj; jiyikafkhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;j

ethGfs; Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs; Mtu;. Ijuhghj; ep[hk; Kfyhag;

Nguurpd; gpujpepjpahfg; ngaustpy; ,Ue;jijg; Nghd;Nw Mu;f;fhl;L

ethGfs; ep[hkpd; Nkyhjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gl;bUe;jdu;. Mq;fpNyau;

jkpo; ehl;by; fhY}d;wpa NghJ Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs; fu;ehlfj;ij

Ml;rp nra;J nfhz;bUe;jdu;. vdNt> ,tu;fs; fu;ehlf ethGfs;

vd;Wk; mwpag;gl;ldu;. md;iwa fu;ehlfk; fpU\;zhtpypUe;J

fd;dpahFkup tiu tpuptile;jpUe;jJ. nrd;id> jQ;ir> jpUr;rp>

209

kJiu> jpUney;Ntyp Mfpa gFjpfis cs;slf;fpa fu;ehlfk;

fpof;Fj; njhlu;r;rp kiyapypUe;J Nrho kz;lyf; flw;fiu

tiuapYk;> Nkw;Fj; njhlu;r;rp kiyapypUe;J ghyf;fhL kw;Wk;

gplhu; tiuapYk; tpupe;J gue;jpUe;jJ.


Kjy; Mu;f;fhl;L ethg; Ry;gpfu; mypfhd;. ,tu; Kfyhag;

Nguuru; mTuq;frPg;ghy; 1692 Mk; Mz;L ethghf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

kuhj;jpaiu ntw;wpfz;likf;fhf Kfyhag; Nguuru; mypf;Ff;

nfhLj;j gupNr Mu;f;fhl;L MFk;. Ry;gpfu; myp fhd;

nrQ;rpapypUe;J Ml;rp nra;jhu; (1692-1710). ,tUf;Fg; gpd; te;j

ethg; rjj;Jy;yhfhd; (1710-1732). ,tu; jiyefiu nrQ;rpapypUe;J

Mu;f;fhl;Lf;F khw;wpdhu;. vdNt> Mu;f;fhl;ilj; jiyefukhff;

nfhz;L Ml;rpiaj; Jtf;fpa Kjy; ethg; rjj;Jy;yhfhd; Mthu;.

NkYk;> ,tu; nethaj; Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;jtuhjyhy; ,tUk;

,tUf;Fg; gpd; te;NjhUk; nethaj;Jfs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;.

nethaj; guk;giuiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; rjj;Jy;yhfhd; vd;W

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; Nguhrpupau; Nf.,uh[a;ad;.

rjj;Jy;yhfhdpd; thuprhd Njh];J myp (1732-1740)

mz;ilg; gFjpfis Mf;fpukpg;gjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;bdhu;. ,tuJ

‘,izg;Gf; nfhs;if' (Policy of Annexation) tpisthf kJiu

,tuJ Ml;rpg; gFjpNahL ,izf;fg;gl;lJ (1736). ,tuJ kfd;

rg;ju; myp; kUkfd; re;jhrhnfg;. Njh];J mypiaj; njhlu;e;J

rg;ju; myp (1740-1742)Ak;> ,uz;lhk; rjj;Jy;yhfhDk; (1742-1744)

ethghdhu;fs;. nethaj; ethGfspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,tu;fsJ

nry;thf;if kJiu kw;Wk; jQ;ir tiu tpupTgLj;jpdhu;.


,uz;lhk; rjfj;Jy;yh rpWtdhf ,Ue;jikahy; Ijuhghj;

ep[hk; mtuJ jsgjp md;tUjPid ethgpd; ghJfhg;ghsuhf

epakpj;jhu;. Nguhirapd; gpwg;gplkhd md;tUjPd; rpWtd; ethigf;

nfhd;W tpl;L Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;. ,f;nfhiyiaf;

fz;Lnfhs;shj ep[hk; thyh[h Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;j md;tUjPid

Mu;f;fhl;L ethghf epakpj;jhu;. vdNt> md;tUjPDk; mtuJ

thupRfSk; thyh[hf;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;. R+o;r;rpf;

nfhiyahy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l Ml;rp khw;wj;jhy; thyh[hf;fSf;Fk;

Gwk; js;sg;gl;l nethaj;Jf;fSf;FkpilNa mjpfhug; Nghl;b

210

njhlu;e;jJ. ,g;guk;giug; Nghl;b Mq;fpNyaupd; jiyaPl;Lf;F ey;y

fsj;ij cUthf;fpf; nfhLj;jJ.


jfhj Kiwapy; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpa md;tUjPd; xU

Mjpf;fthjp; mtuJ Mjpf;fj;ijj; jkpo;ehL KOtJf;Fk;

tpupTgLj;j tpUk;gpdhu;. mjd; %yk; thyh[hf;fspd;

nry;thf;ifAk;> tpupthf;fj;ijAk; epiyg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpapy;

<Lgl;lhu;. Kjy; fhupakhf mtuJ Mjpf;fj;ij kJiu kPJ

nrYj;jpdhu;. mtUf;F vjpuhf vOe;j ghisaf;fhuu;fspd;

vjpu;g;ig Kwpabj;jhu;. jQ;rhT+upd; gFjpfis Mf;fpukpj;jhu;.

jpUr;rpf;F ,tu; tzq;fpa Gdpj rapj; `j;uj;ehju; thtpapd;

ngaupy; ehjd; efu; vd;W ngau; R+l;bdhu;. jpUr;rp Nfhl;iliag;

gyg;gLj;jpdhu;. k[pj;-,-KfkJ vd;w gs;sp thriyf; fl;bdhu;.

,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;jhd; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu; nrd;idiaf;

ifg;gw;wpdu;. rhe;Njhk; rz;il eilngw;wJ; ghz;br;Nrup

Kw;Wifaplg;gl;lJ (1746); KjyhtJ fu;ehlfg; Nghu; (1746-1748)

epfo;e;jJ. ,Wjpapy; md;tUjPd; tlMu;f;fhL Mk;G+u;g; Nghupy;

nfhy;yg;gl;lhu; (1749).

12.5.2. KfkJ myp

Mk;G+u;g; Nghupd; NghJ jpUr;rpf;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;w KfkJ

myp> mtuJ je;ij md;tUjPd; ,we;j gpd; vl;lhtJ ethghf

Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. je;ijiag; Nghd;Nw ,tUk; Mjpf;fg;

gpupau;. KfkJ myp thyh[h Ijuhghj; ep[hkpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J

tpLtpj;Jf; nfhz;L Rje;jpu Mu;f;fhl;L ethg; Mdhu;. KfkJ myp

Mjpf;f tpupthf;fj;Jf;Fk;> Mlk;gur; nryTfSf;Fk;

Mq;fpNyaiug; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;. mNjNghd;W

KfkJ mypapd; jpwikapd;ikiaAk;> NguhiriaAk;>

Cjhupj;jdj;ijAk; jq;fSf;Fr; rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;ldu; Mq;fpNyau;. ,e;j Nghl;bapd; ,Wjpapy; Mq;fpNyau;

ntw;wp ngw;wdu;.

KfkJ mypapd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; ,uz;lhtJ fu;ehlfg;

NghUld; Jtq;fpaJ (1749-1754). jQ;ir-Mu;f;fhL-Ijuhghj; ep[hk;

thupRupikg; gpur;ridfs;> ehrpu; [q;fpd; eltbf;iffs;> jpUr;rp

Kw;Wif (1751-1754) Nghd;w Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; ,tuJ Ml;rpf;

fhyj;jpy; eilngw;wd. mj;JkPwpa Nghu;r; nryT kw;Wk;

muz;kid Mlk;gur; nryTfs; ,tuJ fld; Rikia gd;klq;F

mjpfupj;jJ. fld; gl;lhu; neQ;rk; Nghy; nfhQ;rk; $lf;

fyq;fhky; flDf;F Nky; fld; thq;fp fu;ehlfj;ij

Mq;fpNyauplk; mlF itj;jhu; KfkJ myp.

211

KfkJ mypiaj; njhlu;e;J mtuJ kfd; ck;jj;-cy;-

ckhuh (17951801) Mu;f;fhl;L ethghdhu;. ,tu; KfkJ mypapd;

,uz;lhtJ kfd;. fldpNyNa gpwe;J fldpNyNa tho;e;j ,tuJ

,ayhikiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Mq;fpNyau; Mu;f;fhl;L

ethgpd; thupirj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; nghWg;ig Vw;W mjd; %yk;

Mu;f;fhl;il epu;tfpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; ngw;wdu;. 19 Mk;

E}w;whz;bd; filrpg; gFjpapy; ftu;du;-n[duy; ly;n`srpapd;

(Dalhousie) thuprpypf; nfhs;if (Doctrine of Lapse)apd;gb ethg;

gjtp ePf;fg;gl;lJ (1855). ckhuh ngausTf;F ethghf ePbj;jhu;.

eilKiwapy; Mu;f;fhL Mq;fpNyau; trk; te;jJ. gpupl;b\hu;

fu;ehlfj;ij mgupj;Jf; nfhz;lJ mtu;fsJ cjtp nra;J

cwthb epy mgfupg;G nra;Ak; nfhs;ifapd; ,ay;ghd

cr;rfl;lkhFk;. fu;ehlfj;ijf; iftrg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ljd; %yk;

jkpo; ehl;bd; ngUk; gFjpia Mq;fpNyau; jq;fsJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd;

fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jdu;. gpd;du; tpf;Nlhupah kfhuhzpapd;

mwptpg;Gf;Fg; gpwF Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs; murhq;f Xa;T+jpar;

rYiffSld; ghuk;gupag; ngUikAld; tho;e;J te;jdu;. ,e;epiy

,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;w gpd;dUk; ePbf;fpwJ.


mTuq;frPg;gpd; kiwTf;Fg; gpd; (1707) Kfyhag; Nguurpd;

jf;fhzg; gpujpepjpahf ,Ue;jtu; Ijuhghj; ep[hk; Mthu;.

mtUila Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; ,aq;fpatu;fs; Mu;f;fhl;L

ethGfs;. ,tu;fs; nethaj; ethGfs;> thyh[h ethGfs; vd;w

,U Fyq;fisr; rhu;e;jtu;fs;. nethaj; ethGfs; 1710 ypUe;J

1743 tiuapYk;> thyh[h ethGfs; 1743 ypUe;J 1801 tiuapYk;

jkpo; ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jdu;. mjhtJ> jkpo; ehL Kfyha

K];yPk;fspd; MSiff;F cl;gl;bUe;jJ. ethGfspd; Ms;epyg;

gFjp ney;Y}u;> nrq;fy;gl;L> Mu;f;fhL Mfpa khtl;lq;fisf;

nfhz;l Mu;f;fhL Rgh vd;Wk;> jpUr;rp> jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lq;fs;

cs;spl;l jpUr;rp Rgh vd;W ,U ngUk; gFjpfshfg;

gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,it fu;ehlf> jQ;ir> ,uhkehjGuk;>

rptfq;if rk jhdq;fs; vd;Wk; mwpag;gl;ld. ,tu;fspd; fPo;

nray;gl;l ghisaf;fhuu;fs; jdpf;fhl;L ,uh[hf;fshf eilKiw

Rje;jpuj;NjhL FWepy kd;du;fisg; Nghd;W Ml;rp nra;J te;jdu;.

jkpo; ehl;bd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpahd nfhq;F ehL ikR+u; trk;

,Ue;jJ. vdNt> jkpo; ehl;bd; ngUk; gFjp ethGfspd; Ml;rpapd;

gpbf;Fs; ,Ue;jJ.


kj;jpa murhq;fk;

212

18-Mk; E}w;whz;L ,e;jpahtpy; kj;jpa murhq;fk; vd;W

vJTkpy;iy. Kfyhag; NguuR thupR ehLfs; (Successor States-

mtj;> tq;fhsk;> Ijuhghj;); Rje;jpu ehLfs; (Independent States -

ikR+u;> ,uh[Gl;lhdh); Gjpa ehLfs; (New States - kuhj;jpau;>

rPf;fpau;> [hl;Lfs;) vd;W Kg;ngUk; gFjpfshfg; gpupe;J tpl;ld.

Kfyhag; NguuR ngaustpy; kj;jpa murhq;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. mJ

xU epoy; murhq;fk; kl;LNk MFk;.

khfhz murhq;fk;

nfhs;if mstpy; jkpo; ehL ep[hkpd; Nkyhjpf;fj;Jf;F

cl;gl;bUe;jhYk;> eilKiwapy; Mu;f;fhl;L ethgpd; fPo; xU

khfhzkhf nray;gl;lJ. khfhzk; gy rk];jhdq;fshfTk;>

ghisaq;fshfTk;> fpuhkq;fshfTk; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. xt;nthU

ghisaKk; rpy fpuhkq;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;.

khtl;l epu;thfk;

ethGfspd; epu;thfj;jpd; fPo; jkpo;ehL gy cl;gpupTfshfg;

gpupf;fg; gl;bUe;jd. ,it gy;NtW ngau;fspy; mwpag;gl;ld.

,it ethg; kw;Wk; kwtu; epyg; gFjpapy; jhY}f;fhf;fs; vd;Wk;>

jQ;rhT+upy; Rghf;fs; vd;Wk;> GJf;Nfhl;ilapy; tyehLfs; vd;Wk;>

fs;su; epyg; gFjpapy; ehLfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j

cl;gpupTfs; ,d;iwa khtl;lq;fSf;F ,izahdit. khtl;lj;

jiyik epu;thfp jhYfhjhu;> fpNyjhu;> RNgjhu; Nghd;w

ngau;fshy; mwpag;gl;ldu;. ghisaq;fs; ehl;lhu; vd;w KjpNahu;

FOthy; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;lJ.

fpuhk epu;thfk;

fpuhkq;fs; ethg; epu;thff; $u;Kidf; NfhGuj;jpd;

mbj;jskhf ,Ue;jd. epu;thfj;jpd; ehb euk;Gfs; fpuhkq;fs;.

xt;nthU fpuhkKk; gy thu;Lfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. %j;Njhu;

mitahd gQ;rhaj;J fpuhkj;ij epu;tfpj;jJ. gQ;rhaj;Jj;

jiytu; kf;fhlk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. tof;fkhf ,tu; fpuhkg;

gQ;rhaj;jhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. tpjptpyf;fhf rpy fpuhkq;fspy;

,tu; ghuk;gupa thuprhf ,g;gjtpapy; ,Ug;gJz;L. gl;Nly; vd;w

mjpfhup fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;ij mikf;fTk;> gQ;rhaj;ijf; $l;lTk;

nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jhu;. ,tNu epytup tR+ypg;ghuhfTk;> jy

ePjpgjpahfTk; nray;gl;lhu;. ,tUf;F cjtpahf ,Ue;jtu; fu;zk;

my;yJ gl;thup. ,tu;jhd; fpuhkj;Jf; fzf;Fg; gps;is. ,tu;

fpuhkj;ijg; gw;wpa midj;J jfty;fisAk; nfhz;l gjpNtl;ilg;

guhkupj;jhu;. epytup epu;thfj;jpd; mr;rhzp fu;zk; jhd;. ,tu;

%yk; jhd; fpuhkj;jhu; mtu;fsJ epy cupikfs; gw;wpAk;>

murhq;f cj;juTfs; Fwpj;Jk; mwpe;J nfhz;ldu;.

213

fpuhkf; fhty;fhuu;fs; fpuhkg; ghJfhg;Gf;Fg;

nghWg;ghdtu;fs;. rl;lk; xOq;F ,tu;fshy; guhkupf;fg;gl;lJ.

,tu;fs; ,uhf;fhty; nra;jNjhL> fpuhkj;Jf;F mayhu; te;J

nry;tijAk;> re;Njfj;Jf;F cupatu;fspd; eltbf;iffisf;

ftdpj;Jg; gl;NlYf;Fj; njuptpj;jdu;; jpUl;L tprhuizapd; NghJ

cjtpdu;; jpUl;Lg; Nghd nghUl;fs; kPl;fg;gl;L cupatu;fsplk;

xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld. fpuhkj;Jg; ngupatu;fs; Kiw kd;wf;

fhtyu;fshf> mwq;$wj;J mitNahuhfr; (Jury) nray;gl;ldu;.

,tu;fs; fpuhk rk;ke;jkhd midj;J tof;FfisAk;> Fwpg;ghf

epy cupikfs; gw;wpa tof;Ffis> kuj;jbapy; mku;e;J Nfl;L

ed;F tprhupj;J> tpthjpj;Jj; jPu;g;G toq;fpdu;. 18 Mk;

E}w;whz;Lj; jkpofj;jpy; epytpa epiyaw;w murpay;

Fog;gj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;L epiyahf nray;gl;l mikg;Gfs;

cs;shl;rp epWtdq;fNs MFk;. ,e;jg; ghuk;gupa Gy;ypjo;

kf;fshl;rp mikg;Gfs; ethGfspd; epu;thfj;jpd; KJnfYk;ghfj;

jpfo;e;jd. ,it jkpou;fspd; guk;giur; nrhj;J; fpuhkj; jd;dhl;rp

jkpo; ehl;bd; kuGupikr; nry;tkhFk;. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by;

Mq;fpNyau; jkpo; ehl;Lf; fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;J Kiwiag; Nghw;wpg;

ghJfhj;jdu;.


nghJ tUtha; (Public Income) xU Ml;rpapd; ngUikAk;> rpWikAk; epjp epu;thfj;ijg;

nghWj;Nj cs;sJ; Ml;rpapd; epiyj;jd;ik nghJ tUthiar;

rhu;e;Js;sJ. Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfspd; nghJ tUtha; ngupJk; epy

tUthia ek;gpNa ,Ue;jJ. epy tUtha; tptrha kfR+y; tup;

jupR epyg; gad;ghl;L tup; fpuhk tup; fUk;G> thio> ntw;wpiyg;

gapu;fSf;fhd rpwg;G tup; Nka;r;ry; tup; tPl;L tup Nghd;wtw;iw

cs;slf;fpaJ. ,itad;wp cg;G> kPd; Nghd;w nghUl;fspd;

gupkhw;wj;jpd; NghJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l jPu;it tup; kJghd tup; Nyth

Njtpf;fhuu;fsplkpUe;J tR+ypf;fg; gl;l fl;lzk;; fl;lha

ed;nfhilfs;; md;gspg;Gfs;; ,ju rpy;yiu tR+y;fs; Mfpait gpw

nghJ tUtha;f; $WfshFk;.

tup tR+y; (Revenue Collection) epy tup cilik cupikiag; nghWj;Jj;

jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ. epy tup kjpg;gPL ,lj;Jf;F ,lk;> fhyj;Jf;Ff;

fhyk; khWgl;lJ. nghUshjhu> murpay; fhuzq;fis kdjpy;

nfhz;L ,t;tupAk; ,t;tupf;fhd rYiffSk; KbT nra;ag;gl;ld.

nghJthf tupfs; NeubahfNth my;yJ Fj;jifjhuu; %ykhfNth

tR+ypf;fg;gl;ld. mky;jhu; tR+ypj;j tupg; gzj;ij Neubahff;

fUT+yj;jpy; fl;btpLthu;. khwhf> Fj;jifjhuu; tR+ypj;j tupg;

gzj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l njhifiaf; fUT+yj;jpy; nrYj;jptpl;L

214

vQ;rpa njhifiaj; jd; nryTf;F itj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. tup

nrYj;jpaJ Nghf tptrhapfSf;F kPjkpUe;jJ kpff; FiwthfNt

,Ue;jJ.

ethGfspd; fld; RikfSf;Nfw;g tupfSk; fl;Lg;ghbd;wp

tR+ypf;fg; gl;ld. Coy; kype;jpUe;jjhy; mKy;jhuu;fSk;>

Fj;jifjhuu;fSk; ethGfspd; gytPdj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhz;L

mtutu; Nguhirf;Nfw;g tupfis KiwNah> fl;Lg;ghNlhapd;wp

tR+ypj;jdu;. ,tu;fs; ethgpd; ngauhy; Vio tptrhapfis

Vkhw;wp> tQ;rpj;J> Nkhrk; nra;jdu;. tup tR+y; Coypd;

Cw;whapw;W. tupfs; epahakhf ,Ue;jhy; kf;fs; kdf;frg;gpd;wpf;

nfhLj;jdu;. ,it fl;Lg;ghbd;wp> kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy;>

aNjr;rhjpfhukhf tR+ypf;fg;gl;l NghJ nghJ kf;fSk;

tptrhapfSk; vjpu;j;jdu;. ,e;j vjpu;g;G fs;sf; fzf;F> tup

Va;g;G> tup nfhlhik %yk; ntspg;gl;lJ. ,ij mepahakhf tup

tR+ypg;NghUf;Fk;> tup Va;g;Nghu;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd Nghuhl;lk;

vdf; $wpAs;shu; Nguhrpupau; Nf.uh[a;ad;. ethGfs; Mq;fpNyaupd;

JizAld; mjPj epyj; jPu;it tR+ypf;f Kw;gl;l NghJ

ghisaf;fhuu;fs; fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;. mjhtJ> fl;lha tup tR+y;

fpsu;r;rpf;F top tFj;jJ.

nghJr; nryT (Public Expenditure) rpW rpW Jspfshf kf;fsplkpUe;J tR+ypf;fg;gl;l tupfs;

ngUnts;sg; nghJr; nrythff; fzf;fplg;gl;lJ. Ml;rpahsu;fs;

Nfhl;il nfhj;jsq;fs; fl;LtjpYk;> ,uhZtj;ijg; ngUf;fpg;

gyg;gLj;JtjpYk;> Mlk;gur; nryTfs; nra;tjpYk; nrytpl;ldu;.

Nfhapy;fisAk;> gpuhkzu; FbapUg;GfisAk;> rj;jpuq;fisAk;

guhkupg;gjw;fhfg; ngUk; nghUs; nrytplg;gl;lJ. gy;NtW

tifapYk; kf;fisf; frf;fpg; gpope;J tR+ypf;fg;gl;l tupfs;

kf;fspd; fy;tp tsu;r;rpf;Nfh> nghJ Rfhjhuj;Jf;Nfh my;yJ

ePu;g;ghrd trjpfisg; ngUf;fNth Kd;Dupik nfhLj;J

nrytplg;gltpy;iy. Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfSf;Fk;> jQ;ir

kd;du;fSf;Fk;> gisaf;fhuu;fSf;Fk; nghJg; gzj;ijr; nryT

nra;aj; njupe;j msTf;F Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd Gjpa topfs; %yk;

nghJ tUthiag; ngUf;fj; njupatpy;iy. vdNt> ethGfs;

fl;lha tup tR+NyhL fl;Lf;flq;fh fld;fis thq;fp kf;fisAk;

nfhLikg;gLj;jpj; jhq;fSk; nfl;ldu;. Fok;gpa Fl;ilapy; kPd;

gpbj;j Mq;fpNyau; gbg;gbahf mjpfhuj;ij ethGfsplkpUe;Jk;>

muru;fsplkpUe;Jk;> ghisaf;fhuu;fsplkpUe;Jk; gw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;.

ePjp epu;thfk; (Judicial Administration) ethGfspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Ml;rpahsu;fSk;> ePjpgjpfSk;

$WtNj ePjpahf ,Ue;jJ. rl;ltpay; tsu;r;rp milahj epiyapy;

rl;lj;Jf;Fl;gl;l Ml;rpNah> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpNah my;yJ

215

rl;lj;Jf;F Kd; midtUk; rkk; vd;w Nfhl;ghNlh rl;lf;

fhtyu;fs; mwpahjit. vdNt> ePjp epu;thfk; rKjha

mikg;Gf;Nfw;g eilngw;wJ. Fthrpfs; (Quazis) K];yPk;fs;

rk;ke;jg;gl;l tof;Ffis tprhupj;J mtu;fs; tof;fg;gbj; jPu;g;Gf;

$wpdhu;. mKy;jhuu;fs; ,e;Jf;fs; rk;ke;jg;gl;l tof;Ffis

rh];jpu rk;gpujhag;gb tprhuiz nra;J jPu;g;G $wpdhu;. rpy

rkaq;fspy; gz;bju;fspd; cjtpNahL tof;Ffs; tprhupf;fg;gl;ld.

mtrpakhapd; nkhop ngau;g;ghsu;fs; mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

ethGfspd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l epyg; gFjpfspy; ngs[;jhu;fs;

(Foujdars) ePjp toq;fpdu;. ethGfs; Nky; KiwaPLfis tprhupj;J

,Wjpj; jPu;g;gspj;jdu;.

ePjp epu;thfk; nry;tKk;> nry;thf;Fk;> rhjpr; rYiffisg;

ngw;NwhUf;Fk; rhjfkhf ,Ue;jJ. cau;Fb kf;fSk;>

mKy;jhuu;fspd; cwtpdu;fSk;> mjpfhupfSk;> [hfpu;jhuu;fSk;>

Fj;jifjhuu;fSk;> fld; nfhLj;NjhUk;> ePjp epu;thfj;jpd;

gyd;fisg; ngw;wdu;. ngUk;ghd;ikahd tof;Ffs; gopthq;Fk;'

tof;FfshfNt ,Ue;jd. rl;lg; gapw;rp ngwhj ePjpgjpfspd;

ifapy; r%f ePjp rpf;fpj; jtpj;jJ. tof;fj;Jf;F khwhf>

eLepiyNahL jPu;g;G toq;fg;gl;lhy; ePjpgjpfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhupd;

rPw;wj;Jf;F cs;shapdu;. rhjpthup rKjhaj;jpy; rkdw;w ePjpNa

eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ. RUq;ff;$wpd;> ePjp epu;thfk;

Ml;rpahsu;fSf;Fk;> mjpfhupfSf;Fk;> rYif tFg;ghUf;Fk;

rhjfkhf ,Ue;jJ vdyhk;.

rKjhaj; jhf;fk; ethGfspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ghuk;gupa

rkdw;w gbKiw rhjp mikg;G Kiw ePbj;jJ. K];yPk;fspd;

gof;ftof;fq;fs; jdpj;jd;ikAld; gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld. midj;Jj;

JiwfspYk;> Fwpg;ghf murhq;fj; Jiwfspy;> cUJr; nrhw;fs;

nry;thf;F ngw;wd. cUJ nkhopahy; jkpopd; njhd;ikNah

my;yJ jd;ikNah ghjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. jkpo;ehL gy nkhopfs;

NgRNthupd; ghlfrhiy Nghd;W ,Ue;jJ. Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfspy;

KfkJ mypf;F rpwg;gplk; cz;L. mtu; fOj;jsTf;Ff; fld;

flypy; %o;fpapUe;j NghJk; fiyf;fhfTk;> fyhr;rhuj;Jf;fhfTk;

nra;j gzpfs; gy. mtu; xU ru;t rkar; rhu;ghsu;. mtuJ ePz;l

Ml;rpapd; NghJ kjNtWghbd;wp midj;J rkaq;fisAk;

Mjupj;jhu;. jpUty;ypf;Nfzpapy; ngupa kR+jpiaf; fl;ba KfkJ

myp> jpUr;rp ];uPuq;fk; NfhapYf;Fj; jhuhskhf ed;nfhilfs;

mspj;jhu;. jhk]; tpy;ypq; (Thomas Willing)fpd; Gfo;ngw;w VRtpd;

,Wjp ,uT czT (Last Supper) gw;wpa Xtpaj;ij Gdpj [hu;[;

Nfhl;ilapy; cs;s Gdpj Nkup Njthyaj;Jf;F md;gspg;ghf

mspj;jtu; KfkJ myp. ikyhg;G+u; fghyP];tuu; Nfhapy;> fhQ;rp

tujuh[ngUkhs; Nfhapy;> jpUney;Ntyp ney;iyag;gu; Nfhapy;

216

Nghd;w jkpo;ehl;L ,e;J Myaq;fs; KfkJ mypapd; Mjuitg;

ngw;wpUe;jd. ,tu; gy Nfhapy;fSf;F ahidfisg; ghfu;fSld;

ed;nfhilahf toq;fpaJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

12.7. fhd;rhfpG

ethg; KfkJ mypapd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; gpugykhf

,Ue;j jiytu; fhd;rhfpG vd;W miof;fg;gl;l kUjehafk;

gps;is . kUjehafk; 1725 Mk; Mz;L ,uhkehjGuk;

khtl;lj;ijr; Nru;e;j gidA+u; vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; itjPf Ntshsu;

gps;is rhjpapy; gpwe;jhu;. ,sk; tajpNyNa mwpTf; $u;ikNahLk;>

eilKiw mwpthw;wNyhLk; ,Ue;j kUjehafk; nrhe;j fpuhkj;ij

tpl;Lg; ghz;br;Nrupf;Fr; nrd;whu;. mq;F mtu; Kfkjpa kjj;Jf;F

khwp> KfkJ A+Rg;fhd; vd;W jdJ ngaiu khw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;.

gpd;du; A+Rg;fhd; fhd;rhfpG vd;W ngau; khw;wk; ngw;W

kf;fspilNaAk; Mq;fpNyaupilNaAk; kpFe;j nry;thf;F ngw;whu;.

cjtpahsu;

kUjehafk; gps;is ghz;br;Nrupapy; ,Ue;jNghJ MSeu;

yh (Jacques Law)tpd; ,y;yj;jpy; cjtpahsuhfr; Nru;e;jhu;.

mg;NghJ MSeiu re;jpf;fte;j tzpfu;fs; kw;Wk; gpw

gpuKfu;fSld; njhlu;G nfhz;L jd; nry;thf;ifg; ngUf;fpf;

nfhz;lhu; fhd;rhfpG. ghz;br;Nrupapy; nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;j

A+Rg;fhd; vd;w kUjehafk; gps;is jQ;rhT+Uf;Fr; nrd;whu;. mq;F

mtu; ,uhZtj;jpy; rpg;gha; my;yJ fhyhg;gilapduhfr; Nru;e;jhu;.

kUjehafj;jpd; jpwikahy; ftug;gl;l Mq;fpyj; jsgjp gpuz;ld;

(Brunton) mtUf;F ,uhZtg; gapw;rpNahL gy nkhopfisf;

fw;Wf; nfhLj;jhu;.

‘ney;Y}u; RNgjhu;'

,uhZtg; gapw;rpAk;> gd;nkhopg; GyikAk; ngw;w A+Rg;fhd;

vd;w kUjehafk; jQ;iria tpl;L Me;jpuhtpYs;s ney;Y}u;

nrd;whu;. mq;F mtu; ,uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;wpf; nfhz;Nl

kUj;Jtj;jpy; Nju;r;rp ngw;whu;. jd; jsuhj ciog;ghYk;> mauhj

Kaw;rpahYk; jz;ly; ehafuhfp (tup tR+ypg;gtu;)> mtpy;jhuhfpg;

gpd;du; RNgjhuhfg; gbg;gbahfg; gjtp cau;T ngw;whu;

kUjehafk;. A+Rg;fhd; vd;w kUjehafk; murhq;f Mtzq;fspy;

ney;Y}u; RNgjhu;' vd;Nw Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shu;. 'ney;Y}u;' vd;whNy

A+Rg;fhd; vd;W mwpag;gLk; msTf;F kUjehafk; gpugykhdhu;.

217

Mq;fpyg; gilapy; fhd;rhfpG

A+Rg;fhd; vd;w kUjehafj;jpd; mUik ngUikfisg; gw;wp

mwpe;j Mu;f;fhl;L ethg; Nghl;bahsu; re;jh rhfpG mtiuj; jdJ

,uhZtj;jpy; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. Mu;f;fhl;by; ,uhZtg; gzpapy;

,Ue;j NghJ A+Rg;fhd; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa fpwpj;Jtg; ngz; khrh

(Maasa)it kze;J nfhz;lhu;. ,e;Jthd kUjehafk; kjk;

khwp A+Rg;fhdhfp> fpwpj;Jt khrhit kze;J nfhz;lhu;. 1751 ,y;

KfkJ mypf;Fk; re;jh rhfpGf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;w

thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; A+Rg;fhd; re;jh rhfpGld; ,Ue;jikahy;

KfkJ mypf;Fk; ,tUf;FkpilNa jPuhg; gif Vw;gl;lJ.

,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ A+Rg;fhdpd; Nghu;j; jpwikiaf; fz;L

tpae;j ,uhgu;l; fpist; mtiuj; jdJ ney;Y}u;g; gilg; gpuptpy;

Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu; (1752). jpUr;rp Kw;Wifapy; (1752-1754)

gq;Nfw;whu;. jsgjp yhud;]; ,tiug; gpwtpg; Nghu; tPuu; vd;W

ghuhl;bdhu;. A+Rg;fhd; fhd;rhfpg; vd;W ngau; khw;wk; ngw;Wg;

gpugykhdhu;. Mq;fpy ,uhZtj;jpy; Nru;e;j fhd;rhfpGf;F jsgjp

yhud;]; (Major Stringer Lawrence) INuhg;gpa ,uhZt Kiwfspy;

gapw;rp mspj;jhu;. fhd;rhfpgpd; ,ay;ghd ,uhZtj; jpwik

KOikahf ntspg;gLtjw;F ,e;j ,uhZtg; gapw;rp rpwe;j

tha;g;ig mspj;jJ. NkYk; ,g;gapw;rpf; fhyj;jpy; fhd;rhfpG

Mq;fpyj;jpy; ruskhfg; Ngrf; fw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk;

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSf;F kpilNa eilngw;w gy Nghu;fspy; fhd;rhfpG

nfhupy;yh Nghu; cj;jpfis (Guerilla Tactics)f; ifahz;L

tpNuhjpfisr; nraypof;fr; nra;jhu;.

fhd;rhfpgpd; jpwikiag; gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; mtUf;F

'fk;ngdp rpg;gha;fspd; jsgjp' vd;w ,uhZtj; jutupirg;

ngUikia mspj;jJ. ,tuJ GfOk;> ngUikAk;> nry;thf;Fk;

NkYk; mjpfupj;jJ. mg;NghJ nrd;idapd; MSeuhf ,Ue;j

[hu;[; gpfhl; (George Pigot) fhd;rhfpig ikR+u; Iju; mypiag;

Nghd;W Nghu; cj;jpapy; ty;ytuhff; fUjpdhu;. ethg; KfkJ

mypapd; xg;GjYld; kJiuapd; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;

fhd;rhfpG (1756).

kJiu MSeu;

fhd;rhfpG kJiuf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;ljd; Nehf;fq;fs;

,uz;L: 1) rl;lk; xOq;if epiyehl;b mikjp fhj;jy;; 2)

fk;ngdpaplk; fld; thq;fpapUe;j ethg; KfkJ mypf;Fr;

NruNtz;ba fld; ghf;fpia tR+ypj;Jf; fk;ngdpaplk;

xg;gilj;jy;. kJiu nrd;w fhd;rhfpG mf;Nfhapy; efuk; ikR+u;

Iju; mypapd; MjuNthL gu;fj;Jy;yhtpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ug;gij

mwpe;jhu;. gu;fj;Jy;yh kJiu kPdhl;rp Nfhapy; tshfj;jpy; xU

ju;fh fl;lg; Nghtjhf mwptpj;jjhy; kf;fs; Mj;jpukile;jdu;.

218

,tw;Wf;nfy;yhk; fhuzk; njd; jkpo; ehl;bd; ethGf;Fr;

nrhe;jkhd gFjpfSf;Fg; nghWg;gspf;fg;gl;l ethg; KfkJ

mypapd; rNfhjuu; khg fhdpd; jpwikapd;ikNa vd;gijAk;

tpiutpNyNa mwpe;J nfhz;lhu; fhd;rhfpG. kJiuapd;

epiyikia ed;F kjpg;gPL nra;j fhd;rhfpG jd; gil tPuu;fisf;

nfhz;L kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Nfhapy; tshfj;ijj; jd;trk; nfhz;L

te;jhu;; gu;fj;Jy;yhtpd; ju;f;fh fl;Lk; jpl;lj;ij Kwpabj;jhu;.

fhd;rhfpGld; Njhy;tp fz;l gu;f;fj;Jy;yh rptfq;if [kPdpy;

jQ;rkile;jhu;. kJiu ikR+upd; gpbapypUe;J kPl;fg;gl;lJ.

fhd;rhfpgpd; ntw;wp fz;L mQ;rpa ethg; KfkJ myp

fk;ngdpiaf; fl;lhag;gLj;jp mtiu jpUk;gg; ngwr; nra;jhu;. 1757

mf;Nlhgu; khjk; Nrhote;jhid Iju; mypaplkpUe;J kPl;lhu;. yhyp

nrd;idia Kw;Wifapl;l NghJ (1758-59) A+Rg;fhd; vjpupfSf;F

vy;iyapy;yhj njhy;iy nfhLj;jhu;. mjw;fhf mtu; itu

Nkhjpuk; mzptpf;fg;gl;L rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

fhd;rhfpG jpUk;gpaTld; kJiu kPz;Lk; Fog;gf;fhlhapw;W

rl;lk; xOq;F rPu;Fiye;jJ; kf;fs; ghJfhg;gpd;wpj; jtpj;jdu;. khg

fhd; kJiuapd; njw;Fg; gFjpiaAk;> fs;su;fs; Nkw;Fg;

gFjpiaAk;> ghisaf;fhuu;fs; jq;fs; gFjpfisAk; mtutu;

fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itj;Jf; nfhz;L fhl;lhl;rp nra;J te;jdu;.

kJiuf; NfhapYf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyk; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;lJ. 'jb

vLj;jtd; jz;ly;fhud;' vd;w epiy ePbj;jJ. ,e;epiyapy;

tuptR+y; Klq;fpg; Ngha;tpl;lJ. ,e;j ,f;fl;lhd R+o;epiyapy;

fk;ngdp ethg; KfkJ mypiaf; fye;J nfhs;shky;

jd;dpr;irahf fhd;rhfpigf; $Ljy; mjpfhuq;fNshL kPz;Lk;

kJiu MSeuhf mDg;gp itj;jJ. kJiu-jpUney;Ntyp

gFjpfspy; tup tR+y; nra;Ak; nghWg;G mtuplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.

kPz;Lk; kJiuf;F te;j fhd;rhfpG nra;j Kjy; fhupak;

kPdhl;rp NfhapYf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyj;ij

Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fsplkpUe;J kPl;lJ jhd;. NfL tpistpj;j

Fw;wthspfs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L> rpiwapy; itj;Jf; fLikahfj;

jz;bf;fg;gl;ldu;. ghisaf;fhuu;fs; tuk;G kPwhky; ghu;j;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;. vQ;rpapUe;j Iju; mypapd; gil tPuu;fs; jpUg;gp

mDg;gg;gl;ldu;. rl;lk;> xOq;F> ghJfhg;G epiyehl;lg;gl;ld.

kf;fs; epk;kjpg; ngU%r;R tpl;ldu; 1759 ,y; fhd;rhfpG kJiuapd;

KbR+lh kd;duhff; fhl;rpaspj;jhu;. kJiuapd; MSeu; kf;fs;

jiytuhdhu;.

eyj;jpl;lq;fs;

kJiu kf;fspd; Nguhjuitg; ngw;w fhd;rhfpG efupd;

ghJfhg;igg; gyg;gLj;jpg; gy kf;fs; eyj; jpl;lq;fis

epiwNtw;wpdhu;. Nfhl;ilfs; Nflaq;fshapd. Fsq;fs;

219

GJg;gpf;fg;gl;L ed;F guhkupf;fg;gl;ld. tptrha tsu;r;rpf;F

Kd;Dupik mspf;fg;gl;lJ. tptrhapfs; Cf;fk; ngw;wdu;.

Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l fpuhkq;fs; Gj;Japu; ngw;wd. thzpfk; ngUfpw;W.

tu;j;jfu;fSf;Fk;> tpahghupfSf;Fk; jq;Fk; tpLjpfs; fl;bf;

nfhLf;fg;gl;L ghJfhg;G mspf;fg;gl;lJ. nerthspfSf;Fj;

Njitahd fld; toq;fg;gl;ljhy; nerTj; njhopy; Gj;Japu;

ngw;wJ; nerthspfSf;Fg; GJ tho;T fpilj;jJ. kf;fSf;Fj;

Jg;ghf;fp kUe;J kw;Wk; Nghu;j; jsthlg; gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

Fw;wthspfs; jz;bf;fg;gl;L ghugl;rkpd;wp ePjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.

RUq;ff;$wpd;> fhd;rhfpGtpd; jpwikahd epu;thfKk;> ghJfhg;G

eltbf;iffSk;> eyj; jpl;lq;fSk; kf;fspilNa kpFe;j

nry;thf;ifg; ngw;wd.

vOr;rp vjpu;g;G

kJiu kf;fspd; kjpg;igg; ngw;w fhd;rhfpG fk;ngdp

rhu;ghf tup tR+y; nra;a Kw;gl;lNghJ ghisaf;fhuu;fspd;

vjpu;g;ig re;jpf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> 1761 ,y; tup

tR+iyf; fLikahf vjpu;j;j G+ypj;Njtiuj; Njhw;fbj;J mtuJ

Nfhl;ilfisf; ifg;gw;wpaJ gpw ghisaf;fhuu;fspilNa

mr;rj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mjd; tpisthf mtu;fs; fpsu;r;rp nra;a

Ntz;bajhapw;W.

jpUtpjhq;$u; Nghu;

fhd;rhfpGtpd; vOr;rp fz;L nghwhj jpUtpjhq;$u;> rptfpup>

tlfuh kw;Wk; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Ml;rpahsu;fs; mtUf;F vjpuhf

xd;W Nru;e;jdu;; vjpu;j;jdu;. jpUtpjhq;$u; muru; jpUney;Ntyp kPJ

gilnaLj;jhu;. ghisaf;fhuu;fs; mtUf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;jdu;.

fhd;rhfpG kwtu;fspd; Jiz nfhz;L jpUtpjhq;$u; giliaj;

Njhw;fbj;jhu;. jpUtpjhq;$u; kd;du; fhd;rhfpGld; rkhjhd

cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhu; (1763 gpg;utup 21). vdpDk;

jpUtpjhq;$u; Nghu;' fk;ngdp kw;Wk; ethgpd; rk;kjkpd;wp

Nkw;nfhs;sg; gl;likahy; mtu;fSf;Ff; fhd;rhfpGtpd; kPJ

re;Njfk; vOe;jJ.

fk;ngdpapd; fl;lis

,e;j re;Njfj;ijg; ngupJgLj;jpa Mu;f;fhl;L ethg; KfkJ

myp fk;ngdpapdiu fhd;fhfpGf;F vjpuhfj; jpUg;gp tpl;lhu;.

mjpfhu Nghijapy; fhd;rhfpG ej;jk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; mDkjpapd;wp

Nfhl;ilfisf; fl;LtjhfTk;; kwtu;fs;> jQ;ir kd;du;> Nldp\;-

lr;R-gpnuQ;Rf;fhuupd; cjtpNahL fk;ngdp kw;Wk; ethGf;F

vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;aj; jpl;lkpl;bUg;gjhfTk; KfkJ myp

nrd;id MSeu; gpfhl; gpuG (Lord Pigot)Tf;Ff; fbjq;fs;

vOjpdhu;. ethigg; gifj;Jf; nfhs;s tpUk;ghj MSeu;

tR+ypf;Fk; tupia ethgplk; Neubahfr; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W

220

fd;rhfpGf;F fl;lisapl;lhu;. ,f;fl;lisapd; %yk; ethgpd; fPo;g;

gzpahsuhf;fpaijf; fhd;rhfpg; jdf;fpioj;j mePjpahff;

fUjpdhu;. ethGf;fhff; fk;ngdp mjd; Kbit khw;wpf; nfhz;lJ

fhd;rhfpGf;Fg; ngupa Vkhw;wj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. MSeupd;

fl;lisahy; kdf;frg;gile;j fhd;rhfpG ethGf;Ff; fPo;g;gzpag;

Nghtjpy;iy vd;W jPu;khdpj;jhu;.


1. Kjy; Mu;f;fhl;L ethg; ahu;?

2. Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs; ,U Fyq;fisr; rhu;e;jtu;fs; mit vd;d

Fyq;fs;?

3. ahUila xg;GjYld; kJiuapd; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;

fhd;rhfpG?


fk;ngdpapd; fl;lisia kPwp fhd;rhfpG nray;gl;lhu;.

tupia ethGf;F nrYj;j kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. vdNt> MSeu; gpfhl;

mtiu nrd;idf;Nf jpUk;g cj;jutpl;lhu;. fk;ngdpapd; KbTf;Ff;

fl;Lg;gl kWj;j fhd;rhfpG kJiu jpUney;Ntyp gFjpfspy; jdJ

eltbf;iffisj; njhlu;e;jhu;. vdNt> MSeu; gpfhl; kJiuia

fhd;rhfpgpd; gpbapypUe;J kPl;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. fhd;rhfpGk;

jpUtpjhq;$u; kd;dupd; MjuNthL fk;ngdpia vjpu;f;fj; Jzpe;jhu;.

fk;ngdpia vjpu;f;fj; jPu;khdpj;j fhd;rhfpG kf;fspd;

Mjuitg; ngw gy thf;FWjpfis mspj;jhu;. Gjpjhfg;

giltPuu;fis Nru;j;jhu;. Nfhl;ilfisg; gyg;gLj;jpdhu;.

,uhkehjGuk; kw;Wk; rptfpup Ml;rpahsu;fspd; Mjuitf; Nfhupg;

ngw;whu;. Iju; myp> ep[hk;> gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSld; fbjj; njhlu;G

nfhz;lhu;. fhd;rhfpGk; Iju; mypAk; $l;L Nru;e;J xNu Neuj;jpy;

Mu;f;fhl;ilAk;> jpUr;rpiaAk; jhf;fj; jPu;khdpj;jdu;; fhd;rhfpG

gpnuQ;R ehl;Lf; nfhbia kJiuf; Nfhl;ilfspy; gwf;ftpl;lhu;

(1763 khu;r;). ,r;nray; fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhd fpsu;r;rpahff;

fUjg;gl;lJ.

fpsu;r;rpapd; Nghf;F

kJiuf; Nfhl;ilfspd; kPJ gpnuQ;Rf; nfhbfisg;

gwf;ftpl;l Ie;J khjq;fspy; fpsu;r;rpf;fhu fhd;rhfpG gy

vjpu;ghuhg; gpd;dilTfisr; re;jpf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. INuhg;ghtpy;

gpuhd;Rf;F ghuP]; cld;gbf;ifahy; Vw;gl;l Njhy;tpahy;

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu; fhd;rhfpGf;F mspf;ftpUe;j Mjuit tpyf;fpf;

nfhz;ldu;. mNjNghd;W> ikR+upy; epiyik Nkhrkile;jjhy; Iju;

mypahy; thf;FWjpia epiwNtw;w Kbatpy;iy. rptfq;ifapd;

221

kPJ gilnaLj;jjd; %yk; (1763 [_d;) kwtu;fis tpNuhjpj;Jf;

nfhz;lhu; fhd;rhfpG. jdpikahf;fg;gl;l fhd;rhfpG ethG-

fk;ngdpapd; ,UKidj; jhf;Fjiy vjpu;f;nfhs;s

Ntz;bajhapw;W.

tpisT

1763 Mf];L khjk; jsgjp khd;nrd; (Col.Monson)

jiyikapy; Mq;fpyg; gil kJiuf;Fs; Eioe;jJ. ethgpd; gil

ej;jk; nrd;W ikR+Uldhd njhlu;igj; Jz;bj;jJ. $l;Lg;

gilapdu; kJiuf; Nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifapl;ldu; (1763 nrg;lk;gu;

2). Nk[u; gpnu];ld; (Major Preston) jiyikapy; te;j Mq;fpyg;

gil ];uPtpy;ypGj;J}iuf; ifg;gw;wpaJ (1764 Vg;uy;). Gjpjhfg;

gilg; nghWg;Ngw;w Nk[u; nlhdhy;L fhk;ngy; (Major Donald

Camphele) kJiu Kw;Wifiaj; jPtpug;gLj;jpdhu;. KfkJ myp

Nfhl;ilf;Fs; Eioe;J mtuJ nfhbiag; gwf;ftpl;lhu; (mf;Nlhgu;

14). fhd;rhfpgpd; gil tPuu;fs; rpjwp Xbj; jg;gpj;jdu;. ,Wjp tiu

ruzila kWj;j fpsu;r;rpf;fhu fhd;rhfpG fhyjhkjkpd;wpj;

J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhu; (mf;Nlhgu; 15). fhd;rhfpgpd; fpsu;r;rp

Kwpabf;fg;gl;ljd; %yk; ethg; KfkJ myp jdJ gjtpiaj;

jf;fitj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. mtUf;F cjtp nra;jjd; %yk;

Mq;fpNyau; mtiuj; jq;fsJ ifg;ghitahf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;.

jkpo; ehl;by; Mq;fpNyaupd; Ml;rp Jtq;fpaJ.

Nghuhspahd tpRthrp

gy fpuhkj;jpy; tptrhaf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;j kUjehafk;

efuj;jpy; cjtpahsuhfj; jd; gzpiaj; Jtq;fp> mwpthw;wyhYk;>

tplh Kaw;rpahYk;> jsuhj ciog;ghYk; ,uhZtj;jpy;

gbg;gbahf cau;e;J> Mq;fpNyaupd; ek;gpf;iff;F cupatuhfp>

kJiu MSeuhfg; gjtpg; nghWg;Ngw;W> kf;fspd; Nguhjuitg;

ngw;W> fk;ngdpapd; Mjpf;fg; Nghf;if vjpu;j;J fpsu;j;njOe;J

cupikf;fhf capu; tpl;ltu;. ,tu; kjr; Rtu;fisAk;>

jilfisAk; jfu;j;jtu;. kUjehafk; gps;is A+Rg;fhd; Mfpg;

gpd;du; fhd;rhfpg;ghfg; ngUk; Gfo; ngw;wtu;. ,tuJ epu;thfj;

jpwd;> ePjp czu;T> tpNtfk;> Neu;ik> ehzak;> kf;fs; ey

kdg;ghd;ik gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; murhq;f Mtzq;fspy; fhzf;

fplf;fpd;wd. fhd;rhfpgpd; cupik czu;Tk;> epahaj;Jf;fhfg;

NghuhLk; kdg;ghd;ikAk;> Rje;jpujhfKk; ,tiu Mq;fpNyaUf;F

vjpuhd Nghuhspahf;fpd. mtu;fis Mjpf;fj;jhy; mlf;f KbahJ

vd;gjw;F ,tuJ tho;f;if tuyhW xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L.

kjpg;gPL

Kfyhag; NguuR rpjWz;L Nghdjd; tpisthfj; jkpo;

ehl;by; Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs; Rje;jpug; gwitfshapdu;. nethaj;J

ethGfs; jq;fsJ mjpfhu vy;iyia tpupthf;fpdu;. thyh[h

222

ethGfs;> Fwpg;ghf KfkJ myp> tha; nfhs;tjw;F Nky; tpOq;fp

Vg;gkpl tpUk;gpdu;. mtu;fsJ Nguhir Ngupog;ghapw;W.

jQ;rhT+iuAk;> kwtu; ehLfisAk; Mf;fpukpj;jJ ,jw;fhd

vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;. Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdpapd; MjuNthLk;>

cjtpNahLk; ,tw;iwr; nra;j KfkJ mypahy; Mq;fpNyau;

gpd;dpa rpye;jp tiyapypUe;J tpLgl Kbatpy;iy. fu;ehlfk;

thyh[hf;fsplkpUe;J Mq;fpNyaUf;Ff; ifkhwpaJ.

nethaj;Jf;fSf;Fk; thyh[hf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd Nghl;bfSk;>

Nghuhl;lq;fSk; mtu;fspd; epu;thfj; jpwikia ntFthfg;

ghjpj;jd. kf;fisf; frf;fpg; gpope;J tR+ypf;fg;gl;l tUtha;

Nghu;fspYk;> glhNlhg tho;f;ifapYk; tpuakhf;fg;gl;lJ.

fk;ngdpaplkpUe;J fld; Nky; fld; thq;fpf; nfl;ldu;. ethGfspd;

mlf;F KiwAk;> jpwikapd;ikAk;> Coy; epu;thff; nfLgpbfSk;

ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; fpsu;r;rpfisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jd. Mq;fpy

tpRthrpahf ,Ue;j fhd;rhfpG$l ethG-Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;Jf;F

vjpuhd Nghuhspahdhu;.


4. gpnuQ;R ehl;Lf; nfhbia kJiuf; Nfhl;ilfspy; gwf;ftpl;ltu;

ahu;?

5. ahUila jiyikapy; Mq;fpyg; gil kJiuf;Fs; Eioe;jJ?



1760 [dtup 3 Mk; Njjp tPughz;baGuk; ghisaf;fhuu;

[ftPughz;baf; fl;lnghk;KTf;Fk; rz;Kff;fdpak;khSf;Fk;

jiykfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. fl;lnghk;K vd;gJ %yg;ngau;. tPughz;ba

fl;lnghk;Ktpd; ,isa rNfhjuu;fs; ,Utu; : 1) Cikj;Jiu

vd;W miof;fg;gl;l Fkhurhkp; 2) Jiurpq;fk; vd;w nrtj;ijah.

tPu[f;fNjtp fl;lnghk;K FLk;gf; Fyf;flTs;.

%jhijau;

tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kdpd; %jhijau; tp[a efug; NguuR

Ml;rpapd; NghJ jkpo; ehl;Lf;F te;J FbNawpatu;fs;. mtu;fSs;

tPujPukpf;ftu; nghk;K. ,tu; njYq;fpy; nfl;bnghk;K vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,g;ngaNu fhyg;Nghf;fpy; jkpopy; fl;lnghk;kd;

vd;whapw;W. nfl;bnghk;KTf;F thuprpd;ikahy; n[ftPughz;bad;

tPughz;baGuj;Jf;F (jw;Nghija xl;lg;gplhuk;)g; ghisaf;fhuu;

223

Mdhu;. ,tNu Kjy; my;yJ Mjpfl;lnghk;kd; vd;w ngUik

ngw;whu;.


mofpa ghz;baGuj;J mUfhikapypUe;j rhypFsj;jpy; xU

fl;lnghk;kd; Ntl;ilahbf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJ xU Kay; VO

Ntl;il eha;fis vjpu;j;J tpul;baijf; fz;ljhfTk;> me;j epyk;

tPukpf;fJ vd;W vz;zp> mq;F xU Nfhl;iliaf; fl;b mjw;F

ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp vd;W ngaupl;ljhfTk; kuGtopf; fij $WfpwJ.

1790 gpg;utup 2 Mk; Njjp tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; jdJ 30tJ

tajpy; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpg; ghisaj;Jf;F Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;.

,tu; 47tJ ghisaf;fhuu; vd;Wk;> fl;lnghk;k Fyj;jpy; 5tJ

Ml;rpahsu; vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ.

fk;ngdpapd; fl;lhak;

tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; kJiu ehaf;fupd; ghisaf;fhuuhf

,Ue;jhu;. gpd;du; kJiu Mu;f;fhl;L ethgpd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; te;jJ.

1792 ,y; ethG Mq;fpNyaUld; nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l

xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb ghisaf;fhuu;fsplkpUe;J fg;gk; tR+ypf;Fk;

cupik fk;ngdpaplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdp gil

gyj;jhYk;> gzgyj;jhYk; ghisaf;fhuu;fsplkpUe;J fg;gj;ijAk;>

fg;g epYitiaAk; tw;GWj;jpf; fl;lhakhf tR+ypf;f Kw;gl;lNghJ

gy ghisaf;fhuhfs; fk;ngdpapd; fl;lhaj;Jf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;ldu;.

Mdhy;> tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;> kUJ rNfhjuu;fs; Nghd;Nwhu;

Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;jdu;. ,e;j vjpu;g;G fpsu;r;rpahf

khwpaJ.

fu;ehlf xg;ge;jk;

1792 ,y; Mu;f;fhL ethg; KfkJ mypAk; Mq;fpyf;

fk;ngdpAk; nra;J nfhz;l xg;ge;jk; ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rpf;fhd

%yfhuzk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,g;Gjpa xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb>

ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; tptfhuq;fspy; Neubahfj; jiyapl;L tup

tR+y; nra;Ak; cupik fk;ngdpf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk;>

tof;fkhd fg;gj;njhifNahL fk;ngdpf;Fr; rd;khdq;fSk; toq;f

Ntz;Lnkd ghisaf;fhuu;fs; epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ahtw;Wf;Fk;

Nkyhf> Mq;fpy mjpfhupfspd; tPLfSf;Fj; Njitahd

nghUl;fis toq;f Ntz;Lnkd;W ghisaf;fhuu;fs;

tw;GWj;jg;gl;ldu;. RUq;ff;$wpd;> fu;ehlf xg;ge;jk; gy topfspYk;

jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. xOq;fhfj; jpiu nrYj;jpte;j

tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; ,e;j mj;JkPwy;fSf;F vjpuhfg;

Nghu;f;nfhb cau;j;jpdhu;. ,JNt mtuJ fpsu;r;rpf;F

Cd;WNfhyhf ,Ue;jJ. ,f;fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL ghu;f;Fk; NghJ 1792

224

fu;ehlf xg;ge;jk; jw;fhyj; jkpo; ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpa jpUg;G

Kidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ vdyhk;.


tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; Nkyjpfhupfspd; fl;lisfSf;Ff;

fl;Lg;gl;ltu;. rl;lq;fisAk; rk;gpujhaq;fisAk; kjpf;fj;

njupe;jtu;. ethGf;Nfh> fk;ngdpf;Nfh fl;lNtz;ba fg;gj;ijj;

jtwhJ fhyj;Nj fl;b te;jtu;. mjdhy; tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;

kPJ fk;ngdp Nkyjpfhupfsplk; ey;y kjpg;Gk; kupahijAk;

,Ue;jJ. thdk; ngha;j;jjhy; tpisr;ry; ntFthff; Fiwe;jJ.

ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp gQ;rj;jpd; gpbapy; rpf;Fz;lJ. vdNt>

tPughz;badhy; tof;fk; Nghy ghisa kf;fsplkpUe;J tup tR+y;

nra;J cupa Neuj;jpy; fg;gk; nrYj;j KbahkNy Nghapw;W.

,uhkehj khtl;l fnyf;lu; fhypd; [hf;rd; (Collin

Jackson) cz;ik epiyikia mwpahky;> tPughz;baid

rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;shky;> fk;ngdpiaAk; fye;J

MNyhrpf;fhky; mtrug;gl;L fl;lnghk;kidj; jz;bf;Fk; nghUl;L

xU gilia mDg;g Vw;ghL nra;jhu;. ,ij mwpe;j fk;ngdp

epu;thfk; [hf;rdpd; eltbf;iff;F rk;kjpf;ftpy;iy. khwhf>

tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kid ,uhkehjGuj;Jf;F mioj;J

gpur;ridiag; Ngrpj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;SkhW fnyf;lu; [hf;rd;

mwpTWj;jg;gl;lhu;.

fk;ngdpapd; fl;lisg;gb fnyf;lu; [hf;rd; 1798 Mf];L

18 Mk; Njjpapl;l fbjj;jpy; ,uz;L thuq;fspy; ,uhkehjGuj;jpy;

jd;id te;J re;jpf;FkhW tPughz;baDf;Fj; njuptpj;jhu;.

fbjj;ij mDg;gptpl;L fnyf;lu; jpUney;Ntyp Rw;Wg; gazk;

nrd;Wtpl;lhu;. ,ij mwpe;j tPughz;bad; fnyf;lu; [hf;rid

Neupy; re;jpg;gjw;fhff; Fw;whyj;jpy; fhj;jpUe;jhu; (Mf];L 27).

Mdhy; Fw;whyk; te;j [hf;rd; tPughz;baid re;jpf;f kWj;J

tpl;lhu;. mtiu ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; re;jpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W

tPughz;badplk; $wg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; vg;gbAk; fnyf;liu re;jpj;J

gpur;ridf;Fj; jPu;Tfhz tpUk;gpa fl;lnghk;kd; [hf;ridj;

njhlu;e;J nrhf;fk;gl;b> rptfpup> rhj;J}u;> ];uPtpy;ypGj;J}u;>

NgiuA+u;> fKjp Mfpa ,lq;fSf;Fg; gpd; njhlu;e;J nrd;whu;.

vdpDk; [hf;rd; tPughz;baid re;jpf;f kWj;J Mf];L 31 Mk;

Njjp jd;id ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; re;jpf;f mDkjp toq;fpdhu;.

Fwpg;gpl;l ehsd;W tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; fnyf;lu;

[hf;rid ,uhkehjGuk; NrJgjpapd; muz;kid ',uhkypq;f

tpyhr'j;jpy; re;jpj;jhu;. fl;lnghk;kDld; mtuJ mikr;ru;

rptRg;gpukzpa gps;isAk; cldpUe;jhu;. fg;gf; fzf;if rupghu;j;j

NghJ fl;lnghk;kd; xOq;fhff; fg;gk; fl;b te;jpUg;gJ

225

cWjpahapw;W. Mdhy; gQ;rj;jhy; jhd; cupa fhyj;Nj fg;gk;

fl;l Kbatpy;iy vd;W fl;lnghk;kd; $wpa fhuzj;ij fnyf;lu;

[hf;rd; Vw;f kWj;jhu;. NkYk;> tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kidAk;

mtuJ mikr;ru; rptRg;gpukzpa gps;isiaAk; epw;f itj;Nj

Ngrpaij mtkupahijahff; fUjpdhu; fl;lnghk;kd;. NkYk;

tPughz;bad; muz;kidia tpl;Lr; nry;yf; $lhJ vd;w

fnyf;lupd; vr;rupf;ifia Vw;f kWj;jhu; fl;lnghk;kd;. fnyf;lupd;

rpg;gha;fs; tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kidf; ifJ nra;a Kw;gl;l

NghJ mtu;fisg; Gwk;js;sptpl;L tPughz;baDk; mtuJ

mikr;rUk; ntspNawpdu;. muz;kidf;F ntspNa

kiwtplj;jpypUe;J ,ijf; fz;l Cikj;JiuAk; mtuJ

tPuu;fSk; fl;lnghk;kdpd; cjtpf;F te;jdu;. mq;F ele;j

iffyg;ghy; Mq;fpNyau; fpshu;f; (Clarke) Fj;jpf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.

,e;j mkspapy; tPughz;bad; jg;gpr; nrd;Wtpl;lhu;. mtuJ

mikr;ru; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. Cikj;JiuAk; mtuJ tPuu;fSk;

khakha; kiwe;J tpl;ldu;.

ghQ;rhyk;Fwpr;rp jpUk;gpa tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;

,uhkehjGuk; re;jpg;gpd;NghJ ele;j epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wp

fk;ngdpf;F tpupthff; fbjk; mDg;gp itj;jhu;. mf;fbjj;jpy;

ifJ nra;ag;gl;l mtuJ mikr;ru; rptRg;gpukzpa gps;isia

tpLtpf;FkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. fl;lnghk;kdpd; fbjj;ijg;

guprPypj;j MSeu; vl;tu;L fpist; (Edward Clive) gpd;tUk;

cj;juTfisg; gpwg;gpj;jhu;: 1) fl;lnghk;kd; ruzila Ntz;Lk;;

2) ,uhkehjGuk; epfo;r;rp gw;wp ePjp tprhuiz nra;ag;gLk;; 3)

,uhkehjGuk; fnyf;lu; Nfhypd; [hf;rd; gzpapil ePf;fk;

nra;ag;gLthu;; mikr;ru; rptRg;gpukzpagps;is tpLtpf;fg;gLthu;.

,uhkehjGuk; epfo;r;rp gw;wp tprhupf;f tpy;ypak; gpnusd; (William

Brown)> tpy;ypak; Xu;k; (William Orm)> [hd; fh];Nkau; (John

Casmayor) MfpNahiuf; nfhz;l tprhuidf; fkp\d;

epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fkp\d; rku;g;gpj;j mwpf;ifapy; gpd;tUk;

KbTfs; njspthapUe;jd: 1) ghisaf;fhuu; tPughz;ba

fl;lnghk;kd; fPo;gzpa kWj;jhu;. Mdhy; fyfk; nra;jhu;

vd;gjw;fhd vt;tpj Mjhuq;fSk; ,y;iy; 2) fnyf;lu; fhypd;

[hf;rdpd; elj;ij fz;bf;fj;jf;fJ; 3) fnyf;lupd; fl;lisia

fl;lnghk;kd; epiwNtw;wpajpy; fhyjhkjk; vJTkpy;iy; 4) Ngl;b

nfhLf;fhky; 23 ehl;fs; miyatpl;ljhy; tPughz;bad;

mtkjpf;fg;gl;lhu;; 5) ,uhkehjGuk; muz;kidapy; fLikahf

elj;jg;gl;ljhy; jhd; fl;lnghk;kd; ghJfhg;G fUjp ntspNaw

Neupl;lJ; 6) fytuj;jpy; Fj;jg;gl;L capupoe;j fpshu;f;fpd;

FLk;gj;Jf;F cupa ,og;gPl;il tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; Vw;f

Ntz;Lk;. RUq;ff; $wpd;> tprhuizf; FO fl;lnghk;kid epuguhjp

226

vd;W jPu;g;gspj;jJ. ,uhkehjGu khtl;l Ml;rpau; [hf;rDf;Fg;

gjpy; v.Mu;.y\;\pq;ld; (S.R.Lushington) epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

fk;ngdp tpNuhj eltbf;iffs;

tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; rk;ke;jkhf Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdp

epahakhf ele;J nfhz;lhYk;> ,uhkehjGuk; Ml;rpau; [hf;rdhy;

jdf;F Vw;gl;l mtkhdj;ij mtuhy; kwf;f Kbatpy;iy.

fk;ngdpia ek;gpdhYk; fk;ngdp mjpfhupia ek;g KbahJ vd;w

KbTf;F te;jhu; fl;lnghk;kd;. Mq;fpNyaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J

tpLgl Ntz;Lk; vd;W jPu;khdpj;j mtu; rptfq;if kUJghz;bad;

Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf cUthf;fpa $l;likg;gpy; Mu;tj;Jld;

gq;Nfw;whu;. 1799 [_d; Kjy; Njjp fl;lnghk;kd; jdJ tPuu;fSld;

kUJghz;baid re;jpf;f rptfq;if Gwg;gl;lhu;. ,UtUk;

re;jpj;Jg; Ngrpa gpd; ([_d; 5) kUJ ghz;bad; mDg;gpa

tPuu;fSld; tPughz;bad; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp jpUk;gpdhu;.

fl;lnghk;kdpd; eltbf;iffisf; $u;e;J ftdpj;J te;j

,uhkehjGuk; Ml;rpau; fk;ngdpf;F mtuJ mwpf;ifia

mDg;gpdhu;. fl;lnghk;kdpd; fk;ngdp tpNuhj eltbf;iffs;

Mq;fpNyaiu tpopg;gilar; nra;jd.

rptfpup gilnaLg;G

gpupl;b\; gilfs; ikR+u; Nghupy; <Lgl;bUe;jijj; jdf;Fr;

rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L jdJ gilgyj;ijAk;

nry;thf;ifAk; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpapy; jPtpukhfr;

nray;gl;lhu; fl;lnghk;kd;. ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Nfhl;il rkntspapy;

,Ue;jikahy; mJ vjpupapd; jhf;Fjiyj; jhq;fhJ vd;gij

mwpe;j fl;lnghk;kd; gykpf;f rptfpup Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wj;

jPu;khdpj;jhu;. rptfpup ghisaf;fhuu; Mq;fpNyaupd; Mjuthsu;.

Mdhy; mtuJ kfDk; kUkfDk; fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhdtu;fs;.

vdNt> tPughz;bad; mtu;fsJ JizAld;> jstha; Fkhurhkp

ehaf;fu; jiyikapy; xU gilia rptfpupf;F mDg;gp itj;jhu;

fl;lnghk;kd;. fl;lnghk;kdpd; rptfpup gilnaLg;G Mq;fpNyaUf;F

tplg;gl;l rthyhff; fUjg;gl;lJ.

ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpg; Nghu;

tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kDf;F rhjfkhf ,Ue;j R+o;epiy

ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghupd; Kbtpy; ghjfkha;g; Nghapw;W. ,g;Nghupy;

ntw;wpthif R+ba ftu;du; n[duy; nty;ny];yp gpuG (Governor

General Lord Wellesley) fl;lnghk;kdpd; vjpu;g;ig Kwpabf;fj; jf;f

jUzj;ij vjpu;ghu;j;jpUe;jhu;. 'fl;lnghk;kdpd; fpsu;r;rp

elj;ij'f;F ,uhZtj; jPu;T fhzj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;. mjd;gb>

fl;lnghk;kd; fk;ngdpapd; tpNuhjpfSld; $l;L Nruhky; ghu;j;Jf;

nfhs;SkhW mwpTWj;jg;gl;lhu; (1799> khu;r; 16). jpUr;rp> jQ;ir>

kJiuapypUe;j gilfs; jpUney;Ntypf;F tpiuAkhW

227

cj;jutpl;lhu; (Nk). ,tu;fSld; jpUtpjhq;$u; kd;dupd;

gilapdUk; Nru;e;J nfhz;ldu;. ghisaf;fhu Kiwia xopg;gjd;

%yk; ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; fpsu;r;rpia Kwpabj;J tplyhk; vd;gJ

nty;ny];ypapd; jpl;lk;. ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghu; Mq;fpNyaUf;F

rhu;ghf Kbe;jjw;Fk;> fl;lnghk;kd; rptfpup kPJ gilnaLj;jJk;

nty;ny];yp gpuG vjpu;ghu;j;j re;ju;g;gj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. gOj;Jf;

fha;r;rpa ,Uk;ig mbg;gijg; Nghd;W fl;lnghk;kidf;

fisnaLf;f Nk[u; ghdu;kid (Major Bannerman) $Ljy;

mjpfhuq;fNshLk;> gykpf;fg; gilNahLk; mDg;gpdhu;.

Nk[u; ghdu;kd; jiyikapy; nrd;w Mq;fpyg; gil

,uhkehjGuk; topahf jpUney;Ntyp nrd;wJ. mq;fpUe;J nfhz;L

jd;id 1799 nrg;lk;gu; 4 Mk; Njjp ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapy; te;J

re;jpf;FkhW fl;lnghk;kDf;F ,Wjp vr;rupf;if mDg;gpdhu;

(nrg;lk;gu; 1). Fwpg;gpl;l Njjpapy; ghdu;kid re;jpg;gJ

rhj;jpakpy;iy vd;W fl;lnghk;kd; gjpy; mDg;gpajhy; Mq;fpyj;

jsgjp ,uhZt eltbf;if Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. mtuJ gil

fl;lnghk;kd; jd; tPuu;fSld; ,Ue;j ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp

Nfhl;iliar; R+o;e;J nfhz;lJ. fl;lnghk;kidf; fhg;ghw;w

mz;ilf; fpuhkq;fspypUe;J te;Njhu; tpul;babf;fg;gl;ldu;.

tYthd epiyapy; ,Ue;j ghdu;kd; ,uhkypq;f Kjypahiu

Nfhl;ilf;Fs; mDg;gp fl;lnghk;kidr; re;jpj;Jg; Ngrp ruzilar;

nrhy;yr; nra;jhu;. Mdhy; fl;lnghk;kd; ghdu;kdpd; Nfhupf;ifia

epuhfupj;jhu;.

Nfhl;ilapd; gytPdj;ijg; gw;wp ,uhkypq;f Kjypahu;

nfhLj;j jftypd; Ngupy; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf; Nfhl;ilapd; njw;F

Eiothapypy; gPuq;fpfs; nfhz;L jfu;f;fg;gl;lJ. vl;laGuk; kw;Wk;

jpUtpjhq;$u; gilfs; Nkw;F thapiyj; jhf;fpd. cs;Ns Eioe;j

Mq;fpyg; gilia vjpu;f;nfhz;l Cikj;Jiuapd; tPuu;fs;

Nguopit Vw;gLj;jpdu;. jsgjp fhypd; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. ghdu;kd;

vjpu;ghu;j;jgb fl;lnghk;kid vspjpy; Njhw;fbf;f Kbatpy;iy.

vdNt $Ljy; giliag; ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapypUe;J tutioj;Jg;

gd;Kidj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; Nfhl;ilia

tpl;L ntspNawp fhly;Fb Nehf;fp tpiue;jdu;. fhly;Fbapy;

mtu;fSf;Fg; ngUk; Nrjk; Vw;gl;lJ. rptRg;gpukzpa gps;is

ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. fl;lnghk;kd; jg;gpr; nrd;W tpl;lhu;.

fhly;FbapypUe;J jg;gpr; nrd;w tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kid

GJf;Nfhl;il kd;du; tp[auFehj njhz;ilkhd; fsg;G+u;

fhl;bypUe;J gpbj;Jj; jsgjp ghdu;kdplk; xg;gilj;jhu;.

fl;lnghk;kdpd; giltPuu;fs; rptfq;if topahf jpz;Lf;fy; jg;gpr;

nrd;W kUJghz;baUk; Nfhghy ehaf;fUk; jq;fpapUe;j Mq;fpy

Mjpf;f vjpu;g;G Kfhkpy; Nru;e;jdu;.

228

ifJ nra;ag;gl;Nlhu; midtUk; Mq;fpNyau; MjuTg;

ghisaf;fhuu; fisf; nfhz;l kd;wj;jpd; Kd; epWj;jg;gl;ldu;.

,k;kd;wj;jpy; vl;laGuk;> rptfpup ghisaf;fhuu;fs; ,lk;

ngw;wpUe;jdu;. tprhuizf;Fg;gpd; fpsu;r;rpj; jiytu;fs;

midtUf;Fk; kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd;gpd; 1799

nrg;lk;gu; 13 Mk; Njjp ehfyhGuk; Re;jughz;bad;

NfhghyGuj;jpYk;> rptRg;gpukzpa gps;is ehfyhGuj;jpYk;

J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldu;. %d;W ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd;du; (nrg;.16)

fl;lnghk;kd; jdpahf ghisaf;fhuu; kd;wj;jpduhy;

tprhupf;fg;gl;lhu;. fl;lnghk;kd; jd;kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;l Fw;wq;fis

kdf;fyf;fkpd;wp xj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. 1799 nrg;lk;gu; 17 Mk; Njjp

tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; faj;jhw;wpy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;L

nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. ,Wjp %r;R cs;stiu fl;lnghk;kd; jsuh

kdcWjpAlDk;> ,Wkhg;Gr; nrUf;FlDk; fzg;gl;lhu; vd;W Nk[u;

ghdu;kd; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. tPughz;bad; jd; tho;ehspd; ,Wjp

ehl;fis xU khtPuDf;Fupa ,Wkhg;Gld; vjpu;nfhz;lhu;' vd;W

Gfohuk; R+l;bAs;shu; Nguhrpupau; Nf.uh[a;ad;.

kjpg;gPL

tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; ,ay;ghfNt mikjpahdtu;;

mikjpia tpUk;gpatu;. rl;lj;ij kjpj;Jj; jtwhky; fg;gk; fl;b

te;jtu;. thba gapiuf; fz;L thba ts;syhu; Nghd;W

gQ;rj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp kf;fspd; Jau; Jilf;fg;

ghLgl;ltu;. fk;ngdp cau; mjpfhupfspd; kjpg;igg; ngw;wpUe;jtu;.

rj;jpaj;ijAk; rkhjhdj;ijAk; fl;bf; fhj;jtu;. mg;gbg;gl;l

mfpk;rh %u;j;jpia ,uhkehjGu khtl;l Ml;rpau; mtkjpj;jhu;>

cjhrPdg;gLj;jpdhu;. mjd; fhuzkhf fl;lnghk;kd; Mq;fpy

Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhfg; Nghuhlj; Jzpe;jhu;. vz;zpj; Jzpe;j

tPughz;bad; jd; KbtpypUe;J gpd;thq;ftpy;iy.

fpsu;r;rpf;fhu fl;lnghk;kd; kUJ ghz;bad; cUthf;fpa

Mq;fpy vjpu;g;Gf; $l;lzpapy; jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.

jpUney;Ntyp fpsu;r;rpf;fhu ghisaf;fhuu;fSf;Fj; jiyik

jhq;fpdhu;. Mq;fpNyaiu Mjupj;j rptfpup kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;.

xw;wu; %yk; vjpupfspd; elkhl;lq;fisf; fz;fhzpj;jhu;.

neUf;fbahd Neuj;jpYk; Mq;fpNyauplk; mbgzpa kWj;jhu;. capu;

%r;R cs;stiu Mq;fpNyaiu vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhba fl;lnghk;kd;

rf ghisaf;fhuu;fshy; fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;L ifJ

nra;ag;gl;lhu;. rhFk; NghJk; nrUf;NfhL nrj;jhu;. tPughz;ba

fl;lnghk;kd; gpwtpg; Nghuhsp my;yu;; R+o;epiyf; fl;lhaj;jhy;

fpsu;r;rpf;fhuuhdtu;.

229

12.9.2. Cikj;Jiu

tPughz;bad;> Cikj;Jiu> Fkhurhkp Mfpa %tUk;

cld;gpwe;j rNfhjuu;fs;. ,k;%tUk; ghisag;gw;Wkpf;f tPuu;fs;.

,tu;fs; tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kDf;Fj; Njhd;whj; Jizahf

,Ue;jhu;fs;. Fwpg;ghf> Cikj;Jiu Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa

fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhd ghisaf;fhug; Nghupy; gpujhd gq;Nfw;whu;. 1798

,y; ,uhkehjGuk; NrJgjpapd; muz;kidapy; fl;lnghk;kdpd;

capUf;F CWNeutpUe;j Neuj;jpy; Mq;fpy ghJfhtyu;

tPuu;fSld; Nghupl;L fl;lnghk;kd; jg;gpr; nry;yf; fhuzkhf

,Ue;jhu;. gpd;du; 1799 ,y; Nk[u; ghdu;kd; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf;

Nfhl;il kPJ gPuq;fpj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jp cs;Ns Eioe;j NghJ

mtu;fis jPuj;Jld; vjpu;f;nfhz;L Nghuhb mtu;fsJ jhf;Fjiy

jLj;J epWj;jpdhu;. Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wpa Mq;fpNyau;

Cikj;Jiuiaf; ifJ nra;J ghisak;Nfhl;il rpiwapy;

milj;jdu;. 1801 gpg;utup khjk; rpiwapypUe;J jg;gpa Cikj;Jiu

fl;lnghk;kd; tpl;Lr; nrd;w Mq;fpy Mjpf;f vjpu;g;Gg;

Nghuhl;lj;ijj; njhlu;e;jhu;.

J}j;Jf;Fb jhf;Fjy;

ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapypUe;J jg;gpa Cikj;Jiu

ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Nfhl;iliag; GJg;gpj;Jf; fl;bdhu;. gpw

ghisaf;fhuu;fis xd;W jpul;b> xUq;fpizj;J> kw;nwhU

$l;likg;ig cUthf;Fk; Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. vl;ilaGuk;>

Cj;Jkiy ghisaf;fhuu;fisj; jtpu gpw jpUney;Ntyp

ghisaf;fhuu;fs; Cikj;JiuNahL Nru;e;J Mq;fpNyaUf;F

vjpuhfg; Nghuhl Mjutspj;jdu;. rptfq;if kUJghz;bad;

mDg;gpa gil tPuu;fisAk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;L Cikj;Jiu 1801

khu;r; 3 Mk; Njjp J}j;Jf;Fbiaj; jhf;fpf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. ,J

Cikj;Jiuapd; jiyikapy; nray;gl;l $l;Lg;gilf;Ff; fpilj;j

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ntw;wpahFk;.

Kw;Wif Kwpabg;G

Mq;fpNyau; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpiaf; ifg;gw;Wk; Kaw;rpiaf;

iftpl tpy;iy. mtu;fs; jpUtpjhq;$u; kd;du; mDg;gpa gilapd;

Jiz nfhz;L jsgjp fhypd; nkf;fhNy jiyikapy; 1801 khu;r;

13 Mk; Njjp ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifapl;ldu;.

Cikj;JiuAk;> mtuJ rNfhjuu; jstha; FkhurhkpAk; mtu;fsJ

tPuu;fSk; Mq;fpNyaupd; jhf;Fjiy cWjpAld; vjpu;f; nfhz;ldu;.

,e;j tho;th-rhth Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Mq;fpNyau; gyu; capupoe;jdu;.

Mq;fpNyau; gil gpd;thq;fpaJ. Mq;fpNyau; Kw;Wif

Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,uz;lhtJ ntw;wpahy; Cikj;Jiuapd;

tPuf;fuk; NkNyhq;fp epd;wJ.

230

kPz;Lk; Kw;Wif

ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Nfhl;il Kw;Wifj; Njhy;tp jsgjp

fhypd; nkf;fhNyf;Fg; ngUk; gpd;dilit Vw;gLj;jpaJ. vdpDk;>

mtu; kPz;Lk; Kw;Wifapl;L mf;Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wj;

jpl;lkpl;lhu;. nkf;fhNy nrd;id> Mu;f;fhL> jpz;Lf;fy;> jpUr;rp>

kyghu; gFjpfspypUe;J gilfisj; jpul;bdhu;. jQ;ir kd;du;

ruNgh[pAk;> GJf;Nfhl;il njhz;ilkhDk; Mq;fpNyaUf;F

Mjuthf ,Ue;jdu;. 1801 Nk 24 Mk; Njjp nyg;bdd;l; fu;dy;

mf;dpA+ (Lt.Colonel Agnew) jiyikapy; Mq;fpNyaupd;

$l;Lg;gil ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifapl;lJ. 53

ehl;fs; njhlu;e;J Nfhl;il kPJ gPuq;fpj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jg; gl;lJ.

,U jug;gpYk; gyj;j Nrjk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,Wjpapy; Nfhl;il

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. Cikj;Jiu gyj;j fhaq;fSld; capu;

jg;gpdhu;.


ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpapypUe;J jg;gpr; nrd;w Cikj;Jiu

fhisahu;Nfhtpy; fhl;Lf;Fs; kUJ rNfhjuu;fis re;jpj;J

mtu;fSld; Nru;e;J nfhz;L Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;Jg;

Nghuhbdhu;. kUJ rNfhjuu;fs; Jtf;fpa Mq;fpy Mjpf;f vjpu;g;G

njd;dpe;jpa fpsu;r;rpapy; Nguhu;tj;Jld; gq;Nfw;whu; Cikj;Jiu.

fhisahu;Nfhtpy; fpsu;r;rpf; Nfe;jpukhapw;W. jsgjp nkf;dPd;

(Lieutenant Maclean) jiyikapy; fhiuf;Fb te;j Mq;fpyg;

gilia Cikj;Jiuapd; jiyikapd; fPo; te;j gil Rw;wpr;

R+o;e;J nfhz;L jhf;fpaJ. ,j;jhf;Fjiy vjpu;f;nfhs;s Kbahj

nkf;dPd; gil gpd;thq;f Neupl;lJ. gpd;thq;fpa Mq;fpyg; gil

jpUr;rp> jpUtpjhq;$u;> GJf;Nfhl;il> ,yq;if Mfpa

,lq;fspypUe;J te;j cjtpg; gilAld; fu;dy; mf;dpA+

(Lt.Colonel Agnew)tpd; jiyikapy; 1801 nrg;lk;gu; khjk;

fhisahu; Nfhapiyj; jhf;fpdhu;. rptfq;ifapd; gy gFjpfs;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld. ,d;]; (Innes)> gpshf;gu;d; (Blackburne)>

nkf;fhNy (Macaulay) jiyikapy; fhisahu; Nfhapy; kPJ

Kk;Kidj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,j;jhf;Fjiyj; jPuj;Jld;

vjpu;f;nfhz;l Cikj;Jiu fhisahu;Nfhapy; Mq;fpyg; gilahy;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpwF jpz;Lf;fy;Yf;Fj; jg;gpr;nrd;whu; (mf;Nlhgu;1).

jpz;Lf;fy; jhf;Fjy;

jpz;Lf;fy;Yf;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;w Cikj;Jiu %d;W

ehl;fSf;Fs; rpy MAjk; jhq;fpa tPuu;fisj; jpul;bdhu;. gpd;du;

tpUg;ghl;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wp mjd; mlu;e;j fhLfSf;Fr; nrd;W

Cikj;Jiu Nghuhl;lj;ijj; njhlu;e;jhu;. gpd;du;> jpz;Lf;fy;ypy;

N[hd;]; (Jones) jiyikapyhd giliaj; Njhw;fbj;jhu;.

Cikj;Jiuapd; gil tPuu;fs; vjpupfis tpUg;ghl;rpapYk;>

231

Nrj;uk;gl;bapYk; ,il kwpj;Jj; jhf;fpdu;. Njhy;tpaile;j

Cikj;JiuAk; mtuJ gil tPuu;fSk; jpz;Lf;fy; gs;sj;jhf;fpy;

gJq;fpdu;. Mq;fpyg; gil mtu;fisj; Juj;jpr; nrd;W jhf;fpaJ.

%d;W ehl;fs; cztpd;wp thba fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;

gl;ldu;. ifJ nra;ag;gl;l fpsu;r;rpj; jiytu;fs; nfhûkhfj;

jz;bf;fg;gl;ldu;. 1801 etk;gu; 16 Mk; Njjp Cikj;JiuAk;

mtuJ ,isa rNfhjuu; nrtj;ijahTk; rpur;Nrjk;

nra;ag;gl;ljhf N[k;]; nty;\; (James Welsh) jdJ ,uhZt

epidTf; Fwpg;Gfspy; (Military Reminicences) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

kjpg;gPL

tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kDk; Cikj;JiuAk; xU ehzaj;jpd;

,uz;L gf;fq;fisg; Nghd;wtu;fs;. ,t;tpUtUk; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp

ghisaj;jpd; Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhf Mu;f;fhl;L ethG-Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdp

Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;J ,ul;ilf; Foy; Jg;ghf;fpahf ,Ue;J

Nghuhbatu;fs;. mz;zd; tpl;Lr; nrd;w gzpia jk;gp

jiyNkw;nfhz;L njhlu;e;jhu;. ghisaq;Nfhl;il rpiwapypUe;J

jg;gp te;j Cikj;Jiu ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Nfhl;iliag; GJg;gpj;Jg;

gyg;gLj;jpdhu;; J}j;Jf;Fbj; jhf;Fjiy ntw;wpfukhf elj;jpdhu;;

ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Kw;WifapypUe;J Mq;fpyg; giliag; gpd;thq;fr;

nra;jhu;; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp kPz;Lk; jhf;fg;gl;lNghJ jPuj;Jld;

vjpu;nfhz;lhu;. fhisahu;Nfhtpy; fpsu;r;rpapd; NghJk;> jpz;Lf;fy;

jhf;Fjy; NghJk; vjpupfisj; jpzwr;nra;jhu;.

Cikj;JiuAk; mtuJ ,sty; Jiurpq;fk; nrtj;ijahTk;

kUJ rNfhjuu;fSld; Nru;e;J tpupthd Mq;fpy Mjpf;f vjpu;g;Gg;

Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;wdu;. Cikj;Jiu JiwNghjpa ,uh[je;jpup;

Nghu; KiwfisAk;> El;gq;fisAk;> cj;jpfisAk; iftuf;

fw;wtu;; gpw ghisaf;fhug; NghuhspfSld; xUq;fpize;J

nray;glf;$ba jiyikj; jpwd;kpf;ftu;. Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ij

,Wjptiu vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhb capu;j; jpahfk; nra;jtu;. jw;fhyj;

jkpo; ehl;L tuyhw;wpd; Nghuhspfs; gl;baypy; ,lk; ngwj;jf;ftu;

Cikj;Jiu vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.


NtY ehr;rpahu; Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;j Kjy; ngz;

murp vd;w ngUikf;Fupatu;. ,tu; rptfq;ifr; rPikia Ml;rp

nra;j Kj;J tLfehjupd; kidtp Mthu;. jhz;ltuhagps;is

mikr;ruhapUe;j NghJ NtY ehr;rpahu; mtuJ fztu; Kj;J

tLfehjUf;F ey;y kidtpahfTk;> ez;guhfTk;> MNyhrfuhfTk;>

topfhl;bahfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. Kj;J tLfehju; lr;Rf;fhuu;fSf;F

tu;j;jf trjpfs; nra;J nfhLj;jikahy; Mq;fpNyau; ,UKiw

rptfq;if kPJ gilnaLj;J> fhisahu;Nfhapiyf;

232

ifg;gw;wpaNghJ tLfehju; tPuj;Jld; Nghupl;L kbe;jhu; (1772 [_d;

21). fztUld; Nghu;f;fsj;jpypUe;J Nghupy; gq;Nfw;w

NtYehr;rpahupd; nray; gpukpf;fj;jf;fJ; ghuhl;Lf;FupaJ. fztu;

Kj;J tLfehjupd; tPu kuzj;Jf;Fg; gpd; tpjit NtY ehr;rpahu;

mtuJ kfs; Ntyhr;rp ehr;rpahu;> mikr;ru; jhz;ltuha gps;is

MfpNahUld; tpUg;ghl;rpf;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;wdu;. mq;F mtu;fs;

vl;L Mz;L fhyk; Iju; mypapd; ghJfhg;Gg; guhkupg;gpy;

,Ue;jdu;. me;j tha;g;igg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L NtY ehr;rpahu;

xU giliaj; jpul;b> Iju; myp kw;Wk; Nfhghy ehaf;fUld;

Nru;e;J Mq;fpNyaiuj; jhf;fj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;. mjd;gb> 1780 ,y;

,f;$l;Lg;gil rptfq;ifapy; Mq;fpNyaiu vjpu;j;Jg; Nghupl;lJ.

,g;Nghupd; NghJ kUJ rNfhuu;fs; jsgjpfshfr; nray;gl;ldu;.

,g;NghUf;Fg; gpd; rptfq;if NtYehr;rpahu; trk; te;jJ; mtu;

rptfq;if murpahdhu;.

murp NtY ehr;rpahu;

rptfq;ifapd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;w NtYehr;rpahu; gj;jhz;L

fhyk; ey;yhl;rp nra;jhu;. Iju; mypAk;> Nfhghy ehaf;fUk;

mtUf;Fj; njhlu;e;J MjuT mspj;jdu;. rpd;d kUJ murpapd;

mikr;ruhfTk;> ngupa kUJ jiyikj; jsgjpahfTk;

epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,t;tpUtUk; murpapd; ek;gpf;iff;Fupatu;fshf

,Ue;J mtuJ gj;jhz;Lfhy Ml;rpapy; gq;Nfw;wdu;. murp NtY

ehr;rpahu; Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig kUJ rNfhjuu;fsplk; xg;gilj;J

tpl;L rpy Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; ,we;jhu; (1790).


jPud; rpd;dkiy ghisak;Nfhl;il gl;lf;fhuu; mur

guk;giuiar; Nru;e;jtu;. ,tu; 1756 Vg;uy; 17 Mk; Njjp

Nkyghisaj;jpy; ,uj;drhkpf;Fk; ngupahj;jhSf;Fk; gpwe;jhu;.

,tuJ ,aw;ngau; jPu;j;jfpup fTz;lu;. gpd;du; khtPud; jPud;

rpd;dkiy vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ikR+upd; mjpguhd Iju; myp

nfhq;F ehl;il mgfupf;fj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;. mtuJ jpthd; KfkJ

myp nfhq;F ehl;by; jPu;j;jfpup FLk;gj;Jf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd

gFjpfisf; ifafg;gLj;jp> kf;fisf; nfhLikg;gLj;jpf; fl;lha

tuptR+y; nra;jhu;. jPu;j;jfpupAk; mtuJ ,U rNfhjuu;fSk; KfkJ

mypia rptd; kiy kw;Wk; nrd;dpkiyapy; ,ilkwpj;J re;jpj;J

tupg; gzj;ij kPl;L nfhq;F ehl;L cupikia epiyehl;bdu;.

jPu;j;jfpupapd; jPur; nray; kf;fspilNa tpiue;J gutpaJ.

jPu;j;jfpup rpd;dkiy

mtkjpf;fg;gl;l ikR+u; jpthd; KfkJ myp

rq;ffpupapypUe;J xU gilia mDg;gpdhu;. jPu;j;jfpup mg;gil

fhq;Nfaj;ij miltjw;F Kd; neha;ay; Mw;wq;fiuapy;

233

,ilkwpj;Jj; Njhw;fbj;jhu;. ,JNt jPu;j;jfpup ngw;w Kjy;

ntw;wpahFk;. ikR+u; Ry;jhd; Iju; myp gopthq;Fk; Nehf;Fld;

jhf;ff;$Lk; vd;W vz;zpa jPu;j;jfpup rpd;dkiy nfhq;F ehl;L

fpuhkq;fspypUe;J ,isQu;fisj; njupT nra;J> mtu;fSf;Fg;

Nghu;g; gapw;rp nfhLj;J> xU gilia cUthf;fpdhu;. ,jd; %yk;

jPud; rpd;dkiy nfhq;F ehl;L kf;fspd; cs;sq;fis nfhs;is

nfhz;lhu;.

jPuDk; jpg;GTk;

Iju; myp ,we;jgpd; (1782 [_iy 12) mtuJ thuprhd jpg;G

Ry;jhd; Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;f;f khtPud; jPud; rpd;dkiyapd;

MjuitAk;> cjtpiaAk; Ntz;bdhu;. rpd;dkiy jpg;G

Ry;jhDld; Nru;e;J nghJ vjpupahd Mq;fpNyaiu vjpu;f;f xg;Gjy;

mspj;jhu;. $l;Lg; gilf;F gpnuQ;Rg; Nghu; ty;Yeu;fs; gapw;rp

mspj;jdu;. ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghupd; NghJ (1799) jPud;

rpd;dkiyapd; tPuu;fs; jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; jiyikapd; fPo;

khyty;ypg; Nghu; Kidapy; Mq;fpyg; gilia vjpu;j;Jg;

Nghupl;ldu;. ,g;Nghupy; jpg;GRy;jhd; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu; (1799 Vg;uy; 5).

Xlepyh ntw;wp

jpg;G Ry;jhd; ,we;j gpd;du; jPud; rpd;dkiyAk; mtuJ

tPuu;fSk; nfhq;F ehL jpUk;gpdu;. Mq;fpNyaiu

vjpu;nfhs;tjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu; rpd;dkiy. Xlepyh

vd;w typikkpf;f muz;kidia vOg;gpdhu;. mq;F xU

gilf;fyr; rhiy (Ordinance Factory)iaf; fl;bdhu;;

gPuq;fpfSk;> Jg;ghf;fpfSk; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. jPud; rpd;dkiyapd;

nfhq;F ehl;Lg; gw;Wk;> Mq;fpy Mjpf;f vjpu;g;Gk; gf;fj;Jg;

ghisaf;fhuu;fisAk; gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhff;

$l;likg;G mikj;Jg; Nghuhl Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij

czu;e;jdu;.

ngUk; gpd;dilT

nfhq;F ehl;ilj; jq;fsJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L

te;Jtpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;Fld; Mq;fpNayu; xUtiu J}J

mDg;gp nfhq;F ehl;bd; kPJ Mq;fpNyaupd; fl;Lg;ghl;il Vw;Wf;

nfhz;L fg;gk; nrYj;JkhW mwpTWj;jpdu;. Mdhy; jPud;

rpd;dkiy Mq;fpNyaupd; rthiy vjpu;j;J nfhq;F ehl;bd;

,iwahd;ikia epiyehl;lj; Jzpe;jhu;. jPud; rpd;dkiyapd;

JzpitAk; miw$tiyAk; fz;L mjpu;e;J Nghd Mq;fpNyau;

jsgjp khfp];fhd; (Col.Makiskan) jiyikapy; rpd;dkiyiaf;

ifJ nra;a mDg;gpdu;. jPud; rpd;dkiy vjpupg; gilia

neha;ay; Mw;wq;fiuapy; Njhw;fbj;jhu;. jsgjp khfp];fhd;

nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.

234

tPu kuzk;

Mq;fpNyaUf;F Vw;gl;l ngUk; gpd;dilitg; nghWj;Jf;

nfhs;s Kbahj Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdp jsgjp `hup]; (Captain

Harris) jiyikapy; xU Fjpiug; gilia mDg;gpaJ.

Xlepyhit mile;j Fjpiug; gilia jPBu;j; jhf;Fjy; elj;jp

epiyFiyar; nra;jhu; jPud; rpd;dkiy. ,j;jhf;Fjiy rkhspf;f

Kbahj jsgjp `hup]; gpd;thq;f Neupl;lJ (1802). mjd;gpd;

Mq;fpNyau; xU gykpf;f gPuq;fpg; gilia mDg;gpaJ. mij

mwpe;j rpd;dkiyAk; mtuJ FLk;gj;jpdUk; fUkiyf;Fr;

nrd;Wtpl;ldu;. Mq;fpNyaupd; gPuq;fpg; gil Xl epyh

muz;kidiaj; jiukl;lkhf;fpw;W. ey;yg;gd; vd;w

rikay;fhudhy; fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;l rpd;dkiyAk; mtuJ

rNfhjuu;fSk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rq;ffpup rpiwapy;

milf;fg;gl;ldu;. nfhq;F ehl;bd; kPJ Mq;fpNyaupd;

Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy; rpd;dkiyia kd;dpf;fj;

jahuhf ,Ug;gjhff; $wpaJ fk;ngdp. Mdhy; jPud; rpd;dkiy

ve;j epge;jidiaAk; Vw;f kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. vdNt> 1805 [_iy 31

Mk; Njjp khtPud; rpd;dkiyAk; mtuJ rNfhjuu;fSk;

J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldu;.


Re;juypq;fk; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; cs;s

Rtu;dfpupapy; 1771 Mk; Mz;L fl;lf; fUg;gzj; NjNte;jpuUf;Fk;

Kj;jk;khSf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. ,tuJ kidtp rz;KftbT.

Re;juypq;fk; tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kdpd; ek;gpf;iff;Fg; ghj;jpukhd

jsgjpfspy; xUtuhf cldpUe;jhu;. ejpePu;g; gq;fPL rk;ge;jkhf

ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf;Fk; vl;laGuj;Jf;FkpilNa Vw;gl;l jfwhupy;

Re;juypq;fk; jiyapl;Lj; jPu;j;J itj;jjpypUe;J ,tuJ murpay;

tuyhW Jtq;fpaJ vdyhk;. mjd;gpd; mtu; fl;lnghk;kdpd; gilg;

gpuptpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;L> gbg;gbahf jsgjp msTf;F cau;e;jhu;.

tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;l Ml;rpau; [hf;rid

re;jpf;fr; nrd;w NghJ Re;juypq;fKk; Cikj;JiuAk; mtUld;

nrd;wdu;. Nfhl;il thapypy; ele;j iffyg;gpy; Re;juypq;fk;

Mq;fpyj; jsgjp fpshu;f;iff; ntl;bf; nfhd;wjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.

fl;lnghk;kd; jg;gpr; nry;y Re;juypq;fKk; Cikj;JiuAk;

NgUjtp nra;jdu;. 1799 nrg;lk;gu; 5 Mk; Njjp ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp

Nfhl;il Mq;fpNyauhy; Kw;Wifaplg;gl;lNghJ Re;juypq;fk;

Jizj; jsgjpfSld; vjpupg; gilapdiu vjpu;nfhz;L gyj;j

Nrjj;ij tpistpj;jhu;. fl;lnghk;kDk;> Cikj;JiuAk;

Nfhl;ilia tpl;L ntspNaw Re;juypq;fk; cjtp nra;jhu;.

mtu;fisj; njhlu;e;J Re;juypq;fKk; jiykiwthdhu;.

235

Cikj;Jiuf;F cWJiz

fl;lnghk;kDf;Fg; gpwF Mq;fpy Mjpf;f vjpu;g;Gg;

Nghuhl;lj;ijj; njhlu;e;J elj;jpa Cikj;Jiuf;Fj; Njhd;whj;

Jizahf ,Ue;jhu; Re;juypq;fk;. Nfhy;thu;gl;br; rz;ilapd;

NghJ (1799 nrg;lk;gu; 9) jiykiwthd Re;juypq;fk; Rtu;dfpup>

gRte;jhid> gl;lzkUJ}u; Kjyhd ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W

,isQu;fisj; jpul;b> Nghu;g; gapw;rp nfhLj;jhu;; rpW gilia

cUthf;fpdhu;. mg;giliaf; nfhz;L ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapy; rpiw

itf;fg;gl;bUe;j Cikj;Jiuia tpLtpj;jhu; (1801 [dtup 2).

ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapypUe;J ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp jpUk;gpa

Re;juypq;fKk; Cikj;JiuAk; rpije;J Nghd Nfhl;ilia

tpiue;J fl;bdu;. ,UtUk; ,ize;J Mq;fpy Mjpf;f vjpu;g;Gf;

$l;likg;igg; GJg;gpf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;ldu;.

ghQ;rhyq;Nfhl;il Mq;fpNyauhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpd;du;

Re;juypq;fk; Cikj;JiuAld; jg;gpr; nrd;W kUJ

rNfhjuu;fSld; ,ize;J Mq;fpNyaiu vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhbdu;.

mtu;fSf;F milf;fyk; nfhLj;jikf;fhf Mq;fpNyau; rptfq;if

kPJ gilnaLj;J> kUJ rNfhjuu;fisf; ifJ nra;J

J}f;fpypl;ldu;. mNjNghd;W> Re;juypq;fKk;> Cikj;JiuAk;

tpUg;ghl;rpapy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp gPuq;fpNkl;by;

xNu ehspy; xNu ,lj;jpy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldu; (1801 etk;gu; 16).

Re;juypq;fKk; Cikj;JiuAk; Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhf xU

jha; tapw;Wg; gps;isfisg; Nghd;W ,iz gpupahjpUe;J

,Wjptiu Nghuhba rahkpa ,ul;ilau;fs; (Siamese

Twins).


kUJghz;bad; 1748 brk;gu; 15 Mk; Njjp %f;ifa

godpag;gDf;Fk; nghd;dhj;jhSf;Fk; rptfq;ifapy;

mUg;Gf;Nfhl;ilf;F mUNf cs;s eupf;Fb vd;w fpuhkj;jpy;

gpwe;jhu;. mtuJ ,sty; rpd;dkUJ 1753 ,y; gpwe;jhu;. cilahu;

Nru;it ,uhkehjGuk; kd;dupd; ,uhZtj;jpd; jsgjpahf ,Ue;j

NghJ mtuJ FLk;gj;ij eupf;FbapypUe;J tpUJefUf;F

khw;wpdhu;.

kUJ rNfhjuu;fs;

kUJ rNfhjuu;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ngupa kUJTk;>

rpd;d kUJTk; R+ud; Nfhl;ilapd; Nghu;f; fiyapy; gapw;rp

ngw;wdu;. ,UtUk; tyhup (Boomerang) vwptjpy; mrfha R+uu;fs;;

mij Mw;wy;kpf;fg; Nghu;f; fUtpahfg; gad;gLj;jpdu;.

,uhkehjGuk; kd;du; Kj;J tp[a uFehj NrJgjp ,tu;fSf;Fg;

236

ghz;bau;fs;' vd;W ngau; R+l;bg; ngUikg;gLj;jpdhu;. rptfq;if

kd;du; Kj;J tLfehju; kUJ rNfhjuu;fspd; tPujPur; nray;fisg;

gw;wpf; Nfs;tpg;gl;L ,r;rNfhjuu;fisf; Nfl;Lg; ngw;W jdJ

,uhZtj;jpy; jsgjpfshfr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. ngupa kUJTk;>

rpd;d kUJTk; ,iz gpupah ,ul;ilau;fshf ,Ue;J Mq;fpy

Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhbdu;. 1772 ,y; Mq;fpyj; jsgjp ghd;

N[hu; (Lt.Col.Bon Jour) fhisahu; Nfhapiyj; jhf;fpa NghJ

rptfq;if kd;du; Kj;J tLfehju; capupoe;jhu;. me;j

neUf;fbahd Neuj;jpy; kUJ rNfhjuu;fs; ,uhzp

NtYehr;rpahiug; ghJfhg;Gld; ikR+u; Ry;jhd; Iju; mypapd;

fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;j jpz;Lf;fy;Yf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;wdu;. mq;F

mtu;fs; ikR+u; Ry;jhdpd; ghJfhg;gpYk; guhkupg;gpYk; ,Ue;jdu;.

fs;su;Fb ntw;wp

NtYehr;rpahu; Mu;f;fhL ethgpd; MjuNthL rptfq;if

murpahdhu;. mjw;Ff; ifkhwhf vl;L Mz;L fhykhff;

fl;lg;glhky; ,Ue;j fg;gj;ijf; fl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;W epge;jid

tpjpj;jhu;. murp me;j epge;jidia epuhfupj;jhu;. kUJ

ghz;bau;fs; ethGf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gFjpfisr; R+iwahbdu;.

vdNt> Mw;fhL ethG Mq;fpNyaupd; ,uhZt cjtpNahL

fs;su;Fbiaj; jhf;fpdhu;. kUJ ghz;bau;fs; mj;jhf;Fjiy

Kwpabj;jdu;. fs;su;Fb ntw;wp mtu;fsJ ,uhZtj;

jiyikiag; giwrhw;wpaJ.

fl;lnghk;kDk; kUJ ghz;bau;fSk;

kUJ ghz;bau;fs; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp tPughz;ba

fl;lnghk;kNdhL neUq;fpa njhlu;G nfhz;L mtUila

MNyhridiag; ngw;W te;jdu;. fl;lnghk;kd; J}f;fpyplg;gl;l

gpd;du; (1799 mf;Nlhgu; 9) kUJ rNfhjuu;fs; Cikj;Jiu

rNfhjuu;fSf;F milf;fyk; nfhLj;J Mjupj;jdu;.

milf;fykile;j mtu;fis xg;gilf;f kWj;jjhy; Mq;fpNyau;

rptfq;ifiaj; jhf;fpdu; (1801). kUJ ghz;bau;fs; mj;jhf;Fjiy

Kwpabj;J Mq;fpNyaUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd %d;W khtl;lq;fisf;

ifg;gw;wpdu;.

fhisahu;Nfhapy; Nghu;

kUJ ghz;bau;fs; Mq;fpNyau; Mjpf;fj;ijj; jPtpukhf

vjpu;j;J te;jdu;. ,e;j vjpu;g;Gf;F ,uhkehjGuk;> jQ;ir> kJiug;

gFjpj; jiytu;fs; Mjutspj;jdu;. ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghupd; NghJ

(1799) kUJ ghz;bad; Mjuthsu;fs; Mq;fpNyaupd; fhty;

epiyaq;fisj; jhf;fp MAjq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpdu;. Mq;fpNyaiu

vjpu;f;fj; Jzpe;j midtiuAk; Cf;Ftpj;J Xuzpapy; nfhz;L

te;jdu;. 1801 [_d; khjk; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f Rje;jpug;

gpufldj;ij ntspapl;lhu;. kUJ ghz;badpd; Mq;fpNyau; Mjpf;f

237

vjpu;g;ig KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tuj; jPu;khdpj;j fk;ngdp

typikkpf;f gilia mDg;gp rpWtaiyj; jhf;fp ([_iy 30)>

fhisahu;Nfhapiyf; ifg;gw;wpdu; (mf;Nlhgu;). Mq;fpNyaupd;

gpbapypUe;J jg;gpa kUJ ghz;bau;fs; rpq;fk;Gzup fhLfSf;Fj;

jg;gpr; nrd;wdu;. mtu;fisj; Juj;jpr; nrd;w vjpupg; gilapdu;

NrhoGuj;jpy; ifJ nra;jdu; (mf;Nlhgu; 19). 1801 mf;Nlhgu; 24

Mk; Njjp kUJ ghz;bau;fs; jpUg;gj;J}u; Nfhl;ilapy;

J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldu;. kUJ ghz;bau;fs; gpwtpg; Nghuhspfs;.

mtu;fsJ Mq;fpNya Mjpf;f vjpu;g;G ,ay;ghdJ> jPu;f;fkhdJ.

,tu;fs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rpia kf;fs;

tpLjiy ,af;fkhf khw;wpdu;. kUJ ghz;badpd; Rje;jpug;

gpufldk; rhjp> kj> epw> ,d> gpuhe;jpa NtWghbd;wp kf;fs;

rhu;ghf Mq;fpNayu; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhf tplg;gl;l

miw$tyhFk;. kUJ ghz;bau;fspd; tpLjiy czu;Tk;> tPuKk;>

ehl;Lg; gw;Wk; ghisa vy;iy fle;jit; jd;dykw;wit;

mg;gOf;fw;wit. 1813 ,y; N[.Nfhu;Ny vd;w Mq;fpy

Muha;r;rpahsu; kUJ ghz;bau; gw;wp vOjpa E}ypy; (Maradu An

Indian Story of the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century) kUJ

ghz;bau;fspd; Nghu;g; gpufldk; fp.gp.85 Mk; Mz;by; Nuhkhdpa

Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;J epfo;j;jpa gpupl;lhdpa jsgjp fhy;fhf];

(Calgacus) NgUiuf;F ,izahdJ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

RUq;ff;$wpd;> kUJ ghz;bau;fs; Kd;dpd;W elj;jpa Nghuhl;lk;

mjd;gpd; te;j Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F Kd;Ndhbahf mike;jJ vdpy;

kpifahfhJ. kf;fs; ehafdhfj; jpfo;e;j kUJ ghz;bad;

Mq;fpNyag; GaYf;F Kd; Vw;wp itj;j mfy; tpsf;F Nghd;wJ

vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; jkpo; ehl;L tuyhw;W Mrpupau; m.,uhkrhkp.

1800-1801 Mk; Mz;by; khkd;du; kUJ ghz;bau;fs;

jiyikapYk;> topfhl;LjypYk; cUthd Nghuhl;lq;fs;

Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd MAjk; Ve;jpa kf;fs; Gul;rp vd;W

fUJfpwhu; nghd;.Kj;Juhkypq;fk;. kUJ ghz;bau;fspd;

jiyikapy; eilngw;w njd;dpe;jpa fpsu;r;rp ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;lg; gazj;jpd; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j khKaw;rpapd;

Jtf;fkhFk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; Nguhrpupau; Nf.uh[a;ad;.

kjpg;gPL

Mq;fpNyau; fk;ngdp ehaf;fu;fspd; MjuNthLk;> ethGfspd;

,ayhikahYk; jkpo; ehl;by; fhY}d;wp> Ntu; tpl;L tsu;e;jJ;

tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ. tu;j;jfk; nra;a te;j tpahghupfs; Ml;rpahsu;

Mapdu;. mtu;fs; jq;fsJ gykpf;f flw;gilahYk;>

jiug;gilahYk;> etPd mwptpay; uPjpahd mZFKiwahYk;>

epu;thff; fl;Lg;ghl;lhYk;> jkpo; ehl;L Ml;rpahsu;fNshL $l;L

Nru;e;J gbg;gbahfj; jq;fsJ mjpfhu Mjpf;f vy;iyia

tpupTgLj;jpdu;. Fuq;F jd; Fl;bapd; thiytpl;L nts;sj;jpd;

238

Moj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;tijg; Nghd;W Mq;fpNyau; ethGfisf;

nfhz;L jkpo; ehl;L murpay; Moj;ijf; fzf;fpl;L Ml;rpiag;

gpbj;jdu;. ,jw;fhf mtu;fs; ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rpfis

Kwpabf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. murhq;f mjpfhug; gpuNahfk;

mj;JkPwg;gLk; NghJ ghjpf;fg; gLNthu; fpsu;e;njOtu;. mijj;

jhd; ghisaf;fhuu;fs; nra;jdu;. Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;Jg;

Nghuhbdu;. mtu;fsJ Mq;fpy vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lk; gpd; te;j

,e;jpa tpLjiyg; NghuhspfSf;F Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;e;jJ.

jkpo;ehL ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Njhw;Wtha; vd;why;

kpifahfhJ.


6. tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; ve;j tajpy; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpg;

ghisaj;Jf;F Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;?

7. Xlepyh vd;w muz;kidia fl;baJ ahu;?

12.10. njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp> 1800-1801

Mu;f;fhL ethG KfkJ myp Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa

fk;ngdpapd; MjuNthL kJiu kw;Wk; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lq;fspy;

jdJ mjpfhu Mjpf;fj;ij tpupTgLj;j Kw;gl;l NghJ

ghisaf;fhuu;fs; fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;. ney;fl;Lk;nrtiy

ney;fl;lhd; nrtyhf;fpa G+ypj;Njtd; (1715-1767) Nkw;Fg;

ghisaf;fhuu;fis Cf;Ftpj;J> xUq;fpizj;J> Nghuhl;lf;

$l;likg;Gf; Filapd; fPo;f; nfhz;L te;J ethg;-Mq;fpy

Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;J capu;j;jpahfk; nra;jhu;.

18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lj; Jtf;fj;jpy; ghisa Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhfg;

Nghuhba Kjy; jkpo;g; Nghuhsp G+ypj;Njtd; Mthu;.

G+ypj;NjtDf;Fg; gpd; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpg; ghisaf;fhuu; tPughz;ba

fl;lnghk;kd; (1760-1799) fpof;Fg; ghisaf;fhuu;fis

cw;rhfg;gLj;jp> xd;W Nru;j;J> Mq;fpy Mjpf;f vjpu;g;Gf; $l;lzp

mikj;Jg; Nghuhbajhy; J}f;fpyplg; gl;lhu;. G+ypj;NjtDk;>

fl;lnghk;kDk; ethg;-Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;Jf;

fpsu;e;njOe;j Kjy; Nghuhl;lf;fhuu;fs; Mtu;. ,tu;fsJ

fpsu;r;rpfis ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Kjy; fl;l fd;dp

Kaw;rp vdyhk;.

mLj;jfl;l Kaw;rp

tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; J}f;fpyplg;gl;l gpd;du; (1799)

mtuJ tyf;fug; Nghuhspahd Cikj;Jiu Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;Jf;F

vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;nfhz;L nrd;whu;. jpUney;Ntypapy;

%l;lg;gl;l ghisa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l neUg;G fhl;Lj;jP Nghd;W

239

kJiuf;Fk;> rptfq;iff;Fk; gutpaJ. rptfq;if kUJ

rNfhjuu;fshd nts;is kUJTk;> rpd;d kUJTk;

Cikj;Jiuiaj; jq;fSld; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;L Mq;fpy Mjpf;f

vjpu;g;Gf; fpsu;r;rpia njd;dpe;jpa msTf;F tpupTgLj;jpdu;. jkpo;

ehl;ilf; fskhff; nfhz;L mtu;fs; Mq;fpy vjpu;g;Gf; fpsu;r;rpia

mfy; tpupthf;fpdu;. fhisahu;Nfhapiy ikakhff; nfhz;L

,g;Nghuhspfs; kUJ ghz;bau;fspd; jiyikapy; ,uhkehjGuk;>

jpz;Lf;fy;> kyghu;-NfhaKj;J}u; gpuhe;jpaf; $l;likg;Gfis

(Regional Leagues) cUthf;fp> mitfis xd;W Nru;j;J

njd;dpe;jpa $l;bizg;ghf (Peninsular Confederacy)

tpupTgLj;jp> njspthd Fwpf;NfhSld;> jpl;lkpl;L Mq;fpy

Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhd gutyhd td;Kiwf; fpsu;r;rpiaj;

Jtf;fpdu;. 1799-ypUe;J 1801 tiu ePbj;j ,f;fpsu;r;rpiag; gw;wp

Mo;e;J Muha;r;rp nra;j Nguhrpupau; Nf.,uh[a;ad; ,g;Nghuhl;lk;

,e;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fs; gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;Jf;F mbgzptjw;F

vjpuhdJ vd;Wk;> gpupl;b\; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L

tUtjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jPu;khdkhd gutyhd td;Kiwf;

fpsu;r;rp vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. njd;dpe;jpa fpsu;r;rpNa Kjy;

,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;W Mtz Mjhuq;fSld;

epiyehl;bAs;shu;.


murpay; fhuzq;fs;

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpNyNa Jtf;fg;gl;lNj

njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpahFk;. Kfyhag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;

njd;dpe;jpah Fog;gj;Jf;Fk;> nfhe;jspg;Gf;Fk; cs;shapw;W.

vdpDk;> muru;fSk;> ghisaf;fhuu;fSk; fpuhkf; Fbahl;rp

KiwAk; murpay; fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gk; FiyahJ rkepiyiag;

ghJfhj;jdu;. me;j mikg;G Kiw Mq;fpNyaupd; Mf;fpukpg;Gf;

nfhs;iff;F ,yf;fhd NghJ vjpu;g;G Vw;gl;lJ. Mw;fhl;L ethg;

re;jh rhNfg;> jQ;rhT+u; gpujhg; rpq;> kJiu fhd;rhfpg; MfpNahu;

fk;ngdp Mjpf;fj;Jf;F mbgzpe;jdu;. ikR+u; kd;du;fshd i`ju;

mypAk;> jpg;G Ry;jhDk; mt;thjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;J kbe;jdu;.

fk;ngdpNahL cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;l kd;du;fs; Mq;fpNya

epu;thfj;jpd; fUtpfshf ,Ue;J nfhz;L kf;fisr; Ruz;bdu;>

nfhLikg;gLj;jpdu;. muru;fs; fk;ngdpf;F mlq;fp kf;fis

mlf;fpaikahy; kf;fspilNa kdf;frg;G tsuyhapw;W.

muru;fis mlf;fpaJ Nghd;W fk;ngdpahy;

ghisaf;fhuu;fis mbgzpa itf;f Kbatpy;iy.

fu;ehlfj;jpYk;> kyghupYk;> jkpofj;jpYk; fk;ngdp gy;NtW

cj;jpfisf; ifahz;L gytPdg;gLj;jpw;W. vdpDk;> cWjpahd

ghisaf;fhuu;fs; xd;W Nru;e;J fk;ngdp Ml;rpia vjpu;f;fj;

240

Jzpe;jdu;. fpuhkq;fspd; Nflakhf ,Ue;j mtu;fs; jq;fsJ

ghuk;gupa cupikfSk; rYiffSk; gwpNghtijf; nfhQ;rKk;

tpUk;gtpy;iy. toptopahf ,Ue;J te;j fpuhkg; gzpfisf;

fk;ngdp epu;thfk; Nkw;nfhz;ljhy; fpuhkf; Fbahl;rp Kiw epiy

Fiye;jJ. fpuhk kf;fs; ghisaq;fspYk; gzpahw;w Kbatpy;iy.

fpuhk epu;thfj;jpYk; gq;Nfw;f ,aytpy;iy. guk;giug;

gof;ftof;fq;fisg; Gdpjkhff; fUjpa fpuhk kf;fs; fk;ngdp

nfhz;L te;j khw;wq;fshy; Vkhw;wkile;jdu;. murpay;> cupikg;

gwpg;igAk;> Rahl;rp ,og;igAk; kf;fs; jiytu;fs; vjpu;j;jdu;.

gpuhd;rpypUe;J ikR+Uf;F te;j Gul;rpahsu;fs; njd;dpe;jpahtpd;

gy gFjpfSf;Fk; nrd;W Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhfg; gpur;rhuk;

nra;jhu;fs;. ,tw;wpd; $l;L tpisthfj; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; fpsu;r;rp

Vw;gLtjw;fhd murpay; R+o;epiy cUthapw;W.

nghUshjhuf; fhuzq;fs;

murpay; mlf;FKiwiag; Nghd;Nw nghUshjhur; Ruz;lYk;

njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W. kf;fs; eyidg;

NgZtijtplf; fk;ngdp jdJ tUthiag; ngUf;FtjpNyNa

Fwpahf ,Ue;jJ. tupfis tuk;gpd;wp cau;j;jpaJ. cjhuzkhf>

jpz;Lf;fy;ypy; jpg;GRy;jhd; tR+ypj;jjw;F Nkyhf ,Ugj;jp Ie;J

tpOf;fhl;Lf;F mjpfkhf tup tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ. fd;dlg; gFjp>

R+d;lh> Nryk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}u;> jpUney;Ntyp Mfpa ,lq;fspy;

njhz;Z}W tpOf;fhl;Lf;F mjpfkhf tup tR+y; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

jd;dpr;irg;gb cau;j;jg;gl;l tupfshy; tptrhapfs; ngupJk;

ghjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. mJkl;Lky;y> mtu;fs; mDgtpj;j te;j gy

rYiffs; gwpf;fg;gl;ld. tptrha epyq;fSf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l

jPu;it kpfTk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ. gy Neuq;fspy;

tpisr;riytplj; jPu;itNa mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,tw;iw

vjpu;j;Njhu; epyq;fspype;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;ldu;. gyu; tupiaf; fl;l

KbahJ jq;fsJ epyq;fis tpw;Wtpl;Lf; fpuhkq;fis tpl;Nl

ntspNawpdu;. tupfs; fLikahfTk;> nfhLikahfTk;

tR+ypf;fg;gl;ld. ,ilj;jufu;fSk; tUtha;j;Jiw Copau;fSk;

kf;fisf; frf;fpg; gpope;J tup tR+ypj;jdu;. epyj; jPu;itia

epu;zapg;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfSk; tprhuizfSk;

kf;fspilNa mr;rj;ij mjpfupf;fNt nra;jd. muru;fs;

fk;ngdpf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba njhifiaAk; kf;fsplkpUe;Nj

tR+ypj;jdu;. mt;tR+Yf;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; nfhLj;j

epu;ge;jq;fSk; kf;fisj; Jd;GWj;jpd. muru;fs;

Mq;fpNyauplkpUe;J mjpf tl;bf;Ff; fld;fs; thq;fpdu;.

jq;fSf;Fr; Nru Ntz;ba epy tupia tR+ypj;J flDf;Fg; gjpy;

nrYj;Jk; nghWg;igf; fhupaf;fhuu;fsplk; (Assignees)

xg;gilj;jdu;. mtu;fs; fk;ngdp Copau;fSf;F Nkyhfj;

241

jq;fisf; fUjpf; nfhz;L kf;fsplkpUe;J epYitfis

<tpuf;fkpd;wp tR+ypj;jdu;.

mbf;fb fk;ngdp Nkw;nfhz;l Nghu;fshYk;> ,uhZt

eltbf;ifahYk; tu;j;jfKk; njhopYk; ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld.

fk;ngdpapd; fg;gy;fspd; Nghl;bf;F Kd; ehl;Lg; glFfshy;

<LnfhLf;f Kbatpy;iy. fk;ngdpapd; tu;j;jfg; Nghl;b> fk;ngdp

Copau;fspd; nrhe;j tpahghuk;> ,q;fpyhe;jpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp

nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; Mfpait njd;dpe;jpahtpd; fpuhkf;

Fbirf; ifj;njhopy;fis erpj;J tpl;ld. mjdhy;

gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd iftpidQu;fs; Ntiy ,oe;jdu;. 1798-y;

Vw;gl;l fLikahd gQ;rj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L fk;ngdpf;

fhupaf;fhuu;fSk; epu;thfpfSk; czTg; nghUl;fisg; gJf;fp

itj;Jf; nfhz;L> mitfspd; tpiyia gd;klq;F cau;j;jp

tpw;Wf; nfhs;is ,yhgk; ngw;wdu;. ,tw;why; kdk; nehe;J Nghd

kf;fs; jq;fSila ntWg;ig ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jf;f

jUzj;ij vjpu;ghu;j;jpUe;jdu;.

kUJ ghz;bad; $wpa fhuzk;

rptfq;if kUJ ghz;bad; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; jho;r;rpf;Fupa

fhuzj;ij mwpTg;G+u;tkhf Ma;e;jwpe;J $wpdhu;. mtupd;

Ma;tpd;gb muru;fspd; murpay; rhJu;akw;w nfhs;if> FO

Nfh\;b kdg;ghd;ik> Mq;fpNyaupd; tQ;rfj;jd;ik> kf;fspd; xU

gFjpapdupd; me;epa mjpfhuj;Jf;F mbgzpAk; tof;fkhd Nghf;F

MfpaitNa njd;dpe;jpaupd; murpay; gytPdj;Jf;fhd

fhuzq;fshFk;. muru;fs; Mq;fpNyaUld; cld;gbf;if nra;J

nfhz;L jd;khdf; Fiwthd jho;e;j epiyia mile;jij mtu;

td;ikahff; fz;bj;jhu;. njd;dpe;jpau;fspilNa cs;s

xw;Wikapd;ikia Mq;fpNyau;fSf;fpilNa ,Ue;j xw;WikNahL

xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;bdhu;. i`juhghj;jpy; eh]pu; [q;Fk;> K]gu;

[q;Fk;> fu;ehlfj;jpy; re;jh rhfpg;Gk;> KfkJ mypAk;> jQ;rhT+upy;

gpujhg; rpq;Fk;> ruNgh[pAk;> gu];gu nghwhikahy; Nkhjpf;

nfhz;lijf; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bdhu; kUJghz;bau;. Mq;fpNyaupd;

Mizfisr; rpuNkw;nfhz;L epiwNtw;wp mtu;fspd; Ml;rpia

cukpl;L tsu;j;j kf;fspd; xU gpuptpdupd; Nghf;F fz;L mtu;

ftiyAw;whu;. jw;nfhiyf;nfhg;ghd me;epiy ePbj;jhy; ,e;jpah

KOtJk; Mq;fpNyaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; te;J tpLk; vd;W mtu;

vr;rupj;jhu;. jkpo; ehl;Lf;F xU thy;Nlu;> xU &N]h> xU

kz;Nl];F ,y;yhj Fiwiaj; jPu;j;J itj;jtu; kUJ ghz;bau;

vd;why; kpifahfhJ.

gpuhe;jpaf; $l;likg;Gfs; (Regional Leagues) Mq;fpNyaf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp Ml;rpapd; tpisthf

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; murpay; mlf;FKiw> nghUshjhur; Ruz;ly;>

242

epu;thff; nfLgpb Nghd;wit mjpfupf;fyhapw;W. kf;fs;

nrhy;nyhzh ,d;dy;fSf;F Ml;gl;ldu;. vjpu;g;Gzu;r;rpNa

fpsu;r;rpf;F MzpNtu;. Mdhy; tbtkw;w vjpu;g;Gzu;r;rp tPz;

Kaw;rpahFk;. vdNt> kf;fspd; vjpu;g;Gzu;r;rpf;Fg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

ghisaf;fhuu;fSk; kf;fs; jiytu;fSk; cupa tbtk;

nfhLj;jdu;. mt;tbtk; Kjypy; gpuhe;jpaf; $l;likg;Gfshf

cUntLj;jJ. 1795-ypUe;J 1799 tiu ,uhkehjGuk;> jpUney;Ntyp>

jpz;Lf;fy;> kyghu;-NfhaKj;J}u; Mfpa ehd;F gpuhe;jpa

$l;likg;Gfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

,uhkehjGuk; $l;likg;G

,f;$l;likg;gpd; fu;j;jh rptfq;if nts;is

kUJghz;bad; Mthu;. ,tuJ ,sty; rpd;dkUJ. kUJ

rNfhjuu;fs; rptfq;if kd;duhd Kj;J tLfehjj; Njtuplk;

rhjhuz Copau;fshfj; jq;fsJ gzpiaj; Jtf;fpdu;. jq;fsJ

gad; fUjhg; gzpahYk;> Neu;ikj; jpwj;jhYk;> v[khd; gf;jp

tpRthrj;jhYk;> fLikahd ciog;ghYk; cau;e;jdu;.

mikr;ru;fshapdu;. murupd; kiwTf;Fg; gpwF mur FLk;gj;ijf;

fhj;j ngUik ,tu;fSf;Fz;L. rptfq;iff;F mLf;fLf;fhf te;j

Nrhjidfisr; rkhspj;jdu;. Mq;fpNya Ml;rpia mfw;wg; gpw

ghisaf;fhuu;fNshL $l;L Nru Ntz;ba ,d;wpaikahikia

czu;e;jtu; kUJghz;bad;. kf;fs; xd;W Nru;e;J me;epa

Ml;rpf;nfjpuhfg; Nghupl Ntz;Lnkd;whu; mtu;. gf;fj;Jg;

ghisaq;fSf;F csthspfis mDg;gpj; jd;Kaw;rpf;F MjuT

Njbdhu; kUJghz;bad;. ,uhkehjGuj;jpd; gpuKfu;fshd Nkyg;gd;>

rpq;fk; nrl;b> Kj;J fUg;gNjtu; MfpNahu; kUJghz;badpd;

Kaw;rpf;F Mf;fKk; Cf;fKk; je;jdu;. jQ;rhT+u; QhdKj;JTk;

rptfpup khg;gps;is td;dpaDk; kJiuf; fs;su;fSk; kUJ

ghz;bad; mikj;j ,uhkehjGuk; $l;likg;Gf;F Mjutspj;jdu;.

kUJ ghz;badJ jiyikapy; ,f;$l;likg;G nray;gl;lJ.

jpUney;Ntyp $l;likg;G

kUJ ghz;badhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;L ehfyhGuk;>

kd;du;Nfhl;il> Nghthyp> Nfhyhu;gl;b> nrd;dhy;Fb

ghisaf;fhuu;fs; Nru;e;J cUthf;fpaJ jhd; jpUney;Ntypf;

$l;likg;G. ,f;$l;likg;gpy; Nru;e;J mjw;F GJg; nghypitAk;

typitAk; nfhLj;jhu; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpg; ghisaf;fhuuhd

tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;. kUJ ghz;badhy; ftug;gl;L> mtNuhL

neUq;fpa njhlu;G nfhz;L> mtiuNa Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L

nray;gl;lhu; fl;lnghk;kd;. mtu; rhg;û;> Vohapuk;gz;iz>

fhly;Fb> Fsj;J}u; ghisaf;fhuu;fisAk; $l;L Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;L

jpUney;Ntypf; $l;likg;igg; gyg;gLj;jpdhu;. nrtj;ijah>

tPughz;ba ehaf;fu;> tPugj;jpugps;is MfpNahiu mDg;gp kJiuf;

fs;su;fspd; MjuitAk; ngw;whu; me;j ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpg;

243

ghisaf;fhuu;. jpUney;Ntyp $l;likg;Gf;F mtNu

jiyikNaw;whu;. Mdhy; njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpapy; gq;Nfw;Fk;

NgW mtUf;Ff; fpl;ltpy;iy. fpsu;r;rp Jtq;Ftjw;F Xuhz;Lf;F

Kd;dNu fl;lnghk;kd; Mq;fpNyauhy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhu;.

jpz;Lf;fy; $l;likg;G

jpz;Lf;fy; $l;likg;ig cUthf;fpatu; Nfhghy ehaf;fu;

Mthu;. tpUg;ghl;rpg; ghisaf;fhuuhd Nfhghy ehaf;fu; rpwe;j

,uh[je;jpup. Nghu;f;fsq;fs; gy fz;ltu;. jpwikahd mikg;ghsu;.

me;epa mlf;FKiw Mjpf;fj;jplkpUe;J tpLgl vz;zpNahUf;F

mtuJ jiyik fyq;fiu tpsf;fkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. jpz;Lf;fy;>

kzg;ghiw> fs;su;ehL> NfhaKj;J}u;> Nryk; Mfpa ,lq;fSf;Fj;

jdJ J}Jtu;fis mDg;gp MjuT Njbdhu; Nfhghy ehaf;fu;.

kzg;ghiw ,yl;Rkp ehaf;fu;> by;yp (Delhi) ahJy; ehaf;fu;

MfpNahNuhL neUq;fpa murpay; njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jhu; mtu;.

ahJy; ehaf;fu; %yk; kq;fsk; ghisaf;fhuupd; Mjuitg;

ngw;whu; Nfhghy ehaf;fu;. gpw ghisaf;fhuu;fSk; Nfhghy

ehaf;fupd; Kaw;rpf;F Cf;fkspj;jdu;. ,uhkehjGuk;> jpUney;Ntyp>

jpz;Lf;fy; $l;likg;Gfs; $Lk; Nfe;jpukhff; fs;su;ehL

jpfo;e;jJ.

kyghu;-NfhaKj;J}u; $l;likg;G

,e;j mikg;G Vw;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jtu;

Nfustu;kh Mthu;. kf;fs; nry;thf;F kpfg; ngw;wtu; ,tu;. gpw

$l;likg;Gfs; cUthfpf; nfhz;bUf;ifapy; fk;ngdpg; gilNahL

fLikahfg; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUe;jtu; Nfus tu;kh. tptrhapfspd;

gf;fgyk; mtUf;F vg;NghJk; ,Ue;jJ. Nfus tu;kh gpw

ghisaf;fhuu;fSf;F mDg;gpa Xiyr; Rtb fbjq;fs; ey;y

gydspj;jd; mtu;fspd; MjuT fpilj;jJ. itehL> Nfhl;lahl;L>

FUk;guehL> gug;gehL Mfpatw;wpd; jiytu;fSk;> ,Utp ehl;L

ek;G+jpupfSk;> rNkhupd; FLk;gj;jpdUk;> kyghu; khg;gps;isfSk;

Nfus tu;khit Mjupj;jdu;. Mq;fpNyau;fspd; Nehf;Fk; Nghf;Fk;

gpbf;fhj NfhaKj;J}u; fTz;lu;fSk; kyghu; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fNshL

Nru;e;J nfhz;ldu;. kyghu;> jpz;Lf;fy; $l;likg;Gfs; $Lk;

ikakhf tpsq;fpaJ NfhaKj;J}u;.

njd;dpe;jpa $l;likg;G (Peninsular Confederacy) gpuhe;jpaf; $l;likg;Gfs; fhyj;jpd; fl;lhaj;jhy;

jd;dpr;irahfj; Njhd;wpaitahFk;. ,t;tikg;Gfspd; ,izg;Gg;

ghykhf tpsq;fpatu; kUJghz;bad;. ehd;F $l;likg;GfSf;Fk;

nghJthd Fwpf;Nfhs; ,Ue;jJ. ,it njd;dpe;jpahtpd; gue;j

epyg;gFjpapy; nray;gl;ld. mijj; jq;fsJ nry;thf;fpd; fPo;

itj;jpUe;jd. jpz;Lf;fy; kyghu; $l;likg;Gfs; ikR+u; jpg;G

Ry;jhDld; cld;ghL nfhz;bUe;jd. Mdhy; 1799-y; jpg;G

244

Ry;jhd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;du; gpuhe;jpa $l;likg;Gfs; gykpoe;jd.

Nfustu;kh fpsu;r;rpg; ghijapdpd;Wk; tpyfpf; nfhz;ljhy; kyghu;

NfhaKj;J}u; $l;likg;G tYtpoe;jJ. fl;lnghk;kd;

nfhy;yg;gl;ljhy; jpUney;Ntyp $l;likg;G Kd;dNuNa

gykpoe;jpUe;jJ. mj;jifa neUf;fbahd Neuj;jpy; kUJ

ghz;bad; Kidg;Gld; Kd;te;J rPu;Fiye;J Ngha;f; nfhz;bUe;j

$l;likg;G Kiwiaf; fhg;ghw;wpdhu;. fhg;ghw;wpaJ kl;Lky;y>

mij ,d;Dk; tpupTgLj;jpj; njd;dpe;jpa $l;bizg;ghf khw;wpdhu;.

fd;dl-kuhj;jpag; gFjpj; jiytuhd J}z;lh[p thf;NfhL

(Doondaji Waug) $l;Lr; Nru;e;J mf;$l;bizg;ig

cUthf;fpdhu; kUJghz;bad;. NtY}u; Nfhl;ilapy; rpiwgl;bUe;j

jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; %j;j kfd; gl;Nl i`ju; ikR+u;

fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSld; ,ufrpaj; njhlu;G nfhz;L mtu;fisj;

njd;dpe;jpaf; $l;bizg;gpy; NrUkhW Cf;fg;gLj;jpdhu;. kyghu;>

fd;dl> ngy; ehl;L kf;fSk; ,g;Gjpa Kaw;rpf;F Mjutspj;jdu;.

Nfustu;kh kPz;Lk; kyghu; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fspd; jiytuhdhu;. kUJ

ghz;baDk;> J}z;lh[p thf;Fk; njd;dpe;jpa $l;bizg;gpd;

Kd;dzpj; jiytu;fshfj; jpfo;e;jdu;. Nfhghy ehaf;fu;> fhd;-,-

[`hd;> Nfus tu;kh> fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; MfpNahu; ,uz;lhk;

tupirj; jiytu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. kf;fspd; gf;fgyj;NjhL

njd;dpe;jpaf; $l;bizg;G Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;Jf;nfjpuhfj;

jpl;lkpl;L nray;glj; Jtq;fpaJ.


Mq;fpNyauJ Ml;rpia mfw;wp> ehl;il me;epa

Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLtpg;gNj njd;dpe;jpaf; $l;bizg;gpd;

Fwpf;NfhshFk;. ,f;Fwpf;Nfhis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd jpl;lj;ijj;

jPl;Lk; nghUl;L $l;bizg;Gj; jiytu;fs; tpUg;ghl;rpapy; $b

rjpahNyhrid nra;jdu; (1800 Vg;uy;). tpupthd MNyhridf;Fg;

gpd;du; mtu;fs; %d;W Kf;fpa KbTfis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;: 1) xNu

rkaj;jpy; gy gFjpfspy; fpsu;r;rpiaj; Jtf;FtJ; 2)

fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; xw;Wikahf ,Ue;J NghuhLtJ; 3) Mq;fpNyag;

gilNahL Neubahf Nkhjhky;> kiwe;jpUe;J jhf;Fk; nfhupy;yh

Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wy;. kUJ ghz;bad; kJiug; gFjpapYk;>

Nfhghy ehaf;fu; jpz;Lf;fy;> jpUr;rp gFjpapYk;> fhd;-,-[`hd;

NfhaKj;J}u;-Nryk; gFjpapYk;> Nfustu;kh kyghu; gFjpapYk;>

fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; Nkw;F ikR+u; gFjpapYk;> J}z;lh[p thf;

fd;dl ehl;bd; tlf;Fg; gFjpapYk; fpsu;r;rpf;Fg; nghWg;Ngw;gJ

vd;W Kbthapw;W. Nfhghy ehaf;fu; jiyikapy; $ba

,f;$l;lj;jpy; 1800 [_d; khjk; 3 Mk; Njjp Nfhak;Gj;J}iuj;

jhf;fpf; ifg;gw;Wtnjd;Wk;> ,q;F nyg;bndd;l; fu;dy;

Nf.kf;fh];yp];lu; jiyikapy; cs;s Fjpiug; gilia mopj;J

245

tpLtnjd;Wk; KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. njspthd jpl;lk; jPl;lg;gl;L

tpl;lJ. fpsu;r;rpf;fhd NjjpAk;> Fwpg;gplg;gl;L tpl;lJ.

fpsu;r;rpj; Jtf;fk;

tpUg;ghl;rp rjpj; jpl;lj;ijg; gw;wp VJk; mwpahj fk;ngdpg;

gil fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fupd; Nfe;jpu ikakhd ngy;yk; (Bellum)

vd;w ,lj;ijf; ifg;gw;w Kad;wJ (1800 khu;r; 30). nghWik

,oe;j J}z;lh[p thf; jdJ gilapdiu ngy;yj;Jf;F

mDg;gpdhu;. mNjhL epw;ftpy;iy. mtNu fpsu;r;rpiaj;

Jtf;fptpl;lhu;. mtNuhL mtuJ rfhf;fSk; fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgl;ldu;.

fpsu;r;rp jpl;lkpl;ljw;F ,uz;L khjq;fSf;F Kd;dNu Jtf;fg;gl;L

tpl;lJ. Nk khjj; Jtf;fj;jpy; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; NfhaKj;J}iu

neUq;fpdu;. eurpq;fuhtpd; jiyikapy; NfhaKj;J}u; thrpfs;

fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSf;F cw;rhf tuNtw;G mspj;jdu;. mijawpe;j

NfhaKj;J}u; jhrpy;jhu; ,uhZtj;ij c\hu; gLj;jpdhu;.

fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; NfhaKj;J}iuj; jhf;FKd;Ng jhf;fg;gl;L

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldu;. fpsu;r;rp Jtq;Fk; Kd;dNu

Kwpabf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. fpsu;r;rpj; jiytu;fspy; gyu;

nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. gyu; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldu;. vQ;rpNahu; jg;gpr;

nrd;wdu;.

jPuu;fspd; tPu kuzk;

jpl;lkpl;ljw;F Kd;djhfNt fpsu;r;rpapy; ,wq;fpa J}z;lh[p

thf;Fk;> jpk;k ehaf;fUk; ikR+u; gFjpfspy; gy ntw;wpfisg;

ngw;wdu;. Mdhy; ,uhkd; ehauhy; fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;l jpk;k

ehaf;fu; gpbgl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. nfhdfy; vd;w ,lj;jpy; fu;dy;

nty;ny];ypaplk; Njhy;tpAw;W tPu kuzkile;jhu; J}z;lh[p thf;

(nrg;lk;gu; 10). kyghupy; Nfustu;kh> fpuhkthrpfs;> khg;gps;isfs;

MfpNahuJ Jiz nfhz;L Mq;fpNyaiu Ml;bg; gilj;jhu;.

vdpDk;> mtuJ neUq;fpa ez;gu;fshd Vkd; ehau;> rl;L ehau;

MfpNahuhy; fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg; gl;ljhy; Nfustu;khtpd; Kaw;rp

Njhy;tpAw;wJ. gy fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; gypahapdu;. jg;gpr; nrd;w

Nfus tu;kh fpsu;r;rpf;fhuuhfNt ,Ue;J 1805 etk;gu; 30 Mk; ehs;

nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.

ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpg; Nghu;fs;

200 fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; jpUr;nre;J}u; nry;Yk; gf;ju;fs;

Nghd;W Ntlkpl;Lr; nrd;W ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapy; rpiwg;gl;bUe;j

nrtj;ijah> Cikj;Jiu cs;spl;l gyiu tpLtpj;jdu;. mtu;fs;

kiyehL kiy topahfg; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpia mile;jdu;.

ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf; Nfhl;il Gjpjhff; fl;lg;gl;lJ. kUJ ghz;bad;

mDg;gpa 30>000 fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; mtu;fSld; Nru;e;J nfhz;ldu;.

kwtu;fSk;> gutu;fSk;> ehlhu;fSk;> Njhl;bahd;fSk;

mtu;fSf;Ff; ifnfhLj;jdu;. Cikj;Jiuapd; jiyikapy;

246

fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; nray;gl;ldu;. ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf;Fk;

];uPitFz;lk; Mo;thu; jpUefupf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l gFjpfis

mtu;fs; Mq;fpNyauplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpdu;. typikkpf;f NfhNkupf;

Nfhl;il fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; iftrkhapw;W. Nkyg;gd; gy

,lq;fis kPl;lhu;. rptfq;ifapypUe;J te;j fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs;

nel;ûpy; fk;ngdpg; giliar; rpjwbj;jdu;. vdpDk; fhypd;

nkf;fhNyAk; fu;du; mf;DTk; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf; Nfhl;ilia

Kw;Wifapl;ldu;. ,uz;lhtJ ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpg; Nghupy;

mf;Nfhl;il tPo;e;jJ. 1050 fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; capupoe;jdu;. gyu;

gpbgl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu; (1801 Nk 24). vQ;rpa fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs;

rptfq;iff;Fk;> ,uhkehjGuj;Jf;Fk; jg;gpr; nrd;wdu;. fhaKw;w

Cikj;Jiu> fpuhkj;Jf; fpotp xUj;jpahy; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;L> kUJ

ghz;badpd; MjuTlDk; mutizg;GlDk; rpWtaypy; jq;fpdhu;.

fhisahu; Nfhtpy; fpsu;r;rp

ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpapd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;du; rptfq;if

fhisahu;Nfhtpy; fhL fpsu;r;rp ikakhapw;W. jpUg;gj;J}u;> el;lk;>

jpUk;NtY}u;> NkY}u;> ntug;G+u; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fk;ngdpg; gil

fLe;jhf;FjYf;F ,yf;fhapw;W. nghk;k ehaf;fu; ntug;G+upypUe;J

fk;ngdpg; gilapdiu tpul;bdhu;. Cikj;Jiu gioa ehl;il

tpLtpj;jhu;. fs;su;fs; kJiuapd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpia tpLtpj;jdu;.

fhisahu; Nfhtpy; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; trkhapw;W.

jQ;irapy; fpsu;r;rp

fpsu;r;rp ,uhkehjGuj;jpypUe;J jQ;rhT+Uf;Fg; gutpaJ.

nrtj;j jk;gpapd; jiyikapy; jQ;ir kf;fs; fpsu;e;njOe;jdu;.

GJf;Nfhl;il Rgh tpLtpf;fg;gl;lJ. mwe;jhq;fpapYk;>

mupaf;FbapYk; ghriwfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. khq;Fb

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; eh$u; flw;fiu topahfr;

nrd;W rPu;fhop> cilahu;ghisak;> mupaY}u; Mfpa ,lq;fspy;

epiy nfhz;ldu;. mg;gFjpfspypUe;J tUtha;j;Jiw Copau;fs;

tpul;lg;gl;ldu;. Fk;gNfhzk; Ml;rpj; jiytu; `hup capUf;Fg;

gae;J jg;gpr; nrd;whu;. $l;bizg;Gg; gilapdu; nfhs;splj;ijf;

fle;J mjd; tlfiuiaf; ifg;gw;wpdu;.

jpUr;rpg; gpufldk;

njd;dpe;jpaf; $l;bizg;Gg; gilapdu; ntw;wp thif R+bf;

nfhz;bUe;j rkaj;jpy; jhd; kUJ ghz;bad; jdJ tuyhw;W

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpf;f jpUr;rpg; gpufldj;ij (Trichy Proclamtion)

ntspapl;lhu;. mg;gpufldk; jpUr;rpf; Nfhl;il Eiotha;r;

Rtw;wpYk;> ];uPuq;fk; ngupa Nfhtpy; Rtw;wpYk; xl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ.

rhjp> rka> ,d NtWghbd;wp ,e;jpahtpYs;s midj;J

kf;fSf;Fk;> miw$ty; tpLj;jJ me;jg; gpufldk;. mJ

kf;fSf;Fj; jd;dk;gpf;ifia mspj;jJ; mtu;fspd; Mjuitf;

247

NfhupaJ; Njrpa czu;itg; gpujpgypj;jJ mfpy ,e;jpaf;

fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; mike;jpUe;jJ. mjpy; vz;zq;fSk;>

tpguq;fSk; ,ioNahbapUe;jd. kd;ddpd; ike;ju;fspilNa

fho;g;Gzu;r;rpAk;> gu];gug; nghwhikAk;> tpNuhj kdg;ghd;ikAk;

ePbj;jhy; ,e;jpah KOtJk; Mq;fpNyauJ Ml;rpf;F vspjpy;

,iuahfptpLk; vd;W me;jg; gpufldk; vr;rupj;jJ. fk;ngdpAld;

$l;L Nru;e;jikf;fhf KfkJ mypiaAk;> fu;ehlf ethigAk;

mJ fz;bj;jJ; nghJ kf;fspd; myl;rpa kdg;ghd;ikiaf;

fz;bj;jJ; Mq;fpNyaupd; tQ;rfj;ijAk; Mztj;ijAk; rhbaJ.

jpUr;rpg; gpufldk; md;iwa ajhu;j;j epiyia mg;gbNa glk;

gpbj;Jf; fhl;bw;W. kUJ ghz;baupd; murpay; jPu;f;fjuprdj;jpd;

rpd;dNk jpUr;rpg; gpufldkhFk;.


fpsu;r;rpia Kwpabf;f nyg;bndd;l; fu;du; mf;dpA+ xU

Kk;Kidj; jhf;Fjy; jpl;lj;ij tFj;jhu;. ,jd;gb> njd;fpof;Nf

jpUney;NtypapypUe;Jk;> tlNkw;Nf jpz;Lf;fy;ypypUe;Jk;>

tlfpof;Nf jQ;rhT+upypUe;Jk; fpsu;r;rpf; Nfe;jpuq;fisj; jhf;fj;

jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ. 1801 Nk 28 md;W mf;dpA+ ehfyhGuk; nrd;W

gpd;du; gukf;Fbiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhu; ([_d; 11). mjd;gpd;

jpUg;gj;J}u; mtu; trkhapw;W ([_iy 24). ,jw;fpilNa jQ;rhT+upy;

mwe;jhq;fp> mbahu;Fb Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ele;j Nghu;fspy;

fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldu;. mf;DNthL fu;dy; ,d; ]Pk;

Nru;e;J nfhz;lhu;. mtu;fsJ $l;Lg;gil xf;$u; topahfr; nrd;W

kUJ ghz;badpd; fpsu;r;rp ikakhd rpWtaiy mile;jdu;

([_iy 27). fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; fhisahu; Nfhtpy; fhl;Lf;Fs;

nrd;Wtpl;ljhy; rpWtay; vspjpy; tPo;e;jJ. njhz;b Flhf;flypy;

fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fspd; flw;gil mopf;fg;gl;lJ. GJf;Nfhl;il>

vl;ilahGuj;jpypUe;J te;j gilfNshL fk;ngdpg; gilAk; Nru;e;J

fhisahu;Nfhapiy tisj;Jf; nfhz;ldu; (nrg;lk;gu; 30). Nfhtpy;

fLe;jhf;FjYf;F ,yf;fhapw;W. fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fspy; gyu;

capupoe;jdu;. kUJ ghz;baDk; gpwUk; gy jpf;FfspYk; rpjwpr;

nrd;wdu;. fhisahu;Nfhtpy; tPo;r;rpahy; fpsu;r;rpapd; KJnfYk;G

Kwpe;jJ vdyhk;. rpjwpr; nrd;w fpshr;rpf;fhuu;fs; jstha;

gps;isapd; jiyikapy; xd;W Nru;e;jdu;. fsehL kwtu;fs;

,uhkj;Njtupd; jiyikapy; mtu;fNshL Nru;e;J nfhz;ldu;.

Mdhy; mtu;fs; midtUk; Ml;rpj; jiytu; Y}\pq;ldhy;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldu;. Cikj;Jiu fu;dy; ,d;]hy;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu; (mf;Nlhgu; 14). tpUg;ghl;rp tPo;e;jJ (mf;Nlhgu;

16). Nk[u; nlypld; gpuhd;kiyiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhu; (mf;.17).

kiyFiye;jhYk; epiyFiyahj Cikj;Jiu

fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fp jpz;Lf;fy; gs;sj;jhf;if

248

mile;jhu;. tj;jyf;Fz;by; ele;j cf;fpukhd Nghupy;

Cikj;JiuAk;> mtNuhL mWgj;ije;J fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSk;

tpOg;Gz; gl;L tPukuzile;jdu;. jg;gpa fpsu;r;rpj; jiytu;fSk;

gpwUk; fk;ngdpahy; nfhûkhfj; jz;bf;fg;gl;ldu;.


njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpapd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gy fhuzq;fs;

,Ue;jd. mit: 1. fpsu;r;rpj; jpl;lk; nrt;tNd jPl;lg;gl;lhYk;>

mJ jpl;lkpl;lgb nray;gLj;jg; gltpy;iy. J}z;lh[pthf; ,uz;L

khjq;fSf;F Kd;dNu fpsu;r;rpiaj; Jtf;fptpl;lhu;. 2. fpsu;r;rp gy

,lq;fspy; xNu Neuj;jpy; Jtf;fg;gltpy;iy. gy gFjpfs;

fpsu;r;rpapy; jPtpukhf <Lgltpy;iy. 3. gy rkaq;fspy; nfhupy;yh

Nghu;' Kiwiag; gpd;gw;whky; Neub Nkhjypy; <Lgl;ldu;. 4.

J}z;lh[pthf;fpd; mfhy kuzj;jhy; gy kuhj;jpaj; jiytu;fspd;

Mjuitf; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; ngw KbahJ Nghapw;W. 5.

GJf;Nfhl;il> jQ;rhT+u;> jpUthq;$u;> ikR+u; kd;du;fs;>

i`juhghj; ep[hk;> G+dhtpd; Ng\;th MfpNahu; fk;ngdpapd;

Mjuthsu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. 6. Vkd; ehau;> rl;L ehau;> ,uhkd;

ehau; Nghd;w fUq;fhypfs; fpsu;r;rpj; jiytu;fisf; fhl;bf;

nfhLj;Jtpl;ldu;. 7. fpsu;r;rpj; jiytu;fsplk; Nghjpa

Nghu;j;jsthlq;fs; ,y;iy. mtu;fsJ Nghu; cj;jpfSk;

rpwg;ghapy;iy. 8. Nghuhl;lj; jiytu;fsplk; xw;Wik ,Ue;jhYk;>

fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fspilNa xw;Wik ,y;iy. 9. nghJkf;fspd; MjuT

G+uzkhff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. 10. ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf fk;ngdpapd;

typikkpf;f ,uhZtk;> ed;F gapw;rp ngw;w jpwikkpf;fj;

jsgjpfs;> rpwg;ghd Nghu; cj;jpfs;> Mjhu trjpfs;> fl;Lg;ghlhd

tPuu;fs;> typikahd flw;gil> njd;dpe;jpa muru;fspd; MjuT

Mfpait fpsu;r;rpia tPo;r;rpailar; nra;a cjtpd.

tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;G

njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;nfjpuhfg;

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

Nghuhl;lkhFk;. mJ me;epa Ml;rpia mfw;Wtnjd;w jplkhd>

jPu;f;fkhd> jPtpukhd cWjpkpf;f vjpu;g;G Kaw;rp. gpd;tUk;

Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F Kd;khjpupahf mike;j epfo;r;rp mJ.

mf;fpsu;r;rpapy; gpuhe;jpaj; jiytu;fNshL nghJkf;fSk; gq;F

nfhz;ldu;. ,uhkehjGuk; kwtu;fs;> kyghu; Fwpr;rpau;fs;>

,e;Jf;fs;> K];yPk;fs;> jkpou;fs;> njYq;fu;fs;> kiyahspfs;>

fd;dbau;fs;> kuhj;jpau;fs; MfpNahu; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy;

gq;Nfw;wdu;. fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; ngupJk; fhLfspy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L>

nfhupy;yh' Nghupl;ldu;. gpuhe;jpaf; $l;likg;GfSk; njd;dpe;jpa

$l;bizg;Gk; ,f;fpsu;r;rpapd; rpwg;Gf; $WfshFk;. njd;dpe;jpaf;

fpsu;r;rpapy; rptfq;if kUJ rNfhjuu;fs;> ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp

249

Cikj;Jiu> jpz;Lf;fy; Nfhghy ehaf;fu;> nfhq;F ehl;Lf; fhd;-

,-[`hd;> kyghu; Nfus tu;kh> fu;ehlf J}z;lh[pthf;> ikR+u;

fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; MfpNahu; KO %r;Rld; <Lgl;ldu;. fpsu;r;rpj;

jiytu;fs; Mjutw;w Mq;fpNyaf; FLk;gj;jpdUf;Ff; fUiz

fhl;bdu;. tPo;e;Njhuplk; kdpjhgpkhdj;Jld; ele;J nfhz;ldu;.

fpsu;r;rpf;Fg; gpd; fk;ngdp gy rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lJ.

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; RNjrp Ml;rpf;Fg; gjpy; fk;ngdp Ml;rp

epiyehl;lg;gl;lJ. Gjpjhf nrd;id ,uh[jhdp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ;

mJ fk;ngdpapd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

kjpg;gPL

njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp vjpu;ghuhky; Rod;wbj;j R+whtsp

my;y. khwhf> ,g;Nghuhl;lk; gy Mz;L fhykhff; FKwpf;

nfhz;bUe;j vjpu;g;G vupkiy ntbj;Jr; rpjwpaijg; Nghd;wJ.

G+ypj;NjtDk;> fl;lnghk;kDk; Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ijj; jdpj;J

epd;W Nghuhlhky; ghisaf;fhuu; $l;likg;ig cUthf;fpf;

fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;. ,tu;fSf;Fg;gpd; kUJ ghz;bau;fs;

Cikj;Jiuapd; Mq;fpy Mjpf;f vjpu;g;Gzu;itAk;> tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;l mDgtj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L jPu;f;fkhd

Fwpf;NfhNshLk;> njspthd jpl;lj;NjhLk; njd;dpe;jpa Rje;jpug;

Nghuhl;lj;Jf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fp elj;jpdu;.

Mq;fpy Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij mbNahL mfw;wp njd;dpe;jpa

jPgfw;gj;ij tpLtpg;gNj kUJghz;bau;fspd; ,yl;rpakhFk;.

Mq;fpy Mjpgj;jpa Mjpf;fj;ij mfw;wpdhy;jhd; “kf;fs; fz;zPu;

rpe;jhky; kfpo;r;rpAld; ,Ug;gu;'' vd;W kUJghz;bad; ntspapl;l

Rje;jpug; gpufldk; njspthf mwptpj;jJ. ,g;gpufldk; ,e;jpahtpy;

Kjy; Kiwahf Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhf gfpuq;fkhf

ntspaplg;gl;l nghJ Mtzg; gpufldkhFk;. ,e;j mwptpg;G

n[u;kdpapd; rkaf; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu; khu;l;bd; Y}ju; (Martin Luther)

1517 mf;Nlhgu; 21 Mk; Njjp tpl;ld;gu;f; (Wittenberg)

Njthyaj;jpy; ntspapl;l 95 tpsf;f thrfq;fSf;F (Ninty-

Five Theses) ,izahdjhFk;. ,yf;if miltjw;fhf

Nfhitapy; Jtf;fg;gl;l ,f;fpsu;r;rp (1800 [_d; 3) njw;Nf

ehq;FNeupapypUe;J tlf;Nf N\hyhg;G+u; tiu gutpaJ.

ehl;Lg;gw;Wkpf;f kUJ ghz;bau;fspd; jiyikapy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpapy; kf;fs; jiytu;fSk;>

tptrhapfSk;> gpwUk;> rhjp> ,d> tFg;G epw> nkhop> kj> gpuhe;jpa

NtWghbd;wpg; gq;Nfw;wdu;. fpsu;r;rpahfj; Njhd;wpa ,g;Nghuhl;lk;

kf;fs; ,af;fkhf khwpaJ. ,k;khngUk; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;

jkpou;fspd; gq;fspg;G ngUikf;FupaJ vd;W ghuhl;bAs;shu; Nf.

,uh[a;ad;.

250

njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpia kjpg;gPL nra;tJ vspjy;y. xU

gf;fk; ,f;fpsu;r;rp Kjy; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghu;' vd;W

tu;zpf;fg;gLfpwJ. kWgf;fk; ,ij ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; ‘jd;dy jw;fhg;Gg; Nghu;' vd;W xJf;fg;gLfpwJ. Rje;jpukhf nray;gl;L

te;j ghisaf;fhuu;fs; kf;fs; cupikfis kjpj;J> kf;fs;

eyidg; Ngzp> ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhf cioj;jtu;fs; vd;W $w

,ayhJ. ,tu;fSila epykhdpa cupikfSk;> nry;thf;Fk;>

rYiffSk; gwpNgha;tpLk; vd;w neUf;fb epiy Vw;gl;l NghJ

Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;f;fj; Jzpe;jdu;; fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;.

mtu;fs; Njrpa czu;NthL mfpy ,e;jpaf; fz;Nzhl;lj; Jld;

Nghuhltpy;iy. kUJ ghz;badpd; jpUr;rpg; gpufldk; by;ypapy;

vjpnuhypf;f tpy;iy. vdNt> njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpia Kjy;

tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;Nwh my;yJ ',e;jpa tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Jtf;fk;' vd;Nwh $w ,ayhJ. mNjrkak;

,f;fpsu;r;rpia ntWk; ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; jw;fhg;Gg; Nghu; vd;W

Gwf;fzpf;fTk; KbahJ. njspthd ,yf;F> jPu;f;fkhd jpl;lk;>

tpupthd $l;likg;G> me;epa Ml;rpia mfw;Wtjpy; fhl;ba jPtpuk;

Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L ghu;f;Fk; NghJ jkpo; ehl;by; Jtq;fpa

njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;F vjpuhfj; Jtf;fg;gl;l

Kjy; ngupa> gutyhd> typikkpf;f> td;Kiwg; Nghuhl;lk;

vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.


8. ve;j E}w;whz;by; njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp Jtf;fg;gl;lJ?

9. jpk;k ehaf;fiu fhl;bf; nfhLj;jtu; ahu;?

12.11. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp> 1806

NtY}u; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f efuk;. ,t;T+u; rq;f fhyj;jpy;

xspu;e;jpUe;jJ. NtY}u; Nty;fspd; Cu; (Nty;+Cu;). rq;f fhy

kf;fs; topgl;l KUfdpd; MAjk; Nty;. vdNt> KUfdpd; Cu;

NtY}u; vd;W $WNthUk; cz;L. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpypUe;J NtY}u;

Nghu;f;fskhfg; gad;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;T+upy; vg;NghJk; Nty;fs;

Ftpf;fg;gl;bUe;jikahy; NtY}u; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ljhfTk;

$Wtu;. Nty; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l mupa $ohq;fw;fs; ,q;F

epiwaf; fhzg;gl;ljhy; NtY}u; vd;W mwpag;gl;ljhfTk; fUJtu;.

RUq;ff;$wpd;> Nghu; kuGk; jpuhtplf; fyhr;rhuKk; ifNfhu;j;Jr;

nry;Yk; efuk; NtY}u; MFk;.

NtY}u;f; Nfhl;il

NtY}u;f;Nfhl;il 1606 ypUe;J 1672 tiu tp[a efug;

Nguurpd; jiyefukhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. rpd;d nghk;gp ehaf; NtY}u;f;

251

Nfhl;iliaf; fl;bajhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. fl;Lkhdf; fiyf;F

rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; $wg;gLk; ,f;Nfhl;ilapy; gy kjpy;

fhg;ghd;fSk; (Ramparts)> Nfhl;iliar; Rw;wp mfykhf

mfopfSk; (Mofes) ,Ue;jd. mfopfspy; Kjiyfs;

tplg;gl;bUe;jd. kpFe;j gyKk; ghJfhg;Gkpf;f

NtY}u;f;Nfhl;ilapypUe;Jjhd; tp[a efug; Nguuru;fs; xUfhy

fl;lj;jpy; Ml;rp Gupe;jdu;. gpd;du; NtY}u;f; Nfhl;il KiwNa

gP[g;G+u; Ry;jhd;fs;> kuhj;jpau;> fu;ehlf ethGfs;> Mq;fpNyau;

MfpNahUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhapw;W. ikR+u; Nghu;fspd; NghJ NtY}u;

khtl;lj;jpy; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSf;FkpilNa Mk;G+u;

(1751)> te;jthrp (1760)g; Nghu;fs; eilngw;wd. mg;NghJ jpg;G

Ry;jhd; jd; FLk;gj;jpdUld; NtY}u;f; Nfhl;ilf;F te;J

jq;FtJz;L. mtu; jq;fpa ,lk; ‘jpg;G kfhy;' vd;W

miof;fg;gfpwJ. NtY}u;f; Nfhl;il 1768 ,y; gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa

fk;ngdpapd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; te;jJ. 1806 NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpapd;

NghJ ,f;Nfhl;ilia 69-tJ gil tFg;gzp (Regiment)apd;

xU gpupTk;> 19-tJ gil tFg;gzpapd; kw;nwhU gpupTk;

ghJfhj;jdu;. nkhj;jk; 1500 rpg;gha;fSk;> 370 Mq;fpyg; gil

tPuu;fSk; ,g;ghJfhg;Gg; gzpapy; <Lgl;bUe;jdu;. NtY}u;f;Nfhl;il

njd;dpe;jpahtpd; ,uhZtf; fl;likf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf

tpsq;fpaJ.

nrd;id ,uhZtk;

gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; ,uhZtg; gpupT

fk;ngdpapd; tu;j;jf eyd;fisAk;> tpupthf;fj;ijAk;

fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uhZtj;jpd; gpujhd gpuptpy;

Mq;fpyg; gil tPuu;fSk;> Jizg; gpuptpy; jkpo; ehl;L

rpg;gha;fSk; ,Ue;jdu;. rpg;gha;fs; gapw;rp ngwhj ghJfhg;ghsu;fs;;

,tu;fSs; rpyu; kl;LNk MAjk; Ve;jpatu;fs;. 1746 ,y; gpnuQ;Rg;

gil nrd;idiaj; jhf;fpf; ifg;gw;wpa gpd;du; Mq;fpNyau;

,uhZtg; gpupitg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; jPtpu ftdk; nrYj;jpdu;.

jkpo; ehl;by; ghuk;gupag; Nghu;f;fiyapy; jpwikAilNahu; gyu;

rpg;gha;fshfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fSf;Fj; jf;f gapw;rp

mspf;fg;gl;lJ. kJiu Kj;J ehaf;fu; Nghd;w epyr;Rthd;jhu;fs;

rpg;gha;fSf;F mjpfhupfshf ,Ue;jdu;. ,tu;fisf; nfhz;Nl

te;jthrpg; Nghu; (1760) epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ. ,uhgu;l; fpist; tq;fhsk;

nrd;w NghJ ,tu;fSs; gyiu cld; nfhz;L nrd;whu;. mtu;

gpshrpg; Nghupy; (1757) ntw;wp ngw jkpo;ehl;L rpg;gha;fs; ngupJk;

fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhu;fs;.

NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpapd; NghJ Nfhl;ilf; fhty; gil

ngUk;ghYk; njd;dpe;jpa fpsu;r;rpf;Fg; gpd; jpUney;Ntypapy;

jpul;lg;gl;l tPuu;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,tu;fs; ngUk;ghNyhu;

njd;dpe;jpa fpsu;r;rp xLf;fg;gl;ljhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;; Nghuhl;l

252

czu;T nfhz;Nlhu;. ,g;gil tPuu;fs; NtY}u; Nfhl;ilapy; ,Ue;j

NghJ mq;fpUe;j jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; Kd;ds; MjuTg; gil

tPuu;fSld; Nru;e;J Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd rjpapy; <Lgl;ldu;.

,jd; %yk; Mq;fpNyau; NtY}u;f; Nfhl;ilf;Fs; l;Nuh[d; Fjpiu

(Trojan Horse)ia Eioa tpl;ljhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; Nf.uh[a;ad;.

NtY}Uf;F te;j rpg;gha;fSk;> FbNawpa njd;dpe;jpa

fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSk; ikR+upypUe;J te;j rpg;gha;fSk; kw;Wk;

Kd;dhs; Nghuhl;lf;fhuu;fSk; Nru;e;J NtY}u;f; Nfhl;ilapy; rpiw

itf;fg;gl;bUe;j jpg;Gtpd; kfd; gl;Nl IjUld; Nru;e;J Mq;fpy

Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhf rjp nra;jdu;. ,tu;fs; Mq;fpNyau; nfhz;L

te;j Gjpa ,uhZt fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfisj; jq;fSf;Fr;

rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L Mq;fpy Ml;rpia

mfw;Wtjw;fhd jpl;lj;ijj; jPl;bdu;.

,uhZtf; fl;Lg;ghLfs;

rpg;gha;fs; kpLf;FlDk;> Jbg;GlDk;> xNu rPuhff;

fhzg;gLtjw;fhfTk; nrd;id jsgjpj; jiytu; (Commander-in-

Chief) ru; [hd; fpuNlhf; (Sir John Cradock) nrd;id MSeuhf

,Ue;j tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG (Lord William

Bentinck)tpd; rk;kjj;NjhL rpy etPd khw;wq;fisr; nra;jhu;;

,it ,uhZtf; fl;Lg;ghLfshf (Military Regulations)f;

fUjg;gl;ld. mitahtd: 1) rpg;gha;fs; INuhg;gpag; gil

tPuu;fisg; Nghd;W jiyg;ghifia mzpa Ntz;Lk;; 2) gzpapy;

,Uf;Fk; NghJ mtu;fs; rhjp> kjr; rpd;dq;fshf new;wpapy;

jpUePW my;yJ ehkk; Nghl;Lf; nfhs;tNjh> fhjzpfis

mzptNjh $lhJ; 3) Kfj;ij ed;F kopj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;; 4)

kPiria xNu rPuhf eWf;fp KWf;fp tplNtz;Lk;; 5) xNu khjpupahd

fhYiwiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;; 6) xNu tbtpyhd rpd;dj;ijf;

(Turnscrew) nfhz;l fOj;Jg; gl;ilia mzpa Ntz;Lk;.


NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fisg; gw;wp

tuyhw;whsu;fspilNa xUkpj;j fUj;J Vw;gltpy;iy.

xd;Wf;nfhd;W khWgl;l> Kuz;gl;l fhuzq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd.

vdNt> NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp ntbj;jjw;fhd gpd;tUk; tpsf;fq;fisf;

$wyhk;: 1) njd;dpe;jpa fpsu;r;rp Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lgpd; gy

fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; NtY}u; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldu;. vQ;rpj;

jg;gpa gyu; fk;ngdp ,uhZtj;jpy; Nru;e;jdu;; gyu; NtY}upYk;>

NtY}iur; Rw;wpAk; FbNawpdu;. mtu;fs; mt;tg;NghJ re;jpj;J

,ufrpakhff; fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk; nra;J nfhz;L> kPz;Lk; xU

fpsu;r;rp nra;J Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpia mfw;w KbT nra;jdu;.

Nf.uh[a;ad; ,e;jf; fhuzj;ij mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;Lfpwhu;. 2)

253

ikR+u; Kbahl;rpia kPl;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jpg;G Ry;jhdpd;

thupRfs; KbT nra;J rjpj; jpl;lk; jPl;bdu;. jpg;G ,we;j gpd;

mtuJ 12 kfd;fSk;> 6 kfs;fSk; NtY}u; rpiwapy;

itf;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;. mtu;fSf;Fg; gy rpwg;Gr; rYiffs;

mspf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L jpg;Gtpd;

%j;j kfd; gl;Nl Iju; gpwuJ JizAld; fpsu;r;rp nra;aj;

jpl;lkpl;lhu;. mtuJ MjuTld; fpl;lj;jl;l 3000 fd;dlf;

fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; NtY}iur; Rw;wpf; FbNawpdu;. K];yPk;

Kbahl;rpia kPl;gNj NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhf

,Ue;jJ vd;gij typAWj;jpdhu; fk;ngdp gilj;jsgjp

N[.vg;.rpuNlhf; (J.F.Cradock). 3) rkfhy kf;fs;> mtu;fsJ

gof;ftof;fq;fisg; gw;wp ed;F mwpe;j ru; jhk]; kd;Nwh (Sir

Thomas Munro) 'Fy;yha; gw;wpa kdf;Fiw' jhd; NtY}u;f;

fpsu;r;rpf;fhd xNu fhuzk; vd;W $wpdhu;. Jizj; jsgjp

mf;dpA+ (Adjutant General Agnew) tbtikj;J

mwpKfg;gLj;jpajhy; ,f;Fy;yha; 'mf;dpA+ Fy;yha;' vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lJ. rpg;gha;fs; ,f;Fy;yhia mzptij

mtkupahijahff; fUjpdhu;. mf;Fy;yhia mzpe;j rpg;gha;fs;

kf;fspd; Nfypf;Fk;> fpz;lYf;Fk; cs;shapdu;. ,jdhy;

rpg;gha;fspilNa khwh kdf;frg;G Vw;gl;lJ. ,k;kdf;frg;gpd;

ntspg;ghNl NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp. 4) Mq;fpNyauJ mf;fpukpg;Gf;

nfhs;ifahy; jd;Dila Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;j Ijuhghj; ep[hk;

kPz;Lk; jdJ Ml;rp epiy ehl;l ehl;lk; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. Ijuhghj;>

rpf;jhNfhy; kf;fSk; ep[hKf;F Mjuthfg; Nghuhlj; jahuhf

,Ue;jdu;. NtY}upypUe;j fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; Ijuhghj;

fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSld; njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jdu;. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp

Jtf;fg;gl;lTld; Ijuhghj; ep[hk; mr;R+o;epiyiag; gad;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;L fpsu;r;rp nra;J Ml;rpia kPl;f Kd;te;jhu;. 5) fk;ngdpg;

gilapy; rpg;gha;fSf;F ,uhZtf; fl;Lg;ghLfs;> tpjpKiwfs;>

Gjpa gof;ftof;fq;fs; Mfpa midj;Jk; GJikahapUe;jd.

mtw;Wf;Nfw;gj; jq;fis khw;wpf; nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

mJkl;Lky;y. mtu;fs; Mq;fpyg; giltPuu;fSf;F rkkhf

elj;jg;gltpy;iy. ,UrhuhUf;F kpilNa Cjpa kw;Wk; rYif

NtWghLfs; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jd. rpg;gha;fs; FLk;gj;jpdUld;

trpf;f Mq;fpy mjpfhupfspd; mDkjp ngw Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

NkYk; rpg;gha;fs; Mq;fpy mjpfhupfSf;F Fw;Nwty; nra;a

fl;lhag;gLj;jg; gl;ldu;. fUg;G fkhz;lu;fs;' vd;w cau; gjtpfs;

rpg;gha;fSf;F kWf;fg;gl;ld. ,tw;why; Vkhw;wKk;> Mj;jpuKk;

mile;j rpg;gha;fs; fpsu;r;rp nra;aj; Jbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. 6)

ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf> 1805-1806 Mz;L Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdp

mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ,uhZtf; fl;Lg;ghLfs;’ fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSf;Fj;

Njitahd tha;g;igf; nfhLj;jd. ,r;rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gioikg;

gof;ftof;fq;fspy; Cwpg; Nghd rpg;gha;fSf;F Mj;jpu%l;lf;$ba

254

fhy; tpyq;Ffshff; fhl;rpaspj;jd. Fwpg;ghf rhjpr; rpd;dq;fis

mfw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhy; ,e;J rpg;gha;fSk;> jhb itj;Jf;

nfhs;sf; $lhJ vd;gjhy; K];yPk;fSk;> gpw fl;Lg;ghLfshy;

midj;J rpg;gha;fSk; mjpUg;jp mile;jpUe;jdu;. mtu;fSf;Ff;

fpsu;r;rpf; fsk; jahuhf ,Ue;jJ.


NtY}u; fpsu;r;rp ntbg;gjw;F rpy khjq;fSf;F Kd;

ikR+upypUe;J te;j gf;fpupfs; (Pakris) efupd; njUf;fspYk;> fil

tPjpfspYk; Rje;jpukhfr; Rw;wpj; jpupe;jdu;. ,tu;fs; kuhj;jpag;

gilfSld; neUq;fpa njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jtu;fs;. ,g;gf;fpupfs;

Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhfg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jdu;. vjpu;g;G Kof;fq;fis

vOg;gpdu;. gf;fpupfs; gpur;rhuj;jpd; %ykhf kf;fisj;

J}z;btpl;ldu;. ,tu;fs; cs; csthspfshfr; nray;gl;ldu;.

nghk;kyhl;lg; gpur;rhuk;

jpg;G Ry;jhNdhL neUq;fpg; gofpa mg;Jy;yhfhd;> gPu;rhlh

Nghd;Nwhupd; jiyikapy; NtY}upy; nghk;kyhl;l epfo;r;rpfis

elj;jpdu;. ,e;epfo;r;rpfspy; nghk;kyhl;lf;fhuu;fs; Mq;fpNyaiu

tirg; ghly;fs; %yk; jhf;fpdu;. tpiutpNyNa mtu;fSila

Ml;rp mopag; NghfpwJ vd;W M&lk; $wpdu;. K];yPk;fisf;

fpwp];j;Jt kjj;Jf;F khw;wg; Nghtjhfg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jdu;.

nghk;kyhl;lf;fhuu;fspd; gpur;rhuj;jhy; K];yPk;fs;

Mj;jpukile;jdu;.

nghJkf;fspd; gupfhrk;

1806 [_d; 9 Mk; NjjpapypUe;J 14-tJ gilg;gpuptpd; 40

rpg;gha;fs; vt;tpj vjpu;g;Gkpd;wp 'mf;dpA+ Fy;yha;'fis mzpe;J

nfhz;L gil mzptFg;gpy; fye;J nfhz;ldu;. ,ijg; ghu;j;j

nghJ kf;fspy; gyu; mtu;fisf; Nfyp nra;jdu;; mrpq;fkhd

thu;j;ijfshy; jpl;bdu;; vs;sp eifj;J Vsdk; nra;jdu;. nghJ

kf;fspd; ,e;j Vsdj;ijf; Nfl;L $dpf;FWfpg; Nghd gy

rpg;gha;fs; jiyg; ghifiaf; fow;wp vwpe;jdu;. ,ijf; fz;l

mjpfhupfs; Nfyp nra;j Fk;giyf; fiyj;jdu;.

rTf;fb jz;lid

khah Fg;jh (Maya Gupta) ,yz;ldpy; cs;s ,e;jpa

mYtyf E}yfj;jpy; (Indian Office Library) NtY}u; fpsu;r;rp gw;wpa

Mtzq;fis Ma;T nra;J rpy mupa jfty;fisj; jpul;bdhu;.

mtuJ $w;Wg;gb 1806 Nk 6 Mk; Njjp ehd;fhtJ nu[pnkz;bd;

,uz;lhtJ gilg;gpupitr; Nru;e;j 29 rpg;gha;fs; Gjpa

Fy;yha;fis mzpa kWj;Jtpl;ldu;. mjw;F gjpy; mtu;fs;

new;wpiar; Rw;wp iff;Fl;iliaf; fl;bf; nfhz;L mjpfhupfs;

255

cj;juTf;Ff; fPo;g;gzpa kWj;J tpl;ldu;. fPo;g; gzpahjJ

kl;Lky;yhJ mtu;fs; Mq;fpy mjpfhupfs; 'eha;fs;' vd;W

jpl;bdu;. fPo;g;gzpa kWj;j rpg;gha;fs; gilJiw Kiw

kd;wj;ijf; nfhz;L (Court-martial) tprhuiz nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

tprhuizapd; NghJ kd;dpg;G Nfl;Nlhu; jz;lidapypUe;J jg;gpdu;.

filrp tiu kd;dpg;G Nfl;f kWj;Jtpl;l xU ,e;JTk; xU

K];yPKk; jyh 900 rTf;fb jz;lid ngw;wdu;. ,r;nra;jp mwpe;j

rpg;gha;fs; NkYk; Mj;jpukile;jdu;. ,e;epfo;r;rp eilngw;w mLj;j

khjNk ([_d;) NtY}Uf;F mUNf thyh[htpy; jiyg;ghif

vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lk; vOe;jJ.

njspthd jpl;lk;

NtY}u; rpiwapy; ,Ue;j jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; ike;ju;fspd;

topfhl;Ljypd; Ngupy; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSk;> rpg;gha;fSk; fpsu;r;rp

gw;wpj; jpl;lkpl;ldu;. ,j;jpl;l kplg;gl;l rjpapd; NghJ Ml;rp

vjpu;g;ghsu;fis xd;W Nru;g;gJ vd;Wk;; ikR+u;> Mu;f;fhL> Ijuhghj;

Nghd;w gFjpfspy; kd;duhl;rpia kPl;gJ vd;Wk; gyjug;G

kf;fsplkpUe;Jk; MjuT NfhUtJ vd;Wk;; 1806 [_iy 13 Mk;

Njjp mjpfhiy NtY}u; Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;WtJ vd;Wk;

mijj; njhlu;e;J ikR+upYk;> Ijuhghj;jpYk; fpsu;r;rpia

tpupTgLj;JtJ vd;Wk; jpl;lkpl;ldu;.

jpl;lj;Jf;F MjuT

fpsu;r;rpj; jpl;lj;Jf;F gs;spnfhz;lh kf;fSk;>

thyh[hghj;jpYk;> rpj;J}upy; ,Ue;j rpg;gha;fSk; Mjutspj;jdu;.

nghJ vjpupahd Mq;fpNyaiu vjpu;j;Jf; fpsu;r;rp nra;tJ gw;wp

NtY}upy; ,Ue;j fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; Mu;f;fhl;L kf;fNshL xU

cld;ghl;Lf;F te;jdu;. fpsu;r;rp Jtq;fg;gl;lTld; ikR+upypUe;J

Nghuhspfs; NtY}Uf;F te;J Nru;tnjd;W KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.

fu;ehlfk;> Me;jpuh> jkpo;ehL Nghuhl;lf;fhuu;fisAk;>

rpg;gha;fisAk; xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,ufrpa $l;lq;fs; eilngw;wd.

xUtUf;nfhUtu; xj;Jiog;gjw;fhd R+Siufs; vLj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gl;ld. fk;ngdpapd; Mjuthsuhd Mu;f;fhL ethGf;F

fpsu;r;rpj; jpl;lk; njupe;jpUe;Jk; mtu; Mq;fpy mjpfhupfSf;Fj;

njuptpf;ftpy;iy. mNjNghd;W rpg;gha;fspd; Mj;jpuj;ij Neupy;

fz;lwpe;j jsgjp jiytu; [hd; fpuNlhf; Gjpa ,uhZt

cj;juTfis cldbahf tpyf;fpf; nfhs;SkhW nrd;id MSeu;

ngz;bq;iff; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. Mdhy; MSeu; mg;gupe;Jiuf;F

nrtprha;f;f tpy;iy. fk;ngdpapd; myl;rpag; Nghf;F

fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSf;fhd MjuT NkYk; mjpfupf;f cjtpaJ.

256

jpl;lkplhj; jhf;Fjy;

1806 [_iy khjk; 13 Mk; Njjp NtY}u;f; Nfhl;ilf;Fs;

,Ue;j Jizg;gil rpg;gha;fs; fpsu;r;rp nra;J> NtY}iuf;

ifg;gw;wp> fUT+yj;ijr; R+iwahb> Mq;fpyg; gilia tPo;j;jp>

jpg;Gtpd; kfd; gl;Nl Ijiu ikR+u; kd;duhf mwptpj;J> Ijuhghj;

ep[hkpd; Ml;rpia kPl;gnjd;Wk; jpl;lkplg;gl;bUe;jJ. Mdhy;

,j;jpl;lj;Jf;F khwhf [_iy 9 Mk; Njjpad;W fzprkhd

Fjpiug; gil tPuu;fs; jq;fsJ gzpahsu;fSld; NtY}u;

tPjpfspy; fhzg;gl;ldu;. nghWik ,oe;j xU 'Fbfhu [kPd;jhu;'

[_iy 10 Mk; NjjpNa fpsu;r;rpiaj; Jtf;fptpl;lhu;. ,j;jpl;lkplhj;

jhf;Fjy; NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpapd; Nghf;ifNa khw;wptpl;lJ.

Nfhl;il ifg;gw;wg;gly;

,j;jpl;lkplhj; jpBu;f; fpsu;r;rpapd; NghJ NtY}u;f;

Nfhl;ilf;Fs;spUe;j fpsu;r;rpf;fhu Jizg; gil rpg;gha;fs;

Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wp> mq;fpUe;j Mq;fpy mjpfhupfisAk;>

Mq;fpyg; gil tPuu;fisAk; ruhkupahfr; Rl;Lf; nfhd;wdu;.

mjd;gpd; Mq;fpNyau; FbapUg;Gg; gFjpia Nehf;fpr; Rl;ldu;.

,j;Jg;ghf;fpr; R+l;by; jsgjp fu;dy; ngd;Nfhu;l; (Col.Fercourt)

nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. mtud;wp ,uhZt mjpfhupfshd ikf;fhuRk;>

Nk[u; Mk; l;uhq;Fk; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg; gl;ldu;. ,tu;fsd;wp uhZt

kUj;Jtkidapy; rpfpr;ir ngw;W te;j Mq;fpy NehahspfSk;

Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. rk;gsk; gl;Lthlh nra;Ak; mYtyfk;

R+iwahlg;gl;lJ. Nfhl;ilapd; gpujhd Eiothapypy; ,Ue;j gy

Mq;fpyg; gil tPuu;fisf; nfhd;W Ftpj;jdu;. ntbkUe;Jf;

fplq;F fhtyUk; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. mq;fpUe;j

Nghu;j;jsthlq;fs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld. ifg;gw;wg;gl;l Nfhl;ilapy;

gwe;J nfhz;bUe;j gpupl;b\; Njrpaf; nfhb ,wf;fg;gl;L mjw;Fg;

gjpy; rpfg;Gg; gpd;dzpapy; gr;irf; NfhLfs; Nghlg;gl;L> kj;jpapy;

R+upad; tbtk; nghwpf;fg;gl;l jpg;G Ry;jhdJ nfhb Vw;wg;gl;lJ.

jpg;Gtpd; kfd; gl;Nl Iju; ikR+u; kd;du; vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

fpsu;r;rp xLf;fg;gly;

fpsu;r;rp gw;wpa jfty; mwpe;j fu;dy; fpy;ny];gp

(Col.Gillespie) typikkpf;f kPl;Gg; gilAld; Mu;f;fhl;bypUe;J

NtY}Uf;F tpiue;J te;jhu;. mtUld; nrd;idapypUe;J te;j

Fjpiug; gilAk; Nru;e;J nfhz;lJ. fpy;ny];gpapd;

jiyikapyhd kPl;Gg; gil vjpu;j; jhf;Fjy; elj;jp Nfhl;ilf;Fs;

Eioe;jhu;. mq;F 69 gilg; gpupitr; Nru;e;j gilapdUk;> rpy

,uhZt Jiz kUj;Jtu;fSk; Nfhl;iliag; ghJfhf;Fk;

Kaw;rpapy; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mtu;fisf; fhg;ghw;wpagpd;

kPl;Gg; gil Nfhl;ilf;Fs; ,Ue;j fpsu;r;rp rpg;gha;fs; nfhûkhff;

nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. muz;kidf;Fs; milf;fyk; Njbr; nrd;w

rpg;gha;fs; ,Oj;J tug;gl;L> Rtw;NwhL Rtuhf epWj;jg;gl;L Rl;Lf;

257

nfhy;yg; gl;ldu;. ,j;jhf;Fjypy; E}w;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Mq;fpNyau;

capupoe;jdu;; 350-ypUe;J 800 rpg;gha;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;; mNj

vz;zpf;ifapy; rpg;gha;fs; gLfhak; mile;jdu;. 500-f;F

Nkw;gl;Nlhu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldu;.

Mq;fpNyau; mlf;FKiwahy; tQ;rk; jPu;j;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.

td;Kiwf; fpsu;r;rp td;Kiwahy; tPo;j;jg;gl;lJ.


NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpapd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; gy.

mtw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdit tUkhW: 1) fpsu;r;rpf;fhd

nghJf;Fwpf;Nfhs; vJTkpy;iy. ,oe;j Kbahl;rpia kPl;gijj;

jtpu NtW ,yl;rpak; ,y;iy. 2) fpsu;r;rp njhiy Nehf;Fld;

jPu;f;fkhff; fzpf;fg;gl;L> xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;L>

topelj;jg;gltpy;iy; 3) fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;f

kUJ ghz;bad; Nghd;w khtPud; ,uh[je;jpup fpilf;ftpy;iy.

rpiwgl;bUe;j gl;Nl Ijuhy; jf;f jiyikiaf; nfhLf;f

Kbatpy;iy. 4) fpsu;r;rp Fwpg;gpl;l Njjpf;F Kd;djhfNt Jtf;fg;

gl;Ltpl;lJ. NtY}u;f; Nfhl;il ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpd;du; fpsu;r;rp

jpir khwpr; nrd;W tpl;lJ. rpg;gha;fspd; ftdk; nghUl;fisr;

R+iwahLtjpy; nrd;Wtpl;lJ. ,f;nfhs;isapy; Cu; kf;fs; rpyUk;

gq;Nfw;wdu;. 5) fpsu;r;rpf;F kf;fs; nry;thf;fpy;iy. mf;D

Fy;yha; mzpe;j rpg;gha;fisf; Nfyp nra;j $l;lj;ijj; jtpu

kf;fs; ,f;fpsu;r;rpapy; gq;Nfw;ftpy;iy. mNjNghd;W> gy

rpg;gha;fSk; ,f;fyfj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy. 6) ahtw;Wf;Fk;

Nkyhf fpy;ny];gpapd; nfhûj; jhf;Fjiy fpsu;r;rpf;fhu

rpg;gha;fshy; rkhspf;f Kbatpy;iy. rpg;gha;fs; Jg;ghf;fpfisj;

jhWkhwhfg; gad;gLj;jpajhy; mtu;fsplkpUe;j ntbkUe;Jk;>

gilj;jsthlKk; jPu;e;J Nghapd. fpy;ny];gpf;F tYtpoe;j

Nghuhspfis ntw;wp nfhs;tJ vspjhapw;W. Njhy;tpAw;w

rpg;gha;fs; ruzile;jdu;.

fpsu;r;rpapd; jd;ik

NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpapd; jd;ik gw;wpg; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs;

$wg;gl;Ls;sd: 1) nrd;id MSeuhf ,Ue;j tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;

tprhuiz elj;jpagpd; jiyf; Fy;yha; mzptjw;F vjpuhf ,e;J

rkaj;jpNyh my;yJ ,];yhkpa rkaj;jpNyh vt;tpj MjhuKk;

,y;iy vd;w KbTf;F te;jhu;. 2) `hu;Nfhu;l; (G.Harcourt)

fpy;ny];gp (R.Gillespie)> nfd;db (I.Kennedy) MfpNahiuf;

nfhz;l %tu; Ma;Tf;FO NtY}upy; rpiw itf;fg;gl;bUe;j jpg;G

Ry;jhdpd; ike;ju;fSk;> mtu;fsJ Mjuthsu;fSk; jhd;

fpsu;r;rpiaj; J}z;b tpl;lhu;fs; vd;W $wpaJ. 3) Nk[u; n[duy;

Ngl;lu; (Major General Pater) jiyikapyhd rpwg;G tprhuizf;

FO Gjpjhfg; GFj;jg;gl;l ,uhZtr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSk; jpg;G

258

FLk;gj;jhupd; nry;thf;FNk Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd rjpiaj;

Njhw;Wtpj;jJ vd;w KbTf;F te;jJ. 5) Kfyha Ml;rpia

kPl;gNj NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpf;fhd ce;J rf;jpahf ,Ue;jjhff;

$wpdhu; Nf.vg;.fpuNlhf;. kjkhw;w gaj;jhy; jhd; rpg;gha;fs;

fpsu;r;rp nra;jjhff; fUj;J njuptpj;jhu; ru;.jhk]; kd;Nwh. ,e;J-

K];yPk;fspd; kj czu;r;rp Gz;gl;ljhy; jhd; rpg;gha;fs;

fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;fs; vd;gJ tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuGtpd;

fzpg;G. 6) gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fisAk; guprPyid nra;j

,af;Feu;fs; kd;wk; (Court of Directors) Gjpa ,uhZtf;

fl;Lg;ghLfshy; rpg;gha;fs; mjpUg;jp mile;jdu;; mij NtY}u;

rpiwapy; ,Ue;j jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; Gjy;tu;fs; jq;fSf;Fr;

rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu; vd;w KbTf;F te;jJ.

12.11.4. tpisTfs;

NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpapd; tpisthfg; gy cldb khw;wq;fs;

nra;ag;gl;ld: 1) nrd;id MSeu; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuGTk;>

nrd;id jsgjp ru; [hd; fPl;Nlhf;Fk; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;ldu;

(1807). 2) Gjpjhfg; GFj;jg;gl;l ',uhZtf; fl;Lg;ghLfs;' tpyf;fpf;

nfhs;sg;gl;ld. 3) NtY}u; Nfhl;ilapy; rpiw itf;fg;gl;bUe;j

jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; FLk;gj;jpdu; tq;fhsj;Jf;F ,lkhw;wk;

nra;ag;gl;ldu;. 4) Gjpjhf nrd;id MSeu; nghWg;Ngw;w ru; [hu;[;

ghu;Nyh (Sir George Barlow) kf;fspd; rhjp-rka

czu;Tfisg; Gupe;J nfhz;L nray;gl;lhu;; rkag; gug;ghsu;fspd;

eltbf;iffis newpg;gLj;jpdhu;. 5) fk;ngdp mjpfhupfs; kj

rk;ke;jkhd eltbf;iffspy; mf;fiw fhl;LtJ fzprkhff;

Fiwe;jJ. 6) fpsu;r;rp Njhw;whYk; ,jd; ghjpg;G njd;dfj;jpd; gy

gFjpfspy; gpujpgypj;jJ. Ijuhghj;> ngq;fShu;> thyh[hghj;>

fhiuf;fhy; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; fyfq;fs; Njhd;wp cldbahf

mlf;fg;gl;ld. fk;ngdp ,uhZtj;jpy; rpg;gha;fspd;

vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fiwj;J Mq;fpyg; Nghu; tPuu;fspd;

vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupj;J ,uhZt mikg;ig kWrPuikj;jdu;.

,jd; %yk; fk;ngdpapd; fl;Lg;ghL mjpfupf;fg;gl;L

tYthf;fg;gl;lJ. fpsu;r;rpapd; NghJ Nfhl;iliaf; fhg;ghw;wg;

Nghuhba 69-tJ nu[pnkz;lhUf;F epidTr; rpd;dk; vOg;gg;gl;lJ.

kjpg;gPL

NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp xU ehs; epfo;r;rp. NtY}u;f; Nfhl;ilf;Fs;

1806 [_iy 10 Mk; Njjp es;spuTf;Fg; gpd; Jtf;fg;gl;l

,f;fpsu;r;rp kWehs; ez;gfYf;Fs; Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjy;

Kiwahf Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd epfo;r;rp

NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpjhd; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp

fk;ngdp Ml;rpf;F vjpuhd rpg;gha;f; fyfNk vd;fpwhu; Nguhrpupau;

N[hrg;jptpad;. ,e;jf; fpsu;r;rp 1857 fpsu;r;rpf;fhd xj;jpif vd;W

259

vOjpAs;shu; tp.b.rthu;f;fu;. njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpahy;

Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l ,Wjp tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;l Kaw;rpNa NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp vd;gJ Nf.uh[a;adpd;

thjk;. NtY}u; epfo;r;rp Njrpak; rhu;e;j (proto-nationalism) vOr;rp

vd;W fUJfpwhu; kNdhd;kzpak; Re;judhu; gy;fiyf;fofg;

Nguhrpupau; Nf.V.kzpf;Fkhu;. tl,e;jpa tuyhw;whsu;fs; NtY}u;f;

fpsu;r;rpia ntWk; rpg;gha;f; fyfk; vd;W fUjp xJf;fptpl;ljhf

tUj;jk; njuptpj;Js;shu; V.Mu;.ntq;flhrygjp.

kf;fs; gq;Nfw;fhj NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpia Kjy; tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;lk; vdf; fUJtJ nghUe;jhf; $w;whFk;. G+ypj;Njtd;>

tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;> Cikj;Jiu> kUJ ghz;bau;fs;

Jtf;fpa Mq;fpy vjpu;g;Gf; fpsu;r;rpfspd; ,ay;ghd tsu;r;rpNa

NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpahFk;. ,f;fpsu;r;rp gy tifapYk; 1857

fpsu;r;rpf;fhd Kd;NdhbahFk;. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpia rhjhuz

rpg;gha;f; fyfk;> tpisTfsw;w tPo;r;rp> Nfhg;igapy; vOe;j

nfhe;jspg;G vdf; $WtJ mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fiwj;J

kjpg;gpLtjhFk;.

Kjy; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lkh?

jkpo; ehl;L NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpia (1806) tlehl;Lf; fpsu;r;rp

(1857)NahL xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gJ tof;fkhfptpl;lJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk;

,U fpsu;r;rpfisAk; rpg;gha;fs; Kd;dpd;W elj;jpaNjahFk;. fhuy;

khu;f;]; (Karl Marx) epA+ahu;f; bupG+d; (New York Tribune>

1857) gj;jpupifapy; Kjd; Kiwahf 1857 fpsu;r;rpia Kjy;

,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. gpd;du; 1909 ,y;

tp.b.rthu;f;fu;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tuyhW vd;w E}iy

kuhj;jp nkhopapy; vOjpdhu;. mtUf;Fg; gpd; Nf. ,uh[a;ad;

njd;dpe;jpa fpsu;r;rpia Kjy; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;W

thjpl;lhu;. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpia Kjy; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;W

fUJNthUk; cz;L. gQ;rhgpau; Kjy; rPf;fpag; Nghiu (1845-1846)

Kjy; tpLjiyg; Nghu; vd;W thjpl;ldu;. 1857 fpsu;r;rpia Kjy;

tpLjiyg; Nghu; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtij vjpu;j;J rpy njd;dpe;jpa

tuyhw;whsu;fs; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;F njhlu;e;jdu;. 2007 ,y;

,e;jpa muR 1857 fpsu;r;rpapd; 150tJ epidT tpohitf;

nfhz;lhbaJ. 2006-y; kj;jpa muR NtY}u; fpsu;r;rpapd; epidT

mQ;ry; Kj;jpiuia ntspapl;l NghJ jkpo; ehl;L murhq;fk;

NtY}u; fpsu;r;rpjhd; Kjy; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;gJ

mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ljhf mwptpj;jJ. Njrpa czu;tpd;wp> kf;fspd;

gpujhd gq;fpd;wp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l 1806 NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpiaAk;>

1857 fpsu;r;rpiaAk; Kjy; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;W

tu;zpg;gJ tuyhw;Wj; jpupG MFk;.

260


10. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpapd; NghJ nrd;id MSeuhf ,Ue;jtu; ahu;?

11. 'Fy;yha; gw;wpa kdf;Fiw' jhd; NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpf;fhd xNu

fhuzk; vd;W $wpaJ ahu;?


1. Ry;gpfu; mypfhd;

2. nethaj; ethGfs;> thyh[h ethGfs;

3. ethg; KfkJ myp

4. fhd;rhfpG

5. jsgjp khd;nrd;

6. 30-tJ

7. jPud; rpd;dkiy

8. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd;

9. ,uhkd; ehaf;fu;

10. tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG

11. ru; jhk]; kd;Nwh


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs; Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.

2. fhd;rhfpg;gpd; rhjidfis vOJf.

3. fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhdf; fpsu;r;rp Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.

4. NtY ehr;rpahupd; Ml;rp Fwpj;J vOJf.

5. jpUr;rpg; gpufldk; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

tpupthd tpdhf;fs;

1. ethGfs; epu;thfk; Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf.

2. tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kdpd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tPo;r;rp Fwpj;J

tpthjp.

3. kUJ rNfhjuu;fspd; Nghu; jpwik Fwpj;J tptup.

261

4. njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fis $Wf.

5. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf.








CHINNIAN P. The Vellore Mutiny 1806: The First Uprising Against

the British Kindle Edition

myF - 13

gpupl;b\; epu;thfk; - Mq;fpyf; fy;tp mwpKfk; - jkpo; tsu;r;rp -

murpay; fl;rpfspd; vOr;rp - ePjpf;fl;rpapd; vOr;rp kw;Wk; Njhy;tp

- Rakupahij ,af;fk;

ghl mikg;G

13.1. Kd;Diu

13.2. Nehf;fq;fs;










262



13.4.4. cl;bd; fy;tpj; jpl;lk;> 1854





13.6.1. ePjpf;fl;rp








13.7.2. ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp> 1920-1937











13.1. Kd;Diu

1600 brk;gu; 31 Mk; Njjp gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd; gpuhd;rp]; Nl nrd;id kPdtu;

Fg;gj;ij thq;fp (1639) gpd;du; mq;F Gdpj [hu;[; Nfhl;il

fl;lg;gl;ljpypUe;J (1641) Mq;fpNyau; jkpo; ehl;by; epiy

nfhz;ldu;. 17 Mk; E}w;whz;by; fhY}d;wpa Mq;fpNyau; 18 Mk;

E}w;whz;by; jq;fs; Mjpf;fj;ijj; jkpo; ehl;by; tpupTgLj;jp> 19

263

Mk; E}w;whz;Lj; Jtf;fj;jpy; jkpo; ehl;Lf;Fr; nrhe;jf;fhuu;fs;

Mfptpl;ldu;. jkpo; ehl;L Ml;rpahsu;fspilNa epytpa

cl;gifAk;> Nghl;b nghwhikAk;> NguhirAk; Mq;fpNyau; jkpo;

ehl;il mgfupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;igf; nfhLj;jJ.

tha;g;igg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Mq;fpy tu;j;jff; fk;ngdp jkpo;

ehl;bd; Ml;rp mikj;jJ. nrd;id ,uh[jhdp (Madras Presidency)

Gdpj [hu;[; Nfhl;il vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ. md;iwa nrd;id

,uh[jhdp fpl;lj;jl;l ,d;iwa njd;dpe;jpahit cs;slf;fp

,Ue;jJ. mJ jkpo;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk; Mfpa

nkhopfs; Ngrpa fyg;gl khepykhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. ,e;j

xUq;fpize;j ,uh[jhdp (Composite Presidency) Mq;fpy

MSeuhy; (Governor) Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ. tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;

gpuG (Lord William Bentinck) nrd;idapd; MSeu;

nghWg;Ngw;whu; (1803-1806). ,e;j gpd;dzpapy; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;ij

fhzyhk;.

13.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


KbAk;

• Mq;fpNyau; fhy epu;thfk; gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.

• jkpofj;jpd; fy;tp tsu;r;rpapy; Mq;fpNyaupd;

mu;g;gzpg;ig gw;wp njupa cjTfpwJ.

• murpay; fl;rpfspd; vOr;rp kw;Wk; mjd; rhjidfis

tptupf;fpwJ.

• ePjpf;fl;rpapd; tsu;r;rp Fwpj;J tpsf;FfpwJ. • jkpofj;jpy; Rakupahij ,af;fj;jpd; jhf;fk; gw;wp

tpthjpf;fpwJ.



MSeu; nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapd; Ml;rpj; jiytu; (Executive

Head). ,tu; ,uh[jhdp rk;ke;jg;gl;l midj;J mjpfhuq;fisAk;

ngw;wpUe;jhu;. vdNt> ,tu; Rje;jpukhfTk;> jd;dpr;irahfTk;

nray;gl;lhu;. MSeUf;F MNyhrid $w xU mit ,Ue;jJ.

,e;j mikg;G MSeu; mit (Governor’s Council) vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lJ. Jtf;fj;jpy; ,e;j mitapy; Mq;fpNyau; kl;LNk

cWg;gpdu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. ,jd; %yk; rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuKk;>

rl;lj;ijr; nray;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuKk; MSeuplk;

Ftpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. 1773 ,y; gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;

264

,aw;wg;gl;l xOq;FKiw rl;lj;jpd; (Regulating Act 1773) %yk;

khepy MSeu; tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J nray;gl;l MSeu; mjpgupd;

(Governor General) mjpfhuf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl;lhu;.

1833 ,y; nfhz;L tug;gl;l gl;lar; rl;lk; (Charter Act> 1833)

MSeupd; rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ijg; gwpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. gpd;du;

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; (1861> 1909> 1919> 1935)

gbg;gbahf MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fis rl;lkd;wj;jplk; (Legislative)

xg;gilj;jd. MSeu; mit jdpg; ngUk; mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;l

rl;lkd;w khapw;W. mJtiu MSeUk; mtuJ mitapdUk; khepy

epu;thfj;ijf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.

jiyikr; nrayfk; Jtf;fk;

Gdpj [hu;[; Nfhl;iliaj; jiyikafkhff; nfhz;L

nrd;id ,uh[jhdp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ (1654). mjd; jiyikr;

nrayfk; (Secretariat) Gdpj [hu;[; Nfhl;ilapy; 1670 Mk; Mz;L

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjypy; nghJj; Jiw (Public Department)

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapd; jiyikr; nrayfk; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;l ,j;Jiw murhq;fj;jpd; midj;J tptfhuq;fisAk;

ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. Nghu;fs; kw;Wk; $l;likg;Gfs; %yk;

fk;ngdpapd; epyg;gug;G ntFthf tpuptile;jTld; Gjpa Jiwfs;

cUthf;fg; gl;ld. 1752 ,y; ,uhZtj; Jiw (Military

Department)Ak;> 1774,y; tUtha; Jiw (Revenue Department)Ak;

Jtf;fg;gl;ld. tUtha; Jiw Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lgpd; ,U nrayu;

Kiw eilKiwf;F te;jJ. xU nrayu; murpay;> ,uhZt

kw;Wk; nrayf tptfhuq;fisAk;> kw;nwhUtu; nghJ kw;Wk;

tUtha;j; Jiwfisf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.

ehd;F khw;wq;fs;

1786-Mk; Mz;L jiyikr; nrayfk; rPuikf;fg;gl;L ehd;F

kd;wq;fs; (Boards) cUthf;fg;gl;ld: 1) tUtha; kd;wk;; 2)

tu;j;jf kd;wk;; 3) ,uhZt kd;wk;; 4) kUj;Jt kw;Wk; tzpff;

flw;gil. ,k;kd;wq;fSf;F cjtp nra;aj; Jizkd;wq;fs;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. 1769 ,y; murhq;f ,ufrpaq;fisf; fhg;ghw;w

,ufrpa Jiw (Secret Department) cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mijj;

njhlu;e;J 1798 ,y; ePjpj;Jiw (Judicial Department) Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

1800 ,y; jiyikr; nrayfj;jpy; khngUk; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

xU jiyikr; nrayu; (Chief Secretary) gjtpAk;> 3 nrayu;fs;

(Secretaries) gjtpAk; Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,tw;NwhL

murpay; Jiw (Political Department)Ak; mikf;fg; gl;lJ.

Gjpa Jiwfs;

1811-f;Fk; 1818-f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; 5 Gjpa Jiwfs;

Nru;f;fg;gl;ld: 1) epjp (Finance> 1811); 2) tu;j;jfk; (Commerce>

265

1815); 3) rl;lk; (Law, 1815); 4) ntsp tptfhuk; (Foreign> 1816); 5)

Nfhapy;fs; (Ecclesiastical> 1818). 1831 ,y; Jiwfis khw;whky;

jiyikr; nrayfk; khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1838-1853-f;Fs; 3

Gjpa Jiwfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld: 1) fly; thzpgk; (Marine> 1838);

2) nghJg;gzp (Public Works> 1843); 3) ,uapy;Nt (Railway> 1853).

epu;thf trjp fUjp 1855 ,y; jiyikr; nrayfk;

kWrPuikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j jpUj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l jiyikr;

nrayfk; 1855 ypUe;J 1857 ,y; fk;ngdp Ml;rpf;Fg; gjpy;

gpupl;b\; Ml;rp eilKiwf;F te;j tiu ePbj;jJ.


Ml;rpau;

nrd;id ,uh[jhdp gy khtl;lq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU

khtl;lj;Jf;Fk; xU Ml;rpau; (Collector) nghWg;ghf;fg;gl;lhu;.

khtl;l Ml;rpau; gjtp gpupl;b\hu; tpl;Lr; nrd;w epiyahd

ed;nfhilfspy; xd;whFk;. 1773 ,y; gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp

epytup epu;thfj;ij Neubahf Nkw;nfhs;tJ vd;w tuyhw;W

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Kbit vLj;jJ. epytupia tR+ypf;f

khtl;l Ml;rpaiu (District Collector) epakpj;jJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy;

,tu;fs; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; mtjhu GU\u;fshfptpl;ldu;. Ml;rpau;

khtl;l epu;thfj;jpd; mr;rhzp Nghd;wtu;; ,tiur; Rw;wpNa khtl;l

epu;thfk; Rod;wJ. ,tud;wp khtl;lj;jpy; vJTk; mirahJ> efuhJ

vd;w epiy Vw;gl;lJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; khtl;l Ml;rpaupd; epytup

tR+ypf;Fk; mjpfhuj;NjhL khtl;lj;jpd; rl;lk; xOq;ifg;

guhkupg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuKk;> ePjp toq;Fk; mjpfhuKk; Nru;e;J

nfhz;ljhFk;. ,jd; %yk; khtl;lj;jpy; nray;gl;l gpw

mjpfhupfSk; ,tUf;Fg; nghWg;ghdhu;fs;. mjdhy; jhd; khtl;l

Ml;rpau; ‘khtl;lj;jpd; je;ij jha;' vd;Wk; 'murhq;fj;jpd;

mtjhuk;' vd;Wk; tu;zpf;fg;gl;lhu;. [p.lgps;A. ];Btd;];

(G.W.Stevens) NkYk; xUgb nrd;W khtl;l Ml;rpaiu

'ru;ttpahkp' (Omnipotence) vd;Nw Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.


jkpo;ehL Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;L

tug;gl;l NghJ fpuhk epu;thfj;jpd; epiy kpfTk; Nkhrkhf

,Ue;jJ. jkpo;ehL Fog;gf; fhlhff; fhl;rp mspj;jJ.

ehaf;fu;fSk;> ethGfSk;> kuhj;jpaUk; jkpo; ehl;il> Fwpg;ghf

fpuhkq;fis> Nghl;b Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L Ruz;bf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

fpuhkg;Gw ru;thjpfhupfshd ghisaf;fhuu;fs; fpuhk kf;fis>

Fwpg;ghf tptrhapfis tupr;Rikahy; nrhy;nyhzh

266

Jd;gq;fSf;Fs;shapdu;. fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lk;

njupahky; ,Ue;jd.

Mq;fpNyaupd; mupa rhjid

1775-ypUe;J Mq;fpNyau; jkpo; ehl;bd; %d;W jPikfSf;F

vjpuhf eltbf;iffis vLj;jdu;: 1) jyj; jiytu;fspd;

fPo;g;gzpahik; 2) Kiwahfj; njhFf;fg;gl;l rl;lq;fs;>

ePjpkd;wq;fNsh ,y;yhik; 3) epytup kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; epytup Kiw

gw;wpa epiyaw;w jd;ik. 1794 ,y; nrd;id MSeuhf ,Ue;j

N`hghu;l; gpuG (Lord Hobart) ghisaf;fhuu;fSf;Fg; gjpy; khtl;l

Ml;rpau;fis (District Collector) epakpj;jhu;. ,g;Gjpa murhq;f

mjpfhupfs; fhl;L ju;ghu; elj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;j jyj; jiytu;fis

(Local Chieftains) mlq;fp> mtpo;f;fg;lhkypUe;j ku;k Kbr;Rfis

mtpu;j;J> ghuk;gupa cs;shl;rp epWtdq;fis kPl;L> GJg;gpj;J>

rPu;jpUj;jp eilKiwf;Ff; nfhz;L tuKbAk; vd;gijf;

fz;Lgpbj;jdu;.

kPl;G Kaw;rp

jkpo; ehl;bd; ghuk;gupa gQ;rhaj;J Kiwia kPl;Fk;

gzpapy; ypNahdy; gpNs]; (Leonel Place)> fu;du; mnyf;rhz;lu; uPl;

(Col.Alexander Read)> [hd; `h ;̀rd; (John Hogson)> ru; jhk];

kd;Nwh (Sir Thomas Munro) Nghd;Nwhu; KO %r;Rld; <Lgl;ldu;.

fk;ngdp [hfPu;fspd; Ml;rpauhf ,Ue;j tpNahdy; gpNs (1794-1798)

mtuJ Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l fpuhkq;fisg; gw;wpa tptuq;fis mwpe;jhu;.

fpuhk Ml;rp Kiwia> Fwpg;ghff; fpuhkf; fzf;F Kiwiag;

GJg;gpj;J mjd; jpwikia mjpfupj;jhu;. mNjNghd;W> ghukfhypd;

Ml;rpauhf ,Ue;j fu;dy; mnyf;rhe;ju; uPl; xt;nthU tptrhapAk;

mjpfhupfSld; Neubahfj; njhlu;G nfhz;L ajhu;j;j epiyia

mwpe;J mjw;Nfw;g fpuhk epu;thfj;ij khw;wp mikj;jhu;. Mq;fpyf;

fk;ngdp jpz;Lf;fy;iyAk;> ghukfhiyAk; ngw;w gpd;du; jhd;

jkpo; ehl;by; jpwikahd epu;thfk; Jtq;FfpwJ vdf;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; V.gp.fPj; (A.B.Keith). tUtha; kd;w (Board of

Revenue) gpujhd cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;j [hd; `hf;rd; jQ;rhT+upy;

fpuhk epu;thf Kiw jpwikahf nray;gl;L tUtijf;

fz;lwpe;jhu;. mq;F kpuhRjhuu;fSk;> fpuhkj; jiyahupfSk;

mjpfhuj;ij KiwNflhfg; gad;gLj;jpdhYk; fpuhkf; $l;Lg;

nghWg;NghL fpuhk epu;thfk; nray;gl;L tUtij mwpe;J

NkyjpfhupfSf;Fj; njuptpj;jhu;. ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf nrd;id

MSeuhf ,Ue;j ru; jhk]; kd;Nwh (1761-1827) ghuk;gupa fpuhkg;

gQ;rhaj;J Kiwf;F cap&l;bdhu;.

267


gpuhd;rp]; Nl (Francis Dey) nrd;dg;gl;bdj;jpy; thq;fpa

epyj;jpy; Gdpj [hu;[; Nfhl;il (Fort St.George) fl;lg;gl;lJ

(1640). Nfhl;ilf;F cs;Ns Mq;fpNyau; trpj;j gFjp nts;is

efu; (White Town) vd;Wk;> Nfhl;ilf;F ntspNa cs;Shu;thrpfs;

trpj;j ,lk; fUg;G efu; (Block Town) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;j ,U efu;fSk; Nru;e;j gFjpjhd; nrd;id (Madras) mg;NghJ

nrd;id jhd; Kjy; ,uh[jhdp efu; (Presidency Town) MFk;.

fk;ngdpapd; Kftu; (Agent) nrd;idapd; Ml;rpj; jiytuhf

,Ue;jhu;.

rj;jpu ePjpkd;wk;

1600 brk;gu; 31 Mk; Njjp ,q;fpyhe;jpd; vyprngj; ,uhzp

(Queen Elizebeth) toq;fpa muR gl;lak; (Royal Charter) gpupl;b\;

fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpf;F Fw;wthspfisj; jz;bf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij

mspj;jJ. nrd;idapd; Ml;rpj; jiytuhf ,Ue;j fk;ngdp Kftu;

cs;Shu; ghuk;gupa ePjp Kiwapy; jiyapl tpUk;gtpy;iy. vdNt

mtu; fUg;G efupd; jiytup (Headman)lk; ePjp toq;Fk;

nghWg;igf; nfhLj;jhu;. ,tu; ePjp epu;thfj;ij tof;fg;gb elj;jp

te;jhu;. ,J rj;jpu ePjpkd;w (Choultry Court) Kiw vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,J jkpo; ehl;bd; fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;Jf;Ff;

nfhLf;fg;gl;l khw;Wg; ngau; vdf; fUjyhk;. fz;zg;gh vd;gtu;

1644-ypUe;J 1648 tiu rj;jpu ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf ,Ue;jhu; vd;W

$wg;gLfpwJ.

rj;jpu ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F te;j tof;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if

kpfTk; FiwthfNt ,Ue;jd. Kftu; my;yJ cs;Shu; jiytu;

,e;j kd;wj;Jf;F jiyik jhq;fpdu;. 1644 Mk; Mz;L gpuhl;Nghu;L

(Bradford) vd;w fhty;gil tPuu; (Sergeant) fUg;G efiur; Nru;e;j

xUtiuf; nfhd;Wtpl;lhu;. fk;ngdp Kftu; ,e;j nfhiy tof;ifj;

jhd; tprhupf;fhky; fUg;G efu; jiytuplk; tpl;Ltpl;lhu;. mtu;

,f;nfhiy jw;nrayhf ele;jJ vd;W $wp tof;ifj; js;Sgb

nra;J tpl;lhu;. KftUf;Fk;> fUg;G efu; jiytUf;Fk; rl;l

fy;tpj; jFjp ,d;ikahy; gy rl;lr; rpf;fy;fs; Vw;gl;ld.

rpf;fyhd tof;Ffs; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,Ue;j NkyjpfhupfSf;F

mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; tof;F tprhuizf;F mrhjhuz

fhyjhkjk; Mapw;W. vdNt> rj;jpu ePjpkd;wk; jpUg;jpfukhf

nray;gltpy;iy.

fg;gy; Jiw ePjpkd;wk;

1683 Mf];L 9 Mk; Njjp gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l gl;lag;gb

(Charter of 1683) Fw;wk; rhuh (Civil) rl;lj;jpy; gapw;rp ngw;w

268

xUtiuAk;> ,uz;L mDgtkpf;f tzpfu;fisAk; nfhz;l

fg;gy;Jiw ePjpkd;wk; (Court of Admiralty) mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j

ePjpkd;wk; tzpff; Fw;wq;fs;> vy;iy kPwy;> fhaNkw;gLj;jy;>

jtwpioj;jy; gw;wpa tof;Ffis tprhupj;jJ. ,k;kd;wk; gw;wpa

NkYk; ,U gl;laq;fs; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ld (1686 Vg;uy; 12; [_iy

10). 1687 ,y; ,q;fpyhe;jpypUe;J mDg;gg;gl;l Fw;wk;rhuh

rl;lj;jpy; (Civil Law) gapw;rpAk;> mDgtKkpf;f ru; [hd; gpf;];

(Sir John Biggs) ,e;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kjy; ePjpgjp-tof;fwpQuhf

(Judge-Advocate) epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,e;j ePjpkd;wk; Fw;wk;rhuh>

Fw;wk; rhu;e;j> tzpfk; rk;ke;jg;gl;l midj;J tof;FfisAk;

tprhupj;jJ. Fw;w tof;Ffis (Criminal Cases) tof;Ffis

tprhupf;Fk; NghJ kl;Lk; eLtu;fis (Jury)f; fye;J nfhz;lJ.

,e;j ePjpkd;wk; mikf;fg;gl;lgpd; nrd;id MSeUf;F ,Ue;j

ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk; ePf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; tpisthf> epu;thfj; Jiw

(Executive)Ak;> rl;lj;Jiw (Judiciary)Ak; jdpj;jdp Jiwfshapd.

,jd; %yk; nrd;id ,uh[jhdp gpw ,uh[jhdpfSf;F

Kd;Djhuzkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.

1692 Mk; Mz;L gpupl;b\; fk;ngdp [hd; Nlhy;ngd; (John

Dolben) vd;w rl;l epGziu nrd;id fg;gy; Jiw ePjpkd;wj;jpd;

ePjpgjp-tof;fwpQuhf epakpj;jJ. Mdhy; mtu; 1694 ,y; Coy;

Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;F ,yf;fhfp gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lhu;. mtUf;Fg;

gjpy; tpy;ypak; gpNuru; (William Fraser) vd;gtu; ,q;fpyhe;jpypUe;J

mDg;gg;gl;lhu;. mtUf;Fg; gpd; xU tzpfu; te;jhu;. mtu; gjtp

tpyfpajhy; ePjpkd;w gjpthsu; (Court Registrar) me;j nghWg;ig

Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. 1704 ,y; mtUk; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fr; nrd;W

tpl;ljhy; fg;gy;Jiw ePjpkd;wk; rupahf nray;gltpy;iy .

Nkau; ePjpkd;wk;

1686 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id murhq;fk; nrd;id kf;fs; kPJ

tPl;L tup (House Tax) tpjpj;jJ. Mdhy; nrd;idthrpfs; me;j

tupiaf; fl;l kWj;J tpl;ldu;. ,g;gpur;ridf;Fj; jPu;T

fhz;gjw;fhf Mq;fpNyaiuAk; ,e;jpaiuAk; cs;slf;fpa xU

mikg;ig Vw;gLj;j KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjd;gb 1686 nrg;lk;gu;

29 Mk; Njjp ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,Ue;jijg; Nghd;W nrd;idapy; xU

khefuhl;rp (Corporation) Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. mk;kd;wj; jiytu;

(Mayor). ,tu; Mq;fpNyauhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jid

tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjy; nrd;id khefuhl;rpapy; 3 Mq;fpNyau;; 3

,e;Jf;fs;; 3 A+ju;fs;> Mu;kPdpau;fs;> 2 Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs;> 1

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jhu;.

nrd;id khefuhl;rp cWg;gpdu;fNshL 3 %j;j efuhl;rpg;

gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l gjpNtl;L ePjpkd;wk; (Court of Record)

269

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,JNt Nkau; ePjpkd;wk; (Mayor's Court) vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ePjpkd;wk; Fw;wk;rhuh (Civil) Fw;wk; rhu;e;j

(Criminal) tof;Ffis tprhupj;jJ. Nkau; ePjpkd;wk; mguhjk;>

rpiw jz;lid> firab Nghd;w jz;lidfisf; nfhLf;Fk;

mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,k;kd;wj; jPu;g;Gf;F vjpuhd Nky;

KiwaPLfis fg;gy; Jiw ePjpkd;wk; tprhupj;jJ. NkaUf;Fk;

khefuhl;rp cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; rl;l MNyhrid $w ePjpkd;wg;

gjpNtl;lhsu; (Recorder of the Court) epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ru; jhk];

];Nld;[; (Sir Thomas Strange) Kjy; gjpNtl;lhsuhfg;

nghWg;Ngw;whu;. 1712 ,y; Nkau; ePjpkd;wk; RNjrpfSf;F kuz

jz;lid toq;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;wJ.

nrd;id cau;ePjpkd;wk;

1801 nrg;lk;gu; 4 Mk; Njjp nrd;id cr;r ePjpkd;wk;

(Supreme Court of Madras) cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 1861 Mf];L 6 Mk;

Njjp gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa cau;ePjpkd;w rl;lj;jpd;gb (Indian

High Court Act> 1861) nrd;id cr;r ePjpkd;wk;> cau;ePjpkd;wkhf

khw;wg;gl;lJ. 1862 [_d; 26 Mk; Njjp tpf;Nlhupah ,uhzp (Queen

Victoria)ahy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l Mizahy; (Letter of Patent) nrd;id

cau;ePjpkd;wk; Jtf;fg;gl;L 1862 Mf];L 15 Mk; Njjp

Kiwahfj; jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;epfo;r;rpf;F rupahf 85

Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; ,e;jpah tpLjiy mile;jJ.

khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs;

1802 Mk; Mz;L ftdu;-n[duy; gpwg;gpj;j cj;jputpd;

(Regulations> 1802)gb khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; (Zilla Courts)

mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,k;khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; nrd;id

cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjp-epu;thff; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nray;gl;ld.

khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; tUtha; rk;ke;jg;gl;l tof;Ffis tpiue;J

tprhupf;f gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. murhq;fk;-epyr; Rthd;jhuu;fs;-

tptrhapfs; MfpNahUf;fpilNaahd tof;Ffis tprhupj;Jj; jPu;g;G

toq;Ftjpy; rpwg;G ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. mjw;Nfw;g khtl;l ePjp

epu;thfj;jpy; gy rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. khtl;l

ePjpkd;wj; jPu;g;GfSf;F vjpuhd Nky;KiwaPLfis tprhupg;gjw;fhf

khepy Nky;KiwaPl;L kd;wk; (Provincial Court of Appeal)

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,k;kd;wk; 1843 ,y; ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

fpuhk ePjpkd;wq;fs; kd;Nwh fkp\d;

ePjp epu;thfj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfisf; fistjw;fhf

1812 Mk; Mz;L jhk]; kd;Nwhtpd; jiyikapd; fPo; xU

tprhuizf; FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mf;FO ePjpj;Jiwapd;

nray;ghl;il kjpg;gPL nra;J mjd; mwpf;ifia murhq;fj;Jf;F

mspj;jJ. 1816-,y; kd;Nwh nrd;id MSduhdgpd; mtu; gpd;tUk;

270

gupe;Jiuj;j rPu;jpUj;jq;fis nray;gLj;jpdhu;: 1) ,e;jpau;fSf;F

vjpuhd tof;Ffis tprhupf;f khtl;l Kd;rPg;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;;

2) kh[p];l;Nul; mYtyfk; khtl;l Ml;rpaUf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ; 3)

khtl;l ePjpgjpfs; Fw;w tof;Ffis tprhupf;Fk; mjpfhuk;

ngw;wdu;; 4) ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf tof;Ffis tprhupj;J

jPu;g;gspf;Fk; mjpfhuk; fpuhk Kd;rPg;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. jhk];

kd;Nwhtpd; gupe;Jiufspd;gb 1816 Mk; Mz;L fpuhk ePjp epu;thf

Kiw khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;lJ. gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; fpuhk Kd;rPg;

kd;wq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ld. fpuhkj; jiytu; fpuhk Kd;rPg;

Mdhu;. ,tu; Fwpg;gpl;l kjpg;Gila tof;Ffis tprhupj;jhu;.

fl;rpf;fhuu;fspd; xg;GjNyhL ,tu; mjpf kjpg;Gila nrhj;J

rk;ke;jkhd tof;FfisAk; tprhupj;jhu;. ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf

fpuhk Kd;rPg; tof;Ffis tprhupf;f Itu; nfhz;l fpuhkg;

gQ;rhaj;ijf; $l;Ltjw;F top tFf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; jkpo;

ehl;bd; ghuk;gupa gQ;rhaj;J ePjp KiwAk; etPd ePjpkd;w

KiwAk; Kd;ftdj;NjhL ,izf;fg;gl;ld. ghuk;gupa ePjp

Kiwf;F kjpg;Gk; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; nfhLj;J ePjpj;Jiwia khw;wp

mikj;jhu; kd;Nwh vd;W Gfohuk; R+l;Lfpwhu; Nf.uh[a;ad;.


nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapy; rl;lk; xOq;if epiyehl;lTk;>

ePjpj;Jiw jpwikAld; nray;glTk; Kiwahf mikf;fg;gl;l

fhty;Jiw (Police) ,d;wpaikahjJ. jkpo; ehl;by; guk;giuahf

fpuhkq;fspy; jiyahupfSk;> efuq;fspy; nfhj;thy;fSk; fhty;

nghWg;ig Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,g;ghuk;gupa Kiwapy; jf;f

khw;wq;fisr; nra;tJ gw;wp guprPypg;gjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l

kd;Nwh fkp\dpd; (1816) gupe;Jiuapd;gb rl;lk;-xOq;if

epiyehl;Lk; nghWg;G khtl;l kh[p];l;Nul;Lfsplk; (District

Magistrates)> jhrpy;jhu;fs; (Thasildars)> fpuhkj; jiyahupfs;

MfpNahupilNa nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tu;fSf;F cjtp nra;a

gzpahsu;fs; (Peons) epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. vdpDk;> ,tu;fsplk; tup

tR+Yk;> ePjp epu;thfKk; ,ize;J ,Ue;jikahy; ,tu;fs; tup

tR+Yf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J ePjp epu;thfj;ijg;

Gwf;fzpj;Jtpl;ldu;. fhty;Jiw rPu;jpUj;jq;fshy; vjpu;ghu;j;j gyd;

fpilf;ftpy;iy. fhty;Jiw mlf;F Kiwf;Fk;> jpwik

apd;ikf;Fk;> CoYf;Fk; mtg;ngau; ngw;wJ. Fw;wq;fs;

fl;Lg;ghbd;wp mjpfupj;jd. jpUl;Lf; Fk;gy; kf;fSf;Fg; ngUk;

mr;RWj;jyhf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt> Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdp jpUl;ilj;

jLg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lJ (1856).

nrd;id MSeu; `hup]; gpuG (Lord Harris) gpd;tUk;

ghJfhty; rPu;jpUj;jq;fisr; nra;jhu;: 1) ghJfhtyu; gil xU

271

jiyikapd; fPo; nfhz;L tuNtz;Lk;; 2) ghJfhtyu;fspilNa

xNu khjpupahd fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiw ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;; 3) nghJ

mikjpia Vw;gLj;jp> nghJ kf;fspd; capUf;Fk;> cilikf;Fk;

Nghjpa ghJfhg;G mspf;f Ntz;Lk;; 4) Fw;wq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L

jz;bf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;; 5) kf;fspd; czu;T> Fw;wthspfspd;

elkhl;lk;> ,uh[jhdpapd; ghJfhg;G epiygw;wpa jpl;gEl;gkhd

jfty;fis Nrfupj;jy;; 6) fhty; epiyaq;fis xUq;fpizj;Jf;

fz;fhzpj;jy;. ghJfhtyu;fspd; flikfSk;> nghWg;GfSk;

tiuaWf;fg;gly;.

`huprpd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis ,af;Feu;fs; kd;wk; (Court of

Directors) Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. lgps;A.,uhgpd;rd; (W.Robinson)

fhty;Jiw fkp\duhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu; (1858). nrd;id

fhty;gil fkp\du; (Commissioner); fz;fhzpg;ghsu;fs;

(Superintendents); Ma;thsu;fs; (Inspectors); jiyikf;

fhtyu;fs; (Head Constables); fhtyu;fs; (Constables) MfpNahu;

mlq;fpa Kiwahd gbKiw mikg;ghapw;W. fpuhkf; fhty;

Kiwf;F fpuhkf; fhty; Ma;thsu; (Village Police Inspector)

nghWg;ghf;fg;gl;lhu;. fhtyu; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fk;> gapw;rpf;Fk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,r;rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; %yk;

jkpo;ehl;L fhty; Jiw epu;thfj;Jf;Fg; Gjpa mikg;Gk;> Nehf;Fk;>

Nghf;Fk; fpilj;jd. jpwikahd fhty; gilf;fhd gykpf;f

mbg;gil mikf;fg;gl;lJ.


xOq;fhd> Kiwahd> jpwikahd rpiwr;rhiy epu;thfk;

,d;ikahy; ifjpfs; kdpjhgpkhdkw;w Kiwapy; elj;jg;gl;ldu;;

tprhuizapd;wp rj;jpuq;fspYk;> Nfhapy;fspYk;> guhkupg;gw;w

fl;llq;fspYk; rupahd czT> fl;Lkhd> fhw;Nwhl;l trjpfspd;wp

tpyq;Ffs; Nghd;W milj;J itf;fg;gl;ldu;. rpiwr;rhiy

epu;thfk; fhty;Jiw rPuikg;gpd; gFjpahff; fUjg;gl;L

rpiwr;rhiy mikg;gpy; mbg;gil khw;wq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

rpiwr;rhiyfisg; Nghjpa mbg;gil trjpfNshL fl;Ljy;;

ifjpfis Kiwahf tprhuiz nra;J> jz;bj;jgpd; rpiwapy;

milj;jy;; mtu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd kUj;Jt trjp nra;J

nfhLj;jy;; Fw;wthspfspd; elj;ij Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; gw;wpa tpupthd tpjpfs;

tFf;fg;gl;ld. ,Ug;gpDk; gy FiwghLfs; ,Uf;fNt nra;jd.

kjpg;gPL

jkpo; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpa Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdp ehl;L

epu;thfj;ij khw;wp mikg;gjpy; Kidg;Gld; nray;gl;lJ. Kjy;

Kiwahf jkpo; ehl;il xU Ml;rpf; Filapd;fPo;f; nfhz;L

272

te;jJ fk;ngdp. jkpo; ehl;il khtl;lq;fshfg; gpupj;J> mtw;iw

khtl;l Ml;rpaupd; epu;thfj;Jf;F cl;gLj;jp> nrd;id

,uh[jhdpf;Fj; njspthd cUtKk;> tbtKk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

jkpo; ehl;bd; khepy> khtl;l> fpuhk epu;thf Kiw

kWrPuikf;fg;gl;lJ. ePjp> fhty;> rpiwr;rhiyj; Jiwfs;

etPdkakhf;fg;gl;ld. jkpo; ehl;bd; tsu;r;rpf;Ff; fk;ngdp

Ml;rpf;F mg;ghw;gl;L nray;gl;l Mq;fpy kdpjhgpkhdpfspd;

(Humanists) gq;fspg;G ghuhl;Lf;FupaJ.


1. 1644-ypUe;J 1648 tiu rj;jpu ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf ,Ue;jtu;

ahu;?

2. fg;gy;Jiw ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kjy; ePjpgjp-tof;fwpQuhf (Judge-

Advocate) epakpf;fg;gl;lhu; ahu;?

3. vg;NghJ Nkau; ePjpkd;wk; RNjrpfSf;F kuz jz;lid

toq;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;wJ.


etPdkakhjy;

mwpitAk;> mwptpaiyAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

mikf;fg;gLtNj jw;fhy rKjhakhFk; (Modern Society). mwpT

rhu;e;j fy;tpNa jw;fhy rKjhaj;jpd; jpwTNfhy;. ,j;jifa etPd

fy;tpNa kdpjdplk; kiwe;J fplf;Fk; Mw;wiy ntspf;nfhz;L

tUjy;; r%f khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ; nghUshjhu cw;gj;jpj;

jpwidg; ngUf;FtJ; rkdw;w rk;gpujhag; gpw;Nghf;Ff; fy;tp

Kiwf;F khw;W topiaf; fz;Lgpbg;gJ; jilaw;w mwpT

tpupthf;fk;; Kw;Nghf;F kdg;ghd;ik; tho;f;if cau;Tf;Fj;

Njitahd jpwikfs;; rKjhag; nghWg;G; jhuhs rpe;jid; rkak;

rhuh eLepiyg; Nghf;F; gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhZk; jpwd;

Nghd;wit jw;fhykhjypd; my;yJ etPdkhjypd; milahsq;fs;

MFk;. gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp ghuk;gupa fy;tp Kiwapy;

mbg;gil khw;wq;fisr; nra;J jkpo; ehl;by; fy;tpg; Gul;rpiar;

nra;jJ.

jkpo; ehl;Lf; fy;tp Kiw

jkpo; ehl;by; rq;f fhyf; fy;tp Kiw rKjha

NtWghLfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;l rkak; rhuhf; fy;tp KiwahFk;.

'cw;Wop cjtp'Ak;> 'cWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk;' midj;Jg;

gpuptpdUk; rkr;rPu; fy;tp ngWtjw;F Cf;Ftpf;fg; gl;ldu;.

,g;gFj;jwpT rhu;e;j fy;tp Kiw fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; rkar;

273

R+whtspapy; mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lJ. gy;ytu; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;

jkpo; nkhopf; fy;tp kPl;fg;gl;lhYk;> ghypAk;> gpuhfpUjKk;>

rk];fpUjKk; NkNyhq;fp mjd; rKjhag; nghJikia jiyJ}f;f

Kbahky; nra;Jtpl;lJ. Nrhou;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;

Nghu;fSf;Fk;> Nfhapy;fs; fl;Ltjw;Fk;> tzpf tpupthf;fj;Jf;Fk;

nfhLf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tho;f;iff; fy;tpf;Ff;

nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. rk];fpUjj;jpd; nry;thf;F mjpfupj;jJ.

Ntjq;fSf;Fk;> ju;k rh];jpuq;fSf;Fk;> Guhzq;fSf;Fk; rpwg;gplk;

mspf;fg;gl;lJ. Kfkjpau; gilnaLg;Gf;Fg; gpd; jkpo; ehl;il

Ml;rp nra;j ehaf;fu;fs;> ethGfs;> kuhj;jpau; fhyq;fspy;

rkr;rPuw;wf; fy;tp KiwNa ePbj;jJ. Mq;fpNyau; tUiff;Fg;

gpd;du; jkpo; ehl;Lf; fy;tp Kiw etPdkakhjiy Nehf;fpg;

gazpf;fj; Jtq;fpaJ.

Mq;fpy Mjuthsu;fs;

gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp ,e;jpahTld; tu;j;jfk;

nra;tjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;ghFk;. mf;fk;ngdp

Jtf;fj;jpy; tu;j;jf tpupthf;fj;jpy; kl;LNk ftdk; nrYj;jpg;

gpd;du; kf;fis Ml;rp nra;Ak; epu;thf ,ae;jpukhf

cUkhw;wkile;jJ. ,jw;fpilNa thud; N`];bq;> tpy;ypak;

N[hd;]; > N[hdj;jhd; ld;fd;> nty;ny];yp gpuG> rhu;y fpuhz;l;>

Nltpl; Nù;> jhk]; kd;Nwh Nghd;Nwhu; kf;fSf;F Kiwahd>

jukhd> tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd fy;tp Kiwia

cUthf;Ftjpy; Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;ldu;. ,tu;fSs; nrd;id

MSeuhf ,Ue;j (1820-1827) jhk]; kd;Nwh jkpo; ehl;L

kf;fSf;F Mw;wpa fy;tpj; njhz;L ghuhl;Lf;FupaJ; epidT

$wj;jf;fJ.

gl;lak;> 1813

19-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy; gpupl;b\; murhq;fk;

ntspapl;l xU gl;laj;ij (The Charter of the East India Company>

1813) ntspapl;lJ. 1813 gl;lar; rl;lk; xU tuyhw;W

Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f mbg;gil MtzkhFk;. me;j Mtzj;jpy;

gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; gpd;tUk; KbTfis mwptpj;jJ: 1) gpupl;b\;

murhq;fk; ,e;jpa kf;fspd; fy;tpf;fhf Mz;LNjhWk; xU ,yl;rk;

&ghia xJf;f Ntz;Lk;; 2) ,j;njhifiaf; fk;ngdpapd; epy

tUtha; cgupg; gzj;jpypUe;J nrytpl Ntz;Lk;; 3) murhq;fk;

nrytpLk; gzk; ,e;jpa ,yf;fpaq;fis kPl;fTk;> fy;tp mwpitg;

ngUf;fTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;; 4) fk;ngdpapd;

fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; kf;fs; midtUf;Fk; mwptpay; mwpit

mwpKfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;; 5) fy;tp mwpTs;s RNjrpfs;

Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;; 6) 1813 gl;lak; 20 Mz;LfSf;F xU

Kiw guprPypf;fg;gl;L GJg;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. RUq;ff; $wpd;>

,g;gl;lak; fy;tp tsu;r;rpf;fhd murhq;fg; nghWg;G> khdpaj;

274

njhif> fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk;> fy;tpj; jpl;lk; Nghd;wtw;iw

re;Njfj;Jf;F ,lkpd;wpj; njspTgLj;jpaJ. 1813 gl;laj;jpd;

mbg;gilapy; jkpo; ehl;Lf; fy;tp Kiw tFf;fg;gl;L>

gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ,g;gl;laj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa jhk]; kd;Nwh

jdJ fy;tpf; nfhs;ifia tFj;jhu;. kd;Nwhtpd; gupe;Jiug;gb

1822 ,y; nghJf; fy;tp Nghu;L (Board of Public Instruction)

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. jha; nkhopf; fy;tpg; gs;spfs; Jtf;fg;gl;ld.

1827 ,y; nrd;idapy; kUj;Jtg; gs;sp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Gjpa gupNrhjid

1833 Mk; Mz;L gl;lar; rl;lk; (1813) GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

mjd;gpd; gy mnkupf;f> n[u;khdpa rkag;gug;G+opau;fSk;>

rq;fq;fSk; ,e;jpahTf;F te;jdu;. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; mnyf;rhz;lu;

lg; (Alexander Duff) vd;w xU rkag; gug;ghsu; xU fUj;ijf;

$wpdhu;. mjhtJ> midtUf;Fk; fpwpj;Jtf; fy;tp mspg;gJ

,ayhj fhupak;. vdNt> Nky;jl;L kf;fSf;F Nkiyehl;Lf;

fy;tpiaf; nfhLj;jhy; mtu;fs; %yk; fy;tpapd; gad; fPo;j;jl;L

kf;fisr; nrd;wilAk;. ,J fPo;Nehf;fpg; guTk; Nfhl;ghL

(Downward Filtration Theory) vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;Gjpa

Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb jpUney;Ntypapy; kl;Lk; 107 gs;spfs;

Jtf;fg;gl;ld; ,tw;wpy; 2>882 khztu;fs; Nru;e;jdu;. ,q;fpyhe;jpd;

rkag; gug;G rq;fk; (Religious Teaching Society of England) rhu;ghf

nfs (Gough) vd;gtu; nrd;idapy; gs;spfisj; Jtq;fpdhu;.

mNjNghd;W Md;lu;rDk; gpiul;Tl;Lk; (Anderson and Braidwood)

nrd;idapy; Jtq;fpa gs;spNa gpd;du; nrd;id fpwpj;Jtf;

fy;Y}up (Madras Christian College)ahf tpuptile;jJ. Nryk;>

Nfhit> flg;gh> ngy;yhup Nghd;w efu;fspYk; ,JNghd;w gs;spfs;

Jtf;fg;gl;ld. ,g;gs;spfs; midj;Jk; murhq;f Mjutpd;wp

Jtf;fg;gl;litahFk;. 1830-f;Fk; 1875-f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;ij

rkag; gug;Gg; gs;sp fhyk; (Age of Mission School) vd;W

miof;fyhk; vd;W $Wfpwhu; fy;tp Muha;r;rpahsu; gj;kh

,uhkr;re;jpud;.


fk;ngdp fy;tp tsu;r;rpf;fhf xJf;Fk; njhifia vt;thW

nryT nra;tJ vd;gJ gw;wp mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; fy;tp

Mu;tyu;fSf;fpilNa xUkpj;j fUj;J cUthftpy;iy.

mtu;fspilNa %d;W NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fs; epytpd: 1)

rk];fpUjk;> muhgpa> ghurPa nkhopfspy; fy;tp fw;gpf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;; 2) Nkw;fj;jpa mwptpay; fy;tpia Mq;fpy top fw;gpf;f

Ntz;Lk;; 3) etPd fy;tpiaj; jha;nkhop %yk; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

275

,e;j ru;r;irf;Fj; jPu;T fhz;gjw;fhf jhk]; ghgpq;ld; nkf;fhNy

(Thomas Babington Macaulay) Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhu;.

nkf;fhNy ftu;du; n[duy; mitapy; rl;l cWg;gpduhfTk;>

nghJf; fy;tpf; FOtpd; jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. mf;fhy mwpT

Nkijfspy; mtu; xUtuhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;. nkf;fhNyapd; tuyhw;Wr;

rpwg;Gkpf;f fy;tpf; Fwpg;gpy; (Macaulay's Minute> 1835) fy;tpg;

gapw;rp nkhop gw;wpa ru;r;irf;F xU jPu;itf; nfhLj;jhu;.

Nkw;fj;jpa mwptpay; fy;tpiaf; nfhLg;gjw;Nfw;g ,e;jpa nkhop

vJTk; tsu;r;rpailatpy;iy vd;gjhy; etPd fy;tpia Mq;fpy

top nrhy;tNj rpwe;jJ vd;gNj nkf;fhNyapd; jPu;thFk;.

Kf;fpa KbT

nkf;fhNyapd; gupe;Jiuia Vw;Wf; nfhz;l ftu;du; n[duy;

ngz;bq; gpuG (Lord Bentinck) gpd;tUk; Kf;fpa Kbit

mwptpj;jhu;: 1) jha; nkhopapy; fw;gpf;Fk; fy;tpf; $lq;fs; tof;fk;

Nghy; nray;glyhk;; 2) gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; kf;fSf;F

mwptpay; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaf; fy;tpia Mq;fpyj;jpd; %yk;

nfhLg;gNjahFk;; 3) murhq;fj;jhy; xJf;fg;gLk; fy;tp epjp

Mq;fpyf; fy;tpf;F kl;LNk nrytplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nrd;idapy;

1835 ,y; kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upAk;> 1841 Mk; Mz;L 67

khztu;fSld; khepyf; fy;Y}up (Presidency College)Ak;

Jtf;fg;gl;ld.


N[k;]; jhk;rhd; tlNkw;F khfhzq;fspd; Jiz MSeuhf

(Lieutenant Governor of North-Western Provinces) 10 Mz;Lfs;

(1843-1853) gzpahw;wpatu;. fy;tp epGzu;. ,tu; jahupj;j fy;tpj;

jpl;lj;jpy; ngz; fy;tpf;Fg; gpujhd ,lj;ijf; nfhLj;jhu;.

,e;jpaupd; jpwikfis ntFthf Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd midj;J

Kaw;rpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w ,yf;NfhL ftu;du;-

n[duyhfg; nghWg;Ngw;w ly;n`srp gpuG (Lord Dalhousie)

jhk;rhd; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;Jf;F KO MjuitAk; mspj;jhu;.

mJkl;Lky;y. ftu;du; n[duy; mitapd; cWg;gpdUk;> fy;tpf;

FOtpd; jiytUkhd ngj;A+d; (Bethuine) ngz; fy;tpf;F

rpwg;gplk; nfhLj;J tpupTgLj;Jtjpy; Cf;fj;Jld; nray;gl;lhu;.

ngz;fisg; gbf;f itj;jhy; jpUkzkhdTld; tpjitfshfp

tpLtu; vd;w %l ek;gpf;ifAila tq;fhsj;jpy; ngj;A+d; xU

ngz;fs; gs;spiaj; Jtf;fpdhu;. ,g;Gul;rpfukhd Kaw;rpia

Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L nrd;id MSeuhf ,Ue;j jhk];

kd;Nwh ngz; fy;tpf;F rhjfkhd fy;tpf; nfhs;ifia tFj;jhu;.

,f;nfhs;if rKjhaj; jPikfspypUe;J ngz;fis tpLtpf;f ngz;

fy;tp ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;w kd;Nwhtpd; yl;rpaj;jpd;

276

mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. kd;Nwhtpd; ngz; fy;tpf;

nfhs;if> jw;fhyj; jkpo; ehl;L fy;tp tsu;r;rp tuyhw;wpy;

Kw;Nghf;F eltbf;ifahFk;.

njhopy; fy;tp

jhk;rhd; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpd; kw;nwhU Kf;fpaf;$W njhopy;

fy;tp (Technical Education) MFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; ghijfSk;>

ghyq;fSk;> MWfSk; gpw cs;fl;Lkhd trjpfSk; ngUf

Ntz;Lkhapd; rptpy; nghwpahsu;fSk; (Civil Engineers) gpw

fPo;epiy njhopy;El;g mYtyu;fSk; Mapuf;fzf;fpy;

Njitg;gLtu; vd;gij ed;fwpe;j jhk;rhd; &u;fpapy; (Roorkee) xU

rptpy; nghwpapay; fy;Y}upiaj; Jtf;fpdhu;. mtuJ ,k;Kaw;rpf;Fk;

ftu;du; n[duy; ly;n`srp gpuG KO MjuitAk; ey;fpdhu;.

jhk;rhdpd; njhopy; El;gf; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ij Kd;khjpupahff;

nfhz;L Nk[u; nkapl;yhe;J (Major Maitland) nrd;idapy; xU

njhopy; El;gg; gs;spiaj; Jtf;fpdhu;. mg;gs;sp khngUk;

ntw;wpaile;jJ. nrd;idj; njhopy;El;gg; gs;spia

Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L ly;n`srp gpuG tq;fhsj;jpy; gy

njhopy;El;gg; gs;spfisj; Jtf;fj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;.


murhq;fj; jpl;lq;fshy; mbj;jl;L kf;fSf;F fy;tpapd;

gad; nrd;wilatpy;iy vd;gJ njupa te;jJ. vdNt>

mtu;fSf;Fj; Jtf;ff; fy;tpAk;> tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd

njhopy; fy;tpAk; nfhLf;f Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij murhq;fk;

czu;e;jJ. Jtf;fg; gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupf;fTk;>

njhopy; fy;tp epWtdq;fisj; Jtf;Ftjw;Fkhd Kaw;rp

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> fk;ngdp mjpfhupfs; Jtf;fg;

gs;spfSf;Fj; njhlu;e;J Kd;Dupik mspf;fhky; cau;epiyf;

fy;tpia Cf;Ftpj;jdu;. mjd; tpisthf Jtf;ff; fy;tp Jtz;L

Nghapw;W. ,f;Fiwiaf; fistjw;fhf 1850 Mk; Mz;L ];lhd;yp

gpuG (Lord Stanley) xU fy;tpf; Fwpg;ig (Stanley's Despatch)j;

jahu; nra;jhu;. ,f;Fwpg;gpy; fk;ngdpapd; murhq;fNk Jtf;ff;

fy;tpf;fhd nghWg;ig vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W

gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd nryit rupf;fl;l murhq;fk; jy

tupfis (Local Taxes) tpjpf;fyhk; vd;w MNyhrid $wg;gl;lJ.

mjd;gpd; Jtf;ff; fy;tp tsu;r;rpapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kd;Ndw;wk;

Vw;gl;lJ. 1882 ,y; mikf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpaf; fy;tpf; FO (Indian

Education Commission) Jtf;ff; fy;tpf;fhd nghWg;ig cs;shl;rp

epWtdq;fsplk; xg;gilj;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

277

13.4.4. cl;bd; fy;tpj; jpl;lk;> 1854

rpwg;G mk;rq;fs;

ru; rhu;y]; cl; (Sir Charles Wood) fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; FO (Board of

Control)tpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. ftu;du; n[duy; ly;n`srp

gpuGtpd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;fp rhu;y]; cl; xU mfy;

tpupthd fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jhu; (Wood's Despatch> 1854).

cl; jpl;lj;jpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfshtd: 1) jha;nkhop top fw;gpf;Fk;

fy;tpf; $lq;fs; njhlu;e;J nray;glyhk;; mit tho;f;iff;Fg;

gad;glf; $bathW nray;gl Ntz;Lk;; 2) murhq;f MjuT ngWk;

fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; mwptpay;fs;> INuhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;>

fiyg;ghlq;fs; fw;gpf;fg; gLjy; Ntz;Lk;; 3) ,f;fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ij

epiwNtw;w xt;nthU ,uh[jhdpapYk; xU nghJ fy;tpj; Jiw

(Department of Public Instruction) Jtf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;; 4)

fy;tpf;fhf xJf;fg;gLk; njhif Jtf;ff; fy;tpf;fhf nrytplg;gl

Ntz;Lk;; 5) fy;tpapd; gad; mbj;jl;L kf;fis nrd;wila

Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf jdpahu; gs;spfSf;Fk; fy;tp khdpak;

(Grant-in-Aid) toq;f Ntz;Lk;; 6) mNjNghd;W> rkar; rhu;gw;w

fy;tp (Secular Education) mspf;Fk; gs;spfSf;Fk; khdpak;

toq;fyhk;; 7) Mrpupau;fSf;F cupa gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;; 8)

jukhd ghlg; Gj;jfq;fs; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;; 9) ngz; fy;tp

tsu;r;rpf;F murhq;fk; ntspg;gilahd ,jaG+u;tkhd Mjuit

mspf;Fk;; 10) ,yz;ld; gy;fiyf;fofj;ij Kd; khjpupahff;

nfhz;L nrd;id> fy;fj;jh> gk;gha; Mfpa efuq;fspy; jyh xU

gy;fiyf; fofk; Jtf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

nghJf; fy;tpj; Jiw

cl;bd; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; nrd;idapy; xU nghJf;

fy;tpj; Jiw Jtf;fg;gl;lJ (1855). ,j;Jiwf;F xU Kiwahd

epu;thfj; jiyik ,af;Feu; (Director) epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tUf;F

cjtpahf gy Ma;thsu;fs; (Inspectors) epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

,tu;fs; gs;spfSf;Fr; nrd;W> mit vt;thW nray;gLfpd;wd

vd;gijf; fz;lwpe;J fy;tpj; Jiw ,af;FeUf;F Mz;L mwpf;if

mspj;jdu;. 1856 ,y; nrd;id irjhg;Ngl;ilapy; muR Mrpupau;

gapw;rpf; fy;Y}up Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

1857 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gu; 5 Mk; Njjp nrd;id

gy;fiyf; fofk; (University of Madras) Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,NjhL

fy;Y}upfs; ,izf;fg;gl;ld. Muk;gj;jpy; nrd;id gy;fiyf;

fofk; fy;Y}upfSf;Fj; Nju;T elj;jpg; gl;lk; toq;Fk; mikg;ghf

kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ. gl;lg; gbg;Gf;fhd ghlq;fs; fy;Y}upfspy;

kl;LNk fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofk; ,yz;ld;

gy;fiyf; fofj;ij Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

278

vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. rp.lgps;A. jhNkhjuk; gps;isAk;>

fNuhy;.tp.tp];tehj gps;isAk; ,g;gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; Kjy;

gl;ljhupfs; Mtu;. ru;.v .Rg;ukzpa Iau; ,g;gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd;

Kjy; Jiz Nte;ju;.


jhk]; kd;Nwh

jhk]; kd;Nwh> jkpo; ehl;by; fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jk; nra;tjw;F

Kd;dhy; nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j fy;tp

Kiw gw;wpa xU Ma;it (Survey) Nkw;nfhz;lhu; (1822). khtl;l

Ml;rpahsu;fisf; nfhz;L jpul;lg;gl;l jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy;

jahupf;fg;gl;l Ma;twpf;if gpd;tUk; fy;tp epiyg;ghl;ilf;

fhl;baJ: 1) jkpo; ehl;bd; gy khtl;lq;fspy; gs;spfs;

nray;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jd; 2) ,g;gs;spfspd; gaidg;

gpuhkzu;fSk;> gpw cau; rhjp kf;fs; kl;LNk ngw;W te;jdu;; 3)

jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSk;> gpw gpw;gLj;jg;gl;NlhUf;Fk; fy;tp

kWf;fg;gl;lJ; 4) murhq;fj;Jf;Fk; fy;tp tsu;r;rpf;Fk;

njhlu;gpy;yhky; ,Ue;jJ; 5) mspf;fg;gl;l fy;tpAk; xU rPuhf

,y;iy ; 6) 12>850>941 kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l nrd;id

,uh[jhdpapy; 12>498 gs;spfs; kl;LNk ,Ue;jd. jkpo; ehl;by;

Kjy; Kiwahf mwptpay; uPjpahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fy;tp Ma;T

,JNtahFk;.


nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;T

mwpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; jhk]; kd;Nwh xU Fwpg;igj; jahu;

nra;jhu; (Minute of 10 March 1826). mf;Fwpg;gpy; kd;Nwh %d;W

Kf;fpa gupe;Jiufisf; $wpdhu;: 1) xt;nthU tUtha;

khtl;lj;jpYk; (Revenue District) ,uz;L gs;spfisj;

Jtf;f Ntz;Lk;; 2) mNjNghd;W> xt;nthU jhY}f;fhtpYk; xU

gs;spia Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; 3) ,g;gs;spfspd; tsu;r;rpf;fhf

murhq;fk; Mz;LNjhWk; &.50>000 epjp xJf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gb epjp

xJf;Ftjd; %yk; kf;fSf;Ff; fy;tp mspf;f Ntz;bajd;

nghWg;ig murhq;fk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gij

typAWj;jpdhu; kd;Nwh.

kd;Nwhtpd; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ij fk;ngdp Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ

(1828). Mdhy; mj;jpl;lj;ij Kidg;Gld; nray;gLj;Jtjw;F

Kd;Ng jhk]; kd;Nwh mfhy kuzkile;jhu; (1827). kd;NwhTf;Fg;

gpd; mtuJ jpl;lj;ij Kd;dpd;W elj;jf; $batu;fs; ,d;ikahy;

fy;tp Kw;Nghf;F Kaw;rp Klq;fpg; Nghapw;W. fy;tpf;fhf

xJf;fg;gl;l gzk;> rupahfr; nrytplg;gltpy;iy. Jtf;fg;gl;l

279

gs;spfs; eypTw;wd. vdpDk;> jhk]; kd;Nwh tFj;Jf; nfhLj;j

fy;tpf; nfhs;if gpd;te;NjhUf;F Kd;khjpupahf mike;jJ.


4. ,e;jpa kf;fspd; fy;tpf;fhf Mz;LNjhWk; xU ,yl;rk;

&ghia xJf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ve;j Mz;L gl;lar;rl;lk; $wpaJ?

5. ahUila njhopy; El;gf; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ij Kd;khjpupahff;

nfhz;L Nk[u; nkapl;yhe;J nrd;idapy; xU njhopy; El;gg;

gs;spiaj; Jtf;fpdhu;?


“jkpopy; gpwnkhopf; fyg;ig xJf;fpj; js;Sq;fs;. jkpopd;

Ritia khw;whjPu;fs;; ty;Nyhirfisg; ngUf;fhjPu;fs;” kiwkiy mbfshu;. jkpo; nkhopapNyNa vz;zw;w nrhw;fs; ,Uf;f>

tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; jkpopd; ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;s vg;gb

Kbe;jJ? vjdhy; ,g;gb ele;jJ? jkpopy; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gQ;rkh?

gQ;rk; ,y;iy. jkpo; nkhopia mjd; mofpa tbtj;Jld; fhf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;Jf;Fj;jhd; gQ;rk; ,Ue;jJ. ,g;gbahfj;

jdpj;jkpo; gw;wpa gy;NtW Iaq;fq;fs; jkpoupilNa epytp

tUfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf> jkpo; fw;Nwhu;> fw;gpg;NghupilNa ,j;jifa

Iag;ghLfs; epytp tUfpwJ. jkpo;nkhopiag; gbg;gpf;Fk;

Mrpupau;fs;> tpupTiuahsu;fs;> Nguhrpupau;fs;> fy;tpahsu;fs;

kw;Wk; ghlE}yhrpupau;fs;> vOj;jhsu;fs;> ghtyu;fs;>

Clftpayhsu;fs;> khztu;fs; vd midj;Jj; jug;gpdUk;

‘jdpj;jkpo;’ vd;gijg; ngUk;ghYk; jtwhfNt fzpj;J

itj;Js;sdu;.

jkpOld; rkf;fpUj nkhopiaf; fye;J Ngrpa kzpg;gpuths

eil nfhbfl;bg; gwe;j fhyk; xd;Wz;L. mjdhy; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs;

nky;y nky;yr; rpije;J Ntw;W nkhopr; nrhw;fs; jkpo;r;

nrhw;fspd; ,lj;ij tYthfg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lNghJ mjid

khw;wpaikf;f Kide;j gyUs; kiwkiy mbfshu; kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhdtu; Mthu;. nkhopia mtutu; tpUg;ggbnay;yhk;

khw;wpf;nfhs;Sk;gbahd epiy ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. mjw;nfd;W xU

fl;Lg;ghL Ntz;Lk; vd;W mbfshu; typAWj;jpdhu;. mg;gb 1916

Mk; Mz;L Njhd;wpaJjhd; jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fk;. kiwkiy

mbfshupd; kfs; ePyhk;gpif mk;ikahu; mtuJ je;ij top epd;W

jkpo; nkhop jdJ jdpj;Jtj;ij> MSikia ,of;fhky; ,Uf;f

gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs;> eil> vOj;Jf;fs; jkpopy; kpFe;J fyg;gij

vjpu;j;Jj; jdpj;jkpiog; gug;gpdhu;.

280

jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;j NghJ fLikahd

fz;ldj;Jf;Fk; vjpu;g;Gf;Fk; Mshdhu;. jdpj;J ,aq;ff; $ba

Mw;wy; jkpo;nkhopf;F cz;L vd;gjdhNyNa “jdpj;jkpo;” vd;whu; mbfs;. Mdhy; ,ij vjpu;j;j rpyu;> jdpj;jkpo; vd;gJ jdpj;J

mkpo;fpd;w mjhtJ %o;fpg;Nghfpw nkhop vd;Nw nghUs; jUtjhf

cs;sJ. mg;gbnad;why; jkpo; jdpj;J nrayhw;wpdhy; %o;fpg;

Ngha;tpLkh? vd;W Vsdk; nra;jdu;. Mdhy; mbfs; jd; rPupa

nray;ghl;bdhy; vs;sp eifj;jtupd; $w;Wf;fis ngha;ahf;fpf;

fhl;bdhu;. ,yf;fpak;> kiwnghUspay;> kUj;Jtk;> rq;f ,yf;fpa

Ma;T> Gjpdk;> ghly;> ehlfk;> fbjk;> fl;Liu> jj;Jtk;> tuyhW>

r%ftpay; vdg; gytiffspy; Ik;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fisg;

gilj;J jkpOyFf;F mspj;Js;shu;> mbfshu;. jpUney;Ntyp

njd;dpe;jpa irt rpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk; Njhd;Wtjw;F

,tNu fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhu;. jd; tho;ehspy; Nrfupj;j ehd;fhapuk;

E}y;fisf; nfhz;L “kzpnkhop E}y; epiyak;” vd;w ngaupy; E}y; epiyak; xd;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;. jdpj; jkpo; ,af;fk;

Njhd;wpajd; fhuzkhf tl nkhopr; nrhw;fs; fisag;gl;L mjw;F

<lhd ,dpa jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; gad;ghl;Lf;F te;Js;sd. jdpj;jkpo;

vd;gJ jdpahd xU jkpo; my;y; jdpj;jkpo; vd;gJ jkpo;jhd;

vd;gij czu;e;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpw nkhopf; fyg;Gj; jkpo;

nkhopapy; Vw;gl;L nkhopAk; Ngr;Rk; rpije;J Nghfpd;w R+oy;

Vw;gl;Ltplhky;> nkhopapd; jdpj;jd;ik Fd;whJ jkJ vOj;ijf;

fhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jkpio jdpj;jkpo; vdyhk;.

nre;jkpo;f;fhg;gpak; Njhd;wpa Nruehl;by;> njhy;fhg;gpak;

Njhd;wpa Nruehl;by;> jpUf;Fws; Njhd;wpa ehQ;rpy;ehl;lUNf

cs;s Nruehl;by;> gpwnkhopf; fyg;G fq;F fiuapd;wp

Vw;gl;ljhYk;> mijj; jLj;J epWj;j mg;Nghijf;F VyhjjhYk;>

murpay; kPJ Vwpg; gpwnkhop Eioe;jjhYk; jkpopd; jdpj;jd;ik

Nruehl;by; Fd;wpaJ> mjd;tpisT kiyahsk; vd;w nkhop

Njhd;wpaJ 1100 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du;. Vwj;jho fpgp 1300 f;Fg;

gpd;du; mJ jdp ehlhfTk; Mfpg;NghdJ. jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fk;

Njhd;wpapUf;fh tpl;lhy; jkpo;ehL vd;gJ tuyhw;wpy;

fiue;jpUf;Fk;. ,d;iwf;F ,e;j msT $l jkpo; ,Ue;jpUf;fhJ.

,d;iwa jkpo;ehL Nfusk; Nghy; kzpg;gpuths khepyjhf

khwpapUf;Fk;.

“mbfspd; jdpj; jkpo; ,af;fk; jkpo;j; jhapd; neQ;R

GiuNahlhky; fhj;jJ. ghlE}y;fs; jkpo; tbtpy; ntspte;jd.

FbePiuj; J}a ePuhff; fhj;jy; Nghy jkpioj; J}ajhff; fhj;jpl

topfhl;bdhu;. mjw;fhf ,isQu; gilia Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. fyg;G

kpFjpapUe;jhYk; gy ehspjo;fs; jkpio Kbe;j msT gad;gLj;jp

281

tUfpd;wd. tho;j;Jf;fs;> tuNtw;Gfs;> miog;gpjo;fs; midj;Jk;

jkpopy; kpspu;fpd;wd. ,k;khw;wq;fisnay;yhk; kiwkiyabfisg;

ngw;wikahy; jkpo;j; jha; ngw;whs;”–vd;W mwpQu; t.Rg.khzpf;fk;

kjpg;gPL toq;fpAs;shu;. kiwkiy vd;nwhU kdpju; kl;Lk;

Njhd;wpapUf;fhtpl;lhy; ,d;iwa jkpopd; tbtk; vg;gb

,Ue;jpUf;Fk;? vd;w Nfs;tpia Nfl;f Kbahky; nra;j mtiu

jkpo; cyfk; vd;nwd;Wk; Nghw;wpg; GfOk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.


jkpo; ehl;by; 1892-NyNa Mjpjpuhtplu; mikg;G

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 20k; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy; lhf;lu; b.vk;.ehau;>

jpahfuh[ nrl;bahu;> Nfrtg; gps;is> eNlr Kjypahu; Nghd;Nwhu;

gpuhkzu;fspd; Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;J> gpuhkzu; my;yhNjhupd;

cupikfisf; Nfhupg;ngw Kaw;rpj;jdu;. nrd;idapy; xU jpuhtplu;

mikg;G Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1916y; njd;dpe;jpau; ey cupikr;

rq;fk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mJNt gpd;du; ePjpf;fl;rp vd;w ngaUld;

nray;gl;lJ.

13.6.1. ePjpf;fl;rp

ePjpf;fl;rp ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;fhky;

gpuhkzu; my;yhjhu; eyd; fhf;Fk; ,af;fj;jpy; jd;id <LgLj;jpf;

nfhz;lJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; ,e;jpahTf;F Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jhy;

Ml;rp Mq;fpNyauplkpUe;J gpuhkzu;fSf;F khWNkad;wp KO

kf;fshl;rpahfhJ vd;W mf;fl;rp fUjpaNjahFk;. khz;NlF-nrk;];

Nghu;L rPu;jpUj;jk; nfhz;L te;j ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiwia

fhq;fpu]; epuhfupj;jJ. Mdhy; ePjpf;fl;rp mij tuNtw;W gpupl;b\;

Ml;rpf;F MjuT mspj;jJ.

1920y; eilngw;w Nju;jypy; gpuhkzu; gpbapypUe;j

N`hk;&y; yPf;ifj; Njhw;fbj;J typikahd ngUk;ghd;ik

gyj;ijg; ngw;wJ ePjpf;fl;rp. fhq;fpu]; Nju;jiyg; Gwf;fzpj;jJ.

1920ypUe;J 1937 tiu ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;jJ.

Rg;guhaY nul;bahu; jiyikapy; mikr;ruit gjtp Vw;wJ (1920).

mjd;gpd; eilngw;w Nju;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rp Rauh[;af; fl;rpia

ntd;W gdfy; murupd; jiyikapy; Ml;rp mikj;jJ (1923).

cl;fl;rpg; G+ryhy; 1926y; ele;j Nju;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rp Njhw;wJ.

RNal;irahfg; Nghl;bapl;l fUg;Gf; Fjpiu (Dark Horse) Rg;guhad;

Rauh[;af; fl;rp MjuTld; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. 1927 Kjy;

ePjpf;fl;rp khepy Rahl;rpf; Nfhupf;ifia vOg;gpaJ. 1930y;

eilngw;w Nju;jypy; gpw fl;rpfs; gq;Nfw;fhjjhy;> ePjpf;fl;rp

vspjpy; ntw;wp ngw;W> KDrhkp ehAL jiyikapy; Ml;rpapy;

282

mku;e;jJ. ,e;jpah rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j

NghJ nghg;gpyp muru; Kjyikr;ruhdhu; (1932). 1935 ,e;jpa

murpay; rl;lk; nfhz;L te;j khepy Rahl;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd;gb

eilngw;w Nju;jypy; (1937) fhq;fpu]; ePjpf;fl;rpiaj; Njhw;fbj;J

rp. ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupahu; jiyikapy; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpaJ.

xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;

1920-1922 kdk; jkpo; ehl;by; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; (Non-

cooperation Movement) rp.,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupapd; jiyikapy;

Mu;tj;Jld; elj;jg;gl;lJ. nrd;id gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}upapy;

gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j mtuJ kfd; ,uh.,uhkrhkpiaAk; khepyf;

fy;Y}upapy; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j kw;nwhU kfd;

,uh.fpU\;zrhkpiaAk; mf;fy;Y}upapypUe;J ntspNawr; nra;J>

mtu;fis fju;j; njhz;by; <LgLtjw;fhf Nryj;Jf;F mDg;gp

itj;jhu; mtu;. ghup];lu;' gl;lk; ngw;wpUe;j tof;fwpQu; [hu;[;

N[hrg; jdJ njhopiyj; Jwe;J xj;Jioaik ,af;fj;jpy;

Nru;e;jhu;. v .rPdpthr Ia;aq;fhu; jdJ ml;tNfl; n[duy;

gjtpiaAk;> rp.I.<' vd;w gl;lj;ijAk; Jwe;jhu;. t.c.rpjk;guk;

gps;is xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij Mjupf;fhtpl;lhYk; $l jdJ

tf;fPy; njhopiyj; Jwe;J ,yf;fpa gzpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. nrd;id

vd;.v .tujhr;rhup> v. ,uhkehjd; Mfpa ,sk; tof;fwpQu;fs;

ePjpkd;wk; nry;tij epWj;jptpl;ldu;. K];yPk;fspy; rpyu; jhq;fs;

tfpj;j kh[p];Nul; cj;jpNahfq;fis cjwpj; js;spdu;.

1920 ,Wjpapy; elf;ftpUe;j khepy rl;lkd;wg; Gwf;fzpg;Gg;

gpur;rhuj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;Lf; fhq;fpu]; fhuu;fs; jPtpukhf <Lgl;ldu;.

Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl Ntz;lhnkd;W Ntl;ghsu;fisAk;> kPwpg;

Nghl;bapLNthUf;F Mjutspf;f Ntz;lhk; vd;W thf;fhsu;fisAk;

mtu;fs; Ntz;bf; nfhz;ldu;. ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupAk;> ,uh[Dk;

jpUr;rp> NfhaKj;J}u;> Nryk; khtl;lq;fspy; R+whtspr;

Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;jdu;. nrd;idapYk; jpUr;rpapYk; fhq;fpu];

fpyhgj; njhz;lu;fs; Nju;jy; Gwf;fzpg;G Kaw;rpapy; ,wq;fpdu;.

mjd; tpisthf 24 Njrpathjpfs; Nju;jypypUe;J tpyfpf;

nfhz;ldu;. vdpDk; 1920 etk;gu; 30 Mk; Njjp eilngw;w

Nju;jypy; nrd;id khepy rl;l kd;wj;Jf;fhd 98 ,lq;fspy; 63If;

ifg;gw;wpaJ ePjpf;fl;rp. jkpo;ehl;ilg; nghWj;jtiu rl;lkd;wg;

Gwf;fzpg;G ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy. ePjpf;fl;rp Njrpa

ePNuhl;lj;jpypUe;J tpyfpr; nrd;W murhq;fj;jpd; Mjuitg; ngw;W

xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij xJf;fptpl;L kf;fspd; nry;thf;ifg;

gad;gLj;jp Ml;rpia vspjpy; ifg;gw;wpaJ.

1921 [dtup 10 Mk; Njjp nrd;idf;F tUif je;j fhdhl;

Nfhkfidg; Gwf;fzpj;jdu; jkpo;ehl;Lf; fhq;fpu]; fhuu;fs;.

nrd;id efupd; %iy KLf;Ffspnsy;yhk; Nfhkfd; Gwf;fzpg;Gg;

283

gpur;rhuk; Kk;Kukhf eilngw;wJ. efupy; G+uz mu;j;jhy;

filg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJ. md;W khiy nrd;id flw;fiu $l;lj;jpy;

gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; fye;J nfhz;L fhdhl; NfhkfdJ

tUiff;F vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jdu;. flw;fiuapd; kw;nwhU gFjpapy;

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; nry;thf;fpd; fPopUe;j nrd;id khefuhl;rpapd;

rhu;ghff; fhdhl; NfhkfDf;F tuNtw;G mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uz;L

ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd;du; nrd;id khepy Gjpa rl;lkd;wf; $l;lj;ijj;

Jtf;fp itj;J ciuahw;wpdhu; Nfhkfd;. vdpDk;

,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupapd; jiyikapy; nray;gl;l jkpo;ehL

fhq;fpu]; fhdhl; NfhkfdJ nrd;id tUifia ntw;wpfukhfg;

Gwf;fzpj;jJ vd;Nw $w Ntz;Lk;. xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd;

xU gFjpahfj; njhopyhsu;fs; Ntiy epWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;ldu;.

nrd;id njhopyhsu; A+dpad; rhu;ghf gf;fpq;fhk; njhopw;rhiy

njhopyhsu;fs; Ntiy epWj;jk; nra;jdu;. kPz;Lk; Ntiyapy;

Nrur; nrd;w 800f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Mjpjpuhtplj; njhopyhsu;fs;

jhf;fg;gl;ldu;; mtu;fsJ Fg;gq;fs; jPf;fpiuahf;fg;gl;lJ (1921

[_d; 27). jkpo; ehl;bd; gy gFjpfspy; fs;Sf;filfs;

gfp\;fupf;fg;gl;ld. NfhaKj;J}u;> Nryk;> njd; Mw;fhL Mfpa

khtl;lq;fspy; fs;Sf;fil kwpay; jPtpukhf eilngw;wJ.

kwpaypy; gyhj;fhuKk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. jil cj;juit

kPwpajhy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhNdhu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

fhe;jpabfs; Jtf;fpa xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpy;

,uh[ghisak; ngUk; gq;Nfw;wJ. Rahl;rp ,af;fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;w

efuj; jiytu;fs; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpYk; jPtpukhf

<Lgl;ldu;. jpUr;rpapy; eilngw;w 25tJ nrd;id khfhz fhq;fpu

khehl;by; gy gpujpepjpfs; ,t;T+upypUe;J nrd;W fye;J

nfhz;ldu;. rz;lkhUjg; gpurq;f v .rj;jpa%u;j;jpapd; tUif

,e;efu; kf;fspilNa cw;rhfk; gputhfj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

I.gp.muq;frhkp ,uh[h> gp.v .rpd;d ntq;fl;uh[h> ngUkhs; uh[h>

b.v.Nf.moFuh[h MfpNahu; ehf;G+u; fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J

nfhz;ldu; (1920). mk;khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;L jpUk;gpNahu;

,e;efupy; fhq;fpu]; ,af;fj;ijg; gyg;gLj;jpdu;. I.gp.muq;frhkp

uh[h tuyhw;W rpwg;Gkpf;f fju; ,af;fj;Jf;F ,uh[ghisaj;jpy;

cWjpahd mbj;jsk; mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jhu;. mjw;fhf mtu;

rpiwj;jz;lid ngw;whu;. mtUk; mtuJ rfhf;fSk; Nkw;nfhz;l

Kaw;rpapd; tpisthf ,uh[ghisak; if ru;f;fh E}y; E}w;Fk;

njhopw;rhiy' Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. fjupd; ngUik gw;wpa gpur;rhuk;

nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,g;gpur;rhug; gpuRuq;fs; tpLjiy ,af;f

ePNuhl;lj;jpy; fye;jJ. gp.v .Fkhurhkp uh[h Jtf;fpa tptrhapfs;

rq;fk;' fpuhkq;fspy; Njrpa czu;itg; gug;gpaJ. jpUtpy;ypGj;J}u;

jhYf;fhtpy; eilngw;w murpay; khehL fpuhkq;fspy; fhq;fpu

fkpl;bfs; mikaf; fhuzkhapUe;jJ. 1922 khu;r; 18k; Njjp

284

fhe;jpabfs; ifJ nra;ag; gl;lijaLj;J ,uh[ghisaj;jpy;

murpay; nfhe;jspg;G Vw;gl;lJ. v.];uPdpthr Ia;aq;fhu;

,uh[ghisaj;ij Ra ,uh[ghisak; vd;W tu;zpj;jjpy;

tpag;gpy;iy.

xj;Jiahik ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ kyghupy; epfo;e;j

khg;gps;isfs; fpsu;r;rp jkpo; ehl;by; Nkhrkhd tpisTfis

Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mjdhy; jkpo; ehl;by fpyhgj;> xj;Jioahik

,af;fq;fs; tYtpoe;J Nghapd. K];yPk;fspd; td;Kiwf;F

mQ;rpa jkpo;ehl;L ,e;Jf;fs; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpdpd;Wk;

xJq;fpf; nfhs;sj; Jtq;fpdu;. jpUr;rpapy; gyg;gl;bUe;j ,e;J

K];yPk; xw;Wik gykw;Wg; Nghapw;W. kJiu khefuhl;rp

cWg;gpdu;fs; fhe;jpf;Ff; nfhLf;ftpUe;j tuNtw;igf; iftpl;ldu;.

NtY}upy; K];yPk;fspilNa gjl;lepiy Vw;gl;lJ. khg;gps;isfs;

fpsu;r;rpapy; fsq;fg;gl;L Nghd xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij NkYk;

njhlu Ntz;Lkhntd ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup re;Njfpj;jhu;. 1921

nrg;lk;gu; khjk; jkpo;ehl;Lf;F tUif je;j fhe;jp ,e;J K];yPk;

xw;Wik Nfs;tpf;Fwpahf ,Ue;jijAk; fhzj; jtwtpy;iy.

,af;fk; vt;thW cUntLf;FNkh vd;w mr;rk; kf;fspilNa

gutyhff; fhzg;gl;ljhff; Fwpg;gpl;lhu; fhe;jp.

kyghu; khg;gps;isfs; fpsu;r;rpiaj; njhlu;e;J

xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij xLf;f jPu;kdpj;jJ nrd;id murhq;fk;.

ah$g; `hrd; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. mg;Jy; k[pj;\hu; 'jkpo;ehL'

gj;jpupf;if Mrpupau; tujuh[{Y ehAL> 'Njrgf;jd;' Mrpupau;

FOtpdu; MfpNahUk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. 1921 etk;gu; 4 Mk;

Njjp mfpy ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b> jdpegu;fs; rl;lkWg;G

,af;fj;jpy; <Lglyhk; vd;W vLj;j Kbit> jpUr;rpapy; $ba

jkpo;ehL fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b Mjupj;jJ (et.20). mjd;gb jil

cj;juit kPwpa ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupAk;> vk;.tp.Rg;gpukzpa

rh];jpupAk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. NfhaKj;J}upy; fs;Sf;fil

kwpaypy; <Lgl;l <.Nt. ,uhkrhkp ehaf;fUk; ifjhdhu;. Nty;

,sturu; nrd;idf;F tUif je;j NghJ (1922 [d.14) efupy;

G+uz mu;j;jhy; eilngw;wJ. Mdhy; td;KiwAk; Jg;ghf;fpr; R+Lk;

jkpo;ehl;by; eilngw;w xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;Jf;F

mtg;ngaiuj; Njbj;je;jd. tupnfhlh ,af;fj;Jf;Fj; jkpo;ehl;by;

Mjutpy;iy. jkpo;ehl;by; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd;

KJnfYk;ghf ,Ue;j ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup rpiwapy;

milf;fg;gl;ljhYk;> fhq;fpuRf;Fs;NsNa gyUf;F xj;Jioahik

,af;fj;jpy; ek;gpf;ifapd;ikahYk;> ePjpf;fl;rp nghJ kf;fspilNa

nry;thf;F ngw;W Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wp murhq;fj;ij

Mjupj;jjhYk; jkpo;ehl;by; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; vjpu;ghu;j;j

msTf;F ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy. nrsup nrsuh td;Kiw epfo;r;rpia

285

(1922 gpg;utup 4) mLj;J fhe;jpNa xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij

tpyf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;.


xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; tpyf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl;l NghjpYk;

Njrj; jiytu;fs; tpLjiy nra;ag;gltpy;iy. ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;lk; Njf;f epiyapy; ,Ue;j NghJ Rauh[;af; fl;rpapdu;

rl;lkd;wj;Jf;Fs; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij Jtf;Ftnjd KbT

nra;jdu;. jkpo;ehl;by; f];J}upuq;f Ia;aq;fu;> rPdpthr Ia;aq;fhu;>

tujuh[{Y ehAL> tp[auhfthr;rhupahu;> V. ,uq;frhkp Ia;aq;fhu;

MfpNahu; Rauh[;af; fl;rpapy; Nru;e;J rl;lkd;w Eioit

Mjupj;jdu;. 1923 etk;gu; 13 Mk; Njjp eilngw;w kj;jpa

rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy; jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l

Rauh[;af; fl;rpapdUs; rj;jpa%u;j;jp> V.,uq;frhkp ma;aq;fhu;>

Mu;.Nf.\z;Kfk; nrl;bahu;> vd;.rPdpthr ma;aq;fhu; MfpNahu;

Fwpg;gplj; jf;ftu;fs;. nrd;id khepy rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy;

Rauh[;af; fl;rp 41 ,lq;fisg; ngw;whYk;$l mikr;ruitia

mikf;f kWj;Jtpl;lJ. mjdhy; lhf;lu; gp.Rg;guhad; jiyikapy;

RNal;ir mikr;ruit mikf;fg;gl;lJ. Rauh[;af; fl;rpAk;>

ePjpf;fl;rpAk; vjpu;f;fl;rpfshf nray;gl Ntz;bajhapw;W. ,ul;il

Ml;rpiaj; Njhw;fbf;Fk; Nehf;fj;NjhL Rauh[;af; fl;rp

ePjpf;fl;rpAld; Nru;e;J RNal;ir mikr;ruitiaf; ftpo;f;Fk;

Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lJ. jkpo;ehl;by; Rauh[;af; fl;rpapduhy; ,ul;il

Ml;rpapd; jPikfis vLj;Jf;fhl;l Kbe;jNjnahopa mij

nraypof;fr; nra;a Kbatpy;iy. ,ul;il Ml;rpapd;

Kuz;ghLfSf;Fs; ,e;jpa Rauh[;af; fl;rpapdu; Gaypy; rpf;fpa

glnfd jpirjg;gpj; jkpo;ehl;L murpaypypUe;J kiwe;jdu;.

ePy; rpiy mwg;Nghuhl;lk;

nrd;id ,uhZtg; gpuptpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;j fu;dy; ePy;

1857 ngUq;fpsu;r;rpia xLf;Ftjpy; jdpj;jPtpuk; fhl;batu;.

mtUila Nritiag; ghuhl;b gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; nrd;idapd;

gpujhd gFjpapy; ePypd; rpiyia itj;jJ. tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ me;j 'mtkhdr; rpd;dj;ij' mfw;Wtjw;fhf

ney;iy e.Nrhkah[{Ytpd; jiyikapy; rj;jpahf;fpuff;FO

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. kJiu rPdpthrehj Ia;aq;fhu;> mtuJ kidtp

gj;khrdp mk;khs;> nu.rpjk;gughujp> lhf;lu; gp.tujuh[{Y MfpNahu;

mr;rj;jpahfpufj;jpy; ngUk; gq;Nfw;wdu;. 1927 Mf];L 11 Mk;

Njjp Jtq;fpa mg;Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F Rg;guhaY ehALTk;> KfkJ

rhypah ,uhTj;jUk; jiyik jhq;f ePypd; rpiyia cilj;J

Nrjg;gLj;jpdu;. mtu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L MWkhjk; fLq;fhty;

jz;lid ngw;wdu;. Mf];L khjk; Jtf;fg;gl;l ePy; rpiy

rj;jpahf;fpufk; brk;gu; tiu njhlu;e;J eilngw;wJ. jkpo;ehl;bd;

286

gy khtl;lq;fspypUe;Jk; njhz;lu;fs; nrd;idf;F te;J

mg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;ldu;. Nrhkah[{Y> Fbahj;jk;

rhkpehj Kjypahu;> gz;Ul;b v];.V.Njtehaf Iah MfpNahu;

KiwNa jsgjpfshapUe;J ePy; rpiy rj;jpahfpufj;ij elj;jp

ifjhfp fLe;jz;lidiag; ngw;wdu;. ‘ehfGupapy; eilngw;w

Njrpaf; nfhbg;Nghu;> gu;Nlhypapy; eilngw;w tupnfhlh ,af;fk;>

Nfusj;jpy; eilngw;w itf;fk; rj;jpahf;fpufk; Mfpatw;Wf;F

,izahdjhf ,Ue;jJ nrd;idapy; eilngw;w ePy; rpiyr;

rj;jpahf;fpufk;' vdg; Gfohuk; R+l;bAs;shu; k.ngh.rptQhdk;.

irkd; FO Gwf;fzpg;G> 1927-1929

1928 gpg;utup 3 Mk; Njjp irkd; FO (Simon Commission)

gk;ghapy; te;jpwq;fpa NghJ mij vjpu;j;J ,e;jpahnaq;fpYk;

mu;j;jhy; mD\;bf;fg;gl;lJ. nrd;idapy; eilngw;w

gpukhz;lkhd Mu;g;ghl;lj;ijf; fiyf;fg; NghyPrhu; Jg;ghf;fpg;

gpuNahfk; nra;jjpy; %d;W Ngu; khz;ldu;. gpufhrk;> Kj;Juq;f

Kjypahu;> gf;jtj;ryk; MfpNahu; jbabf;F Mshapdu;.

jpUty;ypf;Nfzp [hu;[; lTdpy; epiyikia rkhspf;f ,uhZtk;

miof;fg;gl;lJ. irkd; FO nrd;idf;F te;j NghJ 'irkNd

jpUk;gpg; Ngh' vd;w Kof;fk; vOe;jJ. mf;FOTf;nfjpuhff;

fUg;Gf; nfhb fhl;lg;gl;lJ. fz;ld Cu;tyKk; flw;fiuf;

$l;lKk; eilngw;wd. irkd; FOTf;F mspf;fg;gl;l murhq;f

tuNtw;gpy; lhf;lu; gp.Rg;guhad; fye;J nfhz;lijf; fz;bj;J

mtuJ mikr;ruitapypUe;J ,uq;fehj KjypahUk;>

MNuhf;fparhkp KjypahUk; gjtp tpyfpdu;. irkd; FO kPz;Lk;

nrd;id te;j NghJ (1930 gpg;utup 29) jPtpukhfg;

Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ. irkd; FO tUifahy; jkpo; ehl;by;

gpupl;b\; Ml;rp kPjpUe;j mjpUg;jpAk; ntWg;Gzu;r;rpAk;

mjpfupf;fNt nra;jd.

G+uz Rje;jpu rgjk;

1927 nrd;idapy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; jhd;

Kjd; Kiwahfg; G+uz Rje;jpuNk ,e;jpahtpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; vd

mwptpf;fg; gl;lJ. mLj;j Mz;L fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w

fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; kf;fs; G+uz Rje;jpug; gpur;rhuj;jpy; <Lgl

Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> 1929 ,Wjpf;Fs; ,e;jpahTf;F nlhkpdpad;

me;j];J toq;fg;glhtpby; fhq;fpu]; G+uz Rje;jpuk; Nfhupg;

Nghuhlyhnkd;W jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. jkpo;ehl;by;

,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup kPz;Lk; murpaypy; jPtpukhf <Lglyhdhu;.

njhlf;fg;gltpUe;j Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F kf;fisj; jahu;gLj;j jkpo;ehL

KOtJk; Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;jhu; mtu;. 1930 [dtup 26 Mk; Njjp

Njrnkq;Fk; G+uz Rje;jpu ehs; nfhz;lhlg;gl;l NghJ

287

jkpo;ehl;by; xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpYk; Cu;NjhWk; me;ehs;

nfhz;lhlg;gl Ntz;Lk;

ePjpf;fl;rp> 1916-1920 Kd;Ndhb Kaw;rpfs;

19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,ilg;gFjpapy; Mq;fpy murhq;fk;

xU Miziag; gpwg;gpj;jJ: 1854 epiy Miz (Standing Order

No.128(2)> 1854). ,e;j Mizg;gb 1) murhq;f fPo;epiyg;

gjtpfSf;fhd epakdq;fs; xUrpy nry;thf;Fkpf;f FLk;gq;fspd;

VfNghf cupikahf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ; 2) xt;nthU khtl;lj;Jf;fhd

gjtpfs; mk;khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s gpujhd r%fj;jpdUf;Ff;

fpilf;FkhW gfpu;e;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W njspthf;fg;gl;lJ.

1871 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; fzf;fPl;L Nkw;ghu;itahsu;

Nfhu;dp\; (Cornish, Superintendent W.R.Cornish, Census of Madras

Presidency, Vol.l, p.197) gpd;tUk; gupe;Jiuiar; nra;jhu;: 1)

xt;nthU gpur;ridAk; gpuhkzf; fz;zhb %yk; ghu;g;gJ murhq;f

murpaYf;F ey;yjy;y; 2) kpf mjpfkhf cs;s ,e;Jf;fs;>

K];yPk;fs; MfpNahupd; vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g murhq;fg;

gjtpfSf;F tuk;G tpjpf;f Ntz;Lk;; 3) ve;jnthU Fwpg;gpl;l

rhjpapdUf;Fk; Kjy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fhjthW murpd;

nfhs;iffs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. RUq;ff;$wpd;> 1854 epiy

MizAk;> 1871 gupe;JiuAk; ePjpf;fl;rp Njhd;wp> Ntu;tpl;L

tsu;tjw;fhd tpijfisj; jhq;fp ,Ue;jd vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.


20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapy;

gpuhkzu; my;yhjhu; rhu;gpy; Jtf;fg;gl;l kpfg; ngupa gpuhe;jpa

murpay; mikg;G (Regional Political Party) ePjpf;fl;rp MFk;.

,f;fl;rp cUthf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;ghf ,j;jpir Nehf;fpg; gy

Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws; Kjd;ikahdJ

Mjpjpuhtpl [drig (Adi Dravidar Jana Saba) MFk;. Mjpjpuhtplu;

Kjy; Kiwahf 'jpuhtplu;' vd;w gl;lg;ngaiug; Nghl;Lf;

nfhz;ljhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; Mu;.fz;zd;. Mjpjpuhtplu; [drig

mikf;fg;gl;l %d;W Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF 1895 Mk; Mz;by;

,uz;L Jz;L gpuRuq;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ld: 1) gpuhkzuy;yhNjhu;

,dq;fSk; ,e;jpa nghJg;gzpAk; (The Non-Brahmin) Races and

Indian Public Service); 2) gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; ,dq;fis rPu;

nra;tjw;fhd toptiffs; (The Ways and Means for the

Amelioration of Non-Brahmin Races). ,t;tpU ntspaPLfSk;

eLepiyahsu; (Fair Play) vd;w Gidg; ngaupy; vOjg;gl;lit.

,e;j ntspaPLfs; muRg; gzpfspy; gpuhkzu;fs; Mjpf;fk;

nrYj;JtjhfTk;> ,g;gzpfspy; midj;J tFg;gpdiuAk; Nru;j;Jf;

288

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Nfhug;gl;bUe;jd. ,t;ntspaPLfs; Kjy;

Kiwahf gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; gw;wpa gpur;ridia ntspr;rj;Jf;Ff;

nfhz;L te;jd. NkYk; ,e;j gpuRuq;fspy; 'gpuhkzuy;yhjhu;

,dq;fs;'> ',e;jpag; nghJg;gzp' Mfpa nrhw;nwhlu;fs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,e;j ,uz;L

ntspaPLfSk; Njrpa fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL vOjg;gl;litahFk;.

rp.rq;fud;ehau;

rp.rq;fud; ehau; ePjpgjp Mtjw;F Kd; gpupl;b\hu; Nghw;Wk;

rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fs; rhjp Kiwf;F

Kw;wpYk; khWgl;lJ vd;W Ngrpdhu; (1904). nrd;idg;

gy;fiyf;fofk; gl;ljhupfSf;F ciuahw;wpa ePjpgjp rq;fud;

ehau; tu;z-[hjp Kiw mfw;wg;glhj tiu murpay; Kd;Ndw;wk;

rhj;jpakpy;iy vd;whu; (1908).


1909 Mk; Mz;L gp.Rg;ukzpak;> vk;.GUN\hj;jk ehAL

Mfpa ,uz;L gpuhkzuy;yhj tof;FiuQu;fs; nrd;id

gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; rq;fk; (Madras Non-Brahmin Association) vd;w

mikg;igj; Jtf;fpdu;. ,e;j mikg;gpd; Nehf;fk;

gpuhkuy;yhNjhupilNa fy;tpiag; gug;GtjhFk;. NkYk;

,r;rq;fj;jpy; Xuhapuk; cWg;gpdu;fisr; Nru;f;fj; jpl;lkpl;bUe;jdu;.

Mdhy; mg;NghjpUe;j gpuhkzuy;yhj gpuKfu;fs; ,k;Kaw;rpf;F

Mjutspf;f Kd;tutpy;iy. fhyk; fdptjw;F Kd;Ng Jtf;fg;gl;l

,r;rq;fk; nray;gl Kbahky; Nghapw;W. nrd;id gpuhkzuy;yhjhu;

rq;fk; jhd; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l

Kjy; mikg;ghFk;.

nrd;id $l;likg;Gf; FO> 1912

nrd;id gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; rq;fk; Jtf;fg;gl;l

%d;whz;Lfspy; nrd;id $l;likg;Gf; FO (Madras United League>

1912) Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;FO gpuhkzuy;yhj murhq;f

mYtyu;fshy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. murhq;f epu;thfj;jpy; gpuhkzu;

Mjpf;fj;jhy; ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rutz gps;is> [p.tPuhrhkp

ehAL> Jiurhkp ehAL Nghd;Nwhu; ,f;FO Njhd;w %yfhuzkhf

,Ue;jdu;. murpay; rhuhj ,e;j mikg;G rKjha eltbf;iffspy;

jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ. nrd;id $l;likg;Gf; FONt

gpd;du; nrd;id jpuhtplu; rq;fk; (Madras Dravidian Association)

vd;W ngau; khw;wk; ngw;wJ (1912 mf;Nlhgu; 1). mg;NghJ kUj;Jt

khztuhf ,Ue;j rp.eNlr Kjypahu; ,r;rq;fj;jpd; nrayhsuhfTk;

gzpahw;wpdhu;.

289


jpuhtplu; rq;fk; Jtf;fg;gl;lgpd; rpy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rhjidfisr;

nra;jJ: 1) nrd;idapy; ,r;rq;fj;jpd; fpisfs; jpwf;fg;gl;ld; 2)

nrd;idapy; jq;fpapUe;j gpuhkzuy;yhj khztu;fSf;nfd;Nw

gpuj;Naf tpLjp (Hostel) Jtq;fg;gl;lJ; 3) nrd;idapypUe;j

gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; gl;ljhupfis Mz;LNjhWk; mioj;J

mtu;fSf;F ,r;rq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; eltbf;iffs; gw;wp

vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ; mtu;fs; fTutpf;fg;gl;ldu;; 4) rq;ff;

Nfhupf;iffis cs;slf;fpa ,uz;L E}y;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ld.

nrd;id jpuhtplu; rq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffs; gbj;j

gpuhkzuy;yhNjhupilNa tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mJkl;Lky;y.

ntsp khtl;lq;fspypUe;J nrd;idapy; gy ,lu;ghLfSf;F

,ilNa fy;tp gapd;W te;j gpuhkzuy;yhj khztu;fSf;nfd

jdpahf xU tpLjpiaj; Jtf;fpaJ rKjha khw;wj;Jf;fhd

mbg;gil Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd epfo;r;rpahFk;.

,uhay; fkp\d;

1912 Mk; Mz;L murhq;fg; gzpfSf;fhd ,uhay; fkp\d;

(Royal Commission on Public Services) mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ

nrd;id rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;j gp.jpahfuha nrl;b

mf;fkp\id re;jpj;J khfhz murhq;fg; gjtpfis gpuhkzu;fs;

Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gijg; Gs;sp tptuq;fSld;

tpsf;fpdhu;. fkp\d; 42 rhl;rpfis tprhupj;jJ. mtu;fspy;

xUtuhd tUtha; Nfhl;l mjpfhup ghyh[p uht; ehAL

gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; eyidg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd xU top rhjpthupahd

tpfpjhr;rhu gpujpepjpj;Jtk; jhd; vd;gij typAWj;jpdhu;.

fbjf; fpsu;r;rp

1915 Mk; Mz;L 21 fbjq;fis cs;slf;fpa E}y;

ntspaplg;gl;lJ. gpuhkzuy;yhj rp.rq;fud; ehauhy; vOjg;gl;l

,f;fbjq;fs; midtuJ ftdj;ijAk; ftu;e;jd. ,e;j fbjq;fs;

gl;Lk; glhkypUe;j gpuhkzuy;yhj jiytu;fs; midtiuAk;

rpe;jpf;f itj;jd. cs;sha;T nra;Njhu; Cf;fKw;wdu;. jpuhtpl

kfhrig (Dravida Maha Sabha) vd;w murpay; mikg;ig

cUthf;fp mjd; fpisfis khtl;lq;fspYk;> fpuhkq;fspYk;

Jtf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; vOe;jJ. ,f;fbjq;fs; mlq;fpa

E}y; ntspaplg;gl;l mNj Mz;by; (1915) rp.rq;fud;ehau; vOjpa

jpuhtpl gpugyq;fs; (Dravidian Worthies) vd;w E}Yk;

ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,uz;L E}y;fSk; ey;y tuNtw;igg;

ngw;wd. ,it gpuhkzuy;yhNjhupilNa rpe;jidf; fpsu;r;rpia

Vw;gLj;jpd. mg;NghJ rp.rq;fud; ehau; fhq;fp fl;rpj; jiytuhf

,Ue;jhu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

290


Nju;jy; Njhy;tp

1916 Mk; Mz;L ,k;gPupay; rl;lkd;w (Imperial Legislative

Assembly) j;Jf;fhd Nju;jy; eilngw;wJ. mj;Nju;jypy;

Nghl;bapl;l gpuhkzuy;yhj gpugy Ntl;ghsu;fshd b.vk;.ehaUk;>

gp. ,uhkuhaUk; KiwNa gpuhkz Ntl;ghsu;fshd gp.v .];uPdpthr

rh];jpup> Nf.tp. ,uq;frhkp Iaq;fhu; MfpNahuhy;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldu;. mNjNghd;W> gpl;b jpahfuha nrl;bAk;> Fkhu

ntq;flnul;b ehALTk; md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahupd; Rahl;rp rq;f

(Home Rule League)j;jpd; MjuT ngw;w gpuhkz Ntl;ghsu;fshy;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldu;. midj;J Ntl;ghsu;fSk; fhq;fpuirr;

Nru;e;jtu;fs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

Rarpe;jid

kpfr; rpWghd;ik r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;j gpuhkz Ntl;ghsu;fs; kpfg;

ngUk;ghd;ikr; r%fq;fisr; Nru;e;j nry;tKk; nry;thf;Fk;kpf;f

Ntl;ghsu;fis vspjpy; Njhw;fbj;jJ gpuhkzuy;yhj

gpugyq;fSf;Fg; Ngujpu;r;rpahf ,Ue;jJ. ,j;Nju;jy; Njhy;tpfs;

gpuhkzu;-gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; MfpNahUf;F ,ilNa ,Ue;j

,ilntspia NkYk; tpupTgLj;jptpl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf gpuhkzuy;yhj

thf;fhsu;fs; gpuhkz Ntl;ghsu;fSF Mjuthf thf;fspj;J

ntw;wp ngwr; nra;jJ gpuhkzuy;yhj jiytu;fspilNa

Rarpe;jidiaj; J}z;btpl;lJ. mjd; tpisNt ePjpf;fl;rpapd;

vOr;rpahFk;.


6. jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jtu;?

7. ve;j Mz;L njd;dpe;jpau; ey cupikr; rq;fk;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ?

8. ve;j Mz;L Mjpjpuhtplu; [drig Jtq;fg;gl;lJ?


,k;gPupay; rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy; Njhy;tpiaj; jOtpa gpl;b

jpahfuha nrl;bAk;> vk;.ehaUk; mtu;fSila Mjuthsu;fSld;

1916 etk;gu; 20 Mk; ehs; nrd;id tpf;Nlhupah nghJ kz;lgj;jpy;

(Victoria Public Hall) $b tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;JtKila ,uz;L

KbTfis vLj;jdu;: 1) njd;dpe;jpa kf;fs; rq;fk; (South Indian

People's Association) vd;w ngaupy; xU mikg;igj; Jtf;FtJ; 2)

291

mNjNghd;W> njd;dpe;jpa ey cupikr; rq;fk; (South Indian Liberal

Federation) vd;w mikg;igAk; cUthf;ftJ.

njd;dpe;jpa kf;fs; rq;fk;

njd;dpe;jpa kf;fs; rq;fk; xU $l;Lg; gq;Ff; fof (Joint-

Stock Company)j;ijg; Nghd;W tu;j;jf mikg;ghFk;. mjd;

Nehf;fk; Mq;fpyk;> jkpo;> njYq;F Mfpa nkhopfspy;

nra;jpj;jhs;fisj; Jtf;fp> mtw;wpd; %yk; gpuhkzuy;yhjhupd;

Fiwfis ntspapLtjhFk;. mjhtJ> ,e;j rq;fk; xU gpur;rhu

rhjdkhf ,aq;Fk;. jpahfuha nrl;b ,jd; nrayuhf ,Ue;jhu;.

njd;dpe;jpa ey cupik rq;fk;

,uz;lhtJ epWtdkhd njd;dpe;jpa ey cupik rq;fk;

murpay; fl;rpahFk;. ,jd; Nehf;fq;fs;: 1) gpuhkzuy;yhjhu;

cupikf;fhfTk;> eyDf; fhfTk; Fuy; nfhLg;gJ; 2) murhq;f

mjpfhupfSld; njhlu;G nfhz;L ,it gw;wp vLj;Jiug;gJ; 3)

gpuhkzuy;yhjtu;fSf;fhd jpl;lq;fisj; jPl;b nray; gLj;JtJ;

,f;fl;rp ePjp (Justice)> jpuhtpld; (Dravidan)> Me;jpu gpufhrh

(Andhra Prakasa) Mfpa ehNsLfis KiwNa Mq;fpyj;jpYk;>

jkpopYk;> njYq;fpYk; ntspapLtnjd;Wk; KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.

mjd;gbNa fl;rpAk;> gj;jpupiffSk; Jtf;fg;gl;ld. Mq;fpy

ehNslhd 'ePjp' nry;thf;F ngw;wikahy; njd;dpe;jpa ey

cupikr; rq;fk; ePjpf;fl;rp (justic Party) vd;w ngau; khw;wk;

ngw;wJ. jdpj;jdpNa nray;gl;L te;j nrd;id jpuhtplu; rq;fKk;>

njd;dpe;jpa kf;fs; rq;fKk; ePjpf;fl;rpAld; ,ize;jd.

xd;W Nru;e;j JUtq;fs;

nrd;id khefuhl;rpapy; ,U JUtq;fshf nray;gl;L te;j

gpl;b jpahfuha nrl;bf;Fk; ehaUf;FkpilNa ,Ue;j fUj;J

NtWghLfisg; Nghf;fp> ,UtiuAk; xd;W Nru;j;J ePjpf;fl;rpf;F

nfhz;L te;j ngUik rp.eNlr Kjypahiur; NrUk;. ,tu;jhd;

gpd;du; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,d;Nwy; tupapy;iy' (No taxation without

representation) vd;w Nfh\j;ij nrd;id rl;lkd;wj;jpy;

vOg;gpdhu;. ,tu;fSld; K.V.nul;b> gdfy; muru;> Nghg;gpyp muru;

Nghd;NwhUk; fhq;fpuir tpl;L ntspNawp ePjpf;fl;rpapy; Nru;e;jdu;.

,jdhy; ePjpf;fl;rpf;F kf;fspilNa mq;fPfhuKk; kjpg;Gk;

mjpfupj;jJ.


1916 brk;gu; khjk; jpahfuha nrl;b tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f

gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; gpufld (Non-Brahmin Manifesto)j;ij

ntspapl;lhu;. ,g;gpufldj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fshtd: 1)

,e;jpau;fs; ,d;Dk; Rahl;rpf;Fj; jahuhftpy;iy; 2) ,e;epiyapy;

292

gpupl;b\hu; ,e;jpau;fSf;F Rahl;rp toq;fpdhy; mJ gpuhkzu;fs;

gpwu;kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jtjpy; jhd; KbAk;; 3) nrd;id

,uh[jhdpapd; kf;fs; njhifapy; gpuhkzu;fs; 3% kl;LNk

cs;sdu;; Mdhy; mtu;fs; murhq;f mjpfhutu;f;fk; (Bureaucracy)>

rl;lk;> kUj;Jtk; Nghd;w Jiwfs;> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd;

Kf;fpa gjtpfs; Mfpatw;wpy; msTf;F kPwp mjpf ,lq;fisg;

gpbj;Js;sdu;. 4) kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikapy; cs;s gpuhkzuy;yhNjhu;

murhq;fj;Jf;F tup nrYj;Jfpd;wdu;; Mdhy; mtu;fSf;F murhq;f

NtiyapYk; fy;tpapYk; cupa ,lk; nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy; 5) ,e;j

epiy ePbj;jhy; gpuhkzu;fs; murhq;fg; gzpfs; kw;Wk; gpw

gpujpepjpj;Jt mikg;Gfs; midj;ijAk; Mf;fpukpj;Jf;nfhs;tu;; 6)

nrl;b> NfhKl;b> Kjypahu;> ehAL> ehau; Nghd;w rKjhaj;jpdu;

nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapd; nghUs; kw;Wk; xOf;f Nkk;ghl;L

Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fg; gq;fspg;G nra;jpUg;gpDk; ,tu;fs; gpd;Df;Fj;

js;sg;gl;Ls;sdu;. vdNt kf;fs; Rahl;rp ngWtjw;F Kd;ghf rhjp

NtLghLfs; ePf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf ePjpf;fl;rp gpupl;b\;

Ml;rpf;F tpRthrj;Jld; ed;wpf;fld; gl;bUf;Fk;. gpuhkzuy;yhjhu;

gpufldk; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;> nfhs;if> jpl;lq;fs; gw;wpa

mbg;gil MtzkhFk;. ,g;gpufldk; nrd;id ,uh[jhdp tho;

gpuhkzuy;yhjhupd; khf;dh fhu;lh (Magna Carta) vd;W

tu;zpj;Js;shu; rpjk;guk; FbauR.

fz;ldf; Fuy;

gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; gpufldk; milahs murpay; (Identify

Politics) mwptpg;ghfTk; miog;ghfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j mwptpg;G

gpuhkzuy;yhNjhUf;F jdpg;gl;l milahsj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. ,J

jw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L murpaYf;Fg; Gjpa tbtj;ijj; je;J> Gjpa

ghijiaAk; Nghl;Lf; nfhLj;jJ. vdNt> gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; vd;w

milahsj;ij typikg;gLj;j ,r;nrhy; gpufldj;jpy; 13

,lq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk; Njrpa gj;jpupiffs;

,g;gpufldj;ij ru;r;irf;Fupa MtzkhfNt ghu;j;jd; ,jw;F

vjpuhff; fz;ldf; Fuy; vOg;gpd. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf ,e;J

gj;jpupif ,e;j gpufldj;ij kpFe;j NtjidNahLk;> tpag;NghLk;

guprPypj;jjhfTk;> ,jpy; fhzg;gLk; gy tp\aq;fs;

epahakw;wjhfTk;> jpupj;Jf; $wg;gl;bUg;gjhfTk;> ngUikf;Fupa

,e;jpa r%fj;jhupilNa ,e;j mwptpg;G frg;Gzu;it

Vw;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu NtW ve;j Nehf;fj;ijAk; epiwNtw;wg;

Nghtjpy;iy vd;Wk; vOjpaJ (1916 brk;gu; 20).

,e;J Nerd; gj;jpupif ,g;Gjpa rq;fk; Jtf;fg;gl;lijg;

gw;wpa re;Njfj;ijf; fpsg;gpaJ. md;dpngrz;l;bd; epA+ V[; (New

Age) ,g;gpufldKk; ePjpf;fl;rpAk; mfhy kuzkilAk; vd;W

M&lk; $wpaJ. ,J nrl;bahupd; gpufldk;' vd;W tu;zpj;j

293

ilk;]; Mg; ,e;jpah (Times of India) xd;W Nru;e;J

nray;glf;$ba xUkpj;j gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; vd;w tFg;ghu;

ahUkpy;iy vd;W $wpaJ. ,g;gpufldk; xU KiwNflhd

fl;Lf;fij (Illegitimate Fabrication)> murpay; Nghypg;GidT

(Political Fiction)> fw;gidr; nra;jp (Figment of Imagination)

vd;nwy;yhk; Fiw $wg;gl;lJ. ,f;Fw;wr;rhl;LfSf;Fg; gjpy;

mspf;Fk; tifapy; gpuhkzu; my;yhjhu; (Non-Brahmin) vd;w

ePjpf;fl;rp gj;jpupif “Nfyp NgRNthu; Ngrl;Lk;. gpuhkzuy;yhjhu;

rKjhak; vtuhYk; jLj;J epWj;j Kbahj msTf;F Kd;NdWk;” vd;W vOjpaJ. vdpDk; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; vOr;rp Nfhg;igapy; vOe;j

Gay; my;y vd;gij czu itj;jJ.

ePjpf;fl;rp gj;jpupiffs;

1917 Mk; Mz;L njd;dpe;jpa kf;fs; rq;fk; jdJ

gq;Ffis (Shares) tpw;W> NkYk; gzk; jpul;b &.40>000f;F xU

mr;Rf;$lj;ij thq;fp ePjp (Justice) vd;w ngaupy; Kjy; ,jio

ntspapl;lJ (1917 gpg;utup 24). b.vk;.ehau; ,g;gj;jpupifapy;

fTutg; gjpg;ghsuhfTk;> vk;.v.G+u;zypq;fk; Jizg; gjpg;ghsuhfTk;

nghWg;Ngw;wdu;. mNjNghd;W> gf;jtj;ryk; gps;isiag;

gjpg;ghsuhff; nfhz;L jpuhtpld; vd;w jkpo; nra;jpg; gj;jpupif

1917 [_d; khjk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. V.rp.ghu;j;jrhujp ehAL Me;jpu

gpufhrpfh vd;w njYq;F nra;jpg; gj;jpupifia tpiyf;F thq;fp

gjpg;gpj;jhu;. ePjpf;fl;rp %d;W gj;jpupiffs; %yk;

nfhs;iffisAk;> jpl;lq;fisAk;> nray;ghLfisAk; gug;Gk;

gof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; gpuhkzu;

gj;jpupiffis vjpu;j;J epw;gJ vd;gJ epidj;Jg; ghu;f;f

KbahjJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> jpthd; gfJ}u; fUzhfu Nkdd; ePjp

(Justice) Mq;fpyg; gj;jpupif Mrpupauhf ,Uf;f xg;Gjy;

nfhLj;jhu;. Mdhy; md;dpngrz;l;> rp.gp. ,uhkrhkp Iau;> gp.Nfrt

gps;is MfpNahupd; Ngr;irf; Nfl;L filrp Neuj;jpy; Mrpupau;

nghWg;Ngw;f kWj;J tpl;lhu;.

gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; khehL

ePjpf;fl;rp Jtf;fg;gl;L> gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; gpufldk;

ntspaplg;gl;l gpd;> Kjy; gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; khehL (First Non-

Brahmin Conference) 1917 Mf];L 19 Mk; ehs; Nfhak;Gj;J}upy;

,ukuhadpd;fupd; jiyikapy; eilngw;wJ. ,k;khehl;by;

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Nehf;fq;fSk;> ,yf;FfSk; njspTgLj;jg; gl;lJ: 1)

njd;dpe;jpahtpYs;s midj;J rKjhaq;fspd; fy;tp> nghUshjhu>

r%f> xOf;f epiyfis Nkk;gLj;jy;; 2) gpuhkzuy;yhjhupd;

vz;zq;fisAk;> vjpu;ghu;g;GfisAk; Mq;fpy murhq;fj;jplk;

vLj;Jiuj;jy;; 3) nghJf;$l;lq;fs;> gpuRuq;fs; %yk; fl;rpf;

nfhs;iffisAk;> nray; jpl;lq;fisAk; gw;wpg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jy;.

294

,f;nfhs;iffis kf;fsplk; nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhf 1917 Mk;

Mz;L ,Wjpf;Fs; Nfhit> Nryk;> jpUney;Ntyp> gpf;fhtNs>

Gypntd;bah> ngrthlh Mfpa efuq;fspy; khehLfs;

elj;jg;gl;ld. ,k;khehLfs; ePjpf;fl;rp epiy ngw;Wtpl;lJ vd;gij

cWjpg;gLj;jpd. xNu Mz;by; (1917) 6 tl;lhu khehLfis

elj;jpa gpd; Kjy; khepy khehL 1917 brk;gu; 28-29 Njjpfspy;

nrd;id nty;ypq;fld; jpiu muq;fpy; eilngw;wJ. mk;khehl;by;

Jtf;ff; fy;tp> tptrhaf; fy;tp> njhopy; fy;tp> nghJ

epWtdq;fs;> murhq;fg; gzp> cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs;>

mwf;fl;lis mikg;Gfs;> r%f-rka Kd;Ndw;wk;> jw;fhg;G

,af;fk;> murpay; rPu;jpUj;jk;> tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jtk;> yl;rpaf;

fdTfs; gw;wpnay;yhk; guprPypf;fg; gl;lJ. “murpay; Nghu;

Jtq;fptpl;lJ. XahJ cioAq;fs;. ntw;wp Nehf;fp eil

NghLq;fs;. cq;fSila rKjha cupikfs; cldbahf Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;glhky; Nghfyhk;. Mdhy; tUq;fhy rKjhak; ,tw;iw

epr;rak; mWtil nra;Ak;” vd;w miw$tYld; khehL KbTw;wJ.

Kjy; ehd;F Mz;Lfs;> 1916-1920

ePjpf;fl;rp Jtf;fg;gl;lgpd; mf;fl;rp gy rthy;fis re;jpf;f

Ntz;ba jhapw;W. mtw;Ws; KjyhtJ mwptpYk;> Mw;wypYk;>

murhq;f MjutpYk; tYthf ,Ue;j gpuhkzu;fSld;

NkhjpajhFk;. md;iwa nrd;idapy; %d;W tYthd gpuhkzu;

Nfh\;bfs; (Factions) nray;gl;L te;jd: 1) ikyhg;G+u; FO.

,f;FOtpy; Nrj;Jg;gl;L Iau;fSk;> ntk;ghf;fk; Iaq;fhu;fSk;

,lk; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. 2) vf;Nkhu; FO. ,e;jf; FO ',e;J' gj;jpupif

gjpg;ghsu; f];J}upuq;f Iaq;fhupd; jiyikapy; nray;gl;lJ. 3)

Nryk; FO. rp. ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupAk; gpw Njrpa thjpfSk; Nryk;

gpuptpd; gpujhd jiytu;fshtu;. ,f;Nfh\;bfs; ePjpf;fl;rpapd;

nfhs;iffis vjpu;j;jd.

ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rpf;F te;jhy; vj;jifa jpl;lq;fis

epiwNtw;Wk; vd;gJ gw;wp ,f;Nfh\;bfSld; Nghuhl

Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Fwpg;ghf ikyhg;G+u;> vf;Nkhu; gpuhkzf;

Nfh\;bfs; ,dthup ,l xJf;fPl;L Kiwia (Communal

Representation) vjpu;f;f Nryk; FOtpd; jiytu; ,uh[h[pAk;

mtuJ Mjuthsu;fSk; fhe;jp Jtf;fpa xj;Jioahik

,af;fj;ij nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapy; ntw;wfpukhf nray;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; jPtpukhf ,Ue;jdu;. ePjpf;fl;rp tFg;Gthup ,l

xJf;fPl;Lf; nfhs;ifapYk;> xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij

vjpu;g;gjpYk; gpbthjkhf ,Ue;jJ.

ePjpf;fl;rpAk; Rahl;rp ,af;fKk;

ePjpf;fl;rpAk;> md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahupd; Rahl;rp

,af;fKk; (Home Rule Movement) xNu Mz;by; Jtf;fg;gl;ld

295

(1916). mk;ikahu; rdhjd ,e;J kjj;jpd; jPtpu Mjuthsu;.

mtuJ ,af;fj;ij jkpo; ehl;Lg; gpuhkzu;fs; Mu;tj;Jld;

Mjupj;jdu;. vdNt> ePjpf;fl;rp Rahl;rp ,af;fj;Jf;F vjpuhfr;

nray;gl;lJ. lhf;lu; b.vk;.ehau; md;dpngrz;l;bd; gpw;Nghf;F

kUj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fis vjpu;j;J te;jhu;. gpuhkzuy;yhjhu;

gpufldk; Rahl;rp ,af;fj;ijf; fLikahf vjpu;j;jJ. mNjNghd;W

md;dpngrz;bd; epA+ ,e;jpah gj;jpupifAk; ,g;gpufldj;ijr;

rhbaJ. ePjpf;fl;rp md;dpngrz;il 'mau;yhe;J gpuhkzp' vd;W

tu;zpj;jJ. Rahl;rp vd;gJ gpuhkzu; Ml;rp vd;W tpku;rpj;jJ

jpuhtpld; gj;jpupif. ePjpf; fl;rpapd; %d;W gj;jpupiffspYk;

Rahl;rp ,af;fj;ij vjpu;j;Jg; gy tpku;rdf; fl;Liufs;

gpuRupf;fg;gl;ld. nts;isf;fhu ngz;kdpahy; Jtf;fg;gl;l Rahl;rp

,af;fj;jpd; vjpu;kiwg; gaid gpuhkzu;fs; jhd; mWtil

nra;tu; vd;gij ePjpf;fl;rp gpur;rhuk; nra;jJ. ,jw;F vjpuhf

Rahl;rp ,af;fj;jpd; gpuhkz Mjuthsu;fs; xd;W Nru;e;J

jq;fSf;F mjpf gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;ifia

gpupl;b\; itrpuha;f;F mDg;gpajhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; rpjk;guk;

FbauR.

13.7.2. ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp> 1920-1937

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; mikg;G

ePjpf;fl;rp xU murpay; mikg;ghf Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd;

Nehf;fk; gpuhkzuy;yhjhupilNa tpopg;Gzu;it cUthf;fp>

Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L> Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wp> r%f ePjpia

epiyehl;LtjhFk;. ePjpf;fl;rpapd; epu;thfpfs; 1917 mf;Nlhgu; khjk;

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. ePjpf;fl;rp ntspapl;l nfhs;if mwpf;ifNa

mf;fl;rpapd; murpay; rl;l tiuthff; fUjg;gl;lJ. 1925 brk;gu;

19 Mk; Njjp ePjpf;fl;rpapd; mikg;Gr; rl;lk; (Party Constitution)

mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; mYtyfk; nksz;l; Nuhby; ,Ue;jJ.

fl;rpf; fpisfs; Kjypy; nrd;idapy; Jtf;fg;gl;L gpd;du;

khtl;lq;fSf;F tpupTgLj;jg;gl;ld. fl;rpj; jiytu;fs;

mt;tg;NghJ khtl;lf; fpisfSf;Fr; nry;tij tof;fkhff;

nfhz;ldu;.

ePjpf;fl;rpf;F xU jiytUk;> ehd;F Jizj; jiytu;fSk;>

xU nghJr; nrayUk;> xU nghUshsUk; ,Ue;jdu;. 25

cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l nraw;FO (Executive Committee)

fl;rpapd; nfhs;if KbTfis nray;gLj;jpaJ. 1920 Nju;jYf;Fg;

gpwF ePjpf;fl;rp INuhg;gpa murpay; fl;rp Nghd;W rPuikf;fg;

gl;lJ. fl;rpf; nfhulh (Party Whip) vd;w Gjpa fl;rpg; gjtp

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. nraw;FO cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l FOf;fs;

(Committees) mikf;fg; gl;ld. ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytu; fl;rpNahL

296

,izf;fg;gl;l midj;J gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; rq;fq;fSf;Fk;

nghJthd jiytu; vd;gJ cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ. mtNu rl;lkd;w

cWg;gpdu;fspd; jiytuhfTk; nray;gl;lhu;. nraw;FO> mjd;

cWg;gpdu;fsJ epiy tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU Mz;Lk;

ePjpf;fl;rp khehL $l;lg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ.

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Kjy; jiytuhf ru;.jpahfuha nrl;bAk;> Kjy;

nghJr; nrayhsuhf Mu;f;fhL ,uhkrhkpAk; nghWg;Ngw;wdu;. xU

khepy murpay; fl;rp vt;thW mikf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F

ePjpf;fl;rp rpwe;j Kd;Djhuzkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. ePjpf;fl;rp 1920 Mk;

Mz;L eilngw;w nrd;id rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy; Kjy;

Kiwahfg; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wp ngw;wJ.

nrd;id rl;lkd;wk;

nrd;id rl;lkd;wk; (Madras Legistative Council) 1861 Mk;

Mz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ mk;kd;wk; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;

,y;yhj MNyhrid mitahf kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ. mjd;gpd; 1909

,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l kpz;Nlhkhu;yp rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; (Minto-

Morley Reforms) tpisthf kiwKfkhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l

cWg;gpdu;fs; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;wdu;. gpd;du; 1919 ,y;

khz;NlF-nrk;]; Nghu;L rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; (Montfort Reforms)gb

mikf;fg;gl;l ,ul;il Ml;rp (Diarchy)apd; fPo; eilngw;w

Nju;jypy; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; thf;fhsu;fshy; Neubahfj;

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l rl;lkd;wk;

Xuit (Unicameral) mikg;ghf 1920ypUe;J 1937 tiu

nray;gl;lJ.

rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jy;> 1920

nrd;id rl;lkd;wj;jpy; 127 cWg;gpdu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.

MSeupd; epakd cWg;gpdu;fs; ,e;j vz;zpf;ifapy; mlq;fhu;.

127 cWg;gpdu;fspy; 98 Ngu; 61 njhFjpfspypUe;J

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. Nju;jy; njhFjpfs; %d;W tifahfg;

gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jd: 1) tFg;Gthup njhFjpfs; (Communal

Constituencies). ,tw;Ws; Kfkjpauy;yhj efuk;> Kfkjpauy;yhj

fpuhkk;> gpuhkzuy;yhj efuk;> Kfkjpau; efuk;> Kfkjpau; fpuhkk;>

,e;jpa fpwp];j;Jtu;> INuhg;gpau;> Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpau;

MfpNahUf;fhd njhFjpfs; mlq;Fk;; 2) rpwg;Gj; njhFjpfs;:

(Special Constituencies) epyr; nrhe;jf;fhuu;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;>

gz;izahu;> tu;j;jf rq;fq;fs; MfpNahUf;fhd njhFjpfs; ,it

3) xJf;fg;gl;l njhFjpfs; (Reserved Constituencies).

,j;njhFjpfspy; 28 gpuhkzuy;yhjtu;fSf;Fk;; 29 epakd

cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk;; 5 giwau;> gs;su;> ts;Stu;> khyh> kbfh>

rf;fpypau;> Njhl;bau;> nrDkhd;fs;> N`hNyau; Mfpa

tFg;gpdUf;Fk;; xU njhFjp gpw;gl;l gFjpfSf;Fk;' (Backward

297

Tracts) xJf;fg;gl;ld. epakd cWg;gpdu;fisAk; Nru;j;J nrd;id

rl;lkd;wj;jpd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if 134. thf;fhsu;fSk;>

thf;Fg;gjpTk; nrd;id rl;lkd;wj;Jf;fhd Kjy; nghJj; Nju;jy;

1920 etk;gu; khjk; eilngw;wJ. mg;NghJ nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapd;

kf;fs;njhif 40 kpy;ypad;. nrhj;Jj; jFjp cilNahu; kl;LNk

thf;fhsu;fshf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ldu;. vdNt> 12>48>156 Ngu; kl;LNk

thf;fspf;Fk; jFjpiag; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. ,tu;fSs; 3>03>558 Ngu;

kl;LNk thf;fspj;jdu;! ruhrupahf 24.9% thf;Fg; gjpthapw;W.

,Ug;gpDk;> ,j;Nju;jy; kf;fspd; murpay; tpopg;Gzu;itAk;>

nghJj; Nju;jypy; Neubahfg; gq;Nfw;Fk; Mu;tj;ijAk;

ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf ,Ue;jJ. ikyhg;G+u; njhFjpapy; kl;LNk

mjpfgl;rkhf 52% thf;Ffs; gjpthapd vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

Nju;jy; KbTfs;

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;W

rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jiyg; Gwf;fzpj;jJ. gykpf;f vjpu;f;fl;rp

,d;ikahy; ePjpf;fl;rp 63 ,lq;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;wJ. nkhj;jk;

Nju;e;njLf;fg;glhj 18 cWg;gpdu;fs; Mjuitg; ngw;w

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; vz;zpf;if 81 Mf cau;e;jJ. 1920 rl;lkd;wj;

Nju;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rp Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ntw;wp ngw;wikf;fhd Kf;fpa

%d;W fhuzq;fshtd: 1) fhq;fpu ,j;Nju;jiyg; Gwf;fzpj;jJ; 2)

ePjpf; fl;rpapd; jPtpug; gpur;rhuk;; 3) gpuhkzuy;yhjhUf;fhd ,l

xJf;fPL thq;fpj; jUtjhff; nfhLj;j thf;FWjp.

ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp> 1920-1923

Rg;guhaY ehAL Ml;rp

nrd;id ,uh[jhdp MSeu; khu;f;F]; tpy;ypq;ld;

(Marquess Willington) Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;w ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytu;

gp.jpahfuha nrl;bia Ml;rp mikf;FkhW mioj;jhu;. Mdhy;

mtu; kf;fs; tupg;gzj;jpy; Cjpak; ngw tpUk;gtpy;iy vdf; $wp

me;j miog;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. mtUf;Fg; gjpy;

V.Rg;guhaY ehALtpd; ngaiug; gupe;Jiuj;jhu;. mtupd;

gupe;Jiuia Vw;W Rg;guhaY ehALf;F miog;G tpLj;jhu; MSeu;.

MSeupd; miog;ig Vw;Wf; ehAL Kjyikr;ruhdhu;. mtUld;

,uhkuhadpd;fUk;> ntq;flnul;b ehALTk; mikr;ru;fshf

epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs; 1920 brk;gu; 17 Mk; ehs; gjtpg;

nghWg;Ngw;wdu;.

ngUq;fhT+u; ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup rl;lkd;wj; jiytuhf

epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. vl;tpd; ngupaehafk;> Mu;f;fhL ,uhkrhkp

Kjypahu;> gp.Rg;guhad; Mfpa %tUk; rl;lkd;w nrayu;fshapdu;.

ru; ypNahdy; Nltpl;rd; (cs; Jiw)> ru; rhu;y NjhJe;ju; (epjp)>

KfkJ `gpGy;yh (tUtha;)> v .rPdpthr Iaq;fhu; (rl;lk;) Mfpa

298

rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; MSeu; Ml;rp mitapd; cWg;gpdu;fshf

epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; mikr;ruitapy; gpuhkzu;

mikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;gl;lJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. 1921 [_iy 11 Mk;

Njjp cly; epiy fhuzkhf Rg;guhaY nul;bahu; gjtp

tpyfpajhy; mtf;Fg; gjpy; gdfy; muru; (Raja of Panagal)

Kjyikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. V.gp.ghl;Nuh fy;tp mikr;ruhdhu;.

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Kjy; mikr;ruit 1923 nrg;lk;gu; 11 tiu

gjtpapy; ,Ue;jJ.


Kjy; ePjpf;fl;rp murhq;fk; rpy tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;j rl;lq;fis epiwNtw;wp eilKiwg;gLj;jpaJ. 1) 1921

Vg;uy; Kjy; Njjp nrd;id rl;lkd;w jPu;khdj;jpd;gb rl;lkd;wj;

Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl ngz;fSf;F (1919 ,e;jpa murhq;fr;

rl;lj;jpy;) tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j jil ePf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jil ePf;fk;

1926 ,y; lhf;lu; Kj;Jyl;Rkp nul;b rl;lkd;wj;Jf;Fj;

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl toptFj;jJ. 2) 1920 ,y; nrd;id khefuhl;rp

nrd;id Mapuk; tpsf;Fg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;j gs;spfspy; ,ytr

fhiy czT toq;fpajw;F rl;lkd;wk; mq;fPfhuk; mspj;jJ.

,JNt> gpd;du; kjpa czTj; jpl;lkhf tpuptile;jJ. 3) gQ;rku;>

jPz;lj;jfhNjhu;> mup[d; vd;W Kj;jpiu Fj;jp rKjhaj;jpypUe;J

xJf;fp itf;fg;gl;bUe;j kf;fs; Mjpjpuhtplu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;L

rKjha me;j];J mspf;fg;gl;lJ. 4) cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs;

rl;lk; (Local Boards Act> 1920) khtl;l> jhYfh>

gQ;rhaj;J epWtdq;fSf;F RNal;irahf ,aq;ff;$ba

mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. ,r;rl;lk; cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;baJ. ,e;j

mikg;GfSf;fhd Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fspd;

vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupj;jNjhL mjpfhupfSf;F ,tw;wpd; kPJ

,Ue;j Mjpf;fj;ijf; Fiwj;jJ. 5) 1922 brk;gu; 18 Mk; ehs;

,e;J rka mwf;fl;lis rl;l kNrhjh (Madras Hindu Religious

Endowment Act). ,r;rl;lk; 1925 ,y; epiwNtw;wg; gl;lJ. ,e;jr;

rl;lj;jpd; %yk; nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapy; cs;s midj;J ,e;J

Nfhapy;fSk; murhq;fj;jpd; Neubf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;

nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lk; murhq;fj;jpd; rkaf; nfhs;ifiaj;

jPu;khdpj;jJ. gpd;du; ,J rk;ke;jkhf nfhz;Ltug;gl;l

rl;lq;fSf;F Kd;khjpupr; rl;lkhf mike;jJ. Kjy; ePjpf;fl;rp

murhq;fk; nfhz;L te;j ,e;j Ie;J rPu;jpUj;jq;fSk; mbg;gil

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jitahFk;.

jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;Fj; jdp mjpfhup

rl;lq;fis epiwNtw;wpdhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ; mit

nrk;ikahf epiwNtw;wg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp

299

jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhupd; eydpy; rpwg;Gf; ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ. mtu;fsJ

eyidg; ghJfhj;Jg; guhkupg;gjw;fhfNt xU I.rp.v]; .mjpfhupia

fkp\du; (Labour Commissioner> I.C.S) Mf

epakpj;jJ. mtu; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu;> Mjpthrpfs;> kiytho; kf;fs;

Nghd;Nwhupd; cupikfisAk;> eyj; jpl;lq;fisAk; ghJfhj;J>

epiwNtw;Wk; nghWg;Gilatu;. mtu; Nkw;fz;l tFg;gpw;F 1)

tPl;Lkid toq;fpdhu;; 2) $l;LwT fld; rq;fq;fisj; Jtf;fpdhu;;

3) FbePu; trjp nra;J nfhLj;jhu;; 4) nghJ epyj;ij Fiwe;j

thliff;F toq;fpdhu;; 5) Fbg;gof;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgLkhW

Cf;Ftpj;jhu;; 6) rhjp ,e;Jf;fspd; vjpu;g;gpypUe;J ghJfhj;jhu;; 7)

murhq;f epyj;ij tptrhaj;Jf;fhf xJf;fpdhu;; 8) ,tu;fs; gpujhd

ghijia vspjpy; milg;gjw;fhd fpisg; ghijfisg; Nghl;Lf;

nfhLj;jhu;; 9) ngz;fSf;nfd fopg;giwfs; fl;bf; nfhLj;jhu;; 10)

Viofs; tPLfl;bf; nfhs;s 20 nrd;l; epyk; ,ytrkhff;

nfhLj;jhu;; kuf;fd;Wfs; elg;gl;ld; kpff; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; tPl;L

kidfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu; eyDf;fhfj; jdp

mjpfhupia epakpj;jJ ePjpf;fl;rpapy; epiyj;j kfj;jhd rupj;jpu

rhjidahFk;.

ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp> 1920-1923

ePjpf; fl;rpapd; Kjy; %d;whz;L fhy Ml;rpapd; NghJ gy

Kf;fpa rKjha> rka> fy;tp> cs;shl;rp> tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jt

jpl;lq;fis epiwNtw;wpa NghjpYk; fl;rpf;Fs; xw;Wik ,y;yhky;

Nghapw;W. fl;rp mjpUg;jpahsu;fs; murhq;f vjpu;g;Gf; FOtpdu;

(Anti-Ministerialists) vd;W $wpf; nfhz;L jdpNa nray;glyhapdu;.

rp.eNlr Kjypahu;> b.V. ,uhkypq;fk; nrl;bahu;> rp.Mu;.nul;b>

gp.Rg;guhad; Nghd;Nwhu; ,f;FOtpd; gpujhd gpuKfu;fs;. ,tu;fs;

ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytu; jpahfuha nrl;bapd; kPJ fPo;f;fz;l

Fw;wr;rhl;Lfisr; Rkj;jpdu;: 1) gpwiuf; fye;J MNyhrpf;fhj

aNjr;rhjpfhu jiyik; 2) gpw;gLj;jg; gl;l tFg;gpdupd; eyidtpl

cau;rhjp tFg;gpdUf;F rhjfkhfr; nray;gly;; 3) xj;Jioahik

,af;fj;ij ,Uk;Gf;fuk; nfhz;L mlf;fpa gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd;

nraiy Mjupj;jJ; 4) Kjy; ePjpf;fl;rp mikr;ruitapy;

jkpoUf;F ,lk; nfhLf;fhik. ,r;nray; jkpou; jiytu;fspilNa

kpFe;j kdf;frg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mtu;fs; Kjy;

mikr;ruitiaj; njYq;fu;fNs Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhz;ljhf Fw;wk;

rhl;bdu;. vdNt> ePjpf;fl;rpf;Fs; ,U Nfh\;bfs; vjpUk; GjpUkhfr;

nray;gl;ljhy; fl;rp gytPdkile;jJ.

Rauh[;af; fl;rp

1920 Nju;jy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpy; ngupa jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;jpaJ. fhe;jp> ,uh[h[p Nghd;Nwhu; fhq;fpu]; Nju;jy;fspy;

gq;Nfw;ff;$lhJ vd;gjpy; cWjpahf ,Ue;jdu;. Mdhy;

rpj;juQ;rd;jh];> Nkhjpyhy; NeU Nghd;Nwhu; fhq;fpu]; Nju;jypy;

300

gq;Nfw;gij Mjupj;jdu;. mjw;fhd jPu;khdj;ijAk; 1922 nrg;lk;gu;

7 Mk; Njjp epiwNtw;wpdu;. ,tu;fs; fhq;fpuRf;Ff; Rauh[;af;

fl;rp (Swaraj Party) vd;w jdp mikg;ig cUthf;fpdu;.

jkpo; ehl;by; f];J}upuq;f Iaq;fhu;> rPdpthr Iaq;fhu;> V.

,uq;frhkp Iaq;fhu;> tujuh[{Y ehAL> tp[auhfthr;rhup> V.

,uq;frhkp Iaq;fhu; MfpNahu; Rauh[;af; fl;rpapy; Nru;e;J>

Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L> rl;lkd;wk; nrd;W xj;Jioahik

,af;fj;ij elj;Jtnjd;W KbT nra;jdu;. 1923 etk;gu; 13 Mk;

Njjp eilngw;w Nju;jypy; gq;Nfw;wdu;.

rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jy;

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Kjy; Ml;rp 1923 nrg;lk;gu; 11 Mk; Njjp

Kbe;jJ. rl;lkd;wj;Jf;fhd Nju;jy; 1923 mf;Nlhgu; 31 Mk; ehs;

elj;jg;gl;lJ. mil kioAk;> nts;sKk; Nju;jy; cupa ehspy;

Kbtjpy; fhyjhkjk; Vw;gLj;jpd. Nju;jy; etk;gu; 10 Mk; Njjp

KbTw;wJ. 17 njhFjpfspy; 20 cWg;gpdu;fs; Nghl;bapd;wpj;

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. 44 njhFjpfspy; kl;LNk Nju;jy;

eilngw;wJ. fle;j Nju;jiytpl ,j;Nju;jypy; mjpf thf;fhsu;fs;

gq;Nfw;wdu;. nrd;id efupy; 58.8% ; jpUney;Ntyp-ghisak;Nfhl;il

efupy; 77%; tlMu;f;fhL fpuhkj; njhFjp 58.8% thf;Fg;gjpT

,Ue;jJ. nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapd; ruhrup thf;Fg;gjpT 36.2%.

,j;Nju;jypy; Rauh[;af; fl;rp gq;Nfw;wjhy; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Nju;jy;

ntw;wpiag; ngupJk; ghjpj;jJ. Rauh[;af; fl;rp Nghl;bapl;l 11

,lq;fspYk; ntw;wp ngw;wJ. ePjpf;fl;rp jdpg;ngUk; fl;rpahf

ntw;wp ngw;whYk;> murhq;fj;ij mikf;ff;$ba ngUk;ghd;ikia

,oe;jJ.

1923 Nju;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rpf;Fg; ngUk; gpd;dilT Vw;gl;lJ.

mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;: 1) fl;rpf;Fs; Vw;gl;l fUj;J NtWghLfs;

ePjpf;fl;rpia gytPdg; gLj;jptpl;lJ. eNlr Kjypahu;> vk;.rp.

,uh[h> X.fe;jrhkp nrl;bahu; Nghd;Nwhu; fl;rpj; jiyikia

ntspg;gilahfNt tpku;rpj;jdu;. 2) Kjy; mikr;ruitapy;

jkpoUf;F ,lk; nfhLf;fhikahy; Vw;gl;l Vkhw;wk; njd;

jkpo;ehl;Lj; njhFjpfspy; ePjpf;fl;rp Ntl;ghsu;fs;

Njhy;tpailtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ; 3) Rauh[;af; fl;rp

ePjpf;fl;rpf;Fg; gpujhd gykpf;f vjpu;f;fl;rpahf cUntLj;jJ; 4)

fl;rpg; G+ryhy; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Nju;jy; gpur;rhuk; gykpoe;Jtpl;lJ.

RUq;ff;$wpd;> 1923 rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jy; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rupTf;fhd

milahskhf mike;jJ.

gdfy; muru; Ml;rp

Nju;jy; Kbe;jgpd; MSeu; nty;ypq;ld; ePjpf;fl;rp

murhq;fk; mikg;gjw;F miog;G tpLj;jhu;. jpahfuha nrl;bapd;

301

gupe;Jiuapd; Ngupy; gdfy; muru; Kjyikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;;

V.gp.ghl;Nuh mikr;ruitapy; ,lk; ngw;whu;; $u;kh ntq;flnul;b

ehALTf;Fg; gjpy; jkpo; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu; b.vd;.rptQhdk; ,lk;

ngw;whu;. 1923 etk;gu; 19 Mk; Njjp ePjpf;fl;rpapd; ,uz;lhk;

mikr;ruit gjtpg; nghWg;Ngw;wJ. mg;Jy;yh fhl;lyh rhfpg;

gfJ}u;> v.mw;Gjrhkp cilahu;> b.rp.jq;fNtY gps;is MfpNahu;

rl;lkd;w nrayu;fshf epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. MSeupd; Gjpa Ml;rpf;

FOtpy; rp.[p.NjhJz;ju;> V.Mu;.ehg;> rp.gp. ,uhkrhkp Iau;> thRNjt

,utptu;kh MfpNahu; ,lk; ngw;wdu;. vy;.b.rhkpf;fz;Z rl;lkd;wj;

jiytuhf MSeuhy; xU Mz;Lf;F epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;; mjd;gpd;

mg;gjtpf;F rl;l kd;wNk epakdk; nra;Ak;. ePjpf;fl;rpapd;

,uz;lhtJ mikr;ruit 1926 etk;gu; 7 Mk; Njjp tiu

nray;gl;lJ. gdfy; muru; Ml;rpapd; NghJ jhd; td;dpau;

tFg;igr; Nru;e;j rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu; khzpf;fNtY ehaf;fu;

ePjpf;fl;rp murhq;fj;jpd; ghuhSkd;w nrayuhfTk; tUtha;Jiw

mikr;ruhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;.

ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPu;khdk;

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; murhq;f vjpu;g;ghsu;fs; (Anti-Ministerialists)

If;fpa Njrpa fl;rp (United Nationalist Party) vd;w Gjpa fl;rpia

mikj;jdu;. If;fpa Njrpa fl;rpapd; rhu;ghf rp.Mu;.nul;b

ePjpf;fl;rpf;F vjpuhd ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPu;khdj;ij Kd;nkhope;jhu;

(1923 etk;gu; 27). mg;NghJ mtu; ePjpf;fl;rpiag; gw;wpa ,uz;L

Fw;wr;rhl;Lfisf; $wpdhu;: 1) ePjpf;fl;rp ngUk;ghd;ik gyj;ijg;

ngwhjjhy; thf;fhsu;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia ,oe;Jtpl;lJ; 2) gdfy;

muru; cs;shl;rp epWtdj; jiytu;fisj; Nju;e;njLf;ifapy;

mtuJ cwtpdu;fSf;F Kd;Dupik (Nepotism) nfhLj;jhu;.

,j;jPu;khdj;ij Rauh[;af; fl;rp Mjupj;jJ. mf;fl;rpapd; gpugy

cWg;gpduhd nrhy;tyu; v];.rj;jpa%u;j;jp ek;gpf;ifapy;yh

jPu;khdj;ij Mjupj;J mtuJ fd;dpg; Ngr;ir epfo;j;jpdhu; (gpd;du;

Rauh[;af; fl;rpapd; jiytuhdhu;). ,j;jPu;khdk; ,uz;L ehl;fs;

tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ. tpthjj;Jf;Fg;gpd; MSk; ePjpf;fl;rp epakd

cWg;gpdu;fspd; MjuNthL jPu;khdj;ijj; Njhw;fbj;J gjtpiaj;

jf;fitj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,e;jpa rl;lkd;w tuyhw;wpy; Kjy;

Kiwahff; nfhz;L tug;gl;l ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPu;khdk;

,JNtahFk;.

rhjid

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; ,uz;lhtJ murhq;fk; Gjpa rhjidfs;

vijAk; nra;atpy;iy. 1920-1923,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jpl;lq;fis

gdfy; murupd; Ml;rp njhlu;e;J nray;gLj;jpaJ. Fwpg;ghf 1922

brk;gu; 18 Mk; Njjp rl;lkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,e;J

mwepiya kNrhjh (Hindu Religious Endowment Bill)it

302

epiwNtw;wpaJ (1925). ,r;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapy;

,Ue;j ,e;J Nfhapy;fs; murhq;fj;jpd; Neub epu;thff;

fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld. vdpDk; rupTg; ghijapy;

nrd;w ePjpf;fl;rpf;F 1926 rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jy; ngUk; rthyhf

,Ue;jJ.

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; epiy

ePjpf;fl;rp cl;fl;rp Nfh\;bg; G+ry;fshy; gytPdg;gl;Lg;

NghapUe;jJ. mf;fl;rpj; jiytu; jpahfuha nrl;b ,we;jgpd; (1925

Vg;uy; 28) epiyik NkYk; Nkhrkhapw;W. Kjyikr;ruhapUe;j

gdfy; muru; fl;rpj; jiyikg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. eNlr Kjypahupd;

If;fpa Njrpa fl;rpapdiu kPz;Lk; ePjpf;fl;rpf;Ff; nfhz;L

tUtjw;F gdfy; muru; Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rp ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy.

gUtkio ngha;j;jjhy; tptrhak; ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;L

tptrhapfs; Ntiyapd;wp Gyk; ngau;e;J nrd;wdu;. ,e;j

,f;fl;lhd Neuj;jpy; ePjpf;fl;rpf;Fk; Gjpjhf MSeu; nghWg;Ngw;w

itnfsz;l; Nfh\Df;F (Viscount Goschen) kpilNaahd cwtpy;

tpupry; Vw;gl;lJ (1924). mjpfhug; gfpu;T kw;Wk; Ntz;batu;fSf;F

cjTtJ (Patronage) Nghd;w tptfhuq;fspy; mikr;ru;fSf;Fk;

MSeu; Ml;rpf; FOTf;FkpilNa fUj;J NtWghLfs; vOe;jd.

vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf> <.Nt. ,uhkrhkp ehaf;fu; fhq;fpuir tpl;L

ntspNawp Nju;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rp Ntl;ghsu;fis Mjupj;jhu;. mtu;

fhq;fpuir tpl;L ntspNawpajw;fhd Kf;fpaf; fhuzk; mtu;

tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij Mjupj;Jf; nfhz;L te;j

jPu;khdq;fis fhq;fpu]; Vw;Wf; nfhs;shjJjhd;.

rl;lkd;w Nju;jy;

1926 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jy; nrd;id

,uh[jhdp murpaypy; vjpu;ghuh khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

Rauh[;af; fl;rp v.rj;jpa%u;j;jp jiyikapy; ,j;Nju;jypy;

fskpwq;fpg; Nghl;bapl;lJ. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Nju;jiyg;

Gwf;fzpj;jJ. nehz;bf; Fjpiuahd ePjpf;fl;rp ek;gpf;if ,oe;j

,j;Nju;jypy; fye;J nfhz;lJ. mf;fl;rpahy; 21 ,lq;fis

kl;LNk ngw Kbe;jJ. Rauh[;af; fl;rp 41 ,lq;fisf;

ifg;gw;wpaJ. ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Nfhl;ilahff; fUjg;gl;l nrd;id

efupy; 4 ,lq;fspYk; ntw;wpthif R+baJ. eNlr Kjypahu;>

X.jzpfhryk; nrl;bahu;> $u;kh ntq;fpunul;b ehAL> Mu;f;fhL

,uhkrhkp Kjypahu; Nghd;w ePjpf;fl;rp gpugyq;fs; Njhy;tpiaj;

jOtpdu;.

Rg;guhad; Ml;rp> 1926-1929

,k;Kiw murhq;fk; mikg;gjpy; rpf;fy; Vw;gl;lJ. jdpg;

ngUk;ghd;ikiag; ngw;w Rauh[;af; fl;rpiar; Nru;e;j rp.tp.v

.eurpk;kuh[{it Ml;rp mikf;FkhW miog;G tpLj;jhu; MSeu;

303

Nfh\d; (Goschen). Mdhy; Rauh[;af; fl;rp murhq;fk; mikf;f

kWj;Jtpl;lJ. ngUk;ghd;ik ,d;ikahy; ePjpf;fl;rp murhq;fk;

mikf;f Kd;tutpy;iy. vdNt MSeu; Nfh\d; Njrpa

RNal;irfspy; xUtuhd lhf;lu; gp.Rg;guhaid Kjyikr;ruhf

epakpj;jhu;. Rg;guhad; Kd;dhs; ePjpf;fl;rp gpuKfu;. gdfy;

murUld; fUj;J NtWghL Vw;gl;ljhy; mtu; ePjpf; fl;rpapypUe;J

tpyfpdhu;. Rg;guhad; MSeupd; miog;ig Vw;W RNal;ir

murhq;fj;ij mikj;jhu;. Kd; tpNuhjj;ij kwe;J ePjpf;fl;rpAk;

mtUf;F Nerf;fuk; ePl;baJ! vdNt> lhf;lu; gp.Rg;guhad;

Rauh[;af; fl;rp> ePjpf;fl;rp Mfpatw;wpd; MjuNthL Ml;rp

elj;jpdhu;. Rg;guhad; mikr;ruitapy; V.,uq;fehj KjypahUk;>

Mu;.vd;.MNuhf;fparhkp KjypahUk; ,lk; ngw;wdu;. gpd;du;

,tu;fSf;Fg; gjpy; v.Kj;ijah KjypahUk;> vk;.Mu;.NrJuj;dk;

IaUk; mikr;ru;fshf epakpf;fg; gl;ldu;. ,t;tpUtk; Rauh[;af;

fl;rpapypUe;J gpupe;J te;jtu;fs;. mjdhy; Rg;guhad; mikr;ruit

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; kWgjpf;fhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ> RNal;ir

murhq;fk; vd;w ngaupy; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; epoyhl;rp (Prexy)

eilngw;wJ.

Nfhl;lh Kiw

lhf;lu; Rg;guhad; murhq;fj;jpd; kfj;jhd rhjidahff;

fUjg;gLtJ Nfhl;lh Kiw (Qutta System) MFk;. ePjpf;fl;rp

gpw;gl;NlhUf;Fk; jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;Fk; tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

ngw;Wj; je;jhYk; mjw;fhd mwptpay; G+u;tkhd Kiwia

tFf;ftpy;iy. ,g;nghWg;ig Rg;guhad; mikr;ruitapy; Gjpjhfr;

Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l v.Kj;ijah Kjypahu; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;.

Kjypahu; nry;te;ju;> epyr;Rthd;jhu;> rl;l ty;Yeu;. mtu; jdJ

rl;l mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jt nfhs;ifia

ntw;wpfukhf nray;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd tpjpKiw (Formula)

tFj;Jf; nfhLj;jhu;. ,J Kj;ijah Kjypahupd; Nfhl;lh Kiw

vd;W $wyhk;. Kj;ijah Kjypahu; tbtikj;j 'Nfhl;lh

Kiw'apd;gb xt;nthU tFg;ghUf;Fk; vj;jid ,lq;fs; vd;W

KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjd;gb gpuhkzuy;yhjhUf;F 44%;

K];yPk;fSf;F 16%; fpwpj;Jtu;fSf;F 16%; gpuhkzu;fSf;F 16%;

Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpaUf;F 16%; MjpjpuhtplUf;F 8% vd;W gq;fpl;L

mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;gbg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ 12 murhq;fg; gzpfSf;F

gpuhkzuy;yhjtu;fSf;F 5 ,lq;fSk;> gpuhkzu;fs;> Mq;fpNyh

,e;jpau;> K];yPk;fs; MfpNahUf;F jyh 2 ,lq;fSk;> Mjp

jpuhtplUf;F 1 ,lKk; fpilf;Fk;. ,e;j tpfpjhr;rhuk; Fwpg;gpl;l

tFg;Gfspd; kf;fs; njhiff;F Vw;g ,y;iy vd;W Fiw

$wg;gl;lJ. ,e;JTk; RNjrkpj;jpuDk; ,jw;F vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jd.

304

Kjypy; Kj;ijah Kjypahupd; Nfhl;lh Kiwapy; Fiw

fz;l <.nt.uhkrhkp ehaf;fu; gpd;du; mikr;ru; Kj;ijah

Kjypahu; ePz;l fhyk; tho;f vd;W FbauR gj;jpupifapy;

vOjpdhu; (FbauR> jiyaq;fk; 1928> etk;gu; 11). ,d;iwa

,lxJf;fPl;L Kiw (Reservation System)apd; mbj;jsj;ij

mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jjhy; Kj;ijah Kjypahiu tFg;Gthup ,l

xJf;fPl;L Kiwapd; je;ij vd;W $wpdhy; kpifahfhJ.

ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp 1930-1934

1926 Nju;jy; Njhy;tpf;Fg; gpwF ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rupT

njhlu;e;jJ. ,uhkuhadpd;fu; ,we;jgpd; (1928) nghg;gpyp muru;

(Raja of Bobbili) vd;w ,uhkfpU\;z ,uq;fhuht; ePjpf;fl;rpapd;

jiytu; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. lhf;lu; Rg;guhadpd; RNal;ir

murhq;fj;ij ePjpf;fl;rp njhlu;e;J Mjupj;jJ. ePjpf;fl;rpf;Fs;

epytpa Nfh\;bg; G+ry;fis Gjpa jiytuhy; jLf;f Kbatpy;iy.

mf;fl;rp ,uz;Lgl;l tPlhf ,Ue;jJ. cyfg; nghUshjhu

ke;jj;jhy; (World Economic Depression) jkpo; ehl;bd;

nghUshjhuk; ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. me;epiyapy; rl;lkd;wj;

Nju;jy; eilngw;wJ.

rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jy;> 1930

,ul;il Ml;rpapd; fPo; rl;l kd;wj;Jf;fhd ehd;fhtJ

Nju;jy; 1930 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;wJ. ePjpf;fl;rpapd; epiy kpfTk;

Nkhrkhf ,Ue;jjhy; mjd; Ml;rpf; FOtpd; jPu;khdj;jpd; (1930

[_d; 15) ePjpf;fl;rpapd; fjTfs; gpuhkzu;fSf;Fj;

jpwe;Jtplg;gl;ld. mjd; Nehf;fk; fhq;fpurpd; MjuNthL

Ml;rpiag; gpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJjhd;. murpaypy; khu;f;fj;ijtpl

KbT jhd; Kf;fpak;. 1929 ,y; eilngw;w yh$u; khehl;Lj;

jPu;khdj;jpd;gb fhq;fpu]; Nju;jypy; fye;J nfhs;tjpy;iy vd;W

KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;j Kbtpd;gb jkpo;ehl;L fhq;fpu];

rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jiyg; Gwf;fzpj;jJ. mJkl;Lky;y. rj;jpa%u;j;jp

cs;spl;l rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fSk; gjtp tpyfpdu;. vdpDk;> rhkp

ntq;flhryk;> Mu;.Nf.rz;Kfk; nrl;bahu; Nghd;w fhq;fpu

gpuKfu;fs; ,j;Nju;jypy; RNal;irfshfg; Nghl;bapl;ld;du;. vdNt>

,e;j rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jy; ePjpf; fl;rpf;Fk;> lhf;lu; gp.Rg;guhad;

jiyikapyhd Njrpa fl;rp (Nationalist Party)f;Fk; ,ilapyhd

Neubg; Nghl;bahf ,Ue;jJ.

rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy; 132 ,lq;fSf;F 61

njhFjpfspypUe;J 98 cWg;gpdhfs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;.

ePjpf;fl;rp Nghl;bapl;l 45 ,lq;fspy; 35 ,lq;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;wJ.

RNal;ir Njrpa fl;rpAk;> ypguy;fSk; (Liberals) 10 ,lq;fisf;

ifg;gw;wpdu;. 98 ,lq;fspy; 35 Ntl;ghsu;fs; Nghl;bapd;wp

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. vQ;rpapUe;j ,lq;fspy; RNal;irfs; ntw;wp

305

ngw;wdu;. ,j;Nju;jypy; 43% thf;Ffs; gjpthapd; ,J nrd;id

,uh[jhdpapd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; 4% kl;LNk.

rpWghd;ik murhq;fk;

ePjpf;fl;rpf;F jdpg; ngUk;ghd;ikAld; Ml;rp mikf;f

Kbatpy;iy. vdNt> MSeu; epakpj;j 32 cWg;gpdu;fspd;

MjuNthL ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytu; KDrhkp ehAL 1930 mf;Nlhgu; 27

Mk; Njjp Kjyikr;ru; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. gp.,uhkr;re;jpu nul;b

rl;lkd;wj; jiytuhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. gp.b.,uh[hTk;>

v.Fkhurhkp nul;bahUk; KDrhkp mikr;ruitapy; ,lk; ngw;wdu;.

Kd;dhs; Kjyikr;ru; gp.Rg;guhad; vjpu;f;fl;rpj; jiytuhdhu;.

jkpo; ehl;by; epytpa epiyaw;w R+o;epiyapy; KDrhkp ehAL

rpWghd;ik murhq;fj;Jf;Fj; jiyikNaw;W elj;jpdu;.

murhq;fj;jpd; mty epiy

fl;rp fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gld; ,Ue;jhy;jhd; murhq;fk; epiyahf

,Uf;Fk;. KDrhkp ehAL Kjy;tu; nghWg;Ngw;w NghJ ePjpf;fl;rp

Nfh\;bg; G+ry; Gaypy; rpf;fpapUe;jJ. ePjpf;fl;rpia Mjupj;j

[kPd;jhu;fSf;F mikr;ruitapy; ,lk; nfhLf;fhikahy; mtu;fs;

fl;rpf;F vjpuhfr; nray;gl;ldu;. mikr;ru; gjtpia vjpu;ghu;j;J

Vkhw;wkile;j nghg;gpyp murUk;> ntq;flfpup Fkhu uh[Tk;>

vk;.V.Kj;ijah nrl;bahupd; jiyikapy; ePjpf;fl;rpf;Fs;NsNa xU

,Q;rpf; FO (Ginger Group)it cUthf;fpdu;.

Kjyikr;ru; KDrhkp ehAL neUf;fbf;fpilNa kf;fspd;

nghUshjhu neUf;fbia rkhspg;gjpy; Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;lhu;.

murhq;fj;jpd; tUtha; ,og;ig rupf;fl;Ltjw;fhf epytupia

cau;j;jpdhu;. epytup cau;T Fotpf; $l;by; iftpl;lJ

Nghyhapw;W. epytup cau;thy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l [kPd;jhu;fSk;>

epyr;Rthd;jhu;fSk; Kjyikr;rUf;F vjpuhfg; Nghu;f;nfhb

cau;j;jpdu;. nghg;gpyp murUk;> ntq;flfpup Fkhu uh[hTk;

mikr;ruitapy; ,lk; ngwhjJ vupAk; neUg;gpy; vz;nzia

Cw;wpaJ Nghyhapw;W. ,jw;fpilNa> ePjpf;fl;rpapd; jiyikg;

gjtpf;fhf gp.b.,uh[hDk;> KDrhkp ehALTk; Nghl;bapl;lhu;fs;

(1928). ,g;Nghl;bapy; KDrhkp ehAL ntw;wp ngw;whu;. KDrhkp

ehAL fl;rpj; jiytuhfTk;> Kjyikr;ruhfTk; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;

mtuhy; fl;rpapd; fl;Lf;Nfhg;igAk;> khfhz epu;thfj;ijAk;

jpwikahff; ifahs Kbatpy;iy. ePjpf;fl;rp Mz;L khehl;il

%d;whz;L fhyk; $l;lhky; epiyikiar; rkhspj;jhu;. vdpDk;

cl;fl;rp ‘,Q;rpf; FO'> 1932 mf;Nlhgu; khjk; eilngw;w 12tJ

Mz;L khehl;by; KDrhkp ehALTf;Fg; gjpy; nghg;gpyp muriu

fl;rpj; jiytuhfj; Nju;e;njLj;jJ. nghg;gpyp muru; 1932 etk;gu; 5

Mk; Njjp Kjyikr;ruhdhu;.

306

,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf Kjyikr;ru; nghWg;Ngw;w nghg;gpyp

muru; kf;fs; gpur;ridfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fhky;

[kPd;jhuu;fSf;F Mjuthfr; nray;gl;lhu;. ,tuJ [kPd;jhu; MjuT

nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifahy; kf;fs; kpFe;j Vkhw;wkile;jdu;.

ePjpf;fl;rp kf;fspd; Mjuit ,oe;jJ. [kPd;jhuu;fis kl;Lk; ek;gp

Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw Kbahjy;yth? vdNt> ePjpf;fl;rp 1934 Mk;

Mz;L eilngw;w rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy; epiyFiye;J Nghapw;W.

ek;gpf;ifNahL Jtf;fg;gl;l ePjpf;fl;rp kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia

,oe;j murpay; mikg;ghf Xuq;fl;lg;gl;lJ. mf;fl;rpapd;

tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; tUkhW: 1) ePjpf;fl;rpf;Fs; epytpa

cl;FOf;fspilNa epytpa Nkhjy;fs;; 2) jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu;

eyd;fisg; Gwf;fzpj;Jtpl;L cau; tFg;ghupd; cau;Tf;fhfg;

ghLgl;lJ; 3) murhq;fj;jpd; midj;J epiyfspYk;

cwtpdu;fSf;Fk;> Ntz;batu;fSf;Fk; gjtpfis toq;fpaJ; 4)

mjpfhuj;ijj; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jpaJ; 5) Ml;rpiaf;

ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhd Nghl;b; 6) Njrg;gw;Wila fhq;fpu kf;fspilNa

nry;thf;F ngw;wJ.

ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp (1934-1937)

kPz;Lk; nghg;gpyp muru; Ml;rp

ePjpf;fl;rp [kPd;jhu; MjuT FO> [kPd;jhu; vjpu;g;Gf; FO

vd;W ,U Nfh\;bfshfg; gpupe;J G+ry;fspy; KO %r;Rld;

<Lgl;bUe;jd. nghg;gpyp muru; kf;fs; epiyiag; gw;wpf;

ftiyg;glhky; jdJ [kPd;jhu; MjuTg; nghUshjhuf;

nfhs;ifiaj; njhlu;e;J gpd;gw;wpdhu;. ,jw;fpilNa 1930-1931 ,y;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l cg;Gr; rj;jpahfpufk; kw;Wk; xj;Jioahik

,af;fj;jhy; jkpo; ehl;by; fhq;fpurpd; kPJ kf;fSf;F

kupahijAk;> ek;gpf;ifAk; mjpfupj;jJ. ,ul;il Ml;rpiaj;

njhlu;e;J vjpu;j;J te;j Rauh[;af; fl;rp rj;jpa%u;j;jpapd;

jpwikahd jiyikapd; fPo; Nju;jypy; fye;J nfhs;sj; jahuhf

,Ue;jJ. ,e;epiyapy; ePjpf;fl;rp jd; nry;thf;ifg; ngUf;fpf;

nfhs;s ,uz;L Kf;fpa KbTfis vLj;jJ: 1) ePjpf;fl;rpapy;

gpuhkzu;fis cWg;gpdu;fshfr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;; 2)

Rakupahij ,af;fj;ij (Self-Respect Movement) ntw;wpfukhf

elj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;j <.nt. ,uhkrhkpapd; Mjuitg; ngWtJ.

ePjpf;fl;rp ngupahupd; <Nuhl;Lj; jpl;l' (Erode Plan)j;ij

Vw;Wf; nfhz;L mtupd; Mjuitg; ngw;wJ. <Nuhl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd;

Kf;fpaf; $Wfshtd: 1) mj;jpahtrpa njhopy;fis ehl;L

cilikahf;fy;; 2) midtUf;Fk; MAs; fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lj;ij

tpupTgLj;jy;; 3) kJtpyf;Ff; nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpbj;jy;; 4)

midtUf;Fk; fl;lha ,ytrf; fy;tp mspj;jy;; 5) jPz;lhik

xopg;G; 6) midtUf;Fk; tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwia

307

eilKiwg;gLj;jy;; 7) midj;J epu;thf mikg;GfSf;Fk;

mjpfhuj;ijg; gfpu;e;J nfhLj;jy;. ,Ug;gpDk; ePjpf;fl;rp 1934

rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy; gLNjhy;tp mile;jJ. Rauh[;af; fl;rp 29

,lq;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;W jdpg; ngUk;ghd;ikAld; jpfo;e;jJ.

vdpDk;> mf;fl;rp Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;f kWj;Jtpl;ljhy; nghg;gpyp

muru; njhlu;e;J Kjyikr;ruhf ePbj;jhu;.


nghg;gpyp muru; rpWghd;ik murhq;fj;jpd; Kjy;tuhf

ePbj;jhYk; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; tPo;r;rpiaj; jLf;f Kbatpy;iy.

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; jiyikf; nfhwlh (Chief Whip)thf ,Ue;j

vk;.V.Kj;ijah nrl;bahu; mtuJ Mjuit tpyf;fpf; nfhz;ljhy;

Mu;.Nf.rz;Kfk; nrl;bAk;> Mu;f;fhL ,uhkrhkp KjypahUk;

Nju;jypy; Njhw;f Neu;e;jJ. vdNt nghg;gpyp muru; vk;.V.Kj;ijah

nrl;bahiu fl;rpapd; jiyikf; nfhwlh gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fpdhu;.

mjdhy; Mj;jpukile;j nrl;bahu; nghg;gpyp murhq;fj;Jf;F

vjpuhf ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPu;khdj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jhu;. mtiuj;

jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf v.Fkhurhkp nul;bahUf;F gjpy;

vk;.V.Kj;ijah nrl;bahiuf; fy;tp mikr;ruhf;fpdhu;. gpwiuj;

jpUg;jpg;gLj;J tjw;fhf Gjpjhf cs;Jiw mikr;rufj;ij

Vw;gLj;jp mjpy; KfkJ c];khidAk;> gpd;du; V.b.gd;dPu;

nry;tj;ijAk; mikr;ru;fshf epakpj;jhu;. nghg;gpyp murupd;

aNjr;rhjpfhug; Nghf;F ePjpf;fl;rpapdupilNa mjpUg;jpia

mjpfupj;J tpl;lJ. fl;rp Kf;fpa];ju;fNs mtiu Neupy; ghu;j;Jg;

Ngr Kbatpy;iy. jd;id vjpu;j;jtu;fisAk;> mtUld;

xj;Jg;Nghfhj cs;shl;rp epWtdq;fisAk; xLf;f Kw;gl;lhu;.

,jw;fhf cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs; rl;lk; (Local Boards

Act) jpUj;jg;gl;lJ. jhYfh Nghu;Lfs; fiyf;fg;gl;ld. jdf;F

Ntz;lhj xU khtl;l kd;wk; ,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. mtNuhL

xj;Jiof;fhj gpw khtl;l kd;wq;fisAk; gpupg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mNjNghd;W mtuJ mjpfhuj;Jf;Ff;

fPo;g;gzpahj efuhl;rp kd;wq;fs; Klf;fg;gl;ld; jdf;F Ntz;lhj

efuhl;rp kd;wj; jiytu; jz;bf;fg;gl;ldu;. fkp\du;fis

epakpg;gjd; %yk; ,k;kd;wq;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ijf;

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. RUq;ff;$wpd;> ePjpf; fl;rpapd; Nju;jy;

ntw;wpf;F Cw;Wf; fz;fshf ,Ue;j cs;shl;rp epWtdj;

jiytu;fis tpNuhjpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu; nghg;gpyp muru;.

mJkl;Lky;y. [kPd;jhupay;yhj epyg; gFjpfspy; mjPjkhd

epytupiaf; Fiwf;f tplhg;gpbahf kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. nghUshjhu

neUf;fbapy; cod;W nfhz;bUe;j tptrhapfSk;> epyr;

nrhe;jf;fhuu;fSk; nghg;gpyp murupd; tpNtfkw;w eltbf;iffshy;

308

ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,jd; fhuzkhf ,tu; fpuhk kf;fspd;

Mjuit ,oe;jhu;.

fhq;fpurpd; nry;thf;F

,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;dpd;W elj;jpa mfpy

,e;jpa fhq;fpurpd; nry;thf;F kf;fspilNa tpiue;J gutpf;

nfhz;bUe;j rkaj;jpy; nghg;gpyp muru; gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;NjhL

Nru;e;J nfhz;L epytupiaf; Fiwf;ff; Nfhup fhq;fpurhu; elj;jpa

Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F vjpuhff; fLikahd

eltbf;iffis vLj;jhu;. ,j;jifa mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffs;

fhq;fpurpd; kf;fs; nry;thf;if mjpfupf;fNt nra;jd. vspa

cil mzpe;J ehl;L tpLjiyf;fhf fhq;fpu];fhuu;fs; Nghuhbf;

nfhz;bUf;ifapy; ePjpf;fl;rp Kjyikr;rUk;> gpw mikr;ru;fSk;

mjpf Cjpak; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L Mlk;gukhf tho;e;jij kf;fs;

ntWg;NghL ghu;j;jdu;; gj;jpupiffs; fz;bj;jd. RUq;ff;$wpd;>

nghg;gpyp muru; mlf;FKiwia tpijj;J kf;fspd; ntWg;ig

mWtil nra;jhu;. ePjpf;fl;rp kPz;Lk; jiyJ}f;f Kbahj

msTf;F 1934 rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ; fhq;fpu];

ntw;wp ngw;W Ml;rpiag; gpbj;jJ. mjd;gpd; vjpu;f;fl;rpahf

nray;gl;L te;j ePjpf;fl;rp 1938 brk;gu; 29 Mk; NjjpapypUe;J

1944 Mf];L 27 Mk; Njjp tiu ngupahupd; jiyikapd; fPo;

nray;gl;lJ. ngupahu; jdpahfj; jpuhtplu; fofj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;j

gpd;du; (1944) ePjpf;fl;rp gp.,uhkr;re;jpu nul;bapd; jiyikapd;

fPOk; (1944-1945)> gp.b. ,uh[d; jiyikapYk; (1945-1957)

ngausTf;F ePbj;jJ. mjd;gpd; ePjpf;fl;rp jkpo;ehl;L murpay;

thdpypUe;J kiwe;Jtpl;lJ.

ePjpf;fl;rp gpuhkzu; vjpu;g;G mikg;gh? ePjpf;fl;rpapd;

gpuhkzu; nfhs;if Jtf;fj;jpypUe;Nj njsptpy;yhky; ,Ue;jJ.

lhf;lu; b.vk;.ehau; kl;LNk Mjpfhy Mupau;fs; 'J}q;Fk;NghJ

Eioe;j jpUlu;fisg; Nghd;wtu;fs;' vd;Wk;> mtu;fSila

thupRfNs gpuhkzu;fs; vd;Wk;> Mupau; fsKk; jpuhtplu; fsKk;

,UNtW ,dq;fs; vd;Wk; gfpuq;fkhfg; Ngrpdhu;. nghJthf

ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytu;fs; murhq;fg; gjtpfspy; gpuhkzu;

Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;jhu;fNsad;wp gpuhkzu;fis tpNuhjpj;Jf;

nfhs;stpy;iy.

ePjpf;fl;rp Jtf;fg;gl;l NghJ fl;rpf; $l;lq;fspy;

gpuhkzu;fs; ghu;itahsu;fshf mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. 1926 Nju;jy;

Njhy;tpf;Fg; gpwF gpuhkzu;fspd; Mjuitg; ngWtjw;fhd Kaw;rp

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 1929 mf;Nlhgu; khjk; $ba ePjpf;fl;rpapd;

nraw;FOf; $l;lj;jpy; ,jw;fhf epiwNtw;wg;gl;l jPu;khdk; gpd;du;

ney;Y}upy; $ba 11tJ fl;rp khehl;by; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

KDrhkp ehAL> ghl;Nuh Nghd;w ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytu;fs;

309

,j;jPu;khdj;Jf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;jdu;. Mdhy; ngupahu; <.nt.uh>

Mu;.Nf.rz;Kfk; nrl;bahu; Nghd;Nwhu; ,g;Nghf;iff; fLikahf

vjpu;j;jdu;. 1930fspy; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; nry;thf;F rupe;jNghJ 1934

Mf];L khjk; ePjpf;fl;rp mjd; fjTfisg; gpuhkzu;fSf;Fj;

jpwe;Jtpl;lJ. ngupahu; <.nt.uh. mf;fl;rpf;F mspj;J te;j

Mjuit tpyf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;.

ePjpf;fl;rp midj;J gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; eyd;fisAk;

ghJfhf;Fk; vd;w Nju;jy; thf;FWjpAld; Ml;rpf;F te;jJ (1920).

Mjpjpuhtplu;fSk;> K];yPk;fSk; gpw rpWghd;ik tFg;gpdUk;

me;j thf;FWjpia ek;gpdu;; ePjpf;fl;rpia Mu;tj;Jld; Mjupj;jdu;.

Mdhy; Ml;rpf;F te;j rpy Mz;LfSf;Fs;shfNt ePjpf;fl;rp

nrl;bahu;> Kjypahu;> ehAL> gps;is Nghd;w cau; rhjpapdupd;

Nfhl;il vd;w vz;zk; rpWghd;ikapdupilNa vOe;jJ. rl;lkd;w

cWg;gpdu; mg;gh mypfhd; xU K];yPKf;Ff;$l mikr;ruitapy;

,lk; jutpy;iy vd;W ntspg;gilahff; Fw;wk; rhl;bdhu; (1923).

lhf;lu; b.vk;.ehau; ,we;jgpd; Mjp jpuhtplu;fspd; eyd;

Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ. 'Gspae;Njhg;G epfo;r;rpfs;' vd;W

miof;fg;gl;l gp md;L rp kpy; NtiyepWj;jk; (B and C Mill Strike)

gpuhkzuy;yhj cau; tFg;ghUf;Fk; Mjp jpuhtplu;fSf;FkpilNa

ngUk; gpsit Vw;gLj;jptpl;lJ. RUq;ff;$wpd;> nrd;id

,uh[jhdpapypUe;j rpWghd;ikapdu; kiyia vjpu;ghu;j;J kiy

vypiaf;$l ngwtpy;iy.

ePjpf;fl;rp gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; MjuTld;

gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; eyd;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l

gpuhe;jpa murpay; mikg;ghFk;. Jtf;fj;jpypUe;Nj ePjpf;fl;rpapdu;

gpupl;b\; murhq;f tpRthrpfs; vd;gij ntspg;gilahfNt $wp

te;jdu;. mtu;fs; md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahupd; Rahl;rp

,af;fj;ijAk;> fhe;jpapd; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ijAk; vjpu;f;fj;

jaq;ftpy;iy. ePjpf;fl;rp [hypad; thyhghj; gLnfhiyiaf;$l

fz;bf;ftpy;iy vd;w Fw;wr;rhl;L vOe;jJ. ePjpf;fl;rpapdu;

Njrpathjpfsh? my;yJ Njr tpNuhjpfsh? vd;w tpdh

tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ePjpf;fl;rpapdu; Njr tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l

ePNuhl;lj;jpypUe;J tpyfpr; nrd;W me;epa murhq;f MjuTld;

tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jtf; nfhs;ifia epiwNtw;WtjpNyNa

Fwpahf ,Ue;jdu;. me;j Nehf;fk; epiwNtwpa gpd; ePjpf;fl;rp

rupTg; ghijapy; gazpf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. ePjpf;fl;rpapdu;

gpuhe;jpathjpfNsad;wp Njrpathjpfs; my;yu;.


ePjpf;fl;rpapd; vOr;rp jw;fhyj; jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;wpd;

jpUg;GKid epfo;r;rpahFk;. nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapd;

310

gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; rhu;ghfj; Jtf;fg;gl;l Kjy; murpay; mikg;G

ePjpf;fl;rp jhd;. ,f;fl;rpapd; rhjidfs; tUkhW: 1) ePjpf;fl;rp

Fuy; ,y;yhjpUe;j gpuhkzuy;yhjhupd; Fuyhf xypj;jJ.

,f;fl;rpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; gpuhkzuy;yhNjhu; gpufldj;jpd; %yk;

njspthf;fg; gl;lJ. fl;rpg; gj;jpupiffs; %yk; ,f;Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

kf;fspilNa gpur;rhuk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. 2) ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rl;lr;

rhjidfspy; Kjy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ tFg;Gthup

gpujpepjpj;Jt murhq;f MizahFk;. ,e;j Mizapd;

mbg;gilapy; jhd; gpw;fhy ,l xJf;fPl;Lf; nfhs;iffs;

tFf;fg;gl;ld. 3) ,e;J kj mwf;fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,e;J

Nfhapy;fis murhq;fj;jpd; Neub epu;thfj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L te;j

Gul;rpfukhd rPu;jpUj;jkhFk;. 4) ngz;fSf;F thf;Fupik

toq;fpaJ ngz;Zupik toq;fg;gl;ljw;fhd Kjy; Kd;Ndw;w

eltbf;ifahFk;. 5) nrd;id khefuhl;rp Jtf;fpa ,ytr

czTj; jpl;lj;Jf;F rl;l mq;fPfhuk; mspj;jJ. gpd;du; te;j

murhq;fq;fs; tpupTgLj;jpa gs;sp kjpa czTj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd

mbj;jskhFk;. 6) gQ;rku;fs; vd;W xJf;fp itf;fg;gl;bUe;j

jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F Mjp jpuhtplu; vd;W ngaupl;L rKjha

mq;fPfhuk; mspj;jJ ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Jzpr;ry; kpf;f r%f

rPu;jpUj;jr; nrayhFk;. 7) cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs; rl;lj;jpd; %yk;

jkpo; ehl;bd; ghuk;gupa Gy;ypjo; [dehaf mikg;GfSf;F

Gj;Japu; Cl;lg;gl;lJ. ,e;j epWtdq;fSf;F mjpfhuk; gfpu;e;J

mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Kaw;rp njhiyNehf;Fld;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ghuhl;Lf;Fupa GJtopahFk;. 8) jho;j;jg;gl;l

kf;fs; nrhe;j tPL fl;bf; nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gl;lh kidfs;

toq;Fk; jpl;lj;ij ePjpf;fl;rp mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. 9) khepyj;jpd;

nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp njhopy;kakhtjpy;jhd; cs;sJ vd;gij

ed;Fzu;e;j ePjpf;fl;rp nrd;id khepy njhopw;rhiyfSf;F

cjtr; rl;l (Madras State Aid to Industries> 1922)j;ij

epiwNtw;wpaJ. ,J njhiyNehf;Fila nghUshjhuj; jpl;lkhFk;.

10) ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Jtf;ffhy eltbf;iffspd; tpisthf khepy

kf;fspilNa> Fwpg;ghf jho;j;jg;gl;l> gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l kf;fspilNa

jd;khd czu;Tk;> cupik Ntl;ifAk;> tho;f;ifapy; cau

Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zKk; Ntu;tpl;L tsuyhapw;W.

ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rpapd; fPo; nrd;id tuyhW fhzhj tsu;r;rp

mile;jJ. nrd;id efuj; jpl;l rl;lk; (Madras Town Planning Act>

1920) nray;gLj;jg; gl;ljd; tpisthf gy FbapUg;Gf; fhydpfs;

cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ePz;l Eq;fk;ghf;fk; ePu;epiy mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

ku;kyhd; fpuhkk;> khk;gyk; Mapw;W; jpahfuha efu; vd;w ngau;

ngw;wJ. nrd;id efupd; ikag;gFjpapy; gdfy; G+q;fh

Gd;difj;jJ. c];khd; NuhL> `gpGy;yh NuhL> jzpfhryk; NuhL>

eNlrd; G+q;fh> ghz;b grhu; Nghd;wit etehfupf

311

milahsq;fshapd. kUj;Jtg; gbg;Gf;fhf ,e;jpa kUj;Jtg;

gs;sp (Indian School of Medicine) Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. rptQhdk;

gps;isf; FOtpd; (1926 khu;r; 22) gupe;Jiuapd; Ngupy;jhd; gpd;du;

mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ (1929).

jkpo; ehl;by; ,ul;il Ml;rpf; fhyk; (Dyarchy)

KOtijAk; ePjpf;fl;rp Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,ul;il

Ml;rpapd; fPo; epu;thfg; nghWg;Gfs; ,U $Wfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;ld:

1) gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;l Jiwfs; (Transferred Subjects); 2)

xJf;fg;gl;l Jiwfs; (Reserved Subjects). fy;tp> nghJg; gzpfs;>

tptrhak;> cs;shl;rp> nghJ Rfhjhuk;> kUj;Jt epu;thfk;> njhopy;

fy;tptsu;r;rp-Muha;r;rp Nghd;w Jiwfs; gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;l

JiwfshFk;. mNjNghd;W> fhty;> ePjp epu;thfk;> epy tUtha;>

rpiwfs;> njhopy; jfuhWfisj; jPu;j;jy; Nghd;wit xJf;fg;gl;l

JiwfshFk;. ePjpf;fl;rp gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;l Jiwfspy;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rhjidfisr; nra;jJ.

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; epiyahd murhq;fj;ij

(Stable Government) mikj;Jr; nray;gl;lJ. mjd; tpisthf rpy

MNuhf;fpakhd [dehaf tof;fhWfs; (Democratic Conventions)

gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld: 1) kf;fs; eyk; rk;ke;jg;gl;l Jiwfis

epu;tfpf;Fk; mDgtk; fpilj;jJ; 2) MSeu; rl;lkd;wj;jpy;

ngUk;ghd;ik gyk; ngw;w fl;rpapd; jiytiu murhq;fk; mikf;f

miof;Fk; tof;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. 3) mikr;ruitapd; $l;Lg; nghWg;G

(Collective Responsibility)> mikr;ruit rl;l rigf;Fg;

nghWg;ghdJ Nghd;w gpupl;b\; eilKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld. 4)

rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; midtUk;-Rauh[;af; fl;rpapdu; cl;gl-

rl;l rigapd; KbTf;Ff; fl;Lg;gly; vd;w tof;fk; eilKiwf;F

te;jJ. 5) MSk; fl;rp-vjpu;f;fl;rp njhlu;G [dehaf murpay;

gz;Gf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F Kd;khjpupahf

mike;jJ. 6) fl;rpf; nfhwlh (Party Whip) rl;lkd;wj;Jf;Fs;

fl;rpf; fl;Lg;ghl;il epiyehl;Lk; gof;fk; tof;fj;Jf;F te;jJ.

,e;jpa murpay; r%ftpaiy (Political Sociology) Mo;e;J Ma;T

nra;j Mu;.gh];fud; gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapy;

kl;LNk ,ul;il Ml;rp ntw;wpfukhf nray;gl;lJ vd;W $Wfpwhu;.

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Fiwfs;

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; FiwghLfs; fl;rpapd; gytPdq;fspd;

ntspg;ghLfNs ad;wp Ntupy;iy. mf;Fiwfs; tUkhW: 1)

ePjpf;fl;rp xw;iwf; Fwpf;Nfhs; fl;rpahf nray;gl;L

Njf;fkile;jJ. tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jt rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l

gpd; ePjpf;fl;rp jd;idg; GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;sj; jtwptpl;lJ. mjd;

fhuzkhf mf;fl;rp ce;J rf;jpia ,oe;jJ. 2) murhq;fj;ij

312

ve;j tFg;ghu; mikf;fpd;whu;fNsh me;j tFg;G eyDf;fhfNt

ghLgLtu; vd;w murpay; mwptpay; tpjpf;Nfw;g ePjpf;fl;rp

Ml;rpahsu;fs; cau; tFg;ghupd; cau;Tf;fhf kl;LNk Kd;Dupik

nfhLj;jjhy; kf;fspd; kjpg;igAk;> MjuitAk; ,oe;jdu;. 3)

ePjpf;fl;rpaplkpUe;J epiwa vjpu;ghu;j;j rpWghd;ikapdu;> Fwpg;ghf

jho;j;jg;gl;l Mjpjpuhtplu;fs; ngUj;j Vkhw;wkile;jdu;. mf;fl;rp

ek;gfj;jd;ikia ,oe;jJ. 4) mjpfhu MirAk;> gjtpg; gpj;Jk;

ePjpf;fl;rpf;Fs; Nfh\;bg; G+ry;fisAk;> Nghuhl;lq;fisAk;

jPtpug;gLj;jptpl;ld. cl;fl;rpg; G+ry;fNs ePjpf;fl;rpapd; tPo;r;rpf;F

toptFj;jJ. 5) ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytu;fspd; Mlk;gu tho;f;if

Kiw mf;fl;rpia kf;fsplkpUe;J me;epag;gLj;jptpl;lJ. 6)

Kjyikr;ruhapUe;j nghg;gpyp muru; jdJ aNjr;rhjpfhu

jd;Kidg; ghl;rpahy; ePjpf;fl;rpia kPz;Lk; jiyJ}f;f Kbahky;

nra;Jtpl;lhu;! RUq;ff;$wpd; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; FiwghLfs;

mf;fl;rpapd; FiwghLfNsahFk;. tpbnts;spahfj; Njhd;wpa

ePjpf;fl;rp vupel;rj;jpukhf vupe;J kiwe;jJ.

kjpg;gPL

ePjpf;fl;rp gpuhkzuy;yhjhUf;F Mjuthfj; Jtf;fg;gl;l

mikg;Ngad;wp gpuhkzu;fSf;F vjpuhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l fl;rp

my;y. ePjpf;fl;rp gpuhkzu;fSf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ

epahakw;w Fw;wr;rhl;lhFk;. Vnddpy;> ePjpf;fl;rpapd; tFg;Gthup

gpujpepjpj;Jt rl;lk; gpuhkzu;fspd; murhq;f Ntiy tha;g;ig

ntFthff; Fiwj;J tpl;lJ; mjd; fhuzkhf jkpo; ehl;by;

gpuhkzu; Mjpf;fk; Fiwayhapw;W. ePjpf;fl;rp nfhz;L te;j

khw;wj;jhy; jkpo;ehL fhq;fpuRk; mjpf mstpy; gpuhkzuy;yhjhiu

cWg;gpdu;fshfTk;> nghWg;ghsu;fshfTk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;s

Ntz;ba fl;lhak; Vw;gl;lJ.

Nju;jy; Njhy;tpia re;jpf;f tpUk;ghj ePjpf;fl;rp

gpuhkzu;fis fl;rp cWg;gpdu;fshfr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;lJ

re;ju;g;gthj murpayhFk;. ePjpf;fl;rp tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jtf;

nfhs;ifia nray;gLj;jpaJ gpuhkzuy;yhjhupd; thf;Ffisg;

ngWtjw;fhfj;jhd; vd;W Fiw $wpdhu; fk;A+dpl; jiytu; gp.

,uhk%u;j;jp. nghUshjhu neUf;fbapy; tptrhapfs; rpf;fpj;

jtpj;jNghJ epyj;jPu;it ,uj;J nra;ahjJ nghUshjhuj;

jtwhFk;. mNjNghd;W> ePjpf;fl;rp rpy gpuhkzuy;yhj

r%fj;jpdiuf; Fw;wthspfshff; fUjpa Fw;wg; goq;Fbapdu; rl;l

(Criminal Tribe Act)j;ij ePf;fhjJ rKjhaj; jtwhFk;.

ePjpf;fl;rpapdu; Jtf;f fhyj;jpy; me;epa Mjpf;f murhq;f

Mjuthsu;fshf> tpRthrpfshf ,Ue;jdu; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

vdpDk; tpiutpNyNa mtu;fs; Njrpa RNjrpg; nghUshjhuj;

jpl;lj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;L mjw;fhd jPu;khdj;ij 1925,y;

313

eilngw;w Mz;L khehl;by; epiwNtw;wpdu;. ePjpf;fl;rp

murpayikg;gpy; Rtuh[;' vd;w nrhy; ,lk; ngw;wJ. ePjpf;fl;rpapd;

ehd;fhtJ Mz;Lf; $l;lj;jpy; [hypad;thyhghf; gLnfhiyf;Ff;

fz;ldk; njuptpj;jNjhL mjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jtu;fs;

jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;>

ePjpf;fl;rp Njrpaj;ij (Nationalism)tpl gpuhe;jpaj;Jf;Nf

(Regionalism) mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jJ. gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapy;

ek;gpf;ifAila ePjpf;fl;rp jpuhtplu; ,af;fj;jpd; murpay;

fpisahf ,Ue;jjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; rp.Rg;gpukzpak;.

RUq;ff;$wpd;> ePjpf;fl;rpapd; vOr;rp jw;fhyj; jkpo;ehl;L murpay;

tuyhw;iwj; jpirjpUg;gpa epfo;r;rpahFk;.


9.tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jt nfhs;ifia ntw;wpfukhf

nray;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd tpjpKiw (Formula) tFj;Jf;

nfhLj;jtu; ahu;?

10. 1922 brk;gu; 18 Mk; Njjp rl;lkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l

,e;J mwepiya kNrhjhit ve;j Mz;L epiwNtw;wpdu;?



<NuhL ntq;fl ,uhkrhkp (<.nt.uh) 1879 nrg;lk;gu; 17 Mk;

Njjp <Nuhl;by; kz;b ntq;fl;lg;g ehaf;fu; rpd;dj;jhak;ik

MfpNahUf;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; nry;tKk; nry;thf;Fkpf;f

fu;ehlf gyp[thu; tFg;igr; Nru;e;jtu;. ,uhkrhkp jpz;izg;

gs;spapYk;> Jtf;fg; gs;spapYk; gbj;jhu;. 12tJ tajpNyNa

gs;spg; gbg;ig epWj;jptpl;L> ntq;fl;lg;g ehaf;fu; kz;bf;fil

tpahghuj;ijg; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. 19 MtJ tajpy; Nryk;

ehjk;gl;biar; Nru;e;j 13 taJ ehfk;ikiaj; jpUkzk; nra;J

nfhz;lhu; (1898). 25 Mk; tajpy; tPl;iltpl;L ntspNawp> fhrp>

fy;fj;jh Kjyhd ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;Wtpl;L kPz;Lk; <Nuhl;Lf;Nf

te;J '<.nt. ,uhkrhkp ehaf;fu; kz;b' tpahghupahdhu; (1904).

tpahghupahf ,Ue;j NghNj fhq;fpu]; ,af;fj;jpy; Mu;tk;

nfhz;lhu;. fhq;fpu]; khehLfspy; fye;J nfhz;lhu;. mNjrkak;

<NuhL efu; kd;wj; jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. gpd;du; efu; kd;wj;

jiytu; gjtpiaAk;> gy fTutg; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; tpl;Ltpl;L

fhq;fpu]; cWg;gpduhfp ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jPtpug;

gq;Nfw;whu; (1919).

314

fhq;fpu]; Nghuhsp

fhq;fpu]; ,af;fj;jpy; jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhz;l <.nt.

,uhkrhkp ehaf;fu; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;Jf;F KO

xj;Jiog;igf; nfhLj;jhu;. ney;iy fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy;

tFg;Gupikj; jPu;khdj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jhu;. <Nuhl;by; fs;Sf;fil

kwpaiyj; jiyik jhq;fp elj;jpdhu;. fhe;jpapd; epu;khdj;

jpl;lj;ij rpuNkw;nfhz;L eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhu;. jhjk;gl;bapy;

mtUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd njd;de;Njhg;gpy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd njd;id

kuq;fis ntl;br; rha;j;jhu;. tPjp tPjpahfr; nrd;W jPtpuf; fju;

gpur;rhuk; nra;jhu;. jQ;rhT+u; fhq;fpurpy; kPz;Lk; tFg;Gupikj;

jPu;khdj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jhu; (1921). fs;Sf;fil kwpaypy;

<Lgl;ljw;fhf rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu; (1922).

<.nt.,uhkrhkp ehaf;fu; 1923 Mk; Mz;L jkpo;ehL

fhq;fpu]; jiytuhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. jkpo; ehl;by; Kjy;

Kjyhf fhq;fpu]; jiyikg; nghWg;Ngw;w gpuhkzuy;yhjtu;

,tu;jhd;. mg;gbAk; t.Nt.R.Iau; ,tUf;F vjpuhf

ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPu;khdk; nfhz;L te;jhu;. (tpLjiy> 1960>

[dtup 6). 'jl;rpz fhe;jp' vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,uh[h[pAld;

ngupahu; nghs;shr;rpf;F te;jjhf (1925)f; Fwpg;gl;Ls;shu;

rp.Rg;gpukzpak;. fhq;fpu]; fkpl;bj; jiytuhd gpd;dUk;

tFg;Gupik Nfhupf;ifiaf; iftpltpy;iy. <.nt.uh 1924 Mk;

Mz;by; %d;W Kf;fpa eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;: 1)

Nfushtpy; itf;fk; kfhNjtu; Nfhtpy; Kd; jPz;lhik xopg;Gr;

rj;jpahfpufj;jpy; gq;Nfw;W> ,UKiw rpiw nrd;W> Nghuhl;lj;jpy;

ntw;wp ngw;W itf;fk; tPuu;' vd;W ghuhl;lg;gl;lhu;; 2)

jpUtz;zhkiy fhq;fpurpy; tFg;Gupikj; jPu;khdj;ij

Kd;nkhope;J czu;r;rp ciuahw;wpdhu;; 3) Nrud;kfhNjtp

FUFyj;jpy; jho;j;jg;gl;l khztu;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gl;l mePjpia

td;ikahff; fz;bj;jhu;. ,tw;NwhL ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rpapd;

mwepiyag; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;ij Mjupj;jhu;. <.nt. ,uhkrhkp

ehaf;fu; 1925 etk;gu; 25 Mk; Njjp eilngw;w fhQ;rpGuk;

fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; ,Wjpahf tFg;Gupikj; jPu;khdj;ij

Kd;nkhope;jhu;. mj;jPu;khdk; Vw;fg;glhikahy; mtUk; mtuJ

Mjuthsu;fSk; fhq;fpuir tpl;L ntspNawpdu;. ntspNawpa

gpd;dUk; mtu; fhq;fpuir xU tFg;Gthj rig'ahfNt fUjpdhu;.

19.1.3 Rakupahij rkju;kk;> 1925-1938 fahtJ Nghahq;fhd

‘jkpo;ehl;L &Nrh' gg;g fhq;fpuir tpl;L ntspNawpa <.nt.uhkrhkp ehaf;fu; gy rKjha rPu;jpUj;jg; gupNrhjidfspy; <Lgl;lhu;.

fhq;fpurpd; ,e;jpf; nfhs;if'iaf; fz;bj;J vOjpdhu;. 1926

brk;gu; khjk; kJiuapy; gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; Kjy; khepy

khehl;ilf; $l;b gpw;gl;Nlhu;> gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhupd; gpur;ridfs;

gw;wpg; Ngrpdhu;. fhe;jpapd; epu;khzj; jpl;lj;ij epuhfupj;jhu;.

315

fhe;jpahiu ngq;fShupy; re;jpj;J gpuhkz vjpu;g;Gf; nfhs;ifiag;

gw;wp tpthjpj;jhu; (1927). ehif njhopyhsu; fpsu;r;rpapy; gq;Nfw;W

rpiw nrd;whu;. irkd; fkp\id tuNtw;whu;. jpUf;Fws;> Gj;ju;

nfhs;iffisg; gug;gpdhu;. jd; ngaUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ,Ue;j

'ehaf;fu;' rhjpg; gl;lj;ij tpyf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;. ru;.V. ,uhkrhkp

Kjypahu; <.nt.,uhkrhkpia jkpo; ehl;bd; &Nrh' vd;W mioj;J

ngUikg;gLj;jpdhu; (1927 [_iy). 1928 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J

fhe;jpia 'kfhj;kh' vd;W miog;gij epWj;jptpl;lhu;. mNjNghd;W

fhe;jpapd; ,e;J kjk; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijAk;> Mjp

jpuhtplu;fSf;nfd jdpf; Nfhapy;fs; Ntz;Lk;> fyg;Gj;

jpUkzq;fSk;> rkge;jp tpUe;Jk; jdpg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; vd;w

fUj;Jf;fis ngupahu; Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy.

ngupahu; <.nt. ,uh

<.nt.,uhkrhkp vd;W ngaiu kl;Lk; Nghl;Lf; nfhs;tJ

kupahijahf ,Uf;fhJ vd;W fUjpa ehfu;Nfhtpy; tof;FiuQu;

gp.rpjk;guk; gps;is Kjy; Kjyhf <.nt. ,uh.ngupahu; vd;W

mioj;jhu; (1927). mjpypUe;J <.nt.,uh.ngupahu; vd;w ngau;

gpugykhapw;W. 1929 gpg;utup 17-18 Njjpfspy; nrq;fy;gl;by;

KjyhtJ nrd;id khfhz Rakupahij khehl;ilf; $l;b

Kiwg;gb Rakupahij ,af;fj;ijj; Jtf;fpdhu;. kidtp

ehfk;ikAld; kNyrpa ehl;by; Rw;Wg; gazk; nra;J

Rakupahijg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhu;. mg;gazj;jpd; NghJjhd; ngupahu;

jhb tsu;f;fj; njhlq;fpdhu;.

rkju;kthjp

kNyrpahtpypUe;J jpUk;gpa ngupahu; <.nt.,uh gy

gFj;jwpthsu; rq;fq;fisj; Jtf;fpdhu;. ,uz;lhtJ Rakupahij

khehl;il <Nuhl;bYk; (1930)> %d;whtJ khehl;il tpUJefupYk;

(1931) elj;jpdhu;. 1932 Mk; Mz;L gy INuhg;gpa ehLfspy;

Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;Jtpl;L te;j ngupahu; rkju;kthjpahdhu;.

rkju;kg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jjw;fhfg; ngupahu; jz;bf;fg;gl;L rpiw

jz;lid ngw;whu; (1933). ngupahu; jahupj;j rkju;k Ntiyj;

jpl;lj;ij ePjpf;fl;rp Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljhy; mf;fl;rpapd;

Mjuthsuhdhu; (1935). gFj;jwpT vd;w ehNsl;ilj; Jtf;fpdhu;.

1937 ,y; eilngw;w rl;lrigj; Nju;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rpf;fhf gpur;rhuk;

nra;jhu;. ,Ug;gpDk; ePjpf;fl;rp gLNjhy;tp mile;jJ. ,j;Nju;jypy;

fhq;fpu]; kfj;jhd ntw;wp ngw;W ,uh[h[p nrd;id

,uh[jhdpapd; Kjyikr;rhuhdhu;. mtu; gs;spfspy;

mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ,e;jpia vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhb rpiw nrd;whu;

ngupahu; (1938). ngupahu; ngy;yhup rpiwapy; ,Ue;jNghJjhd;

ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytuhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. jkpo;ehl;Lg; ngz;fs;

316

khehL <.nt.,uhit vg;NghJk; ngupahu; vd;Nw Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;

vd;W mwptpj;jJ.

ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytu;> 1938-1944

ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytuhd ngupahu; mf;fl;rpia xU rKjha

rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fkhf cUkhw;wk; nra;tjpy; Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;lhu;.

rpiwapypUe;J jpUk;gpa ngupahu; 'jpuhtpl ehL' Nfhupf;ifia

vOg;gpdhu;. jpuhtpl ehl;il ,yl;rpakhff; nfhz;L mjw;fhd

gpur;rhuj;ijj; Jtf;fpdhu;. ru;. ];lhNghu;L fpupg;ir (Sir Staford

Gripps) re;jpj;J 'jpuhtpl ehL gpuptpid' gw;wpg; Ngrpdhu; (1939).

1940 [dtup 8 Mk; Njjp KfkJ myp [pd;dhit gk;ghapy;

mtuJ ,y;yj;jpy; re;jpj;J jdpehL Nfhupf;iff;F mtuJ

Mjuitf; Nfhupdhu;. me;j ciuahlypd; NghJ lhf;lu;

gp.Mu;.mk;Ngj;fhUk; cldpUe;jhu;. jpUth&u; khehl;by; jpuhtpl ehL

Nfhupf;ifia tpsf;fpg; Ngrpdhu; (1940 Vg;uy;). ,uh[h[p Neupy;

Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;Jk; ngupahu; mikr;ru; gjtpia Vw;f

kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. gpuhkzu; kw;Wk; ,e;jpf;fhu tlehl;ltuplkpUe;J

jkpo;ehl;L kf;fisf; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhfNt jdpehL NfhUtjhff;

$wpdhu;. Mdhy; mg;NghJ ngupahUf;F jpuhtpl ehL gw;wpa

njsptpy;iy. xUgf;fk; jkpo;ehL jkpoUf;Nf' vd;W Kof;fkpl;lhu;.

me;j thrfj;ij xt;nthU jkpoDk; ifapy; gr;ir Fj;jpf;

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;. mNj rkak; jpuhtpl gpuptpid gw;wpAk;

gpur;rhuk; nra;jhu;. gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; vd;w ngaupy; nray;gl;Lte;j

mikg;Gfisg; gbg;gbahf jpuhtplu; fofk; vd;W ngau; khw;wk;

nra;J te;jhu; (1941). mikr;ruit mikf;Fk; tha;g;G te;Jk;

mijg; ngupahu; epuhfupj;Jtpl;lhu; (1942). jpuhtplg; gpuptpidg;

gpur;rhuj;jpy; jd;id KOtJkhf <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu; ngupahu;.

1944 Mf];L 27 Mk; Njjp Nryj;jpy; ngupahu; ePjpf;fl;rp vd;w

ngaiu jpuhtplu; fofk; vd;W mjpfhug;G+u;tkhf mwptpj;jhu;.

jpuhtplu; fofj; jiytu;> 1944-1973

ePjpf;fl;rpia jpuhtplu; fofkhf khw;wpagpd; ngupahu; juhR

rpd;dk; nghwpj;j ePjpf;fl;rpapd; nfhbia fUg;Gg; gpd;dzpapy;

rptg;G tl;lk; nfhz;l nfhbahf khw;wpdhu;. jdpf; nfhbAld;

jpUr;rp jpuhtplu; fof khepy khehl;by; fUQ;rl;ilj; njhz;lu;

gil vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fpdhu; (1945 nrg;lk;gu; 29-30).

mjd;gpd; kJiuapy; fUQ;rl;ilg; gil khehL elj;jg;gl;lJ (1946

Nk 11). jpuhtplu; foff; nfhb Kiwahf Vw;fg;gl;lJ.

,af;fk; ,uz;Lgl;lJ

,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;fhf

mikf;fg;gl;l murpay; epu;za rigapd; mikg;G Kiwia

vjpu;j;jhu; ngupahu; (1946). 1947 Mf];L 15 Mk; Njjp ehL

KOtJk; Rje;jpu ehshff; nfhz;lhba NghJ ngupahu; me;j

317

ehis 'jpuhtplUf;F Jf;f ehs;' vd;W mwptpj;jhu;. tlehl;ltu;

jkpo;ehl;L MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gLtij vjpu;j;jhu;. flY}upy;

jpuhtplu; khehL $l;b ehl;Lg; gpuptpidg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhu;. ,e;jp

vjpu;g;Gf; nfhs;ifia jPtpug;gLj;jpdhu;. nrd;idf;F te;j

,uh[h[pf;F vjpuhf Mu;g;gl;lk; nra;jjw;fhf rpiw jz;lid

ngw;whu; (1948). %j;j fofj; jiytu;fs; kPJ ek;gpf;ifapd;wp

jpuhtplu; fofg; ghJfhg;G fUjp 1949 [_iy 9 Mk; Njjp ngupahu;

kzpak;ikiaj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhu;. ngupahupd;

aNjr;rhjpfhu ru;thjpfhug; Nghf;if vjpu;j;J rp.vd;.mz;zhJiuAk;

mtuJ Mjuthsu;fSk; jpuhtplu; fofj;ij tpl;Lg; gpupe;J nrd;W

jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk; vd;w ngaupy; jdpf;fl;rpiaj;

Jtf;fpdu;. mjd;gpd; jpuhtplu; fofj;J jiytu; ngupahu; gy

Nghuhl;lq;fis elj;jp 1973 brk;gu; 24 Mk; Njjp fhiy 94

tajpy; ,aw;if va;jpdhu;.

Rakupahij ,af;fk;> 1925-1935

ngupahu; <.nt.,uhkrhkp Rakupahij ,af;fj;ijj;

Jtf;Ftjw;F Kd;dhy; ntspehLfspy; Rakupahijf;

nfhs;iffSf;fhf mikf;fg;gl;L nray;gl;L te;j ,af;fq;fisg;

gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;lhu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ,yz;ld; gFj;jwpthsu;

rq;fk; (RDA)> mnkupf;f Rje;jpu rpe;jidahsu; rq;fk; (Free

Thinkers' Association)> ,u\;a flTs; vjpu;g;G rq;fk; (Anti-God

Society)> rPd thypg rPdu;fs; (Young Chinese) Mfpatw;iwg;

ngupahu; Kd;khjpup ,af;fq;fshff; fUjpdhu;. ,tw;Ws; ,u\;a

rq;fk; murhq;fj;jhy; Mjupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,itad;wp

Mg;fhdp];jhdj;jpYk;> JUf;fpapYk; Rakupahijg; gpur;rhuq;fs;

eilngw;W te;jd. ,r;rq;fq;fspd; nray;ghLfs; ngupahUf;F

ce;J rf;jpfshf ,Ue;jd.

Rakupahij-tpsf;fk;

ngupahu; <.nt.,uhkrhkp Rakupahijia capUf;F xg;ghff;

fUjpdhu;. 'Rakupahijaw;wtidg; gpznkd;Wjhd; nrhy;y

Ntz;Lk;' vd;whu;. Rakupahij ,y;yhjtu;fSf;F ,e;jpah me;epa

Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy miltjhy; ve;jg; gaDkpy;iy vd;W

fUjpdhu; <.nt.,uh. mtUila Nehf;fpy; Rakupahij vd;gJ

rkj;Jtk;> rk cupik> rk tha;g;G> rpf;fdk;> md;G> ,uf;fk;>

xOf;fk; Mfpatw;iwAk;; FUl;L ek;gpf;if> %lg;

gof;ftof;fq;fs;> jPz;lhik> ngz; mbik xopg;G> vspNahiu

typNahu; mlf;fp Mshik> gbj;jtu;fs; gbf;fhky; ,Ug;Nghiu

Vkhw;whky; ,Uj;jy;> gFj;jwpT tsu;r;rp ngwy;> jd; Kaw;rpf;F

Cf;fkspj;jy; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpajhFk;. RUq;ff;$wpd;>

Rarpe;jidAk;> Ra rhu;GilikAk; Rakupahijapd; ,U

fz;fshdhy; gFj;jwpTk; jd;khdKk; ,U fhy;fshFk;.

318

ePjpf;fl;rpapy; Vd; Nrutpy;iy?

ePjpf;fl;rp gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; midtuJ r%f

rkj;Jtj;ijAk;> cupikfisAk;> rktha;g;igAk; mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. mf;fl;rp vjpu;g;GfSf;fpilNa vjw;Fk;

mQ;rhky;> cWjpAld; ,Ue;J rthy;fis rkhspj;J>

mt;tpaf;fj;ij mopatplhky; fhg;ghw;wp> kf;fspilNa

Rakupahij czu;r;rpia Cl;b te;jhu;fs; vd;gij ngupahu;

<.nt.,uh Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. Mdhy; mf;fl;rp gpuhkzu;fis

cWg;gpdu;fshf Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;tJ vd;w Kbit Njd; $l;by;

neUg;G itf;fg;gl;lJ Nghd;wJ' vd;Wk; ,e;j ‘,af;fk; nrj;J> ghu;g;gd Mjpf;fj;jpw;F kw;nwhU rhjdkha; khwptpLk;' vd;Wk;

mQ;rpa ngupahu; <.nt.,uh. mf;fl;rpapy; Nrutpy;iy; Mdhy;

mf;fl;rpia Mjupj;jhu;. vdpDk; ePjpf;fl;rpia 'cj;jpNahf

Ntl;ilf; fl;rp'ahfNt fUjpdhu;. vdNt ngupahu; Rakupahij

,af;fj;ijj; Jtf;fp mjd; jdpj;jd;ikia epiy ehl;Ltjpy;

Fwpahf ,Ue;jhu;. Mq;fpyk; njupe;j kf;fspilNa Rakupahijf;

nfhs;ifiag; gug;Gtjw;fhf upNthy;l; (Revolt) vd;w ,jio

elj;jpdhu; (1928). Rakupahij ,af;fk; Ntu;gpbj;J tsu

ePjpf;fl;rpiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;. 1929 ,y; nrq;fy;gl;by;

eilngw;w nrd;id khfhz Rakupahij Kjy; khehL ,ijj;

njspTgLj;jpaJ. ,e;j tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f khehL

Rakupahij ,af;fj;jpd; Njhw;Wthahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. - 1925

murpay; fl;rpay;y Rakupahij ,af;fk; xU murpay; fl;rpiag;

Nghd;W Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; rpyu; $b Jtf;fg;gl;l mikg;gy;y.

,e;j ,af;fk; ngupahu; <.nt.,uhtpd; jiyikapd; fPo; nray;gl;l

jdpkdpj rKjha rPu;jpUj;j ,uhZtkhFk;; ,uhZtf;

fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; elj;jg;gl;lJ. ngupahupd; thu;j;ijfspy;

$Wtjhapd; "Rakupahij ,af;fkhdJ murpay;fspd; Nguhy; ekJ

ehl;bYs;s gy fl;rpfisg; Nghyy;yhky;> md;dpau;fsplk; ,Ue;J

ahnjhUtpjkhd rpW tp\aj;ijAk; vjpu;ghuhky; kf;fs; mwpit

tpsf;if mtutu;fspd; kdg;ghd;ikia khw;Wtjd; %yk;

cz;ikahd tpLjiyiaAk;> rkj;Jtj;ijAk;> jd;kjpg;igAk;

cz;lhf;ff; $ba xU ,af;fkhFk;” (jiyaq;fk;> FbauR 25-8-1929). mjhtJ> Rakupahij ,af;fk; jkpou;fspd; mwpit

tpupTgLj;jp> kdg;ghd;ikia khw;wp> rkj;Jt rKjhaj;ij

cUthf;Fk; ,af;fkhFk;. Vnddpy; murpay; njhz;L vd;gJ

“mNahf;fpau;fis cw;gj;jp nra;J mtu;fs; %yk; ghku kf;fis

tQ;rpf;fr; nra;tNj my;yhky; Ntwpy;iy” vd;whu; ngupahu;.

ngupahu; <.nt.,uhkrhkpahy; Jtf;fg;gl;l Rakupahij

,af;fk; Ntfkhf tsuj; Jtq;fpaJ. ,e;j Ntf tsu;r;rpiaf;

fz;l ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytu;fs; mjd;ghy; Mu;tk; fhl;lyhapdu;.

1929 Nk khjk; gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilapy; v.FUrhkpapd; jiyikapd; fPo;

319

khngUk; Rakupahij eilngw;wJ. Nf.tp.mofpuprhkp njhz;lu;

gilf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. ,e;j khehl;ilg; Nghy; nrd;id

,uh[jhdpapd; gpw efuq;fspYk; Rakupahij khehLfs;

elj;jg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws; xd;Wjhd; 1929 Mk; Mz;L nrq;fy;gl;by;

elj;jg;gl;l tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f Rakupahij khehL MFk;.


1929 ,y; nrq;fy;gl;by; eilngw;w Rakupahij ,af;f

khehl;by; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l jPu;khdq;fspd; %yk; ,e;j ,af;fj;jpd;

10 mk;rf; nfhs;ifia ntspapl;lhu; ngupahu; <.nt.,uh.

mitahtd: 1) kf;fs; gpwg;ghy; rhjpNgjk; mw;wtu;fs;; 2)

rhjpNgjk; fw;gpf;Fk; kjk;> Ntjk;> rh];jpuk;> Guhzk; ,itfisg;

gpd;gw;wf;$lhJ; 3) tUzhrpukg;gb gpuhkzu;> rj;jpupau;> itrpau;>

R+j;jpuu;> gQ;rku; vd;w gpupTfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$lhJ; 4)

kf;fspilNa jPz;lhikia xopj;J> nghJf;fpzW> Fsk;>

gs;spf;$lk;> rj;jpuk;> njU> Nfhapy; Kjypatw;wpy; nghJ

kf;fSf;Fr; rkcupik ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;; 5) ,tw;Wf;F vjpu;g;G

te;jhy; murhq;fk; %yk; rl;lk; ,aw;wp> mr;rl;lj;jpd; %yk;

epiwNtw;w Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;; 6) rhjp kj NtWghl;ilf;

fhl;lf;$ba gl;lk;> FwpaPLfs; Kjypatw;iw cgNahfpf;ff;

$lhJ; 7) ngz;fisg; nghWj;jtiu> jpUkz taJ 16f;F Nky;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;; fztDf;Fk; kidtpf;FkpilNa xj;Jg;Nghf

Kbahtpby; gpupe;J NghFk; cupik Ntz;Lk;; tpjitfs; kWkzk;

nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;; fyg;G kzk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;;

Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; jq;fs; Jizfis mtu;fNs

Nju;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;; 8) jpUkzr; rlq;Ffs; Nghd;wit

kpfTk; RUf;fkhfTk;> rpf;fdkhfTk;> xU ehisf;F kpfhkYk;

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;; > 9) Nfhapy; G+irfSf;Fg; gz tpuak;

nra;af;$lhJ; flTSf;Fk; gf;jDf;FkpilNa ,ilj;jufu; $lhJ;

Nfhapy; nrhj;ij fy;tpf;Fk;> Muha;r;rpf;Fk;> njhopy; tsu;r;rpf;Fk;

gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. 10) %lg;gof;f tof;fq;fis xopj;jy;; 11)

ngz;fSf;F nrhj;Jupik> cj;jpNahf cupik mspj;jy;;

Mrpupau;fs; midtUk; ngz;fshfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;; 12)

jPz;lj;jfhNjhu;' vd;W xJf;fp itf;fg;gl;bUg;NghUf;F czT>

cil> Gj;jfk; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhLj;J mtu;fSf;F murhq;f

epyq;fis toq;fy;. 13) gpuhkzuy;yhj ,isQu;fSf;F cs;s

jilfisAk;> ,lu;ghLfisAk; ePf;fy;; 14) fy;tp rk;ge;jkhf

jha;nkhop> murhq;f nkhop fy;tpf;Fg; nghJg; gzk; nrytopj;J

fl;lhakhf fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; cau;epiyf; fy;tp nghJ gzk;

nrytplf;$lhJ; murhq;f mYty;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gl;lhy; -

xJf;fPl;bd;gb khztu;fisj; Nju;e;njLj;J gbg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;: 15)

320

rpw;Wz;b> Xl;ly; Kjypa ,lq;fspy; NtWghL vJTk;

,Uf;ff;$lhJ.


Rakupahij ,af;fk; Nfhg;igapy; vOe;j Gay; my;y;

thdj;jpy; Njhd;wp kiwe;j thdtpy;Yk; my;y. mJ xU rKjha>

rka> fyhr;rhu rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fk;. Rakupahij ,af;fk; rKjhag;

Gul;rpf;fhd Kd;Ndhb Kaw;rpahFk;. me;jg; ghijapy;

Kisj;jitjhd; jpuhtplu; fofKk;> jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofKk;

MFk;. Rakupahij ,af;fj;jpd; rhjidfs; gy. mit tUkhW:

1) jkpo; ehl;by; gpuhkzu; Mjpf;fk; gbg;gbahff; Fiwe;jJ; 2)

gpuhkzu;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;L te;j fz;%bj;jdkhd

kupahijAk;> kjpg;Gk;> Kd;DupikAk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,oe;jd; 3)

nghJj; Nju;jy;fspy; gpuhkz Ntl;ghsu; fSf;Fg; gpuhkzuy;yhj

thf;fhsu;fspd; MjuT ntFthff; Fiwe;jJ; 4) gz;biffs;>

tpujq;fs;> rkar; rlq;Ffs; rpwg;gpoe;jd; 5) tpjitfs; jpUkzk;>

fyg;G kdk;> rhjp NtWghL fUjhik> jPz;lhik xopg;G> Nfhtpy;

EioT Mfpait kf;fshy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. 6) GNuhfpj

tpyf;Fr; rq;fq;fs; Njhd;wp> kjg; Gul;Lfis mk;gyg;gLj;jp>

GNuhfpju;fspd; Njitia kl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ; 7) kf;fs; thf;nfLg;gpd;

NghJ> xt;nthU FbkfDk; ,e;jpad; vd;W $w Ntz;Lk;>

vf;fhuzk; nfhz;Lk; rhjpg; ngaiur; nrhy;yf;$lhJ vd;W

jPu;khdq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L mDg;gg;gl;ld; 8) tFg;Gupik

gpujpepjpj;Jtk; eilKiw rhj;jpakhapw;W; 9) gjpTj; jpUkzq;fs;

gpugykile;jd; 10) rdhjd itjPfq;fSk;> Guhzq;fSk;>

tu;zhrpuk ju;kKk; nry;thf;F ,oe;jd; 11) nghJ czT

tpLjpfs;> Myaq;fs;> Giftz;b epiyaq;fs;> rj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;w

nghJ ,lq;fspy; gpuhkzu;fSf;Fk; gpwu;f;Fk; fhl;lg;gl;L te;j

NtWghLfs; kiwe;jd.


11. ahu; jhjk;gl;bapy; mtUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd njd;de;Njhg;gpy;

E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd njd;id kuq;fis ntl;br; rha;j;jhu;?

12. ahiu 'jl;rpz fhe;jp' vd;W mioj;jdu;?


1. fz;zg;gh

2. ru; [hd; gpf;];

3. 1712

321

4. 1813

5. jhk;rhdpd;

6. kiwkiy mbfshu;

7. 1916

8. 1892

9. Kj;ijah Kjypahu;

10. 1925

11. ngupahu;

12. ,uh[h[p


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. Mq;fpNyau; fhyj;jpy; fpuhk epu;thfk; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

2. jkpofj;jpd; fy;tp tsu;r;rpapy; nkf;fhNytpd; gq;F vd;d?

3. ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Njhy;tpia Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.

tpupthd tpdhf;fs;

1. Mq;fpNyaupd; ePjp epu;thfk; Fwpj;J tpthjp.

2. jkpofj;jpy; murpay; tsu;r;rp Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf.

3. Rakupahij ,af;fj;jpy; ngupahupd; gq;F Fwpj;J tptup.

4. jkpo; tsu;r;rpf;F kiwkiy mbfshupd; gq;F Fwpj;J fl;Liu

vOJf.








David Arnold. The Congress in Tamilnadu: nationalist politics in

South India, 1919-1937

,uhN[e;jpud; eh. jkpo;ehl;by; Njrpak; RNjrpak;

322

myF - 14

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jkpofj;jpd; gq;F - Muk;g fl;lk;

- t.c.rp. -Rg;ukzpa ghujp-thQ;rpehjd;-Rg;ukzpa rpth-

gpw;fhyfl;lk;-,uh[h[p-rj;jpa%u;j;jp-fhkuh[;

ghl mikg;G

14.1. Kd;Diu

14.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


14.4. thQ;rpehjd;

14.5. ghujpahu;

14.6. t.c.rpjk;guk;


14.8. ,uh[h[p






14.10. F.fhkuhru;




14.1. Kd;Diu

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Njhw;wk; xU tuyhw;Wr;

rpwg;Gkpf;f epfo;r;rpahFk;. Nkw;fj;jpag; gz;ghl;bd; jhf;fk;; ,e;jpa

rKjha> rka kWkyu;r;rp; Mq;fpy mjpfhutu;f;fj;jpd; Mjpf;fg;

Nghf;F; me;epa murhq;fj;jpd; Ruz;ly; nfhs;if Mfpatw;wpd;

tpisthf ,e;jpaupilNa Njrpa czu;r;rp cUthapw;W. nrd;id>

tq;fhsk;> gk;gha; ,uh[jhdpfspy; Jtf;fg;gl;l murpay; rhu;e;j

mikg;Gfs; ,e;jpa Njrpaj;jpd; Cw;Wf; fz;fshapd. ,g;Nghf;fpd;

,ay;ghd tpisNt ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Njhw;wkhFk;.

fhq;fpu]; Jtf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l

323

tuyhw;wpy; xU Gjpa jpUg;gk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Jtf;f

fhyj;jpy; jkpo; ehl;bd; gq;Nfw;G ngUikf;Fupajhf ,Ue;jJ.

tp[a efu> kJiu Ry;jhdpa> kuhj;jpa Nkyhjpf;fq;fis

me;epa Mjpf;fkhff; fUjhj jkpo;ehL Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;nfjpuhd

Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;lJ. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd;

Jtf;fj;jpNyNa ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l fpsu;r;rpf;Fj;

Njhw;Wthahf ,Ue;jJ jkpo;ehL. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp (1806)apy;

jkpo; ehl;Lg; giltPuu;fs; JzpTld; Nghuhbdhu;fs;. MapDk;

mt;tpU Jtf;ffhy Mq;fpNya Mjpf;f vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;

Kwpabf;fg;gl;ld. mjd; gpd;du; Mq;fpyf; fy;tp ngw;w jkpo;

ehl;Lj; jiytu;fs; cupik czu;Tk;> tpLjiy Ntl;ifAk; ngw;W

murpay; rhu;e;j mikg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpdu;. nrd;id RNjrp

rq;fKk;> nrd;id kfh[d rigAk; mj;jifa mikg;GfNsahFk;.

1884 brk;gu; khjk; nrd;id milahw;wpy; gpuk;kQhd rigapd;

Mz;Lf; $l;lj;Jf;Fg; gpd; jpthd; ,uFehjuht; ,y;yj;jpy; ehl;bd;

gy;NtW gFjpfspypUe;Jk; te;jpUe;j gpujpepjpfs; $b

,e;jpahTf;Fg; nghJthd xU mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jTk;> mjd;

khepyf; fpisfisj; Jtf;fTk;> mLj;j Mz;L ,Wjpapy; Njrpa

khehl;ilf; fy;fj;jhtpy; $l;lTk; jPu;khdpj;jdu;. Mdhy;

mj;jPu;khdk; nray;tbtk; ngWtjw;F Kd;dNu gk;ghapy; ,e;jpa

Njrpa fhq;fpu mikf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. ,e;j gpd;dzpapy; ,e;jpa

tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jkpofj;jpd; gq;F Fwpj;J ,e;j

mj;jpahak; tptupf;fpwJ.

14.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


KbAk;

• Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jkpofj;jpd; gq;F Fwpj;J

tptupf;fpwJ.

• tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Rg;ukzpa ghujp t. c. rp>

thQ;rpehjd;> kw;Wk; Rg;ukzpa rpth MfpNahupd;

gq;fspg;ig tpsf;FfpwJ.

• tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,uh[h[p> rj;jpa%u;j;jp> kw;Wk;

fhkuh[; MfpNahupd; gq;fspg;ig tpthjpf;fpwJ.

324


Myd; Mf;Nltpad; `pA+kpd; Nrhu;tw;w Kaw;rpapd;

tpisthf ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; khehL 1885 brk;gu; 28

Mk; Njjp gk;ghapy; $baJ. mf;$l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;l 72

gpujpepjpfspy; nrd;id khepyj;jpypUe;J nrd;wtu;fs; 21 Ngu;;

mtu;fSs; jkpo;ehl;Lg; gFjpapypUe;J nrd;w gpujpepjpfs; 16 Ngu;.

v.Rg;gpukzpa ma;au;> tp.mde;jhr;rhupahu;> vk;.tPuuhfthr;rhupahu;>

gp.nuq;ifa ehAL> v.V.Rthkpehj Ia;au;> v.ntq;flRg;guha ge;JY>

gp.Nfrtg; gps;is> rp.rpq;fhuNtY Kjypahu;> ,uq;fhr;rhup>

v.tp.mjy;aP> rghgjp Kjypahu;> ghy;gPl;lu; gps;is> rhkpehj Ia;au;>

eurpk;kYehAL> ntq;fl Rg;guhaY> Nfrtg; gps;is MfpNahu;

jkpo;ehl;Lg; gpujpepjpfs; Mtu;. mtu;fs; midtUk; nrd;id

kfh[d rq;fj;jpd; rhu;ghfr; nrd;wtu;fs; Mtu;. ,tu;fsd;wp

nrd;id bNu\pad; rq;fj;jpd; jiytu; b.v.xapl;> nrd;id

fnyf;lu; Mu;.,uFehj Ia;au;> Mu;f;fhL Nguhrpupau; Nf.Re;juuhkd;>

jpUts;Shu; b.vd;.Ia;au; MfpNahu; ghu;itahsu;fshfr;

nrd;wpUe;jdu;. Kjy; fhq;fpu]; khehl;Lj; jiytuhf

lGs;A.rp.ghdu;[papd; ngaiu topnkhope;J> khehl;bd; Kjy;

jPu;khdj;ij Kd;nkhope;j ngUik jkpo; ehl;Lg; gpujpepjpahd

v.Rg;gpukzpa Ia;aUf;Nf fpilj;jJ. ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Gjpa rfhg;jj;ijj; Jtf;fpa ,e;jpa Njrpa

fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; khehl;bNyNa jkpo; ehl;bypUe;J nrd;w

gpujpepjpfs; rpwg;gplk; ngw;wdu;.

nrd;idapy; %d;whtJ khehL

1886 brk;gu; khjk; fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpurpd;

,uz;lhtJ khehl;by; nrd;idapypUe;J 47 gpujpepjpfs; nrd;W

fye;J nfhz;ldu;. mtu;fSs; [p.Rg;gpukzpa Ia;au;>

v.Rg;gpukzpa Ia;au;> v.V.Rthkpehj Ia;au;> Nfrtg;gps;is>

gp.nuq;ifa ehAL> gp.mde;jhr;rhup MfpNahu; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.

fhq;fpurpd; %d;whtJ khehL 1887 brk;gupy; nrd;id efupy;>

jw;NghJ Mapuk; tpsf;F vd;wiof;fg;gLk; gFjpapy; kf;fP Njhl;lk;

vd;Dkplj;jpy; kpfr; rpwg;ghf eilngw;wJ. gf;UjPd; jpahg;[papd;

jiyikapy; $ba mk;khehL Kjd; Kiwahfj; jpwe;j ntspj;

jplypy; gpuj;Nafkhf mikf;fg;gl;l myq;fhug; ge;jypy; jdJ

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. mjpy; nrd;id khepyj;jpd;

rhu;ghf 362 gpujpepjpfs; fye;J nfhz;ldu;. nrd;id gl;ljhupfs;

rq;fk;> nrd;id kfh[d rig> jpUty;ypf;Nfzp ,yf;fpa rq;fk;>

njd;dpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;ngdp> nrd;id nkl;ly; fk;ngdp>

mQ;Rkhd; Kg;j ,yk;> Guirthf;fk; ,e;J epjp> rhzhu; Kd;Ndw;w

rq;fk; Mfpa gy;NtW mikg;Gfisr; Nru;e;j gpujpepjpfs;

,k;khehl;by; gq;Nfw;wdu;. nrd;id khehl;bd; xU rpwg;G mk;rk;

325

mjd; nrytpd; ngUk;gFjp nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J

tR+ypf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. khehL tuNtw;Gf; FOr; nrayUk; ,e;J

gj;jpupif epu;thfpAkhd K.tp[auhfthr;rhupahu; jkpopy; vOjpa

fhq;fpu]; tpdhtpil' vd;w rpW E}y; kypT tpw;gidapy; tpw;gid

nra;ag;gl;L> mjdhy; fpilj;j epjpAk; khehl;Lr; nryTf;Fg;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,uh[h ru;.b.khjtuht; tuNtw;Gf; FOj;

jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wp khehl;il ntw;wpfukhf elj;jpf;

nfhLj;jhu;. ,uht;rhfpg; %f;fzhr;rhup jkpopy; Ngrp midtuJ

ghuhl;ilAk; ngw;whu;. mg;NghJ nrd;id ftu;duhapUe;j fd;dpkhuh

gpuG nrd;id khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l gpujpepjpfs;

midtUf;Fk; rpwg;G tpUe;jspj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;jhu;.

Jtf;ffhy fhq;fpuNrhL jkpo;ehL neUq;fpa njhlu;G

nfhz;bUe;jJ. 1887f;Fg; gpd;du; 1894> 1898> 1908> 1923> 1927

Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; fhq;fpu]; khehL nrd;id efupy; eilngw;wJ.

1920 nfsfhj;jp fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; jiytu;

rp.gp.tp[auhfthr;rhupAk;> 1926 nfsfhj;jp fhq;fpu khehl;Lj;

jiytu; v.rPdpthr Ia;aq;fhUk; jkpo;ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtu;fNs.

Jtf;f fhy jkpo; ehl;Lf; fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fs; midtUk;

Mq;fpyf; fy;tp ngw;w nry;tKk; nry;thf;Fkpf;f murhq;f

tpRthrpfshfNt ,Ue;jdu;. tpf;Nlhupah kfhuhzpapd; kiwtpd;

NghJk; (1901) mtu;fsJ muR tpRthrk; njspthf ntspg;gl;lJ.

,e;JTk; RNjrkpj;jpuDk; jkpo; ehl;L kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisg;

gpujpgypj;jd. mit mt;tg;NghJ murhq;fj;jpd; Nehf;ifAk;

Nghf;ifAk; fz;bf;fhtpl;lhYk; Fiw $wNt nra;jd.

,e;E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy; epfo;e;j tq;fg; gpuptpidAk; (1905)>

[g;ghd; ,u\;ahitj; Njhw;fbj;j epfo;r;rpAk; (1904-1905) jkpo;

ehl;bd; murpay; tpopg;Gzu;r;rpf;Fg; Gjpa gupkhzj;ijj; je;jd.

jkpo;ehl;L kpjthjpfs;

Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNyiag; gpd;gw;wpatu;fs; fhq;fpu

kpjthjpfs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldu;. NfhfNyapd; tyf;fukhfj;

jpfo;e;j jkpo; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j tp.v.rPdpthr rh];jpup

kpjthjpfSf;nfy;yhk; kpjthjpahf tpsq;fpdhu;. mtiug; Nghd;Nw

gp.v.rptfhkp Ia;aUk;> tp.fpU\;zrhkp Ia;aUk;> b.Mu;.ntq;fl;uhk

rh];jpupAk;> ,e;jpad; nut;A+' gj;jpupf;if Mrpupauhd [p.V.eNlrDk;

jkpo; ehl;bd; jiyrpwe;j kpjthjpfshtu;. mtu;fs; midtUk;

gpuhkz kj;jpa ju tFg;igr; rhu;e;jtu;fshfNt ,Ue;jdu;.

ngUk;ghYk; tf;fPy; njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. jkpo;ehl;L

kpjthjpfs; murhq;f Mjuthsu;fs;. khu;yp-kpz;Nlh rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd;

(1909) tpisthf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l nrd;id rl;lkd;wj;jpy;

kpjthjpfs; ,lk; ngw;wdu;. tp.fpU\;zrhkp Ia;aUk;> gp.v .rptfhkp

Ia;aUk; 1914f;F Kd; nrd;id khepy ftu;du; Ml;rpf; FOtpy;

,lk; ngw;w Kf;fpa kpjthjj; jiytu;fshtu;. 1917 Mf];L 20

326

Mk; Njjp ntspaplg;gl;l khz;NlFtpd; mwpf;ifiaj; jkpo;ehl;L

kpjthjpfs; Mu;tj;Jld; Mjupj;jdu;. mNjNghd;W ,ul;il

Ml;rpiaAk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. rPdpthr rh];jpup Nghd;w kpjthjj;

jiytu;fs; nusyl; rl;lj;ij vjpu;j;J rj;jpahfpufj;jpdpd;Wk;

xJq;fpNa epd;wdu;. xJq;fp epd;wNjhL kl;Lkd;wp me;Neub

eltbf;ifiaf; fz;bf;fTk; nra;jdu;. mjdhy; jhd; fhe;jp jdJ

nusyl; rj;jpahfpufj;Jf;Fj; jkpo;ehl;L jPtputhjpfspd; Mjuit

ehl Ntz;bajhapw;W vd;fpwhu; Nltpl; mu;dhy;L.

jkpo;ehl;Lj; jPtputhjpfs;

ghyfq;fhju jpyfiug; gpd;gw;wpatu;fs; jPtputhjpfs;

vd;wiof;fg; gl;ldu;. Nryk; tp[auhfthr;rhupiaj; jkpo; ehl;Lj;

jPtputhjj;jpd; je;ij vdf; $wyhk;. mtuJ ghriwapy; gapw;rp

ngw;wtu;jhd; rp.,uh[Nfhghyhr;rrhup. Nryj;ijj; njd;dhl;bd; G+dh

vdf; fUjpf; nfhz;L jpyfu; mbgw;wpj; jkpo; ehl;Lj; jPtputhjpfs;

nray;gl;ldu;. nrd;idapy; b.vk;.ehau;> v.f];J}upuq;f Ia;aq;fhu;>

V.,uhkrhkp Ia;aq;fhu;> b.nuq;fhr;rhup MfpNahu; nry;thf;F kpf;fj;

jPtputhjpfshfj; jpfo;e;jdu;.

tq;fhsg; gpuptpidapd; tpisthf vOe;j Njrpa

,af;fj;jhy; ngupJk; ftug;gl;l t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is

J}j;Jf;Fbapy; RNjrp fg;gy; fk;ngdp xd;iw 1906 etk;gupy;

Jtf;fpdhu;. 1907 Mk; Mz;by; eilngw;w R+uj; fhq;fpuRf;F

E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jkpo;ehl;Lj; jPtputhjpfisj; jpul;b tUkhW

t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;isf;F mutpe;j;Nfh\; nfhLj;j je;jpiar;

rpuNkw;nfhz;L jkpo; ehl;Lj; jpyfuhd mtu; nrd;id nrd;W

Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahUlDk;> kz;ilak; rPdpthrhr;rhupAlDk;

fye;J Ngrpj; jkpo; ehl;Lg; gpujpepjpfis R+uj; khehl;Lf;F

mioj;Jr; nrd;whu;. RNje;jpuehj; vj;jpuh[;> jpUty;ypf;Nfzp

fpU\;zkhr;rhup> ghujpahu;> t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is>

rPdpthruhfthr;rhup> rf;fiur; nrl;bahu; Mfpa jkpo; ehl;Lj;

jPtputhjg; gpujpepjpfs; jpyfiur; R+o;e;J nfhz;L mtUf;Fg;

ghJfhg;gspj;jdu;. 'jkf;F vj;jid mbgl;lNghJk; jpyfiuf;

fhf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W mirahJ epd;w ,e;j nrd;id gpujpepjpfspd;

jPuj;jd;ikia vz;Zk; NghJ cly; Gy;yupj;J kpFe;j kfpo;r;rp

cz;lhf;fpaJ' vd;W me;j mDgtj;ijg; gw;wp vOjpAs;shu;

ghujpahu;.

1908 gpg;utup khjk; Nfhuy; njhopw;rhiy Ntiy

epWj;jj;jpy; t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is rk;ge;jg;gl;lJk;> khu;r; khjk;

jil cj;juit kPwp mtUk; Rg;gpukzpa rpthTk; nghJf;

$l;lj;jpy; NgrpaJk; mtu;fs; ,UtUk; ifJ nra;ag;glf;

fhuzkhapd. mtu;fs; ifjhdij mLj;J J}j;Jf;FbapYk;>

jpUney;NtypapYk; td;Kiwf; fytuq;fs; Vw;gl;Lj; Jg;ghf;fpr;

327

R+l;by; Kbe;jJ. 1911 [_d; 11 Mk; Njjp thQ;rpehjd;

jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj; Jizf; fnyf;liu kzpahr;rp ,uapy;

re;jpg;G epiyaj;jpy; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whu;. td;Kiw epfo;r;rpfis

xLf;f murhq;fk; Nkw;nfhz;l mlf;FKiwapd; tpisthfj;

jkpo;ehl;Lj; jPtputhjpfs; kiwKfkhfr; nray;glj; Jtq;fpdu;.

mtu;fspy; rp.Rg;gpukzpa ghujpAk;> t.Nt.Rg;gpukzpa Ia;aUk;>

ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhupAk;> RNjrp gj;kehg Ia;aUk;> Rg;gpukzpa

rpthTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.

jkpo;ehl;L ‘Njrpa Nghuhspfs;' kpjthjpfs;> jPtputhjpfs; MfpNahupd; rl;luPjpahd

eltbf;iffisf; $l gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; Kwpabj;j NghJ

jPtputhjpfspy; rpyu; gaq;futhjpfshapdu; (Terrorists).

kpjthjpfsplkpUe;J jPtputhjpfs; Njhd;wpaJ Nghd;W

jPtputhjpfsplkpUe;J gaq;futhjpfs; cUthapdu;. ,tu;fspy; rpyu;

1905-y; ,yz;ldpy; 'N`hk; &y; yPf;' vd;w mikg;igAk;> 1906-y;

,e;jpah tpLjp' vd;w KfhikAk; mikj;jdu;. jkpo;ehl;ilr;

Nru;e;j t.Nt.Rg;gpukzpa IaUk;> jpUr;rp lhf;lu;

b.v];.v];.,uh[Dk;> vk;.gp.b.Mr;rhupahTk; ,g;gaq;futhjg;

ghriwapy; gapw;rp ngw;Nwhu; Mtu;. nts;is mjpfhupfisf;

nfhd;W me;epa Ml;rpahsu;fspilNa gaj;ij Vw;gLj;jp jf;f

jUzj;jpy; td;Kiwf; fpsu;r;rp nra;J> ,e;jpahit tpLtpg;gJ

,tu;fsJ Fwpf;NfhshFk;.

t.Nt.R.Iau;

ghup];lu; gbg;Gf;fhf ,yz;ld; nrd;w t.Nt.R.Iau;

gaq;futhjpahdhu;. ,e;jpah tpLjp'apy; jq;fpapUe;j ,tu; gpw

gaq;futhjpfSld; Nru;e;J ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;fhf gpupl;b\; muir

vjpu;j;J MAjg; Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;jj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;. 1908y;

,tu;fNshL ,e;jpah tpLjpapy; jq;fpapUe;j kjd;yhy; jpq;fuh vd;w

,e;jpa gaq;futhjp fu;]hd; thyp vd;w gpupl;b\; mjpfhupiar;

Rl;Lf; nfhd;wijaLj;J ,e;jpah tpLjp gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd;

jPtpu fz;fhzpg;Gf;Fs;shfpaJ. gaq;futhjpfs; jq;fsJ

ghriwia ,yz;ldpypUe;J ghupRf;F khw;wpdu;. t.Nt.R. Iau;

tPurthu;f;fupd; 1857 KjyhtJ ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;' vd;w

E}iy kuhj;jpapypUe;J Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngau;j;J murhq;fj;

jilia kPwp> cyfpd; gy gFjpfSf;Fk; mDg;gpdhu;. “jpahfg; gypf;F Maj;jkhFq;fs;> ghuj khjh miof;fpd;whs;> 1857

jpUk;GfpwJ” vd;w Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fSld; Gj;jfq;fs; jhq;fpa

ngl;b xd;iwg; ghz;br;Nrupf;F mDg;gpdhu;. Iau; ,u\;ahTf;Fr;

nrd;W ntbFz;L jahupf;Fk; Kiwiaf; fw;Wf; nfhz;L

GJitf;F te;jhu; (1910).

328

GJitapy; jQ;irapy; GFe;j Iau; ju;khyak;' vd;w

mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jp gaq;futhjg; Gul;rpahsu;fSf;Ff;

Fj;Jr;rz;il> ky;Aj;jk;> fj;jpr;rz;il> Jg;ghf;fpr; Rly;

Mfpatw;wpy; gapw;rp mspj;J te;jhu;. GJitapy; Gfyplk;

ngw;wpUe;j kw;nwhU jkpo;ehl;Lg; gaq;futhjpahd ePyfz;l

gpuk;kr;rhupiag; ghu;f;fr; nrd;w ,isQu; thQ;rpehjDf;Fg;

gpnusdpq;' ifj;Jg;ghf;fpahy; RLtjw;Fg; gapw;rp mspj;jhu;

t.Nt.R.Iau;.

14.4. thQ;rpehjd;

nrq;Nfhl;il ,uFgjp Iaupd; kfdhd thQ;rpehjd;

jpUtpjhq;$upYs;s GdY}upy; murhq;ff; fhl;byhfhtpy; gzpGupe;J

te;jhu;. t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is> Rg;gpukzpa rpth Nghdw;

J}a;ikahd NjrpathjpfSf;F ,iof;fg;gl;l nfhLikfshy;

nts;is mjpfhupfSf;nfjpuhf ntWg;igAk;> tQ;rj;ijAk;

tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu; thQ;rpehjd;. murhq;f mlf;FKiwf;Ff;

fhuzkhd ney;iy khtl;lf; fnyf;lu; ,uhgu;l; tpy;ypak; M\;

(Robert William D.Ethcourt Ashe) vd;w mjpfhupiaf;

nfhy;yj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;. GJitapypUe;j ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhupia

re;jpj;jhu;. t.Nt.R.Iauplk; Jg;ghf;fp Rl gapw;rp ngw;whu;. 1911

[_d; 17 Mk; Njjp nfhilf;fhdYf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhf

ney;iyapypUe;J Giftz;bapy; jd; kidtpAld; Gwg;gl;Lr;

nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j Mi\ kzpahl;rp Giftz;b epiyaj;jpy;

'gpnusdpq;' ifj;Jg;ghf;fpahy; Rl;Lf; nfhd;Wtpl;L jd;idAk;

Rl;Lf; nfhz;L capu;j;jpahfk; nra;jhu; thQ;rpehjd;.

ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhup

ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhup M\; nfhiy tof;fpy; Fw;wthspahff;

fUjg;gl;L Vohz;L fhy rpiwj; jz;lid ngw;whu;. ,tu;

GJitapy; jQ;rk; GFe;jpUe;j NghJ 1910 Vg;uy; 10 Mk; Njjp

ghuj khjh rq;fk;' vd;w mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. jpUney;Ntyp

khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s me;epa mjpfhupfisf; nfhd;W ,e;jpahTf;F

Rauh[;ak; ngWtNj mjd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,r;rq;f cWg;gpdu;fs;

fhsp rpiyf;F Kd; epd;W nfhz;L jiytupd; Mizf;Ff;

fl;lg;gl;L vijAk; jpahfk; nra;aj; jahuhapUg;gjhf Ms;fhl;b

tpuiy mWj;J ,uj;jj;jpy; Njha;j;Jf; ifnahg;g kpl;ldu;.

,ufrpa rjp Ntiyfspy; <Lgl;ldu;. rq;Nfj nkhopapy;

fbjq;fis vOjpf; nfhz;ldu;.

ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhupapd; jiyikapy; ,aq;fpte;j

gaq;futhj Gul;rpg; gil INuhg;gpa ehLfspypUe;J

MNyhridfisAk;> MAj cjtpiaAk;> nghUSjtpiaAk; ngw;W

329

te;jJ. GJitapy; R+upNahjak;' vd;w gj;jpupf;ifia elj;jp

te;jhu;. thQ;rpehjd; Mi\ Rl;Lf; nfhy;tjw;F Kd;G GJit

te;J ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhupia re;jpj;jhu;. ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhup kPJ

rhl;lg;gl;l M\; nfhiyf; Fw;wk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;ljhff; $wp

,tUf;F Vohz;L fhy rpiwj; jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ.

,tu; ,uz;lhz;L fhyk; rpiwapy; ,Ue;j gpd;du; 1914y;

ngy;yhup rpiwapypUe;J jg;gpNahbtpl;lhu;! vdpDk; ,uz;Nl

ehl;fspy; ju;khtuk; Gif tz;b epiyaj;jpy; gpbgl;lhu;.

rpiwapypUe;J jg;gpNahba Fw;wj;Jf;fhf ,tUf;F NkYk; MWkhj

fhy rpiw jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. rpiw kPz;l ePyfz;l

gpuk;kr;rhup fk;A+dp];lhf khwpdhu;. tq;fg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;L

1922y; gj;jhz;L fhy rpiwjz;lid ngw;whu;. t.Nt.R.Iau;

Nrud;khNjtpapy; guj;Jth[ Mrpukk;' xd;iw epWtpaijg; Nghd;W

ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhupAk; fu;ehlfj;jpYs;s ee;jpkiyapy; Mrpukk;

xd;iw mikj;J mikjpahf tho;e;J jdJ 88tJ tajpy; capu;

ePj;jhu;.

khlrhkp

xl;lg;gplhuj;jpy; gpwe;j khlrhkp t.c.rpapd; tyf;fukhf

,Ue;J rl;lg; G+u;tkhf elj;jg;gl;l RNjrpf; fpsu;r;rpapy;

gq;Nfw;whu;. gpd;du; thQ;rpehjd; rhu;e;jpUe;j gaq;futhjg; gilapy;

Nru;e;jhu;. M\; nfhiyf;Fg; gpwF jiykiwthfp tpl;lhu;. ,tiuf;

ifJ nra;a gfPujg; gpuaj;jdk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. mtuJ tPl;bypUe;j

nghUs;fSk; mtUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyq;fSk; gwpKjy;

nra;ag;gl;ld. xl;lg;gplhuk; khlrhkp ghz;br;Nrup> rpq;fg;G+u;

topahf n[u;kdpf;Fr; nrd;Wtpl;ljhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

Mr;rhupah

vk;.gp.b.Mr;rhupah nrd;id jpUty;ypf;Nfzpapy; tho;e;J

te;j ikR+iur; Nru;e;j kz;lak; FLk;gj;ijr; rhu;e;jtu;. ,tuJ

KOg; ngau; kz;lak; gpujpthjp jpUkyhr;rhupahu; MFk;. ,tu;

,yz;ld; ,e;jpah tpLjp'apy; t.Nt.R.Iau;> b.v];.v];.,uh[d;

MfpNahNuhL jq;fp gaq;futhjg; Gul;rp eltbf;iffspy;

<Lgl;bUe;jhu;. ,tu; J}j;Jf;Fb FUehj Iau;> lhf;lu;

nrz;gfuhkd; MfpNahUld; Nru;e;J ngu;ypd; KfhkpypUe;j

Gul;rpahsupilNa kpFe;j nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;jhu;. gl;ljhupahd

Mr;rhupah ngu;ypd; Kfhkpy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L gaq;futhj MAjg;

Gul;rptop me;epa Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;j ,e;jpahit tpLtpf;f

Kad;whu;.

330

FUehj Iau;

J}j;Jf;Fb FUehj Iau; NghyP]; ,yhfhtpy; jiyikf;

fhtyuhf gzpahw;wpatu;. t.c.rp. elj;jpa RNjrp ,af;fj;jpy;

gq;Nfw;gjw;fhf Ntiyiaj; Jwe;jhu;. t.c.rp. ifjhdijnahl;b

ney;iy efupy; eilngw;w fytuj;jpy; <Lgl;L> murhq;ff;

fl;blq;fSf;Fj; jP itj;jjhf FUehj Iau; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;.

tof;F ele;jJ. rpiw jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ. rpiw kPz;l ,tu;

ngu;ypd; nrd;W mq;F jq;fpapUe;j gaq;futhjg; Gul;rpahsu;fSld;

Nru;e;J nfhz;L ,e;jpa tpLjiyf; fpsu;r;rpf;Fg; ghLgl;ljhff;

fUjg;gLfpwJ.

lhf;lu; nrz;gfuhkd;

ehQ;rpy; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j lhf;lu; nrz;gfuhkd; INuhg;gpa

ehLfspy; Rw;Wg; gazk; nra;jhu;. gpupl;lDf;F vjpuhfg; gpur;rhuk;

nra;a rpy mikg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. GNuh ,e;jpah' vd;w

ngaupy; gj;jpupf;if elj;jpdhu;. Mq;fpyk; jtpu gpw nkhopfspYk;

gj;jpupf;if elj;jpatu;. ngu;ypd; Kfhkpy; ,Ue;jtu;fspy; kpFe;j

nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wtu;. n[u;kd; mjpguhd nfa;rupd; ek;gpf;iff;Fg;

ghj;jpukhdtu;. nydpid re;jpj;J mtuJ Mjuitg; ngw;wtu;.

Kjy; cyfg; Nghupd; NghJ n[u;kdpapd; Jiz nfhz;L gpupl;b\;

Ml;rpia ,e;jpahtpypUe;J mfw;w Kw;gl;ltu;. 'vk;ld;' vd;w

ePu;%o;fpf; fg;gy; %yk; nrd;id cau;ePjpkd;wf; fl;blj;ijf;

Fwpitj;J Fz;L tPrpatu; (1914). ,e;jpag; Gul;rpahsu;fs;

Mg;fhdp];jhd; jiyefuhd fhG+ypy; jw;fhypf ,e;jpaf; FbauR'

xd;iw epWtpa NghJ mjd; mikr;ruitapy; may;ehl;L

mikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. MAj Mf;fpukpg;ghy; ,e;jpahtpy;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l me;epa Ml;rpia MAj Mf;fpukpg;ghy; mfw;w

Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;fhf jd;id

mu;g;gzpj;Jf; nfhz;ltu; 'vk;ld; nrz;gfuhkd;! jkpo;ehl;Lg;

gaq;futhjpfspd; td;Kiw MAjg; Gul;rp %yk; ,e;jpahTf;F

tpLjiy ngw;Wj;ju Ntz;Lk; vd;w fdT edthftpy;iy. vdpDk;

,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Njrpa gaq;fug; Gul;rpahsu;fspd;

gq;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

14.5. ghujpahu;

1904 Mk; Mz;L ghujpahu; 'RNjrkpj;jpud;' gj;jpupf;ifapd;

Jiz Mrpupau; nghWg;Ngw;wjpypUe;J mtUila gj;jpupf;if

tho;f;ifNahL murpay; tho;f;ifAk; Jtq;fpaJ vdyhk;. tq;fg;

gpuptpidia vjpu;j;J tq;fj;ijg; ghuhl;b mtu; vOjpa Kjy;

331

ftpijia mg;gj;jpupf;ifapy; ntspapl;lhu; (1905 nrg;.15).

thuzhrp fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;L nrd;id jpUk;Gk;

Kd;du; fy;fj;jh nrd;W Rthkp tpNtfhde;jupd; gpujk

rp\;iaahd rNfhjup epNtjpijia re;jpj;jhu;. tq;fg; gpuptpid

vjpu;g;gpNy gpwe;j RNjrp ,af;fj;ij Mu;tj;NjhL tuNtw;whu;

ghujpahu;. gf;fpk; re;jpuupd; 'te;Nj khjuk;' ghliyj; jkpopy; nkhop

ngau;j;J rf;utu;j;jpdp' khj ,jopy; ntspapl;lhu;. jhNa te;Nj

khjuk;' vd;w ghliyAk; Gide;jhu;. [p.Rg;gpukzpa Iau; RNjrp

,af;f tsu;r;rpf;nfd epjp jpul;Lk; Kaw;rpapy; jPtpukhf <Lgl;l

NghJ mtuJ eltbf;ifia Mjupj;Jk; ghuhl;bAk; ,e;jpah'

gj;jpupifapy; vOjpdhu;. t.c.rp. thq;fpa fg;gy;fis ghuj Njtp

ngw;nwLj;j ,uz;L jtg; Gjy;tu;fs; vd;W tu;zpj;jhu;.

jkpo; ehl;Lj; jPtputhjpfspd; gpujpepjpahfj; jpfo;e;jtu;

ghujpahu;. mtuJ ,e;jpah gj;jpupf;if jPtputhjf; fl;rpapdupd;

Nghu; Kurhf xypj;jJ. 1906 brk;gu; khjk; eilngw;w fy;fj;jh

fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;lhu; ghujpahu;. mf;$l;lj;jpy;

jiytuhf nll; vd;w Mq;fpNyaiu epakpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w

kpjthjpfs; Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpia %lj;jdk;' vd;W fz;bj;jhu;.

mNj Nghd;W jPtputhjpfs; ntspehl;Lg; nghUs;fisg; Gwf;fzpf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;W fy;fj;jh fhq;fpurpy; nfhz;L te;j jPu;khdj;ij

vjpu;j;j kpjthjpfisAk; rhbdhu;. njd;dfj;Jf;F tUif je;j

tq;fj;J jPtputhjpfspd; jiytuhd gpgpd; re;jpughyiu ghujpahu;

Me;jpuhTf;Fr; nrd;W re;jpj;J nrd;idf;F mioj;J te;jhu; (1907

Nk). yhyh y[gjpuha; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;l

NghJ Mq;fpNya murhq;fj;ijf; fz;bj;Jk;> ,uhapd; jpahfj;ijg;

ghuhl;bAk;> y[gjpuha; Jjp> y[gjpuha; gputhgk; vd;w

ftpijfisg; Gide;jhu;. kpjthjpfisf; Nfyp nra;Jk;>

jPtputhjpfisg; Gfo;e;Jk; gy ghly;fis ,aw;wpdhu; ghujpahu;.

R+uj; fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;L jpUk;gpa ghujpahu;

mq;F kpjthjpfSf;Fk; jPtputhjpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l mksp

gw;wp tpupthf vOjpdhu;. “vq;fs; fhq;fpu ahj;jpiu” vd;w E}iy ntspapl;lhu;. 'Gjpa fl;rpapdupd; Nfhl;ghLfs;' vd;w jpyfupd;

Mq;fpyr; nrhw;nghopitj; jkpopy; nkhop ngau;j;jhu;.

Njrpa jPtputhjpfs; fl;rpapd; njd;dfr; nrayhsuhd

t.c.rp. jPtpug; gpur;rhuj;jpYk; Nghuhl;lj;jpYk; <Lgl;bUe;j NghJ

mtupd; miog;gpd; Ngupy; ney;iy fnyf;lu; tpQ;r;ir re;jpj;jij

'Njrgf;jDf;F Mq;fpNyad; nrhd;dJ' Mq;fpNyaDf;F

Njrgf;jd; nrhd;dJ' vd;w jiyg;gpy; ghbdhu;. t.c.rp.> rpth

MfpNahiuf; ifJ nra;J rpiwapy; milj;Jg; gpd;du; mtu;fs;

kPJ tof;F njhlug;gl;l NghJ ghujpahu;> ney;iyapNyNa

jq;fpapUe;J gy ehl;fs; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Nf nrd;W tof;F

tprhuiziaf; ftdpj;J te;jNjhby;yhky; t.c.rp.> rpth

332

MfpNahUf;Fr; rhu;ghf rhl;rp nrhy;yTk; jahuhfp ,Ue;jhu;. tof;F

Kbe;jgpd; t.c.rp.f;F ehw;gjhz;Lk;> rpthTf;Fg; gj;jhz;Lk; rpiw

jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;l NghJ ePjpgjp gpd;Nàpd; jPu;g;ig vjpu;j;jhu;

ghujpahu;. mjw;fhf ,e;jpah' gj;jpupf;if Mrpupaiuf; ifJ nra;a

cj;juT gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;gj;jpupf;ifapd; mrpupau;

vk;.];uPdpthrd; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L Ie;jhz;Lfs; rpiw jz;lid

ngw;whu;. rpiw nry;tijj; jtpu;f;f tpUk;gpa ghujpahu;

GJr;Nrupapy; jQ;rk; GFj;jhu; (1908 [_d;).

jdJ 27tJ tajpy; GJit GFe;j ghujpahu; rpjk;gudhUk;>

rpthTk; rpiwapy; nfhLikg;gLj;jg;gl;lij mwpe;J FKwpdhu;>

gjwpdhu;> ghbdhu;. ,e;jpahtpw;F gpupl;b\hu; toq;fpa khu;yp-

kpz;Nlh rPu;jpUj;jj;ij Nfyp nra;jhu;. thQ;rpehjd; Mi\f;

nfhiy nra;j nra;jp Nfl;L mjpu;r;rpAw;whu;. mij xU

Jujp\;lkhd rk;gtk;> vjpu;ghuhj tpgj;J' vd;W tu;zpj;jhu;. M\;

nfhiyia td;ikahff; fz;bj;J vOjpdhu; ghujpahu;. mtUf;F

murpay; nfhiyapYk;> MAjg; Gul;rpapYk; ek;gpf;ifapy;iy.

GJit thrk; ghujpahiu Njrpaf; ftpQuhfTk;> ,yf;fpag;

gilg;ghspahfTk;> ciueil> fl;LiuahsuhfTk; jj;Jt

QhdpahfTk;> kdpjhgpkhd KdptuhfTk; khw;wpaJ. GJitg; Gfypl

tho;f;ifapy; rypg;Gw;W jdJ kidtp kf;fNshL jkpo;ehL

jpUk;gpa ghujpahu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L flY}u; rpiwapy;

milf;fg;gl;lhu; (1918 brk;gu;). Neha;tha;g; gl;l ghujpahu; rpy

thuq;fspy; epge;jidapd; Ngupy; tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhu;. 1919 khu;r; khjk;

nusyl; rl;lk; vjpu;g;G gw;wpj; jkpo;ehl;Lj; jiytu;fSld; Ngr

nrd;id te;j fhe;jpabfis re;jpj;Jg; Ngrpdhu; ghujpahu;.

kpjthjpahd ghujpahu; jPtputhjpahf khwp gaq;fug; Gul;rp

topiaj; jtpu;j;J mfpk;rhthjpahdhu;. mtuJ Njrgf;jpg; ghly;fs;

kf;fspilNa ehl;L tpLjiyAzu;r;rpg; ngUf;if Vw;gLj;jpd.

14.6. t.c.rpjk;guk;

tq;fhsg; gpuptpidapd; tpisthf vOe;j RNjrpa ,af;fk;

jkpo;ehl;Lf;F mspj;j jtg;Gjy;td; t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is.

Nfhtpy;gl;b jhYf;fhtpYs;s xl;lg;gplhuk; vd;w rpw;W}upy; gpwe;j

t.c.rp.> tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kdplk; jiyik mikr;ruhfg;

gzpahw;wpa jhdhgjpg; gps;isapd; FLk;g topj;Njhd;wy; Mthu;.

J}j;Jf;Fbapy; tof;fwpQuhf ,Ue;j mtu; ,uhkfpU\;zhde;ju;>

mNgjhde;ju;> gpukhde;ju; Mfpa tq;fj; JwtpfNshL njhlu;G

nfhz;L RNjrp ,af;fj;jpy; jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;.

fly;top te;j nts;is tpahghupia fly; topNa mDg;g

Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;NjhL 1882 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpaf;

fk;ngdpfs; rl;lg;gl;b 1906 mf;Nlhgu; 16k; Njjp 'RNjrp ];Bk;

333

NetpNfrd; fk;ngdp' gjpT nra;ag;gl;lJ. fhypah'> yhNth' vd;w

ngaUila ,uz;L fg;gy;fSk;> ruf;F %l;ilfis Vw;Wtjw;F

trjpahf ,uz;L ,ae;jpug; glFfSk; thq;fg;gl;ld. Mq;fpNya

tpahghupfs;> murhq;fk; Vw;gLj;jpa fLikahd> nfhLikahd

,lu;g;ghLfSf;fpilNa fg;gy;fis Xl;bdhu; t.c.rp.

RNjrp fg;gy; fk;ngdpia epWtpaNjhL epy;yhky; RNjrp

,af;fj;ij gy njhopy; JiwfSf;Fk; tpupTgLj;jpdhu;

fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod; t.c.rp. J}j;Jf;Fbapy; jUkyq;f nerTr;

rhiy> Njrpa gz;lf rhiy Mfpatw;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;.

nrd;id efupy; 'nrd;id tptrha-ifj;njhopy; rq;fk; ypkpnll;'

xd;iw epWtpdhu;. jdJ RNjrg; gzpf;F kf;fspilNa Mjuitj;

jpul;l tp.ru;f;fiur; nrl;bahu; jiyikapy; nrd;id efupy; RNjrp

gpur;rhu rigiaAk; mikj;jhu;.

1906 Mk; Mz;L ,Wjpapy; fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w

fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; t.c.rp.> ,uh[h[p> f];J}upuq;f Iaq;fhu;>

nt.uhkypq;fk;gps;is> v.rj;jpa%u;j;jp MfpNahu; fye;J nfhz;ldu;.

1907 R+uj; fhq;fpuRf;Fj; jPtputhjpfis mjpf mstpy; mioj;J

tUkhW mutpe;ju; t.c.rpf;Ff; nfhLj;j je;jpia rpuNkw;nfhz;L

jkpo;ehl;Lj; jpyfuhd mtu; nrd;id nrd;W ghujpahUlDk;>

kz;ilak; rPdpthrhr;rhupAlDk; fye;J Ngrpj; jkpo; ehl;Lg;

gpujpepjpfis R+uj; khehl;Lf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;whu;. R+uj; khehl;Lg;

ge;jypy; Vw;gl;l ,ufisapd; NghJ t.c.rp> Jiurhkp Iau;>

RNje;jpuehj; vj;jpuh[;> jpUty;ypf;Nfzp fpU\;zkhr;rhup> ghujpahu;>

rPdpthruhfthr;rhup> rf;fiur; nrl;bahu; Mfpa jkpo; ehl;Lj;

jPtputhjg; gpujpepjpfs; jpyfiur; R+o;e;J nfhz;L mtUf;Fg;

ghJfhg;gspj;jdu;. R+uj; khehl;Lg; ge;jypNyNa Njrpaj;

jPtputhjpfs; jdpf; fl;rpiaj; Jtf;fp mf;fl;rpf;F tq;fhsj;Jf;F

mutpe;jUk;> kfhuh\;buj;Jf;Fj; jpyfUk;> nrd;id khfhzj;Jf;F

t.c.rpAk; nrayhsu;fshfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;.

R+uj;jpypUe;J jpUk;gpa t.c.rp.> gpgpd; re;jpughyu;

tpLjiyahd ehis tpkupirahff; nfhz;lhlj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;.

mjd;gb ney;iy efupy; tpaj;jF Cu;tyj;ij elj;jpdhu;. t.c.rp.

khtl;l kh[pl;Nul; Nfhu;l; vjpupy;> jhkpuguzp Mw;wq;fiuapy;

eilngw;w nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; t.c.rpAk;> Rg;gpukzpa rpthTk;

vOr;rpg; NgUiuahw;wpdu;. te;Nj khjuk; Nfh\k; tpz;izg;

gpse;jJ. miog;gpd; Ngupy; ney;iyf; fnyf;lu; tpQ;r;ir

re;jpj;jhu;. t.c.rpAld; rpthTk;> gj;kehg Iaq;fhUk;

cldpUe;jdu;. gpd;du; ,k;%tUk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

,uh[JNuhff; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;L t.c.rpf;F 40 Mz;Lfs;

rpiwjz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. kf;fs; mjpu;r;rp mile;jdu;.

,e;jpag; gj;jpupiffs; fz;ldf; Fuy; vOg;gpd. t.c.rpapd;

334

Nky;KiwaPLfs; epuhfupf;fg;gl;ld. vdpDk; ,yz;ld; gpupT

fTd;rpypy; t.c.rpf;F mspf;fg;gl;l MAs; jz;lidia

fLq;fhty; jz;lidahf khw;wpaJ. t.c.rp. NfhaKj;J}u;

rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;. mq;F mtu; muf;fj;jdkhd

nfhLikfSf;F Mshf;fg;gl;lhu;. gpd;du; mtu; Nfus

khepyj;jpYs;s fz;zD}u; kj;jpa rpiwf;F khw;wg;gl;lhu;. mq;Fk;

mtu; kyr;rl;b J}f;fpdhu;. fy;Yilj;jhu;> nrf;fpOj;jhu;. M\;

nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lijj; jdf;Ff; fpilj;j 'ew;nra;jp'ahff;

fUjpdhu; t.c.rp. 1912 brk;gu; ,Wjpapy; tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;L

tpl;lhu; t.c.rp. vdpDk; mtuJ RNjrpf; fg;gy; fk;ngdpiaf;

fhg;ghw;w Kbatpy;iy; mJ ftpo;e;Jtpl;lJ; mNjhL jkpo;ehl;L

murpaypNy t.c.rp.> rfhg;jk; Kbe;jJ vdyhk;' vdf; fUJfpwhu;

k.ngh.rp.

nrd;id [drq;fk;

jpyfupd; tpUg;gj;Jf;Nfw;g jkpo;ehl;L RNjrpj; jiytu;fs;

1908 [dtup 11 Mk; Njjp nrd;id jpUty;ypf;Nfzp fq;if

nfhz;lhd; kz;lgj;jpy; nrd;id [drq;fk; vd;w mikg;igj;

Jtf;fpdu;. ,e;j mikg;igj; Jtf;fg; ghujp ngupJk; fhuzkhf

,Ue;jhu;. t.c.rp. ,r;rq;fj;jpd; jiytuhfTk;> kz;lak;

v.rPdpthrhr;rhup> rp.v.Mupah> Nf.ntq;fl;ukzuht; MfpNahu;

epu;thff; FO cWg;gpdu;fshfTk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. gy

khztu;fs; ,r;rq;fj;jpy; cWg;gpdu;fshf Nru;e;jdu;. nrd;id

[drq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;: 1) RNjrpg; nghUl;fisg; Gwf;fzpj;jy;;

2) Njrpaf; fy;tpiag; gug;Gjy;; 3) gs;spfspy; ,isQu;fSf;F

clw;gapw;rp mspj;jy;; 4) ,isQu;fspilNa tpopg;Gzu;it

cUthf;fy;; 5) RNjrp ,af;ff; $l;lq;fSf;F Vw;ghL nra;jy;; 6)

rq;f cWg;gpdu;fis mjpfupj;jy;. nrd;id [drq;fk; 1912 tiu

nray;gl;L jkpo;ehl;L RNjrp ,af;fj;ij Kd;nfhz;L nrd;wJ.


t.c.rpAk; rpthTk; jkpo;ehl;L RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd;

,ul;ilau;fshfj; jpfo;e;jhu;fs;. t.c.rpiag; Nghd;Nw rpthTk;

,uhkfpU\;z-tpNtfhde;jh Ntjhe;j ,af;fj;jpy; <Lgl;L> mjd;

top RNjrp ,af;fj;Jf;F <u;f;fg;gl;ltu;. 'Rje;jpuhde;jh' vd;w

Gidg; ngaiu R+l;bf; nfhz;ltu; rpth. kJiu khtl;lj;ijr;

Nru;e;j tj;jyf;Fz;L thrpahd ,isQu; rpth> J}j;Jf;Fb te;J

t.c.rpAld; ,ize;J nray;glyhdhu;. RNjrp ,af;fg;

gpur;rhuj;jpy; ,t;,UtUk; jPtpukhfg; gq;F nfhz;ldu;. gpgpd;

re;jpughyu; tpLjiy ehis jilia kPwp jhkpuguzp

nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; Ngrpajw;fhf t.c.rpAld; rpthTk; ifJ

335

nra;ag;gl;L> tprhupf;fg;gl;L> gj;jhz;Lfs; rpiw jz;lid ngw;whu;.

jpUr;rp rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;l rpth gy

nfhLikfSf;Fs;shdNjhL njhONehahy; ghjpf;fg; gl;lhu;. vdNt

mtu; Nryj;jpy; njhONeha; fz;l fpupkpdy; Fw;wthspfs;

milf;fg;gl;bUe;j rpiwr;rhiyf;F khw;wg;gl;lhu;. rpiwapypUe;J

tpLjiyahd rpth jUkGup khtl;lj;jpYs;s ghg;ghug;gl;bapy;

ghujp Mrpukk;' vd;w ngauhy; Njrgf;ju;fspd; ghriw xd;iw

epWtp> ,sk; NjrhgpkhdpfSf;F ehl;L tpLjiyg; NghUf;fhd

gapw;rp mspj;jhu;. ghujpahupd; Njrpag; ghly;fisg; ghbr;

nry;tjw;nfd ghuj Mrpupag; ghly; FOit mikj;jhu;. rpth[p>

Njrpq;Fuh[d; Mfpa khtPuu;fspd; tuyhw;iw ehlfq;fshf;fpdhu;.

Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpu;g;Gzu;r;rpiaj; J}z;Lk; tifapy; ehlf

ciuahly;fis vOjpdhu;. ghbAk;> NgrpAk;> ebj;Jk; kf;fspilNa

tpLjiy czu;it Cl;b te;jhu; rpth. muRf;nfjpuhf

nray;gl;lhu; vd rpth kPJ ehd;F Kiw (1908> 1921> 1922> 1924)

Fw;wk; rhl;b tof;F njhLj;J jz;bj;jJ murhq;fk;. ‘Njr NritapYk; rup> rpiwgl;L ,d;dYw;w jpahfj;jpNyAk; rup>

rpthTf;F ,izahf kw;nwhU Njrgf;jiur; nrhy;y KbahJ'

vd;W Gfohuk; R+bAs;shu; k.ngh.rp.


1. ahu; tPurthu;f;fupd; 1857 KjyhtJ ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;'

vd;w E}iy kuhj;jpapypUe;J Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngau;j;jJ?

2. vg;nghOJ 'RNjrp ];Bk; NetpNfrd; fk;ngdp' gjpT

nra;ag;gl;lJ?

3. ahu; 'Rje;jpuhde;jh' vd;w Gidg; ngaiu R+l;bf; nfhz;ld?

14.8. ,uh[h[p

,uh[Nfhghyd; 1878 brk;gu; 8 Mk; ehs; jUkGup khtl;lk;

XR+Uf;F mUNf njhug;gs;sp vd;w Cupy; rf;utu;j;jp

[aq;fhUf;Fk;> rpq;fhuk;khSf;Fk; %d;whtJ kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;.

eurpk;khr;rhupAk;> rPdpthrDk; ,tUf;F %j;jtu;fs;.

njhug;gs;spapYk;> XR+upYk; gs;spg; gbg;ig Kbj;j ,uh[Nfhghyd;

ngq;fShu; kj;jpa fy;Y}upapy; gl;lg; gbg;igAk; (1894)> nrd;id

khepyf; fy;Y}upapy; rl;lg; gbg;igAk; (1897) Kbj;jhu;. jdJ

21tJ tajpy; myNkY kq;fk;khitj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;l

,uh[Nfhghyd; 1900 ,y; Nryj;jpy; tof;FiuQu; njhopiyj;

Jtf;fpdhu;. gpugykile;jgpd; ,tu; rf;futu;j;jp

336

,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupahu;> rp.Mu;.uh[h[p vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

‘Nryj;J khk;gok;' vd;gJ ,tuJ nry;yg; ngauhFk;.

murpay; Mu;tk;

,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup Nryj;jpy; tf;fPy; njhopy; ghu;j;Jf;

nfhz;bUe;j NghJ murpay; Mu;tk; Vw;gl;lJ. tq;fhsg;

gpuptpidapd; tpisthf vOe;j RNjrp ,af;fk; ,tuJ

ftdj;ijf; ftu;e;jJ. ,tu; t.c.rp.> nt.,uhkypq;fk; gps;is

MfpNahUld; 1906 Mk; Mz;L ,Wjpapy; fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w

fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;lhu;. 1900fspy; ghyfq;fhju

jpyfu; vOg;gpa 'Rje;jpuk; vdJ gpwg;Gupik' vd;w Kof;fk;

,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupia kpfTk; ftu;e;jJ. mNjNghd;W ghujpapd;

ehl;Lg;gw;Wg; ghly;fs; ,tiuf; fhe;jk; Nghy; <u;j;jd. t.c.rp.

gpupl;b\; fg;gy; fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhf RNjrp Bk; NetpNf\d;

fk;ngdp (Swadeshi Steam Navigation

Company)iaj; Jtf;fpa NghJ ,tu; epjp tR+y; nra;Jk;>

gq;Ffis thq;fp epjp cjtp nra;Jk; Cf;Ftpj;jhu;. Rg;gpukzpa

rpth ,tuJ ez;guhdhu;. nrd;id RNjrpfspy; xUtuhdhu;.


Nryj;jpy; gpugy tf;fPyhfg; Gfo; ngw;wpUe;j

,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup Nryk; efu; kd;w cWg;gpduhfj;

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu; (1911). gpd;du; mjd; jiytuhf ,uz;L

Mz;Lfs; (1917-1919) gzpahw;wpdhu;. mg;NghJ mtu; 1) jPz;lhik

xopg;Gg; gzpapy; jPtpu ftdk; nrYj;jpdhu;; 2) mup[d; efuhl;rp

kd;w cWg;gpduhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLtjw;F cWJizahf

,Ue;jhu;; 3) gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhu; fy;tp trjpf;Fk;> tsu;r;rpf;Fk;

Vw;ghL nra;jhu;; 4) vjpu;g;ig vjpu;f;nfhz;L rkge;jp rhg;ghl;il

elj;jp itj;jhu;; 5)efUf;fhd gy eyj;jpl;lq;fis epiwNtw;wpdhu;.

,g;gzpfSf;fpilNa Njrj;JNuhff; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l

gp.tujuh[{Y ehALtpd; rhu;ghf tof;F kd;wj;jpy; thjhbdhu;

(1917). ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupapd; njhopYk;

NritAk; ifNfhu;j;Jr; nrd;wd. 1919 Mk; Mz;L nrd;idapy;

FbNawp cau;ePjp kd;w tof;FiuQuhdhu;. ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;

,uh[h[p mup[d rkj;Jtj;Jf;F milahskhf mtu;fSld;

'rkge;jp Ngh[dk;' nra;jhu;. “,uh[h[p mtu;fshy;jhd; jpuhtpl

ehl;by; rkge;jp Ngh[dk; vd;gJk;> mijtplj; jPtpukhd rhjpNgjk;

vd;gNj ,y;yhky; ahu; tPl;by; ahUk; czT mUe;jyhk; vd;w

jd;ikAk; Vw;gl;lJ” vd;W gjpT nra;Js;shu; ngupahu; <.nt.uh

(tpLjiy> 1972 brk;gu; 26). ,uh[h[p fyg;Gj; jpUkzj;ij

Mjupj;jhu;.

337


nrd;idf;F te;j ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup fhe;jp Jtf;fpa

nusyl; mwg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;whu;; tf;fPy; njhopYf;F tpil

nfhLj;jhu;. 1919 khu;r; 30 Mk; Njjpia mwg;Nghuhl;l ehshf

(Satyagraha Day) mwptpj;j fhe;jp nrd;idf;F te;j NghJ (khu;r;

17) ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup> v.f];J}upuq;f Iaq;fhu;>

rp.tp[auhfthr;rhupahu; MfpNahUld; fye;J MNyhrpj;j gpd;du;

mwg;Nghuhl;l ehis Vg;uy; 6-f;Fj; js;sp itj;jhu; fhe;jp.

fhe;jpia re;jpj;j gpwF ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup ,uh[h[p Mdhu;.

1921 Mk; Mz;L ,uh[h[p fhq;fpu]; nraw;FO (Congress

Working Committee) cWg;gpduhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;L> mjd;

nghJr; nrayuhfr; nray;gl;lhu;. 1922 ,y; $ba ,e;jpa Njrpa

fhq;fpu]; fah (Gaya) khehl;by; ,uh[h[p fye;J nfhz;lhu;. ,e;j

khehl;by; jhd; fhe;jpapd; rl;lkd;wg; Gwf;fzpg;ig vjpu;j;J

Nkhjpyhy; NeUTk;> rp.Mu;.jhRTk; fhq;fpuir tpl;L ntspNawpdu;.

fhq;fpu]; 'khw;wk; Ntz;LNthu;' (Pro-Changes)> khw;wk;

Ntz;lhNjhu; (No-Changers) vd;W ,uz;L fl;rpapduhfg;

gpupe;jdu;. fhe;jpiag; gpd;gw;wp rl;lkd;wg; Gwf;fzpg;igj; njhlu

Ntz;Lnkd;w khw;wk; Ntz;lhNjhu;' gf;fk; cWjpahf epd;whu;

,uh[h[p. 1923 ,y; fhq;fpu]; gpsTgl;l NghJ ,uh[h[p

rl;lkWg;G ,af;f tprhuizf; FO (Civil Disobedience Enquiry

Committee) cWg;gpduhdhu;. mjpypUe;J mtu; Njrpa murpaypy;

gpujhd gq;Nfw;fyhdhu;. ,uh[h[p 1924 Mk; Mz;L

jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;Lf;F mUNf GJg;ghisaj;jpy; fhe;jp Mrpukk;

Muk;gpj;J fpuhk kf;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhd eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

jkpo;ehl;Lj; jiyik

fhe;jp Jtf;fpa xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd;NghJ (Non Co-

operation Movement> 1920-1922) ,uh[h[p jkpo; ehl;by; me;j

,af;fj;Jf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fp rpwg;ghf elj;jpdhu;. 1920 Mk;

Mz;L ,Wjpapy; elf;ftpUe;j rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jiyg; Gwf;fzpf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,uh[h[pAk;> b.v];.v];.uh[Dk; jkpo;ehL

khtl;lq;fspy; R+whtsp Rw;Wg; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. 1921

[dtup 10 Mk; Njjp nrd;idf;F te;j fhdhl; Nfhkfid (Duke

of Connaught)g; Gwf;fzpf;fg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhu;. mjd; gpd;du; 1930

[dtup 26 Mk; ehsd;W Njrnkq;Fk; G+uz Rje;jpu ehs;

338

nfhz;lhlg;gl;l NghJ> ,uh[h[pAk; mtuJ mZf;f ez;gu; kJiu

V.itj;jpaehj IaUk; ,f;nfhz;lhl;lk; jkpo;ehl;by;

Nfhyhfykhff; nfhz;lhbajpy; gpujhd gq;Nfw;wdu;. mjd;gpd;

,t;tpUtUk; kJiuapy; gpd;dtu; tPl;by; re;jpj;J jkpo; ehl;by;

cg;Gr; rj;jpahf;fpufk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd jpl;lj;ij KbT

nra;jjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; gp.v .re;jpugpuG. ,uh[h[papd;

jiyikapy; jkpo; ehl;by; cg;G mwg;Nghuhl;lk; ntw;wpfukhf

eilngw;wJ. ,uh[h[p ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy;

milf;fg;gl;lhu; (Vg;uy; 30).

1937f;Fk; 1947f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l 10 Mz;Lfspy; ,uh[h[papd;

murpay; tho;f;ifapy; gy miyfs; vOe;J mlq;fpd; gy

khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiyahd ,uh[h[p (1934

gpg;utup 6) jdJ epiyia khw;wpf; nfhz;L kj;jpa khepy

rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jy;fspy; fhq;fpu]; gq;Nfw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W

$wpdhu;. 'khw;wk; tpUk;ghjtuhf' mtu; 'khw;wk; tpUk;Ggtuhf'

khwptpl;lhu;! 1937 jkpo;ehL rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L>

ntw;wp ngw;W> nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapd; Kjy; fhq;fpu gpujku;'

(Kjyikr;ru;) Mdhu; (1937-1939). mtuJ nkhopf; nfhs;if jkpo;

ehl;by; ,e;jp vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W. ,e;jp

fw;Wf; nfhz;lhy; ,e;jpa mstpy; Ntiy tha;g;Gfisg; ngwyhk;

vd;w vz;zj;jpy; ,e;jpia ghlnkhopahf;fpdhu; ,uh[h[p vd;W

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; ek;gp M&uhd;. ,e;jpaj; jiytu;fisf; fye;J

MNyhrpf;fhky; gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; n[u;kdp kPJ Nghu;

njhLj;jjhy; fhq;fpu]; kj;jpa-khepy murhq;fq;fspypUe;J

tpyFtnjd KbntLj;jJ. me;j Kbtpd;gb ,uh[h[p

mikr;ruit 1939 mf;Nlhgu; 29 Mk; Njjp gjtp tpyfpaJ.

,e;jpag; ghJfhg;G tpjpfspd; (Defence of India Rules)gb ,uh[h[p

ifJ nra;ag;gl;L Xuhz;L fhyk; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;.

Nghuhl;lg; Gwf;fzpg;G

rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiyahfp te;j ,uh[h[p jd; murpay;

epiyg;ghl;il Kw;wpYkhf khw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;. gpupl;lDf;F ,e;jpah

MjuT nfhLg;gJ gw;wp fhq;fpu]; Nkyplj;Jld; fUj;J NtWghL

nfhz;lhu;. gpur;ridia gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;Jld; Ngrpj; jPu;j;Jf;

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;ij

(Quit India Movement) vjpu;j;jhu;; me;j ,af;fj;ijg; Gwf;fzpj;jhu;.

jdp Rje;jpu ehL Nfhupa K];yPk; yPf;Fld; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;j

Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;. ,e;J-K];yPk; cld;ghl;Lf;fhd jdJ jpl;lj;ij

(C.R.Formula) ntspapl;lhu;. ,uh[h[papd; eltbf;iffs;

fhq;fpurhupilNa kpFe;j kdNtjidiaj; je;jd. ,uz;lhk;

cyfg; Nghu; Kbe;jTld; 1946 ,y; eilngw;w khepy rl;lkd;wj;

Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;W kPz;Lk; Kjyikr;ruhf Kad;whu;.

339

mk;Kaw;rp gydspf;fhikahy; mtu; jkpo;ehL fhq;fpurpypUe;J

tpyfpf; nfhz;lhu;. fhkuhrupd; MjuNthL b.gpufhrk;

Kjyikr;rhuhdhu;.


,uh[h[p 1937 [_iy 15 Mk; Njjp Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;.

mtuJ mikr;ruitapy; b.gpufhrk;> gp.Rg;guhad;> tp.tp.fpup>

ngrthlh Nfhghy nul;b> b.v];.v];.,uh[d;> nksyhdh ah$g;

fhrd; Nrj;> tp.I.KDrhkp gps;is> v .uhkehjd; gps;is>

Nfhq;fl;b ,uhkd; Nkdd; MfpNahu; ,lk; ngw;wdu;. ,uh[h[p

Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;wTld; rpy rKjhar; rPu;jpUj;j

eltbf;iffisf; fhy ,og;gpd;wp Nkw;nfhz;lhu;: 1) tptrhapfs;

fld; js;Sgb rl;lk; (Agricultural Debt Relief Act, March 1938).

,r;rl;lk; khepy tptrhapfisf; fld; gpbapypUe;J tpLtpj;J

epk;kjpg; ngU%r;R tplr; nra;jJ; 2) Mya EioT kw;Wk;

,og;gPl;Lr; rl;lk; (Temple Entry Authorisation and Indemnity Act>

1939). ,e;jr; rl;lk; jypj;JfSk;> ehlhu;fSk; NfhtpYf;Fs;

Eiotjw;F vjpuhf ,Ue;j fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; jilfisAk;

ePf;fpaJ. gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhu; cau; rhjpapdUf;Fr; rkkhf

NfhtpYf;Fr; nrd;W ,iwtid topgLtjw;fhd cupik

toq;fg;gl;lJ; 3) rl;lk; ,aw;WtNjhL epd;Wtplhky; cldbahf

kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Myak; jypj;JfSf;Fk; ehlhu;fSf;Fk;

jpwe;Jtplg;gl;lJ (1939). 4) khepyk; KOtjk; kJtpyf;F

(Prohibition) eilKiwg;gLj;jg; gl;lJ. rKjhaj;jpd; mbj;jl;L

kf;fspd; eyd; fUjp ,j;jpl;lk; cWjpAld; nray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ; 5)

kJtpyf;Fj; jpl;lj;jhy; Vw;gLk; tUtha; ,og;ig <L

nra;tjw;fhf tpw;gid tup (Sales Tax) tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ; 6)

murhq;f nryitf; Fiwf;f E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd murhq;f Muk;gg;

gs;spfs; %lg;gl;ld! 7) gs;spfspy; fhe;jpapd; thu;jh fy;tpj;

jpl;lk; (Wardha Scheme) mwpKfg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 8) gs;spfspy;

Mwhk; tFg;gpypUe;J vl;lhk; tFg;G tiu ,uz;lhtJ nkhopahf

,e;jp ghlkhf;fg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ khztu;fs; jha;nkhopNahL

,e;jpiaAk; fl;lhag; ghlkhff; fw;f Ntz;Lk;.


,uh[h[p mwpKfg;gLj;jpa jpl;lq;fspy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd

Jtf;fg; gs;spfis %baJk;> gs;spfspy; thu;jh jpl;lj;ij

mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJk;> fl;lha ,e;jpg; gbg;Gk; gpw rKjha rPu;jpUj;j

jpl;lq;fisg; gpd;Df;Fj; js;sptpl;L vjpu; tpisTfis

Vw;gLj;jpd. kJtpyf;Fj; jpl;lj;jhy; murhq;fj;Jf;F Vw;gl;l

tUtha; ,og;ig rupf;fl;Ltjw;fhf ,uh[h[p Gjpjhff; nfhz;L

te;j tpw;gid tupia Vw;Wf; nfhz;l kf;fs; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd

340

murhq;fg; gs;spfs; %lg;gl;lij epuhfupj;jdu;. ,uh[h[papd; ,e;j

eltbf;if Mapuf;fzf;fhd fPo;r;rhjp kf;fspd; Fwpg;ghf

jypj;Jfspd;> fy;tp tha;g;igg; gwpj;Jtpl;ljhff; fUjpdhu;. thu;jh

jpl;lk; tu;zhrpukj; jpl;lkhf rpj;jupf;fg;gl;lJ; ,j;jpl;lk;

rhjpKiwia rhRtjg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kaw;rp vd;W $wg;gl;lJ. .

<.nt.uh vjpu;g;G

,e;jp Mjuthsuhd ,uh[h[p Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;W ,e;jp

nkhopiaf; fw;gpg;gijg; gw;wpa mwptpg;ig ntspapl;lhu;. mijj;

njhlu;e;J 1938 Vg;uy; 21 Mk; Njjp xU murhiz (Government

Order> G.O) ntspaplg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb nrd;id

,uh[jhdpapYs;s 125 cau;epiyg; gs;spfspy; ,e;jp nkhop

fl;lhakhf fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j murhiz ntspaplg;gl;l

clNd ngupahu; <.nt.uhtpd; jiyikapyhd Rakupahij

,af;fj;jpdUk;> V.b.gd;dPu; nry;tj;jpd; jiyikapyhd

ePjpf;fl;rpapdUk; vjpu;j;jdu;. ,tu;fsJ vjpu;g;ig kiwkiy

mbfs;> NrhkRe;jughujp> Nf.mg;ghJiu> Kbaurd;> ,yf;Ftdhu;

Nghd;w jkpo; mwpQu;fs; Mjupj;jdu;.

ngz;fSk; mjpf mstpy; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;wdu;.

%tY}u; ,uhkhkpu;jk;> ehuhazp> t.g.jhkiuf;fdp> Kd;dfu;

mofpahu;> lhf;lu; ju;khk;ghs;> kyu; Kfj;jk;ikahu;> gl;lk;khs;>

rPj;jk;khs; MfpNahu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. jkpo;ehL ngz;fs;

khehl;by; $ba ngz;fSk; ,e;jp vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F MjuT

mspj;jdu; (1938 etk;gu; 13). fhQ;rp ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup Nghd;w

gpuhkzu;fSk; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;wdu; vd;gJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jkpo; NgRk; K];yPk;fSk; Mjutspj;jdu;. ,e;jp

vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lk; midj;J jug;gpdUk; fye;J nfhz;l kf;fs;

,af;fkhf khwpw;W.

gs;sp khztu;fs; ,e;jpiaf; fl;lhakhff; fw;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;w ,uh[h[papd; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;Jf;F cs;Nehf;fk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;L

vjpu;f;fl;rpfs;> Fwpg;ghf ngupahu; <.nt.uhtpd; jiyikapyhd

Rakupahij ,af;fk; Nghu;f;nfhb cau;j;jpaJ. fl;lha ,e;jp

vjpu;g;G ngupa Nghuhl;lkhf cUntLj;J tpuptile;jJ.

%d;whz;Lfs; ePbj;j ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ cz;zhtpujq;fs;>

Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs;> fUg;Gf; nfhb Cu;tyq;fs;> kwpay;fs;>

fz;ldq;fs;> ,e;jpvjpu;g;G khehLfs; elj;jg;gl;ld. 1938 [_iy

Kjy; NjjpAk;> brk;gu; %d;whk; NjjpAk; ,e;jp vjpu;g;G ehl;fshf

mDrupf;fg;gl;ld. ,g;Nghuhl;lk; ,uhkehjGuk;> jpUney;Ntyp>

Nryk;> jQ;rhT+u;> tlMu;f;fhL Mfpa jkpo; NgRk; khtl;lq;fspy;

jPtpukile;jJ. epiyik fl;Lf;flq;fhky; Nghapw;W.

341

,e;jp nkhopf; fy;tp gw;wp MSk; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapdupilNa

fUj;J xw;Wik ,y;iy. ,e;jp Mjuthsuhd ,uh[h[p ,jpy;

tplhg;gpbahf ,Ue;jhu;. epiyik fl;LkPwpr; nry;tijj; jLf;Fk;

nghUl;L rj;jpa%u;j;jpAk;> ru;tgs;sp ,uhjhfpU\;zDk; xU

rkurj; jPu;itf; $wpdu;. mjhtJ> ,e;jpia tpUg;gg; ghlkhf

nrhy;ypf; nfhLg;gNj me;j jPu;thFk;. Mdhy; ,uh[h[p ,jw;F

rk;kjpf;f tpy;iy. ,e;jp vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lj;ij rl;lk; xOq;Fg;

gpur;ridahfg; ghu;j;j ,uh[h[p NghyP]; jPu;T' fhzj;

jPu;khdpj;jhu;.

,e;jp vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhspfs; NghyP]; jhf;Fjiy

vjpu;nfhz;ldu;. rpy ,lq;fspy; ,g;Nghuhl;lk; td;Kiwapy;

Kbe;jJ. Mapuf;fzf;fhNdhu; NghyP]; jbabf;F cs;shapdu;.

nkhj;jk; 1>198 Ngu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. ngz;fs;

iff;Foe;ijfSld; rpiw nrd;wdu;. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ

jhsKj;J> eluhrd; Mfpa ,UtUk; capupoe;jdu;. 1>179 Ngu;

jz;bf;fg;gl;ldu;. ngupahUf;F &.1>000 mguhjKk;> xU Mz;L

fLq;fhty; jz;lidAk; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. mz;zhJiu ehd;F

khjq;fs; rpiw jz;lid ngw;whu;. 1939 [_d; 7 Mk; Njjp

Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;W ifjhd midtUk; tpLtpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;Jf;F vjpuhf mfpy ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; vLj;j

Kbtpd;gb fhq;fpu]; Ml;rp nra;j khepy Kjyikr;ru;fs; gjtp

tpyfpdu;. mjd;gb ,uh[h[p mikr;ruit gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpaJ

(1939 mf;Nlhgu; 20). nrd;id murhq;fk; MSeu; Ml;rpapd; fPo;

nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. 1940 gpg;utup 21 Mk; Njjp MSeu; vu;];fpd;

(Erskine) ,e;jp nkhop gw;wpa murhizia tpyf;fpf;

nfhz;lhu;. ,e;jp tpUg;g ghlkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ngupahu; ,e;jp

vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lj;ij tpyf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;.

kjpg;gPL

,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup gy gupkhzq;fisf; nfhz;l MSik

ngw;wtu;. mtu; xU mg;gOf;fw;w Njrpathjp> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;l tPuu;> r%f Nrtfu;> rl;l epGzu;> murpay; tpNtfp>

rpe;jidahsu;> ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghsp> kj;jpa-khepy murpaypy;

gpujhd gq;Nfw;wtu;. jkpo; ehl;by; r%f rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd;

Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;e;jtu;; fpuhk kf;fspd;> Fwpg;ghf jypj;

kf;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F Kd;Dupik nfhLj;jtu;;

gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhupd; Mya EioTf;F rl;l mq;fPfhuk; nfhLj;jtu;;

kJtpyf;if khepyk; KOtJk; eilKiwg; gLj;jpatu;; nkhoptop

khfhzq;fs; kf;fspilNa gpuhe;jpa kdg;ghd;ikia Cjp

tsu;f;Fk; vd;W vr;rupj;jtu;.

,uh[h[p FiwfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;ltu; my;yu;. mtuhy;

Njrpa mstpy; gpufhrpj;jijg; Nghd;W khepy mstpy; ntw;wp ngw

342

Kbatpy;iy. ,e;jpaj; jiytu;fspd; kdepiyiag; Gupe;J

nfhz;l mtuhy; kf;fspd; tpUg;G ntWg;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;s

Kbatpy;iy. fhq;fpu]; Nkyplj;jpd; MjuNthL khepy murpaYf;F

te;j ,uh[h[p kf;fspd; Nguhjuitg; ngw;wpUe;j rj;jpa

%u;j;jpapd; cau;Tf;Fj; jilahf ,Ue;jhu;; jkpo; ehl;L fhq;fpu];

,uz;lhfg; gpsTglf; fhuzkhdtu;. ,tuJ nkhopf;nfhs;if

jkpof kf;fis ,e;jp vjpu;g;ghsu;fshf;fptpl;lJ. ,uh[h[papd;

gpbthjg; Nghf;F mtuJ Mf;fg; G+u;tkhd rhjidfisg;

gpd;Df;Fj; js;sptpl;lJ. vdpDk; ,uh[h[p ,e;jpa murpay;

kzw;gug;gpy; mopahj fhybr; RtLfis tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;shu;

vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. ',tu;jhd; vd; kdrhl;rpapd; fhtyu;' vd;whu;

fhe;jp. cz;ikahd thu;j;ijfs;.


v];. rj;jpa %u;j;jp mtu;fs;> xU Njrgf;ju; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa

tpLjiyf;fhf ghLgl;l tpLjiy tPuUk; Mthu;. rpwe;j

tof;fwpQuhf tpsq;fpa v];. rj;jpa%u;j;jp mtu;fs;> jkpof

fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; tsu;r;rpf;fhf ghLgl;l xg;gw;w jiytuhthu;.

1937-38 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w ,e;jp vjpu;g;G Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ>

,e;jpia Mjupj;J cuf;f Fuy;nfhLj;jtu;. ,e;jpa kf;fspd;

tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij xLf;f vz;zpa Mq;fpy muirg; ghu;j;J

“ehq;fs; Rje;jpukhfNt tho tpUk;GfpNwhk;> ahUila

mjpfhuj;jpd; fPOk; ehq;fs; tho tpUk;gtpy;iy” vd Jzpr;ryhf

$wp jd;Dila Rje;jpu czu;it ntspgLj;jpa v];.

rj;jpa%u;j;jp. rj;jpa %u;j;jp mtu;fs;> ,e;jpahtpd; jkpo;ehL

khepyj;jpYs;s GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ‘jpUkak;’ vd;w Cupy; gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; Mr;rhukhd gpuhkzu; FLk;gj;ijr;

Nru;e;jtu;. mtUila je;ij Re;jNur rh];jpupau; xU gz;bju;

kw;Wk; njhopy;uPjpahf tof;fwpQUk; Mthu;. rj;jpa%u;j;jpf;F vl;L

rNfhjuu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.

Muk;g tho;f;if

rj;jpa %u;j;jp mtu;fspd;> ,sk; tajpNyNa mtuJ je;ij

fhykhdjhy;> jd;Dila jha; kw;Wk; rNfhjuu;fis

ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; nghWg;G ,tUf;F mjpfkhdJ. 1906 Mk;

Mz;L “nrd;id fpwp];Jt fy;Y}upapy;” tuyhw;Wj; Jiwapy;

,sq;fiyg; gl;lk; ngw;whu;. gpd;du;> nrd;id rl;lf; fy;Y}upapy;

Nru;e;J rl;lk; gapd;w mtu; jpU. ];uPdpthr Iaq;fhu; kw;Wk;

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;u]; jiytuhd ];uP.v];.];uPdpthr Iaq;fhupd;

fPo; rl;lg; gapw;rp Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

343

murpay; tho;f;if

jdJ fy;Y}up ehl;fspNyNa fy;Y}up Nju;jy;fspy;

fye;Jnfhz;L ntw;wpngw;w mtUf;F kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy; Mo;e;j

gpbg;igAk; murpaypy; <LglTk; toptFj;jJ. mjdhy; 1919

ypUe;J v];. rj;jpa%u;j;jpapd; murpay; tho;f;if njhlq;fpaJ

vdyhk;. fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; nfhs;iffspy; <LghLnfhz;L> jkpof

fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; cWg;gpduhf Nru;e;J> mf;fl;rpapd; ed;kjpg;igg;

ngw;w mtu;> fhq;fpurpd; gpujpepjpahf khz;NlF nrk;];Nghu;l;

rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; nust;yj; rl;lj;jpw;nfjpuhd ,iz

ehlhSkd;wf; FOtpy; thjhl ,q;fpyhe;J mDg;gg;gl;lhu;. gpd;du;>

1923 Mk; mz;L rl;lrig Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L rl;lrig

cWg;gpduhfTk; Mdhu;. 1930 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id ghu;j;jrhujp

Nfhtpypy; ,e;jpa Nfhb Vw;w Kad;wNghJ ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;.

rp.Mu;. jh]; kw;Wk; Nkhjpyhy; NeU Nghd;Nwhu;fs; njhlq;fpa

“Rauh[;af; fl;rpapy;” jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;l rj;jpa%u;j;jp

mtu;fs;> ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; miktjw;F

cWJizahf ,Ue;jhu;. 1937 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w nrd;id

rl;lkd;w Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wpngw;w mtu;> nrd;id

khfhz fTd;rpyuhfTk; Nju;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. 1939 Mk; Mz;L

nrd;id khefuhl;rp jiytuhf gzpahw;wpa nghOJ>

nrd;idapy; fLk; jz;zPu; gQ;rk; epytpaJ (,uz;lhk; cyfg;

Nghu;eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;j fhyfl;lk;). ,e;j gpur;ridiaj;

jPu;f;f gpupl;b\; muRld; Nghuhb G+z;b ePu;Njf;fj;jpu;fhd

(,g;nghOJ rj;jpa%u;j;jp rhfu; ePu;Njf;fk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ)

tiuT xg;Gikg; ngw;W gzpfs; clNd njhluTk; jPtpuk;

fhl;bdhu;. gpd;du;> RNjrp ,af;fj;jpy; jPtpu <LghL nfhz;L

nray;gl;l mtu;> 1940 Mk; Mz;L ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. 1942 Mk;

Mz;L eilngw;w “nts;isaNd ntspNaW” Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhf

kPz;Lk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;.

rj;jpa %u;j;jp mtu;fs;> Fkhurhkp fhkuh[Uf;F xU rpwe;j

murpay; topfhl;bahf jpfo;e;jtu;. 1936 Mk; Mz;L fhq;fpu];

fkpl;b jiytuhf Nju;njLf;fg;gl;l rj;jpa%u;j;jp> fhkuh[iu

nghJ nrayhsuhfTk; epakpj;jhu;. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;w NghJ

fhkuh[u;> Kjypy; rj;jpa%u;j;jp tPl;Lf;F nrd;W> Rje;jpuf;nfhbia

Vw;wp> jd;Dila FUtpd; kPJ nfhz;l gf;jpia ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;.

jkpof Kjiyr;ruhf gjtpNaw;w fhkuh[u; Kjypy; rj;jpa%u;j;jp

tPl;Lf;F nrd;W> mtUila Gifg;glj;jpw;F khiy mzptpj;J

mQ;ryp nrYj;jptpl;Lj; jpUk;gpdhu;. NkYk;> mtu; jkpo;ehL

fhq;fpu]; fl;rpf;F Mw;wpa njhz;il epidT$Wk; tifapy;>

jkpo;ehL fhq;fpu]; fl;rp jiyikafj;jpw;F “rj;jpa%u;j;jp gtd;” vd ngau; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. G+z;b ePu;Njf;fk; ,tuhy;

njhlq;fg;gl;L 1944 Mk; Mz;L fl;bKbf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> fl;b

344

Kbf;fg;gl;lNghJ ,tu; capUld; ,y;iy. ,tUila Kjd;ik

rPluhd fhkuh[u; me;j ePu;Njf;fj;jpw;F “rj;jpa%u;j;jp rhfu; miz” vd ngau; R+l;bdhu;. rj;jpa %u;j;jp mtu;fs;> 1942 Mk; Mz;L

jdpegu; rj;jpahfpufk; nra;jikahy; ifJnra;ag;gl;L

ehf;G+upYs;s mkuhtjp rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;. gpd;du;> KJF

jz;L fhaj;jpdhy; mtjpg;gl;l rj;jpa%u;j;jp> khu;r; 28> 1943 Mk;

Mz;L nrd;id kUj;Jtkidapy; jd;Dila 55 tJ tajpy;

fhykhdhu;.

14.10. F.fhkuhru;

fhkuhru; vd;w fhkhl;rp 1903 [_iy 15 Mk; Njjp

,uhkehjGuk; khtl;l tpUJefupy; eLj;ju ehlhu; FLk;gj;jpy;

Fkhurhkpf;Fk; rptfhkp mk;ikahUf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. ,tu;

cs;Shu; gs;spapYk;> Vdhjp ehadhu; tpj;ahrhyhtpYk;> rj;jpupa

tpj;ahrhyhtpYk; gbj;jhu;. ,sikapNyNa je;ijiaAk;>

ghl;ldhiuAk; ,oe;j fhkhl;rp gs;spg; gbg;igg; ghjpapNyNa

epWj;j Neupl;lJ. mjd;gpd; ,tu; jdJ rpj;jg;gh fUg;igah ehlhu;

Jzpf; filapYk;> jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; jha;khkd; fhrp ehuhaz

ehlhupd; kuj; njhl;bapYk; Ntiy nra;jhu;. mg;NghJ fhkuhrUf;F

ehl;L murpaypYk;> r%f rPu;jpUj;jj;jpYk; Mu;tk; Vw;gl;lJ.

Nfushtpy; jPz;lj;jfhNjhuhf; fUjg;gl;L gy nfhLikfSf;F

cs;shd <otu;fs; gw;wpa mwpa Neupl;lJ. itf;fk;

mwg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Mapuj;jpy; xUtuhff; fye;J nfhz;lhu;. mjd;

gpd;du; RrPe;jpu Mya EioTg; Nghuhl;lj;jpYk; gq;Nfw;whu;.

tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;

jpUtde;jGuj;jpypUe;J tpUJefu; jpUk;gpa fhkuhru; ,e;jpa

tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fj;NjhL 1919 ,y;

fhq;fpu njhz;luhfr; Nru;e;jhu;. 1920 Mk; Mz;by; mtUf;Ff;

fhe;jpia kJiuapy; re;jpf;Fk; tha;g;G fpilj;jJ. mjd;gpd; mtu;

tpUJefupYk;> khtl;lj;jpYk; fhq;fpuirg; gyg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpapy;

<Lgl;lhu;. mg;NghJjhd; mtUf;F v];.rj;jpa%u;j;jpAld; njhlu;G

Vw;gl;lJ. mg;NghjpypUe;J fhkuhru; rj;jpa%u;j;jpapd;

ek;gpf;iff;Fupa rPluhdhu;. jpUr;rp> kJiu Nghd;w efuq;fspy;

fhq;fpu]; fpisfisj; Jtf;fpdhu;. fhq;fpu]; njhz;lu;fSf;Fg;

gapw;rp mspj;jhu;. 1920 ,y; Jtf;fg;gl;l xj;Jioahik

,af;fj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;L kJf;fil kwpay; nra;jhu;.

fhkuhru; 1922 Mk; Mz;by; mg;NghJ fhq;fpurpy; ,Ue;j

<.nt.,uhkrhkp ehaf;fu; jiyikapd; fPo; nray;gl;l fhq;fpu

Nguitapd; nrayuhf ,Ue;jhu;; mg;Nguitapd; khepy fhq;fpu];

cWg;gpduhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. kf;fSf;F ed;F mwpKfkhd

345

fhkuhru; tpUJefu; efuhl;rp cWg;gpduhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;

(1922). khtl;l fhq;fpu rpwg;Gf; $l;lj;Jf;F Vw;ghL nra;J mjpy;

cau; kl;lj; jiytu;fis mioj;Jg; gq;Nfw;fr; nra;jhu;. 1924

,y; fhkuhru; rj;jpa%u;j;jpAld; Nru;e;J tpUJefu; khtl;lj;jpy;

Nju;jy; Rw;Wg; gazk; nra;jhu;. fhe;jp rPdpthr Iaq;fhupd;

tpUe;jpduhf ,Ue;jNghJ fhkuhru; fhe;jpia re;jpj;J

xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij Kd;dpd;W elj;j mDkjp ngw;whu;.

kJf;fil kwpay; nra;jhu;. irkd; FOit vjpu;j;J kwpay;

Nghuhl;lk; nra;jhu; (1928). cg;G mwg;Nguhl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;L

,uz;L Mz;Lfs; rpiw jz;lid ngw;whu; fhkuhru;. mypg;G+u;

rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;.

fhq;fpu]; jiytu;

1930 Mk; Mz;L mypg;G+u; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;l fhkuhru;

1931y; tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lhu;. mtUf;F tpUJefupy; khngUk;

tuNtw;G mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mijj; njhlu;e;J mtu; ,uhkehjGuk;

khtl;lj;jpypUe;J jkpo;ehL fhq;fpu]; fkpl;bf;Fj;

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. fhe;jp ,uz;lhtJ tl;lNki[ khehl;by;

fye;J nfhs;sr; nrd;wNghJ fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jj;ij kPwp

rl;lkWg;Gg; Nghuhl;l tPuu;fs; kPJ gop thq;fg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ

fhkuhru; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L jpUr;rp rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;L>

gpd;du; NtY}u; rpiwf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lhu;. mtu; kPJ gy

Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs; Rkj;jg;gl;ld. tpLjiyahd gpd; 1935 brk;gu; 20

Mk; Njjp fhkuhru; tpUJefupy; fhq;fpu nghd;tpohit rpwg;ghff;

nfhz;lhbdhu;. 1936 ,y; [tù;yhy; NeU jkpo; ehl;by; Rw;Wg;

gazk; nra;j NghJ rj;jpa%u;j;jpAk;> fhkuhrUk; cld; nrd;wdu;.

mLj;j Mz;Nl fhkuhru; rhj;J}u; njhFjpapypUe;J nrd;id rl;lg;

Nguitj; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapd;wpj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. 1940 ,y;

jkpo;ehL fhq;fpu fkpl;bj; jiytu; Nju;jYf;fhd Nju;jy;

eilngw;wJ. mg;NghJ Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;j ,uh[h[papd;

MjuNthL rp.gp.Rg;igahTk;> rj;jpa%u;j;jpapd; MjuNthLk;

fhkuhrUk; Nghl;bapl;ldu;. fhkuhru; %d;W thf;F tpj;jpahrj;jpy;

ntw;wp ngw;whu;. mtu; mg;gjtpapy; njhlu;e;J 16 Mz;Lfs;

ePbj;jhu;. rj;jpa%u;j;jp fhq;fpu]; nrayuhdhu;.

efu; kd;wj; jiytu;

1940 ,y; Jtf;fg;gl;l jdpegu; mwg;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ

jkpo;ehL fhq;fpu]; jiytuhapUe;j fhkuhru; jkpo;ehL

KOtjw;Fkhd rj;jpahf;fpufpfspd; ngau;g; gl;baiyj; jahupj;Jf;

nfhz;L fhe;jpia re;jpj;Jg; NgRtjw;fhf thu;jhTf;Fr; nry;Yk;

topapy; f&u; Gif tz;b epiyaj;jpy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L NtY}u;

rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;. fhkuhru; rpiwapy; ,Ue;jNghJ mtu;

tpUJefu; efu; kd;wj; jiytuhf xUkdjhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;

346

(1941 Nk 31). tpLjiyahdTld; fhkuhru; kupahij epkpj;jk;

efuhl;rpj; jiytuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;W tpiutpNyNa fl;rpg;

gzpf;fhfg; gjtp tpyfpdhu;.

rpiwthrk;

1942 Mf];L 7-8 Njjpfspy; gk;ghapy; $ba fhq;fpu];

$l;lj;jpy; 'nts;isaNd ntspNaW' Nghuhl;lj; jPu;khdk;

epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. mf;$l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;L jpUk;gpa

fhkuhru; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L mk;Nuhyp rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;Lg;

gpd;du; NtY}u; rpiwf;F khw;wg;gl;lhu;. %d;W Mz;Lfhy

rpiwthrj;Jf;Fg; gpd; tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhu; (1945 [_d; 30). fhkuhru;

rpiwapypUe;j NghJ mtuJ murpay; Mrhd; rj;jpa%u;j;jp

fhykhdhu; (1943). 1945 [_iy khjk; rpiwapypUe;J jpUk;gpa

fhkuhru; fl;rpg; gzpapy; fUj;J}d;wp nray;gl;lhu;. 1946 ,y;

eilngw;w nghJj; Nju;jypy; jkpo; ehl;by; 205 ,lq;fspy; 165

,lq;fisf; fhq;fpu]; ifg;gw;wpaJ. fhkuhru; rhj;J}u;

njhFjpapypUe;J rl;lg; Nguitf;Fg; Nghl;bapd;wpj;

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. fhkuhrupd; MjuNthL b.gpufhrk;> Xke;J}u;

,uhkrhkp nul;bahu;> Fkhurhkp ,uh[h MfpNahu; KiwNa nrd;id

Kjyikr;ruhdhu;fs; (1946-1952). mtu; Ml;rpahsu;fis

cUthf;Fgtu;' (King-Maker) vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;.


4. ve;j Mz;L ,uh[h[p fhq;fpu]; nraw;FO (Congress

Working Committee) cWg;gpduhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;?

5. 1930 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id ghu;j;jrhujp Nfhtpypy; ,e;jpa

Njrpa nfhbia Vw;w Kad;wNghJ ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu; ahu;?

6. ve;j Mz;L fhkuhru;f;F fhe;jpia kJiuapy; re;jpf;Fk; tha;g;G

fpilj;jJ?


1. t.Nt.R. Iau;

2. 1906 mf;Nlhgu; 16-k; Njjp

3. Rg;gpukzpa rpth

4. 1921

5. v];. rj;jpa %u;j;jp

6. 1920

347


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. thQ;rpehjd; Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf

2. tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Rg;ukzpa ghujpapd; gq;fspg;ig tptup

3. tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fhkuh[upd; gq;F Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff

tpupthd tpdhf;fs;

1. tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpy; t. c. rp. gq;fspg;ig tpsf;Ff

2. ,uh[h[papd; epu;thf jpwik Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

3. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jkpofj;jpd; gq;F Fwpj;J fl;Liu

vOJf








David Arnold. The Congress in Tamilnadu: nationalist politics in

South India, 1919-1937

Documents

20CUS00598 108 51 History of Tamil Nadu upto 1947 CRC