-

.. , ..

17

- 2003

621.81 34.445 17

.., .. . : . .: , 2003. 140 . ISBN 5-89565-087-2 , , , , . . . . , , . 621.81 34.445

- - (. . . , .. ) . . , .. ( )

-

ISBN 5-89565-087-2 - , 2003

2

SF SH S Za ZR Zv Zx KHL KH KFL KF Kv K K K k Ck N Rm Re q q. aw N m x Lp CL n u u Cp C , 2 , , , / , , , , , , , / () , , 3

0 [H] F0 [F] F

, /2 , /2 , /2 , /2 , /2 , /2 , ,

4

. , , - . , . . . . 1 . - . . . 26 , : , , . , . . - . ( ) . . , , . , . , , .

5

1. : , , , . . (. 1.1). ( ) ( ). ( ) .1.1. , ( ). . ( , ) , . . 1.2 . , .

1

2 3 4

4 5 6

6

7 8

. 1.2. : 1 ; 2, 8 ; 3 ; 4 (); 5 ; 6 (); 7 ; 9 ()

. 1.3 ( 1 ).

6

) 2

3 )

2

3

4 4 ) 3 ) 3

2

4 2

4 3 )

)

4 2 3 2

4

- .1.3. : , ; ; - ; - ; -; -; 1 ( ); 2 ; 3 ; 4

. 1.1. 1. : 1 ;7

2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 . , . 2. : N5 , ; n5 , /; ( n1 ), /. N5 n5 . 3. . . - . ( ) : = Ni +1 , Ni (1.1)

Ni+1 Ni (i+1)- i- . : 4 N4 = ( 4 5 ); 3 N3 = N4 .. (1.3) N5 (1.2)

( 3 4 ; ); 2 N2 = N3 ..8

(1.4)

( , ); 1 N1 = N2 . (1.5)

( 1 2 2). (1.2)(1.5): ; . ; . ; . . . 1.1, 1.2. 1.1 : z1 = 1 z1 = 2 z1 = 4 0,960,98 0,950,97 0,930,95 0,920,94

0,650,70 0,700,75 0,850,90 0,950,97 0,900,96

0,500,60 0,600,70 0,900,93 0,700,88 0,950,97

1.2 0,990,995 0,980,99 0,970,99

9

: 1. , . . . 2. . 3. - - z1 u = n 1 / n5: z1 = 1 u > 480; z1 = 2 120 < u < 480; z1 = 4 u < 120.

4. . , N1, N5. . 1.3 , N1 n 1 . : N1 = 6,32 ; n 1 = 1000 /. 1326, N 1 = 7,5 , n1 = 970 /, / = 2,0. 5. . n1 n5. , u = n1/n5 . . u . u . ( ): u = u = u. u.. (1.6)

u. u. u. , , -, : , , u. = 1,4 u ; (1.7) u. = 1,5 u ; - u. = u. = ; (1.9) (1.8)

10

- u. = u. = ; (1.10)

- u. = u. = ; - u. = u. = . (1.12) (1.11)

u. , (. 1.4). u. = . (1.13)

u. . 1.4. : - , n1 = 975 /, n5 = 21 /. : u = n1/n5 = 975/21 = 48,0. () u. = 2,8 = 19,5. u. = 20. () u. = 48/20 = 2,4. u. = 2,5.

11

1.3 4 , ( 1952381) , 0,75 1,1 1,5 2,2 3,0 4,0 5,5 7,5 11,0 15,0 18,5 22,0 30,0 750 n, / 700 700 700 700 700 720 720 730 730 730 730 728 735 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,4 1,4 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 , / 1000 1500 n, -n, / / 915 920 935 950 955 950 965 970 975 975 975 972 980 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 71B4 80A4 80B4 90L4 100S4 100L4 112M4 132S4 132M4 160S4 160M4 180S4 180M4 1390 1420 1415 1425 1435 1430 1445 1455 1460 1465 1465 1470 1470 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 3000 -n, / 71A2 71B2 80A2 80B2 90L2 100S2 100L2 112M2 132M2 160S2 160M2 180S2 180M2 2840 2810 2850 2850 2840 2880 2880 2900 2900 2940 2940 2945 2945 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 1,6 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4

90LA8 90LB8 100L8 112MA8 112MB8 132S8 132M8 160S8 160M8 180M8 200M8 200L8 225M8

80A6 80B6 90L6 100L6 112MA6 112MB6 132S6 132M6 160S6 160M6 180M6 200M6 200L6

u = 20 2,5 = 50. (50 48)/48 = 4,1 % 5 %, . , /: n2 = n1; n3 = n2/u.; n4 = n3/u.; n5 = n4. (1.14) 1.4 1- () 1,0; 1,25; 1,6; 2,0; 2,5; 3,15; 4,0; 5,0; 6,3; 8,0; 10,0; 12,5 1,0; 1,25; 1,6; 2,0; 2,5; 3,15; 4,0; 5,0; 6,3 8,0; 10,0; 12,5; 16,0; 20,0; 25,0; 31,5; 40,0; 50,0; 63,0; 80,0 2- 1,12; 1,4; 1,8; 2,24; 2,8; 3,55; 4,5; 5,6; 7,1; 9,0; 11,2 1,12; 1,4; 1,8; 2,24; 2,8; 3,55; 4,5; 5,6 9,0; 11,2; 14,0; 18,0; 22,4; 28,0; 35,5; 45,0; 56,0; 71,0

6. . Ni ni () i = 9,55 103 . (1.15) 7. (. 1.5). 1.5 1 2 3 4 5 N, 6,01 5,94 5,46 5,05 5,00 n, / 975 975 286 95,6 95,6 , u 1 3,15 2,8 1 T, H 53,2 52,7 148 409 396

.13

: -, . 1.4. : ( 2 3) u = 3,15; n1 = 975 /; T1 = 52,7 ; n2 = 286 /; T2 = 148 ; ( 3 4) u = 2,5; n1 = 286 /; T1 = 148 ; n2 = 95,6 /; T2 = 409 ; ( 1 2) T = 53,2 ; ( 4 5) T = 409 . 1.2. : (. 1.4). .

) )

. 1.4. , : ;

: , 14

, . , , . - ( ), - . ( . . 1.4), . , , : 1. (1.5): N1 , (1.16)

. . (1.2): N4 , (1.17) . . 2. u () : (. 1.5) u . u .; : ; (1.18)

(1.7)(1.13) u = u. u.; () : . (1.19)

15

u u6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 1000 1 2 4 3 5 6 7 6 5 4 3 2

1

2

4

3

5

6

u

1

1

2

5 10 20 50 100

1000

u

. 1.5. : ; ; 1, 2, 3 (, , ); 4, 5, 6 (-, , -)

: . u = 20,4. . 1.5, u. = 2,4. . (1.7) : u. . u. = 4,0. u. = . u. = 2,0. u = 4,0 2,0 = 8,0. : u. . (1.14), n2 n5: n2 = n1 / u. ( ); n5 = n4 / u. ( ). 2. . 16

( ) . . : , ; , ; , ; , . . . , . , . , , , , , . : 1) . , , , . ; 2) . , , , , . .

17

2.1. . , , , , 105074, , 454371. , , 97775 783265. . 2.1 , . ( 0,5 -) 5060 . , , , . . (500600 ), 220350. , () , . , , , , . , , . , . . , , . , . 2.1

18

35 40 45 45 45 40 40 35 38 38 20 12 20 252 38 38

, /2 540580 580650 610700 750850 600 800900 759850 1000...1100 1000 900 9501000 1000 800900 1100 1000 1000

, /2 320 340 360 450 340 550 450 900...1000 800 750 750850 800 900 850 850

150180 170190 170200 210230 HRC 5355 HB 230260 HRC 5054 HRC 5052 HB 293331 HB 277321 HRC 5362 HRC 5863 HRC 5863 HRC 5863 HRC 60 HRC 62

45 45 38 50 35 40 550 650 500 580 700 800 320 330 300 340 500 600 160210 >175 HB 145180 190220 220260 220270

. , , : ( 200 ). , (), . , . . 2.1 19

HRC 5563 . , , , . , , (HV 1000). , (, 1824, 343 . .), (HV 800). , . , , - . , , , , . , . 2.2. : 2, ; n1, /; u; , . 1. . , . , . . , , . , . 2. . . 2.1. , :20

) , , , , , ( 1030 ); ) ( > 350) ; ) . 2.1 . ; ) , . 3. . [H] (/2) [H] = ZR Zv ZxKHL, (2.1)

, , . 2.2; SH . (, , , ) SH = 1,1. ( , , ) SH = 1,2. , , SH 1,25 1,35 ; ZR , ( , ): 7- (Ra = 1,250,63 ) ZR = 1. 6- (Ra = 2,51,25 ) ZR = 0,95. 5- 4- (Rz = 4010 ) ZR = 0,9. 6- ; Zv , v: v 5 / Zv = 1; v > 5 /: 350 Zv = 0,85 0,1; > 350 Zv = 0,925 0,05. v Zv = 1; Zx , :21

d 700 Zx = 1; d > 700 Zx = . Zx = 1; KHL , , (2.2)

m (m = 6 NH0 NHE; m = 20 NH0 < NHE); NH0 , (. 2.1); NHE . N = , (2.3) N , N = 300 8 60 n, (2.4)

( ); 300 ; ; 8 ; 60 ; n , /. 2.2 - - , < 350 HRC 3850 HRC > 56 HV 550750 H0, /2 2HB + 70 17 HRC + 200 23 HRC 1050

22

NHO . 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 100 200 300 400 500 600 HB

2.1.

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 HRC

23

, ( N ). (. 2.2), (): = 0,83 0,45 + 1,03 0,4 + 0,53 0,15 = 0,214. NHE = N. KHL 0,75. KHL : KHL max = 2,6; KHL max = 1,9.T

0,8

1,0

0,5

0,45t t

0,4t

0,15t

t

. 2.2. T t: 1 = 0,8; 2 = 1,0; 3 = 0,5; b1 = 0,45; b2 = 0,4; b3 = 0,15

[H]1 [H]2. [H] . [H] = 0,45([H]1 + [H]2). (2.5)

[H] < 1,25[H] min, [H]min [H]1 [H]2.

24

[H] = 1,25 [H]min. 4. (): , (2.6)

u ; Za , 310 1/2/ 270 1/2/ ; [H] , /2; , 1,301,35 1,201,25 ; T2 , ; , (. 2.3). . 2.3. = 0,40,5; 0,250,4; 0,15 - 0,25. - HRC > 45. (. 2.3). 2.3 , 1- () 2- 40; 50; 63; 80; 100; 125; 160; 200; 250; 315; 400; 500; 630; 800; 1000; 1250; 1600; 2000; 2500 140; 180; 225; 280; 355; 450; 560; 710; 900; 1120; 1400; 1800; 2240

5. .

(2.7)

m = (0,010,02) aw

(. 2.4). , 2 . 25

, , . 2.4 956380, 1- () 2- 1; 1,25; 1,5; 2; 2,5; 3; 4; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 16 1,125; 1,375; 1,75; 2,25; 2,75; 3,5; 4,5; 5,5; 7; 9; 11; 14

6. (): b1 = b2 + (46); b2 = aw. (2.8)

Ra20 663669. : 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 32, 36, 40, 45, 50, 56, 63, 71, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 120, 125, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 220, 250, 280, 320, 360, 400, 500 . 7. . : ) , 815, 2540 ; ) . z1 . : zmin = 17 cos ; ) z2 = z1u ; ) : = arccos . 1;26

) arsin . , , z1 , . . : ) . , . , , , . 5; ) . z1 . : zmin = 17; ) .

27

8. : ) ( 103 ): (2.9) (2.10) ) ( ): dw1 = d1; dw2 = d2; ) ( ): d1 = d1 + 2 m; d2 = d2 + 2 m; ) ( ): df1 = d1 2 ( + C ) m; df2 = d2 2 ( + C ) m. (2.16) : = 1; C*= 0,25;

(2.11) (2.12)

(2.13) (2.14)

(2.15)

) = cos ; (2.17)

) : zv1 = ; zv2 = ;28

(2.18) (2.19)

) d = ; ) , / v= ; ) u = (2.22) (2.21) (2.20)

9. 164381 ( . 2.5). 2.5 350 HB > 350 HB 350 HB > 350 7 8 , / 612 510 1225 920 4 6 3 5 812 6 9

6 1218 1015 2536 2030

9 4 3 8 6

10. : KH = KH KH KHv, (2.23)

KH , : KH = 1, KH v (. 2.4); KH , , , d (. 8, ) (. 2.5); KHv , , . 2.6 , , .

29

1,20 1,16 1,12 1,08 1,04 1,00

KH9 8 7 6 5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

V, /

. 2.4. KH: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

5

4

3

6

3 5

5

7 5

1,2 B1< 350 B2< 350 B1> 350 B2> 35012 3 4 5 6 7

KH1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1

KH1,4 1,3

1

2 3 4 5 6 7

1,2 1,1 d 1,0

30

1,0 0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6

0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 d

2.6 KHv , / 3 5 10 15 20 25 9 9/8 8/7 7 7 7 350 > 350 350 > 350 1,02 1,07 1,03 1,09 1,14 1,11 1,11 1,08 1,05 1,04 1,03 1,02 1,22 1,20 1,16 1,15 1,07 1,06 1,05 1,04 1,10 1,06 1,13 1,08 1,16 1,10

30 6 1,14 1,09

35 6 1,17 1,12

11. Z (1/2/): Za = ZE ZH Z ,. 2.5. KH: ; 1 350 2 350; 1 350 2 350 ( 17 ; 1 , 2 )

(2.24)

ZE , ; ZE = 192 (/2)1/2 (1 = 2 = 2105 /2, v1 = v2 = 0,3), ZE =

31

ZH , , (. 2.6). = 0; Z , , (. 8, ) . Z = Z = (2.26) (2.25)

ZH2,4 2,2 2,0 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 0-0,015 -0,01 0 0,01 0,02 0,05 0,08

x1+x2 =-0,02 z1+z2

10 20 30 40

0

. 2.6. ZH (x , . . 7).

12. (/2) : = (2.27)

Za (. . 11); K (. . 10); u (. . 8, ); [H]32

(. . 3, ZR, Zv, ZH), H/2. H [H] 5 %, . 5 %, . (2.28) (. . 6), b1. (. . 7). [. (2.27)]. 13. , (): ) (2.29) ) Fa = Ft tg ; ) (2.31) w ( w = 20). 14. (/2): , (2.32) YF , (. 2.7) YF1 YF2 (. . 8, ) (. . 7). x = 0; Y , ; Y = 1, (. . 7): (2.33) 42 Y = 0,7; KF , KF = KF KF KFv,33

(2.30)

(2.34)

KF , ; KF = 1, ; (2.35)

n . . 9; KF , , KF = K , (2.36)

k , b2 /m:b2 /m .. .. 4 0,71 0,57 7 0,83 0,73 10 0,85 0,81 20 0,94 0,9 40 0,97 0,95

KFv , , . 2.7.

2.7

YF4,4 4,2 4,0 3,8 3,6 3,4 3,2 3,00,4 0,6 0,8 60 80 100 200 0 0,2 x=-0,4 -0,2

. 2.7. YF (x )

12 14 17 20 25 30 40

Zv

KFv , / 10 15 20 25 8/7 7 7 7 34

350 > 350

3 9

5 9/8

30 6

35 6

1,23 1,07

350 > 350

1,09 1,02

1,35 1,11

1,46 1,15

1,58 1,19

1,57 1,18

1,73 1,23

15. . [F] : , (2.37) F0 , - , /2 (. 2.8); SF , . 2.8 0,99; YZ , : ( 100 < da < 250 ) YZ = 1; (da < 250 ) YZ = 0,9; (da > 250 ) YZ = 0,8; Yg , ; Yg = 1; Yg . 2.8, , ; Yd , ; , Yd = 1; Yd . 2.8, ; Y , ; ( ) Y = 1; ( ) , , Y = 0,65 , , Y = 0,75 HRC > 45 Y = 0,9 ; YS , , m: ; (2.38)

YR , ; 35

4 (RZ = 40 ) YR = 1. : , , , , , YR = 1,05; , , , YR = 1,2; Y , , , ; KFL , KFL = , m . , , , , Yg = Yd = YS = YR = Y = 1. (2.37) . (2.40) 350, , , , , m = 6. > 350 m = 9. NF0 = 4 106. NFE NFE = N (. (2.4)). (. . 2.2) NFE = N KFL = 1. 16. : .36

(2.39)

(2.41)

(2.42)

(2.42) , . 350 . (HRC 45 ) . : 1) ; 2) ; 3) .

2.8 F0, SF, Yg, Yd F0, /2

SF

Yg

Yd

- - 0,15 % (35, 40, 45, 50, 40, 40, 402, 1824) 0,400,55 %, Ni 1 % (40, 40, 402)

1,75 180350 180350

1,7

1,1

1,11,3

HRC 4555

HRC 4555

580

1,7

0,9

1,051,2

37

0,350,50 % (40, 402) - 0,350,45 % (40, 35) Ni 1 % Cr 1 % (20, 202, 122, 123)

HRC 4858

HRC 2535

680

1,7

1,0

1,051,1

HRC 4858

HRC 2535

580

1,7

0,8

1,11,2

HRC 5763

950

1,55 0,75

1,01,3

. 2.8 HRC 5763 F0, /2 820 SF Yg Yd 1,01,3

Ni Ni 1 % (20, 13). Ni Cr 1 % (1824) , Al (38, 38)

1,55 0,75

HV 700950

HRC 24 40

290+12 HRC 290+12 HRC

1,7

1,0

HV 550750

HRC 24 40

1,7

1,0

38

17. : ) ( ) (2.43) ) ( ) . (2.44) (2.45)

K , -. 18. . [H]max (/2) - : , , , , [H]max = 2,8, (2.46)

, /2; , [H]max = 44 HRC; [H]max = 3 HV. (2.48) (2.47)

. [F]max (/2) : , (2.49) , /2 (. 2.9); , ; = 1. : = 0,95 = 1,1 ;39

= 1 = 1,05 ; = 0,9 = 0,95 ;

, ; = 0,95, = 1; = YZSY; 0,99 SY =1,75. YZ, Yx , . 15. 2.9 - , Ni 1 % 200350 , /2 6,5

HRC 4862

2500

HB 200300

2250 1800

- Ni 1 % Ni 1%

HRC 4852

2500

HRC 4854

HRC 2430

2250 2200

1800

40

Ni 1 % , Al

HRC 5460

HRC 3043

2000

HRC 5662

HRC 2743

2800

HV 550850

HRC 2430

1800

, , , , (2.48) . (2.50)

[. (2.43)(2.45)], . 2.3. : 2, ; n1 n2, /; aw, ; (. . 2.2). : - , . 2.2. ; , . 3. , : b2 = . (2.51)

41

, . 2.2, . 5, b2. . 12 b2 . 2.4. VBA (Visual Basic for Application) Word 97. Word . , . 2.8.. 2.8.

. (. 2.9).. 2.9.

, (. 2.10).. 2.10.

, . . . (. 2.11) .. 2.11.

(. 2.12).42

. 2.12.

, (. . 2.2). , . 2.13. , . . (100 %) .. 2.13.

(. 2.14), . . , ( ). .. 2.14.

ba (. 2.15), (. . 6). , .. 2.15.

. . 3. , = 90, 1 ( ), .43

(v 2 /) . . , , , , , ( ), . , , , . . , , , , , , . 3.1. : 1, ; 2, ; n1, /; u; , . , (. . 1). , , . , . , . 1. , . 2. 2. : de1 = 2 , (3.1)

44

, : 310 (/2)1/2, 260 (/2)1/2; [] , /2; , : 350 1,201,30; > 350 1,301,35; 1,201,25; , = , b ; Re . 0,30; 0,25. 0,30 0,25. [], , K . 3. z1. zmin = 17cos 1 cos3 , (3.2) 1 (1 = arctg u); ( 35). , : z1 = 1820. 4. : mte = . (3.3) , . de1 = mte z1. 5. : z2 = z1 u. z2 . 6. u= (3.5) (3.4)

105; , 1. . 1, 105, 10 345

10 2 , , 1 .

7. : tg 1 = . sin 1 cos 1. 8. : , (3.7) (3.6)

de1 (. . 4) . 9. : b = Re. (3.8)

. 10. : b 10 mte. (3.9) , z1 . 3. , . 2. 11. (. . 2): . (3.10)

12. : . 13. : Rm = Re . 14. : dm1 . 15. , /: .46

(3.11)

(3.12)

(3.13)

(3.14)

16. , (. 3.1). 3.1 350 > 350 350 > 350 (/) 6 7 8 9 > 7 > 6 > 16 > 13 4 7 3 6 916 713 34 2,53 69 57 3 2,5 6 5

17. : K = K K Kv . (3.15)

K = 1, v, (. . 2.4). K , , (. 3.1). Kv , , (. . 2.6). 18. (/2)1/2 ( ):

= , (3.16) , , 192 (/2)1/2,

1 = 2 = 2105 /2; 1 = 2 = 0,3; , , (. . 2.6); , , 47

(2.25) (2.26) ,

1

2

H

1

350 2 1

350

H

1

350 2 1

350

1,25 1,20 1 1,15 1,10 1,05 1,00 0 1 2 1 2

1,6 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,0 0 0,2 0,4

1 1 1 2 2 0,6 0,8 1dv

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

dv

F 1,5

1

350 2 1

350

F 2,0 1,8

1

350 2 1

350

1,4 1 1,3 1,2 1,1 2 1,0 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1dv

1 1,6

1

1 2

1,4 1,2 1,0 0 0,2 0,4 0,6

1

1 2 2

0,8

1

dv

48

. 3.1. KH (KF): ; , 1 350 2 350; , 1 > 350 2 > 350 ( , ; 1 2 ; , )

19. : = [H]. (3.17)

[] 5 % . [] 5 % []; , : ) 0,30 0,25 (. . 2); ) b 10 mte. b , < [] 5 %, , . 813. 20. : Ft = 21. : mtm = mnm = mtm cos . (3.20) (3.19) (3.18)

22. ( z1 z2) z = (3.21)

49

23. : F = YFY [F], (3.22)

Y , ; Y = 1, Y = 0,75. YF1 YF2 . 2.7. . 14 . 2: KF = KF KF KFv. KF = 1, KF = n . KF (2.36); KFv . 2.7. (3.22) , . 24. , : ) Ft . 20; ) : Fa1 = Fr2 = (tg sin 1 + sin cos 1); ) : Fr1 = Fa2 = (tg cos 1 + sin sin 1). (3.24) (3.23)

. (. 3.2).

50

( c)

( )

. 3.2. : ;

= 0 (3.23) (3.24) Fa1 = Fr2 = Fttg sin 1; Fr1 = Fa2 = Fttg cos 1. (3.25) (3.26)

25. (. . 17 18 . 2). 26. (. 3.3). . : de2 = z2 mte; hae1 = hae2 = mte; hfe1 = hfe2 = 1,2 mte; 1 = 2 = arctg ; f1 = f2 = arctg ; : 1 = 1 + 1; 51

(3.27)

(3.28)

(3.29) (3.30)

(3.31)

(3.32)

2 = 2 + 2; : f1 = 1 f1; f2 = 2 f2; : dae1 = de1 + 2 hae1 cos 1; dae2 = de2 + 2 hae2 cos 2;

(3.33)

(3.34) (3.35)

(3.36)

(3.37)

: B1 = hae sin 1; B2 = hae sin 2. (3.39) (3.38)

. 3.3.

. : de2 = z2 mte; ha1 = ha2 = mnm; hf1 = hf2 = 1,25 mnm; 52

1 = 2 = arctg ; f1 = f2 = arctg ; : 1 = 1 + 1; 2 = 2 + 2; : f1 = 1 f1; f2 = 2 f2; hae1 = hae2 = ha dae1 dae2, b1 b2 , . 3.2. : 1 = 1,75105 ; T2 = 6,2105 ; n1 = 126 /; u = 3,55; : 15 ; ; - (. . 2.2) : 1 = 0,6; 2 = 1,0; 3 = 0,4; b1 = 0,4; b2 = 0,1; b3 = 0,5. , . 1. . , : 53

40 , HB1 = 230, 1 = 550 /2; 45 , HB2 = 200, 2 = 360 /2 (. . 2.1). , , (2.1): [] = ZR Zv Zx KHL = 0,951,01,00,999 = 406 /2, 0 = 2HB2 + 70 = 2200 + 70 = 470 H/2; S = 1,1 ; Z R = 0,95 6- (Ra = 2,51,25 ); Zv = 1 v < 5 /; Zx = 1 700 ; KHL = C N = 60 300 8 C n2 = 60 300 8 1 15 355 = 7,6 107. n2 = 35,5 /. NHE 2 = = 7,6 107 (0,6 0,4 + 1,0 0,1 + 0,4 0,5) = = 7,6 107 0,218 = 1,65 107. , NHE 1 > NHE 2 > NH 0; KHL = = = 0,999 . (. . 17, 18 . 2): []max = 2,8 = 2,8 320 = 896 /2. 2. [. (3.1)] d1 = 254

= 2 = 119,8 . Z = 310 (/2)1/2; K = 1,30; = 0,28. 3. . z1 = 18. 4. [. (3.3)] mte = = = 6,656 . mte = 6,7 . de1 = mte z1 =186,7 = 120,6 . 5. [. (3.4)] z2 = 18 3,55 = 63,9. z2 = 64. 6. [. (3.5)] u = = = 3,55556 3,556. 7. [. (3.6)] tg 1 = = 0,28125; 1 = 1542 30; sin 1 = 0,27074; cos 2 = 0,96265. 8. [. (3.7)] Re = = 222,387 .

9. [. (3.8)] b = Re = 0,28 222,387 = 61,992 . b = 62 10. b 10 mte [. (3.9)]: b < 106,7 = 67,0 . 11. [. (3.10)] = = 0,301. 12. [. (3.11)]55

dv =

= 0,630.

13. [. (3.12)] Rm = Re = 222,387 = 191,387 . 14. [. (3.13)] dm1 = de1 = 120,6 = 103,727 . 15. [. (3.14)] v = = 0,682 /. 16. 9 (. . 3.1, , HB < 350 v = 0,672 /). 17. [. (3.15)] KH = KH KH Kv = 1,01,181,05 = 1,24. 18. (3.16): Za = ZE ZH Z = 1921,760,89 = 301 (/2)1/2.

, , Z = = 0,89. 19. (3.17)] [.

= = 394 /2. [] = 406 /2. = 3 % . 20. [. (3.18)] Ft = = 3,43103 . 21. [. (3.19)]56

mtm = 5,74 . 22. [. (3.21)]: z1 = = 18,7; z2 = = 236. X1 = X2 = 0: (z1 = 18,7) YF1 = 4,13; (z2 = 236) YF2 = 3,60. 23. . 15 . 2: [F] = YZ YKFL. . 2.8 F0 = 1,75 (/2) : F01 =1,75 230 = 402 /2; F02 =1,75 200 = 350 /2; SF = 1,7 (. . 2.8); YZ = 1 ; Y = 1 ; FL =1 NFE NF0. : [F]1 = = 236 /2; [F]2 = = 206 /2.57

(3.22): F = YF Y [F]. KF = KF KF KFv = 1,0 1,24 1,23 = 1,52, KF = 1,0 ; KF = 1,24 ( . 3.1, 1, ) dv = 0,581, 350; KFv = 1,23 (. . 2.7) , 350, 9- v = 0,816 /. F1 = 4,13 1,0 = 54,53 /2. F2 = 3,60 1,0 = 47,54 /2. [F]1 = 236 /2 [F]2 = 206 /2, . 24. , [. (3.25)]: ) Ft = 3,43103 . 20, ; ) : Fa1 = Fr2 = Ft tg sin1 = 3,430,3640,271 = 0,34103 ; ) [. (3.26)]: Fr1 = Fa2 = Ft tgcos1 = 3,431030,3640,963 = 1,20103 ; = 20; tg = 0,364. 25. . 17, 18 . 2: ) ( ) max = = 394 557 /2 []max = 896 /2;58

) ( ) F1 max = F1 K = 54,532 = 109,06 /2 < [F]1 max; F2 max = F2 K = 47,542 = 95,08 /2 < [F]2 max, [F]1 max [F]2 max (2.50): [F]1 max = = 854 /2; [F]2 max = = 743 /2; K , 2. 26. : [. (3.27)] de2 = z2 mte = 64 6,7 = 428,80 ;

[. (3.28)] hae1 = hae2 = mte = 6,70 ; [. (3.29)] hfe1 = hfe2 =1,2mte = 1,2 6,70 = 8,04 ; [. (3.30)] 1 = 2 = arctg = 144 15; [. (3.31)] f1 = f2 = arctg = 204 48; [. (3.32), (3.33)]:

59

1 = 1 + 1 = 1539' 04 + 144'15 = 1723'19; 2 = 2 + 2 = 7420' 56 + 144'15 = 7604'11; 2 = 90 1 = 90 1599'04 = 7420'56; [. (3.34), (3.35)]: f1 = 1 f1 = 1539' 04 204'48 = 1334'16; f2 = 2 f2 = 7420' 56 204'48 = 7216'08; [. (3.36), (3.37)]: dae1 = de1 + 2 hae cos 1 = 120 + 26,70,963 = 132,90 ; dae2 = de2 + 2 hae cos 2 = 428,80 + 26,70,27 = 432,42 ; [. (3.38), 3.39)]: B1 = - hae sin 1 = 6,70,271 = 212,58 ; B2 = - hae sin 2 = 6,70,963 = 53,55 . . 3.2 . 3.2 60

Re, B, de1,2, 1,2 1,2 f1,2 dae1,2, 1,2,

221,40 62,00 120,00 1539'04'' 1723'19'' 1334'16'' 132,90 212,58

221,40 62,00 428,80 7420'56 7604'11'' 7216'08'' 432,42 53,55

.

61

4. , ( ). 90, (ZA) , , ( ), = 20. . , () . 4.1. : 2, H; n1, /; u; : (. . 2.2), . 1. z1. 214474 z1 = 1, 2, 4. z1 = 4. u = 8 30. u = 3060 z1 = 2, u > 60 z1 = 1. z1 = 1; 2 , z1 = 4, . , , ( , . .), . , . 2. z2 z2 = z1u. (4.1) , ( = 20 , 62

), z2 = 27. , u = 8, 214476, z1 = 4 . 3. q (. 4.1) , 1,2 z2. (4.2)

q 1967274 (. 4.1). 4.1 q 1967274 1- () 2- 8,0; 10,0; 12,5; 16,0; 20,0; 25,0 7,1; 9,0; 11,2; 14,0; 18,0; 22,4

O200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 6 8 10 12 141 z=

1

2 1 z = 1= 4 z

q16

. 4.1. q z1

4. . 45, 50, 50 ( 105074) 40, 50, 40, 35 ( 454371). 63

, . , R 45. 15, 15, 122, 123 ( 454371). , HRC 55. Rz = 0,63 , 6- . , . R < 45 . 5. . . 4.2 , , ( , ). (v < 2 /) ( , ); v < 810 /c (9-4, 10-4-4 . .); (10-1, , 6-6-3 . .), . 6. . (. . 4.2) [H] (10, 15) . [H] : [H] = [H] KHL, (4.3)

[H] ( 107); KHL , , NHE ,64

NHE = N bi; N , N = 300 8 60 n2 ( ; 300 ; ; n2 , /); bi , , . . 4.1 ( b ). N 0,67 KHL 1,15. 7. . . 4.2 ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ], , 106. [ ] = [ ] KFL; [ ] = [ ] KFL, , NFE = N bi (. . 6). NF 0,54 KFL 1,00. (4.4)

65

31.5 63 80 10 12.5 20 16 25 40 8

z_1 q

0.06 0.1 0.125 0.05 0.08 0.16 0.2

u

0.25 0.32 0.4 0.5

2 2 [H ]1015 20 30 50

100

150 200 300 500

1000

1500

100

200300

0.5 113 1 98 2 71

0.5 1 2

128 113 84.5

C10

15

4005006 5 4 3 2 1 150 160 170 180 4 3 2 1 180 190

: 2 =130 z1/q=0,16 u=16 n1=1450 / : 9-4, v=4,6 /, =158 /29 10 11 8 12 14 13 9

700 750950

10 9 8 7 130 140 10 9 8 7 6 5 140 150 160 170 9 8

' = 157

246

1000

221

10

8

9 - 4

11

9

10 - 4 - 4

12

10

1 1500 450

13

10 - 1 ( ) 12 11 10 ( ) 19 18 17 16 15 6-6 -3 ( )

2900 3000

10 - 1 ( )

14

11

n1 /

. 4.2. 4.266

6 -6 -3 ( )

2000

15

12

16

13

14

13

12

11

10

9

193

8

133

8

[ ]

[ ]

[ ], [ ] , /2 10-1 6-6-3 9-4 10-4-4 10 15 [ ] 49 71 80 45 53 98 108 130 41 47 [ ] 35 51 56 32 38 75 83 98 25 29 / 200 / 120 255 / 147 290 / 170 110 / 200 120 / 220 196 / 392 236 / 490 590 / 275 118 / 147 /

8. () : [H]max: 4, 2, 260300 /2; [F]max: 0,8 ; 0,6 . 9. . 12 , 367576, 4: 9- v 1/; 8- v 7,5 /; 7- v =1,512 /; 6- v = 325 /. 7- 6- . 10. : K = K Kv. (4.5)

K, , : K = 1+ , (4.6)

, q z1 (. . 4.1); x , , x = aibi (. . 2.2). x = 1 K = 1 ; Kv , (. 4.3).67

4.3 6- 7- 8- 9- v, / 1,5 1,00 1,15 1,25 1,53 1,00 1,25 37,5 1,0 1,1 1,4 7,512 1,1 1,2 1216 1,3 1625 1,5

11. () : . 12. , : m= . (4.8) (4.7)

. 4.4 .

4.4 1967274, 1- () 2- 2,5; 3,15; 4,0; 5,0; 6,3; 8,0; 10,0; 12,5; 16,0; 20,0; 25,0 3,0; 3,5; 6,0; 7,0; 12,0

. 13. : .68

(4.9)

, aw , . 4.5. 4.5 214476, 1- () 40; 50; 63; 80; 100; 125; 160; 200; 250; 315; 400; 500 2- 140; 180; 225; 280; 355; 450

aw Ra 40 663669: 105, 110, 120, 130, 150, 170, 190, 210, 220, 240, 260, 300, 320, 340, 360, 380, 420, 480. aw, q m (4.9), . , , ( z2 (4.9)), , 5 %. , . , (4.10)

aw . 1 x 1. 14. : ) : d1 = qm; d2 = z2m; ) : dw1 = d1 + 2xm;69

(4.11) (4.12)

(4.13)

dw2 = d2. : . (4.15) (4.14)

c aw ; ) : da1 = d1 + 2m; da2 = d2 + 2m + 2xm; (4.17) (4.16)

) : df1 = d1 2,4m; df2 = d2 2,4m + 2xm. : 1. x = 0. 2. . 14, 0,01 ;

(4.18) (4.19)

) dam2 da2 + 6m/(z1 + 2); ) b1 (10 + 5,5|x| + 0,09z2) m + (70 + 60x) m/z2. (4.21) (4.20)

b1 25 m 10 3540 m > 10 ; ) : z1 = 1; 2 b2 = 0,75 da1;70

(4.22)

z1 = 4 b2 = 0,67da1. (4.23) . . 14, 1 .

. 4.3 , ; ) : tg = ; tg w = . (4.25) (4.24)

. 4.3.

15. : . (4.26)

v (. . 4.2 ) . 16. (H/2) : . (4.27)

, 5 %, . 5 %, . : 1) ; (. 5 6); 2) z2, ; , . 12, .

71

17. . , ' , ' = arctg f ', f ' , v (. 4.4). (4.28)

f'0,09 0,08 0,07 0,06 0,05 0,04 0,03 0,02 0,01 0 2 4 6 8

10

12

14

v , /

. 4.4. f v HRC 45 Ra = 0,320,63

(0,970,98) . . f ', . 18. , : ( ) ; ( ) ; ( )72

(4.29)

(4.30)

,

(4.31)

Ft1 Fa1 ; Ft2 F2 ; Fr ; T2 ; 1 , , 1,2 = . . (. , , . 0,99; , ( = 20). 19. : , (4.32)

F , [F] - , /2; YF (. 4.6) , . (4.33) 4.6 c zv2 YF 28 2,43 30 2,41 35 2,32 40 2,27 45 2,22 50 2,19 65 2,12 80 2,09 100 2,08 150 2,04

20. : ) ; ) . (4.35) (4.34)

c . a) ) . 4.2. : 2 = 4,7105 H; n1 = 2910 /;73

u = 12,5; , 8 . (. . 2.2) : 1 = 1,0; 2 = 0,7; 3 = 0,2; b1 = 0,2; b2 = 0,3; b3 = 0,5. 1. . z1 = 4. 2. [. (4.1)] z2 = z1u = 4 12,5 = 50. 3. q. (4.2) 1,2 z2 = 1,2 50 = 60. (. . 4.1) , . 4.1 q = 10 ( = 69). 4. . : , HRC > 45, , Rz = 0,63 . 5. (. . 4.2) 10-1 ( ). v = 9,4 /. [H] = 157 /2. 6. : N = 300 8 60 n2 = 8 300 2 8 60 = 5,37 108 ; N = N a bi = 5,37 108 (14 0,2 + 0 ,74 0,3 + 0,24 0,5) = 1,79 108; KL = . , (4.3), [] = []KL = 157 0,672 = 108 /2. 7. : NF = N a bi = 5,37 108 (19 0,2 + 0,79 0,3 + 0,29 0,5) = 1,34 108; KFL = . (4.4) [ ] = [ ] KFL = 49 0,623 = 30,8 /2 . 8. :74

[H]max = 4 = 4 120 = 480 /2; [F]max = 0,8 = 0,8 120 = 96 /2; = 120 /2 . 4.2. 9. . v = 9,4 / 6- . 10. [. (4.5)] K = K Kv = 1,23 1,1 = 1,35; K = 1+ = 1,23. v = 9,4 / Kv = 1,1. 11. [. (4.7)] aw= = 192 . 12. [. (4.8)] m = = 6,33 . . 4.4 m = 6,30 . 13. [. (4.9)] aw = = 189,00

; 1- . 4.5 aw = 200,00 . z2 = 52. u = = 13,0. 100 % = 4 % . z2 = 52 w = = 195,30 . . [. (4.10)] x = . 14. : ) [. (4.11), (4.12)]: 75

d1 = qm = 10 6,30 = 63,00 ; d2 = z2m = 52 6,30 = 327,60 ; ) [. (4.13), (4.14)]: dw1 = d1 + 2xm = 63 + 2xm = 63,00 + 2 0,746 6,30 = 72,4 ; dw2 = d2 = 327,60 . [. (4.15)]: aw = = 200,00 ; ) [. (4.16), (4.17)]: da1 = d1 + 2m = 63,00 + 2 6,30 = 75,60 ; da2 = d2 + 2m + 2xm = 327,60 + 2 6,30 + 2 0,746 6,30 = 348,60 ; ) [. (4.18), (4.19)]: df1 = d1 2,4m = 63,00 2,4 6,30 = 47,88 ; df2 = d2 2,4m + 2xm = 327,60 2,4 6,30 + 2 0,746 6,30 = 321,88 ; ) [. (4.20)] dam2 da2 + 6m/(z1 + 2) = 348,60 + 6,30 = 354,90 . dam2 = 354,0 ; ) [. (4.21)]: b1 (10 + 5,5|x| + 0,09z2) m + (70 + 60x) m/z2 = = (10 + 5,5 0,746 + 0,09 52) 6,3 + (70 + 60 0,746) 6,3/52 =132,3 . m = 6,3 b1 25 . b1 = 160 ; ) [. (4.23)]:76

b2 0,67da1 = 0,67 75,60 = 50,7 . b2 = 50,0 ; ) [. (4.24), (4.25)]: tg = = 0,40000; tg w = = 0,34807 (w = 1911'30"; cos w = 0,94442). 15. [. (4.26)]: vc = 9,5 /. 16. [. (4.27)] = 107 H/2, [H] = 108 H/2. , . 17. [. (4.28)] . = (0,970,98) = 0,9050,935. (. . 4.4) v c = 11,7 / f = 0,0150,022 = 05130'' 11530"; tg (1911'30" + 051'30") = 0,365; tg (1911'30" + 115'30") = 0,373. . = 0,91. 18. , . T1 = = 4,06 104 H, 1,2 = . . = 0,91 0,99 ( . = 0,99 , ). , [. (4.29)], Ft1 = Fa2 = =1,26103 H.

77

, [. (4.30)], Ft2 = Fa1 = = 2,90103 H. [. (4.31)] Fr = = 1,21 103 . 19. [. (4.32)] YF = 2,13 z2 = 62; [F]0 = 49 /2 . . 7. , . [. (4.33)]: zv2 = = 62. 20. : ) [. (4.34)]: = 19,8; ) [. (4.35)] = = 13,5. () 13,5 , . 5. , . , , , , . ., 50 . , . , 78

, , , , . , . F > F, . . . N , . , N1, [ (5.13)]. ( ), ( ). k [ (5.14)]. ( ) , . . . ( ). , , L [ (5.12)]. [ (5.12)] N1 - . [ (5.19)] , . v . v , < 10 / ( ) - . 5.1. . ( ), , 79

. . . , . (0, , , , , , ), . 5.1. . 5.1. 5.1 , b , S,2 47 81 138 230 476 692 1172 L, , / 0,06 0,10 0,18 0,30 0,60 0,90 1,52

0 (Z) 8,5 6,0 10 400 2500 800 A(A) 11,0 8,0 13 560 4000 1700 (B) 14,0 11,0 17 800 6300 2240 (C) 19,0 14,0 22 1800 10000 3750 (D) 27,0 20,0 32 3150 14000 6000 (E) 32,0 23,5 38 4500 18000 7100 42,0 30,0 50 6300 18000 8500 ___________ . : ; ; b . . 5.1.

(. . 5.1). L . : 400, 425, 450, 475, 500, 530, 560, 600, 630, 670, 710, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1060, 1120, 1180, 1250, 1320, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2120, 2240, 2360, 2500, 2650, 2800, 3000, 3150, 3350, 3500, 3750, 4000 . 10 18000 . 5.2. : N1;80

n1; u; . . 1. . . 5.2 . , ( ), . , (. . 5.2, ).. 5.2. () : 1, 2; 35; 68

2. d, . . 5.2 . , , . . 5.2. 5.2 0 63 () 90 125 140, 160, 180 200 224, 250, 280 315 355, 400, 450 500 560, 630, 710

800

71, 80, 100, 112, 90 125

900,1000, 1120

3. d, : d = d (1 ) u ( , u > 1) d = d (1 )/u ( , u < 1 ), (5.2) , 0,010,02. : 63, 71, 80, 90, 100, 112, 125, 140, 160, 180, 200, 224, 250, 280, 315, 355, 400, 450, 475, 500, 560, 630, 710, 800, 900, 1000, 1120, 1250, 1400, 1600 .81

(5.1)

: u > 1 , : d1 = d, d2 = d; u < 1 .

4. v, /: , (5.3)

d1 , ; n1 , /. 0, , , 25 /, , , 30 /. ( . 2). 5. : , (5.4)

d1 d2 , . 6. : . (5.5)

5 %. 7. . , . , , (5.6)

, :u 1 1,5 2 1,2 3 1,0 4 0,95 5 0,9 6 0,85

u . 82

(5.7) , (. . 5.1). 8. L , : . (5.8)

(. 5.1) , : . (5.9)

. 5.1, ( ). 9. 1, . : . (5.10)

. 120, . 10. , /: (5.11) v , /; L , . 10 / , . 10 /, , . 11. , : (5.12) N , ( , , , ), . 5.3; (. 5.4); L ,83

. . 5.1; (. 5.5).

5.3 , , d, 63 71 0 80 90 90 100 A 112 125 u