1821

, - , 1821-28 . , , , . 1830 - .1 1841,

(8 9 2009) - : Empires and Peninsulas. Southeastern Europe between Carlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699-1829 (Society, War, Transition). : The Greek Revolution and the socio-economic transformation of an Ottoman province: the case of the island of Crete in 1821.

1. - . Patrick Campbell (, . , 1833, ) John Bowring ( 1834), . (. John Bowring, Report on Candia, 1840, Patrick Campbell, . 181 Robert Pashley, Travels in Crete, . 1, 1837, . XXIII). , . , (Afaf Lutfi Al-Sayyid Marsot, Egypt in the reign of Muhammad Ali, 1984, . 230).

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72

, . , (, , , ), -, , .

1821

, - . 1821 . , - , , .2 , , , . , , , , , , - .3 .4 ( ) . 30.000 .

1821, , ,7

2. Victor Raulin, Description physique de lile de Crte, . 1, 1869, . 207.3. J. Bowring, .., . 155 MAEADCCC (=Ministre des Affaires trangres,

Archives Diplomatiques, Correspondance Commerciale des Consuls), Turquie, La Cane, 25 (1834-40), Fabreguettes , . 18, 18.7.1838, . 332-333, -, 20.7.1838, . 333-339 , Charpentier -, . 32, 30.11.1840, . 449-450, , , . 450-461 V. Raulin, .., . 202.

4. J. Bowring, ... MAEADCCC, Turquie, La Cane, 25 (1834-40), .. V. Raulin, .., . 202.

5. J. Bowring, .., . 155.6. R. Pashley, .., . 1, . XXIV.7. 1817 (Sieber) 1819-20 (Jowett): -,

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1821 73

260.000-280.000 . - 1830,8 - ( , ), 1840 152.000 173.000 , , , 40% (. 1).

-. 1821 9 ( 53% 47%). , 1840 70%-81%, 19%-30% (. 1).

(, , ) - : . , - 41% 21% , , 59% 79%. ,

( 17- 19 ), 6 , . 3, 1990, . 25. 1821 (Gosse): Constantinos Vaca-lopoulos, Quelques informations statistiques sur la Crte avant et aprs la rvolution de 1821, 4 , . 3, 1981, . 28. 1821 (Bourquelot): Felix Bourquelot, Huit jours dans lIle de Candie en 1861. Moeurs et Paysages, 1863, . 50.

8. 1830, - 98.0000 130.000. . . , , 1842, . 104 (115.900) J. Bowring, .., Patrick Campbell, . 184 (98.000) R. Pashley, .., . 2, . 325 (129.000) , (1645-1899), 1997, . 87 . 3 (120.000-130.000).

9. , . , 1669, . . Molly Greene, A shared world. Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean, , Princeton University Press, 2000, . 39 Emile Kolodny, La Crte: mutations et volution d'une population insulaire grec-que, Revue de Gographie de Lyon 43/3 (1968) 246-247 Vassilis Dimitriadis, Conflicts of interest between local muslims and the central government in Istanbul during the Greek war of independence, 1821-28, (.), Ot-toman rule and the Balkans, 1760-1850: conflict, transformation, adaptation, Proceedings of an international conference held in Rethymno, Greece, 13-14 December 2003, 2007, . 206.

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74

. 17% 19% 81% 83% , - 1821 (. 1).

1

1821 1840

/ 1821 1821

1840 1840

260.000-280.000 100% 152.760-172.450 100%

130.000-141.650 50-53% 107.000-140.000 70-81% 124.705-140.000 47-50% 32.000-46.000 19-30%

46.000 17% 26.000-32.000 17-19% 220.355 83% 127.000-140.000 81-83%

11.000 24% 6.760 26% 35.000 76% 19.000 74%

130.650 59% 100.000 79% 89.705 41% 27.000 21%

. 1821: John Bowring, Report on Egypt and Candia, 1840, . 156 (- : 260.000, : 130.000, : 130.000). M. , , 1842, . 104 ( : 266.355, : 141.650, : 124.705, : 46.000, : 220.355, : 11.000, : 35.000, : 130.650, : 89.705). Victor Raulin, Description physique de lIle de Crte, . 1, 1869, . 207 ( : 260.000-280.000, -: 130.000-140.000, : 130.000-140.000). Charles Scott, Rambles in Egypt and Candia, . 2, 1837, . 257 ( : 280.000).

1840: John Bowring, Report on Egypt and Candia, 1840, . 157 (- : 152.760, : 106.760, : 46.000, : 25.760, -: 127.000, : 6.760, : 19.000, : 100.000, : 27.000). Ministre des Affaires Etrangres, Archives Diplomatiques, Correspondance Commerciale des Consuls, Turquie, La Cane, 25 (1834-40), Charpentier , . 32, 30.11.1840, . 449-450, , , . 450-461 ( : 172.450, : 140.450, : 32.000, : 32.450, -: 140.000).

, - , . , , o .

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1821 75

- . 1669 1821 , , . . , ( ) , . . , , .10 .11

- , 12 .13 -, (.. ). , .14 1821 - ,15 .

10. MAEADCCC, Turquie, La Cane, 25 (1834-40), Fabreguettes , . 28, 16.7.1834, . 82-84, - Fabreguettes, , 5.7.1834, . 84-106 J. Bowring, .., . 166 R. Pashley, .., . 1, . XXV.

11. , (17- 19 ), (.), . , 2004, . 354-355.

12. J. Bowring, .., . 166.13. MAEADCCC, Turquie, La Cane, 25 (1834-40), Fabreguettes

, . 28, 16.7.1834, . 82-84, -, .. J. Bowring, .., . 166 R. Pashley, .., . 1, . XXVI.

14. Franz Sieber, Travels in the island of Crete in the year 1817, 1823, . 45, 47, 52, 66, 78, 113-114 J. Bowring, .., . 154-155.

15. J. Bowring, .., . 166.

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76

, .16 , 1834, -

.17

. .18 , , , , . , , , , - - . , .19 , , , .20 , .

(1830-40)

, , . .

16. R. Pashley, .., . 1, . XXI V. Raulin, .., . 50 J. Bowring, .., . 154.

17. MAEADCCC, Turquie, La Cane, 25 (1834-40), Fabreguettes , . 28, 16.7.1834, . 82-84, -, .. , 1669-1821 (. , .., . 364-366). .

18. MAEADCCC, Turquie, La Cane, 25 (1834-40), Fabreguettes , . 28, 16.7.1834, . 82-84, -, ...

19. J. Bowring, .., . 156.20. J. Bowring, ..

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1821 77

, ,21 .22 , - - , . -: 1821 - .

, 23 , , (.. , ).24 ,25 ,26

21. (miri), , (Kenneth Cuno, The Pashas peasants: Land, society, and economy in Lower Egypt, 1740-1858, 1992, . 103-108 Alan Richards, Primitive ac-cumulation in Egypt, 1798-1882, Huri Islamoglu-Inan (.), The Ottoman Empire and the world-economy, 1987, . 215).

22. , , 1890, . 157.23. MAEADCCC, Turquie, La Cane, 25 (1834-40), Fabreguettes

, . 14, 15.5.1837, . 264-269 , Fabre- guettes , . 20, 10.10.1838, . 342, - Gaspary , , 1.10.1838, . 343-344.

24. V. Raulin, .., . 56. Robert Pashley - 30.000, (R. Pashley, .., . 1, . XXIV).

25. 1831, ( -, 1830-1840, 1978, . 33 R. Pashley, .., . XXXII), 3 (. -, .., . 33 R. Pashley, .., . XXXII), (R. Pashley, .., . XXXV).

26. Athanase Politis, Les rapports de la Grce et de lEgypte pendant la rgne de Mohamed Aly (1833-1849), 1935, . 510-512. (. -, .., . 22-23).

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78

27 , . , : , .28

,29 , , , , .30 . , , , () , - . , , .31 -. , .32

, , -, - . . - ,

27. , , (R. Pashley, .., . ).

28. . Cuno, .., . 112, 121.29. .

.30. J. Bowring, .., . 166 . -, .., . 33-34 R. Pashley, .., .

V-XXVI MAEADCCC, Turquie, La Cane, 25 (1834-40), Fabreguettes , . 28, 16.7.1834, . 82-84, , ...

31. MAEADCCC, Turquie, La Cane, 25 (1834-40), ..32. , , . 3, 1935, . 4 I -

, 1866-1869 . . , 1942, . 14 V. Raulin, .., . 57.

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1821 79

.33 - .34

, : - , , , - , .35 A, 36 . 37 .

O - . . , - , .38 , . - .39 1834 .40

. , , . , . , , ,

33. J. Bowring. .., Patrick Campbell, . 181.

34. V. Raulin, .., . 56 . -, .., . 71-87.35. J. Bowring. .., . 182.36. . -, .., . 71-87.37. . , .., . 3, . 4.38. , . 3.39. , , 1983, . 50 . -

-, .., . 49 V. Raulin, .., . 57.40. MAEADCCC, Turquie, La Cane, 25 (1834-40), Fabreguettes

, . 28, 16.7.1834, . 82-84, -, ..

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80

, .41

, , - , , . , ( 3.000 4.000) - 1830 . .42 , . , , , , , .43

, . 1839 John Bowring -,44 21 , 1817, Franz Sieber .45

, , , ( 20% 30% ).46 -

41. , . 1821, 2003, . , , .

42. J. Bowring, .., . 156.43. . , .., . 3, . 13.44. J. Bowring, .., . 162.45. F. Sieber, .., . 35.46. MAEADCCC, Turquie, La Cane, 26 (1841-51), Charpentier

, . 9, 12.4.1843, . 123, , , , , 1842, . 124-132. (MAEADCCC, Turquie, La Cane, 25 (1834-40), Fabreguettes ,

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1821 81

, . , , , , .

. - .47 , 1821, , , , .

(1841-98)

1841 1898 - . ( 152.760-172.450 1840 357.000 1898, ), - , - .48 69%-81% , 19%-31%. 14%-19% , 81%-86% (. 2).

. 28, 16.7.1834, . 82-84, , .. J. Bowring, .., . 162).

47. M , 19 . 1878-89, . . , , 2005, . 1, . 83-85.

48. , . 34-35. ( , 1821-1924. , 26 (2004) 64) .

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82

2

1841 1898,

/ 1841-1898

69-81% 19-31%

14-19%

81-86%

: , 19 , .., . 1, . 34-45.

- . : , - 1821 , , , 19 , .49

- , 1858, 1869 1878. -.50 1880, 1878 1889, - , -

49. . , . 127, 4.6.1894.50. Donald Quataert, The age of reforms,1812-1914, Halil Inalcik Donald

Quataert (.), An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914, - 1994, . 854-856 Ilkay Sunar, State and economy in the Ottoman Empire, Huri Islamoglu-Inan (.), The Ottoman Empire and the world-economy, 1987, . 79 Sevket Pamuk, Commodity production for world-markets and relations of production in Ottoman agriculture, 1840-1913, Huri Islamoglu-Inan (.), The Ottoman Empire and the world-economy, 1987, . 196.

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1821 83

.51

19 , , , , . , - .52

(1898-1923)

1821 . 19 , - . 19 20 , K : 1898-99, , , - 50.000 , 1923, -. , - 1821.

51. , . - (1878-89), 2008.

52. V. Raulin, .., . 59 MAEADCCC, Turquie, La Cane, 26 (1841-51), - Hitier , . 4, -.4.1848, . 330, , . 331-373.

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SUMMARY

Manos Perakis, Ethno-religious and social changes in Crete after the Revolu-tion of 1821

The revolutionary upheaval, which extended to the island of Crete in 1821 and dominated the Cretan domestic affairs till 1828, did not produce the much desired by the Christians secession of Crete and its incorporation into the Greek State. However, the prolonged revolution of 1821 resulted in radical socio-economic transformations. Perhaps the most indicative of the aforemen-tioned transformations consisted in the remodeling of the population along the following axes: 1) the radical decrease of the population and the eventual nu-merical superiority of the Christians over the Muslims that upset the pre-1821 numerical balance, and 2) the decline of the Muslim landed aristocracy in the countryside and the subsequent decrease of its political and economic power. The revolution-induced transformations accentuated between 1830 and 1840 when the Sultan ceded the island to the Egypt regent Muhammad Ali. On most of the island, large estates were partitioned, and smaller (mainly Chris-tian) properties became the norm. Moreover, it was during this period that the bases were laid for the economic development of the island, the tanzimat political transformations that followed the return of the island to the Sultan in 1840 and finally the dominance of the Christians over the Muslims. The final result of the long-term procedures set forth by the Revolution of 1821 was the achievement of autonomy in 1898, the mass departure of the Muslim inhabit-ants of Crete in 1898-99, the incorporation of Crete into the Greek State in 1913 and finally the elimination of all Muslim presence in the island in 1923.

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