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8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
1/23
~ 2 11
~
2 J- f-.r
0~)
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ExlCh.Eff/21411l1201l1SPL
BACHELOR OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING EXAMINATION,2011
( 2nd Year, 1st Semester)
MECHANICS OF FLUIDS
Time: Three hours Full Marks: 100
( 50 marks for each Part )
Use separate answer scripts for each Part
RT
-
I
Answer Question No 1 and any two from the rest
Assume any missing data
1. a) A velocity field is defined as
V=
3yi
- 6x]
8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
2/23
. J ::
[2J
2.
a)
-.
Patm
Fig 1
The Lid) ratio for both the branch o-a) and o-b) refer to
Fig 1) are 100. The Leq/d) ratio for a globe valve is 340 and
that of a gate valve is 8. The diameters of two branches are
same. Find the ratio offlow rates through line -a) and line
o-b) considering the Fanning friction factor to be invariant
of Reynolds. number fuUy rough zone). 5
b) Consider expansion of
multiple
n number of tubes each of
diameter do) into a header of diameter D Refer to Fig 2
or
turbulent
flow
0 Derive an expressionror pressure differentialP,-P2
i
h) Derivetheexpressionor mClionalloss,h
I
Consider that at section I the pressure is uniform across the
ross section
[ 3 ]
3.
a) You are an engineer for a company and are to select an
appropriate fluid meter from your waterhouse stock to
measure the water flow rate in a 6 inch nominal diameter)
schedule 40, horizontal commercial steel pipe. The fluid
meter is needed immediately, so no time is available for
machining or modification. The flow rate is estimated to be
3 3
between 0.0065 m /s and 0.-025m Is. A mercury manometer
is to be used to measure the appropriate pressure difference
to determine the flow rate.
Your instructions are to choose a fluid meter to determine
the flow rate with a maximum uncertainity of 10
percentage error) because of errors in reading in
manometer. You estimate that the manometer can be read
with an uncertainity absoluteerror) of 0.15 cm.
Net pressure drop across the meter must not exceed 7 kPa.
The following meters are available
Type of flow meter
Venturi
Throat / orifice diameter
4.5 in
Thin-plate orifice
2.5 in
Consider that the dischargecoefficient of venturimeterand
orificemeter are 0.94 and 0.61, respectively. The inside
diameter for a 6 inch Schedule40 commercialsteel pipe is
6.065 i:lch.
u ;
lL
i
f
A
do
f
1
1
ID
,
f
]I
I
Y
Fig
2
8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
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[4J
4.
b) Explain the working principle of a rotameter. Why is itcalled
as an area meter ? 12+4
Water (at 25C, p =1000 kg/m3, /l = Icp) flows from a large
reservoir (zl = SSm) to a storage tank (z2 = 5m), as shown in
Fig.2. The pipe entrance at B is well rounded. The pipeline from
B to C contains 4 gate valves, three standard 90 elbows and
one tee with flow through the main run. The pipe line
trom
D to
E contains four gate valves, six 90 standard elbows, two 45
standard elbows, one tee with flow through the main run and a
venturi meter. The venturimeter is installed to measure the flow
rate. The reading of the manometer (manometric fluid mercury,
p
=
13600 kg/m ) connected between the upstream and the
throat of the venturimeteris 75cm. The pipe line is 300 m long
I
and is a 2 inch Schedule 40 (inside diameter 2.067 inch) steel
pipe. The loss coefficient (k) data for commercial(2 inch) pipe
fittingaregiven below:
Gatevalve
90 standardElbow
0.16
0.95
Tee, line flow
0.90
The discharge coefficient of venturimeter, Cv = 0.98.
Calculate (i) the
ow
rate through the pipeline, (ii) the power
input to thepumpfor theoverallefficiencyof 85 .(iii)pressure
[ 5 ]
~
~~7~ y]
Fig.
5. A catalyst having spherical particles of Dp= 50 microns and
Ps=1.65g/cm3is to be usedto contact a hydrocarbonvapor in a
fluidized reactor at 480C and I atm pressure. At rest the bed
has a porosity of 0.35 and a height of 1m. At operating
conditions, the fluid viscosity is 0.02 cp and its density is 3.4
kg/m3.The porosityat minimumfluidizationvelocity is 0.42.
a) Determine
i) the superficialgas velocitynecessaryto fluidize the bed
ii) the velocityat which the bed would begin to flowwith
the gas
ill) the extent of bed expansion when the gas velocity is
averageof velocitiespreviouslydetermined.
b) Does aggregative/ particulatefluidizationoccur?
The ErgunEquationfor flow through packedbed is as follows:
8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
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[6 ]
RT
-
II
Answer
any three
questions.
All questions carry equal marks.
2 marks reserved for neat and well organized answer script.
Assume any missing data.
6. a) Find the dimensionality and diu:ctionality
for
the velocity
field given by V =axi + bX2j::..~xtlc (a, b, c are constants).
2
b) Consider a flow field given by V = Ai + btj, A = 2m/s,
B=0.3m/s2.Find the equation of pathline followed by the
particle located at (x, y = (1, 1) at the instant t = O. 4
c) A steady, incompressible flow is given byV =Axi
-Ayj; with
A = 2s-I. Determine the stream function that will yield this
velocityfield. 4
d) The velocity profile for an incompressible fluid at the
entranceto a pipe is flatas shown inFig.6.At section2 it is
parabolic and is given byV = Vm(1-r21R2).
Obtain the drag
force
F acting on the fluid in terms of the
pressure PI' P2' density p, Voand R. 6
[ 7 ]
7. Heavy oil having a specific gravity of 0.85 and an absolute
viscosity of 4x 10-2N.s/m2 is pumped through 20m ofO.052m
inside diameterPVCpipe(zerorelative roughness).Thepipeline
is shown in Fig.7and containsonecheckvalve,two gate valves,
four 45 standard elbowsand a nozzlewith a throat diameter of
0.026m. A manometer connecting the inlet and throat of the
nozzle reads 2.0m of mercury (specific gravity of 13.6). Find
the pressure loss between points 2 and 3. Neglect loss in the
nozzle.
Draw the nature of the Energy grade line and hydraulic grade
line.
Fitting
Checkvalve
Gatevalve
45 standard elbow
Loss coefficient
2.1
0.16
0.30
13+3
q.(j. ~L
~
- --
8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
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[ 8 ]
8.
a) Petroleum oil of specific gravity 0.9 flows through a
horizontalpipe. A pitot tube is inserted at the center of the
pipe and its leads are filledwith the sameoil and attachedto
a U tube containingwater.Thereading of the manometeris
90 cm. Find the velocity at the center o f the pipe. 4
b) In fully rough zone friction factor is invariant of Reynold s
number justify with reasons. 3
c) Water is in turbulent flow through at 50 mm J.D. tube. The
pressure drop is 1.57 kN/mo per meter of tube. Calculate the
thickness oflaminar sublayer and buffer layer. Find the eddy
viscosity. Assume water viscosity as IO-3kglm.s.
The universal velocity distribution is given as follows
u+ =y+; O;s;y+;s; 5;u+ =-3.05+5Iny+; 5;s;y+ ;S;30
u+
=
5.5 + 2.5In y+; y+ ~30
d) Cd vs. N Re,pcurve for flow around a sphere shows an
abrupt decrease in drag coefficientat Re=3x 105. 2
9.
a) Draw the shear stress vs. deformation rate curve for
Binghamplasticandpseudoplasticfluid. 2
b) A water jet pump has jet area 0.01m2 and jet speed 20m/s.
The jet is within a secondary stream of water having speed
Vs=2m/s. The total area of the duct (the sum of the jet anl1
2 .
[ 9 ]
stream. The pressures of the jet and the secondary stream
are the same at the pump inlet. Determine the speed at the
pump exit and the pressure rise P2- Pl IO
V
2 W\1 s
= ~Js
--Q,) V)
O
cl.. :.o
t:W
- V) .Q
- :::
0
cv -
cJ ) Co.>
QJ (1) f O
-- 0. 0
0
4
I
. . .
.
. .
.
c: CLJ
C1J
- -
c:: 0 ::J
~
V )
E c: to
~ .~ E 0.2
1
........
C. ~
....
-
1.0
..
..
.
..-=-l
. .
. .
. . . . . .
. . . .
~.
.
. ~~. i
. . .
. .
.
0
0
.
0.2 04 0.6 0.8
1 0
8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
7/23
0.015
0.01
103
2(1o } 3 4 5 6 S 10.
2(104} 3 4 5 6 8 105
0.00001
-.- -- 6-e1oe
7 -21107} 3-4_5 ,-,--
10
~
- Qonn,,-
E D - VU()5
--..
f)
..
Q oooo
Reynolds number
R
=v
Figure 7.9
The Moody chart for friction factor from [3] .
0,1
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
....
....
0
0.03
U
2
c
0
....
0.025
;::;
ro
Q)
0::
8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
8/23
F Pipe diameter in feet D
0.5
8
1
.2 0.3 0.4
I
0.6 O.
,.,
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
,..,.
0.06
0.03
0.02 I.~
0.05
0.04
.0.035
0.03
0.025
0.002
VI
Q)
0.
0.
s
0.02 g
0
...
Ie
I/)
I/)
(1)
c:
.c.
0 >
;:,
0
~
Q)
>
+=I
Q)
ex:.
0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.018 ~
c:
~
;:,
0.016 -e
;:,
....
Q)
....
Q)
8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
9/23
r
5 ?l
.
9. ~ 0
a
2. ...
C Q.
..
III '
., c '
3
-g g
...
01 -
;... To '
~
I
I
::
III ...
a- ' ~I :.
3 ~
$
c
K:
0. ,I. .
:i{ .
i 0
~
~. 8
.:.
..
'
...
Cloo
0
8
'0
..
0
8
0\
/
~
.:c
~
..
;:r
N
0
.'
..
I
0 0 0
'0
..
N
'
0 000
I
~~
0 0 00 0 0
i
i
o 00
0 '''' N
0> '
0 0 0
~ 2 ~
0
~
.Relativeroughness. ;
~ 8IINTEftNALINCOMPRESSIBlEViSCOuS FlDN
0.0001
0.000.08
0.000.06
0.000;05
0.000.04
0,000,03
0.000.02
0.000.01
0.000,0008
0.000,0006
0.000,0005
FIg.8.15
50 80 150 300 500 800 1500 3000 SOOO
40 60 100 200 400 600 1000. 2QOO 400Ci'
Pipe diameter.p (millimeters)
Relative roughness for pipes of common engineering . mater ials . (Data
from~ usedPx..p .mILSJion
.
30
.
0 0
is
0
0
0
8
II)
'
cp
0
)
:.. ...
41
'
g;
0
...
:J
ii '
.
...
'
Q'
.
..
2' 9.
.:
0.
i
'
6
...
1
.
...
...
+rl -f
I. r-r--
,-.,. D. r-+
8 1 '''f ---e-----
'I . {
I --,
l:h ' 1 I L
Ikt.i:
,
\
--
-NJ.
...j.
1
['
8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
10/23
~ :;tOi\
~ .-
':;,~\
8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
11/23
[ 2 ]
.
6. a)A bracketis fixed to the wall by means of 4 identicalbolts and loadedby a vertical load as shown in.-
Fig. 6a. Material of bolts is C30 C.S (Gy=340
N mm2
and factor of safety is 3. Determine the nominal
diameterof the bolts. 10
b) A bracketis supported by means of 4 rivets of samesize, as shown in Fig. 6b. Determinethe diameterof
the rivet if the maximumpermissible shear stress.is 140MPa. 10
1~
i
SQO
f~
7S
T
~..
Fig. 6a
600
~
40kN
20kN
80
~
4-
t
~
f -
I
1
,;
/
Fig. 6b
7. a) Why is the cross-sectionof the flat belt pulley armelliptical? The major axis of an ellipticalpulley arm
placed inthe pl~e of rotation -Justify the statement. 2+6
8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
12/23
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ExlCh.E/Math/T/21~/1l/20IiSPL
BACHELOROF CHEMICALENGINEERINGEXAMINATION,011
2nd Year, 1st Semester
MAmEMATICS
-
Time: Three hours
Full Marks: 100
Answer any six questions.
[ Four marks reserved for general proficiency]
I. a Find the necessary and sufficient condition for the ordinary
differential equation M x,y dx +N x,y dy =0 to be exact.
8
b Solvethe differentialequation
8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
13/23
[ 2 ]
b) Show that d~[ x-oJo (x)J ==-X-oJo+I(X).
c) Show that J _1 (x)
==
cosx .
2
4.
a) DefineLegandredifferentialequation. Provethat
Po(x)==~~
(
2-
1)
0
ill
20 dx x
b) Prove that xP~(x) ==
P~-I
(x) + nPo(x) .
c) Prove that Po(I)
== I.
ao 2
5.
a) Show that fe-x Hm(x)Ho(x)dx==O, m:;t:n
-ao
==2ill~, m ==n
{
xt
}
exp --
ao
b) Prove that
. ~-t == LLn(x)to.
0=0
c) Show that L2 (x) ==
~ (
x2
- 4x+2).
fl [;2
6. a) Solve ~
==X2
-t
using method of separation {)f
at
variables.Given that y(x,O)==f(x),
Zl o
==g(x).
[ 3 ]
4
b) If a string of length I is released from rest in the position
y
== 4A.x (~
- x) . Show that the motion is described by the
I
4
equation
y(
x t
)
- 321..~ 1 . (2n+1)1tX (2n+1
)
1tat
, - 3.J 3sm cos
7r 0=0
(2n+I) I I 8
2+6
6
~ 2 U
.
7.
a) Solve at
==
a 2 for 0 0 gIven that
2
Ux(0, t) ==Ux(1t,t ) ==0 and u (x,0) ==sin x .
8
b) Solve a2~ + a2~ ==0, which also satisfies the following
Ox Oy
boundary conditions u(O,y) ==
u l,y
==u(x,O) ==0 and
8
u( x,a) ==sin n1tX
I
.
8
()
8. a) A periodicfunctionof period 4 isdefined as
f(x)=lxl
-2
8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
14/23
[ 4 ]
9. a) State D Alambert s ratio test for convergence of infinite
series. 2
b) Test the following series for convergence
1 x3 1.3 x5 1.3.5x7
x+--+--+--+...
2 3 2.4 5 2.4.6 7
6
c) Test for the convergence of the series
i)
1 1 I
-+-+-+...
1.22 2.32 3.42
co
ii)
. .
n=lnn
8
8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
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~
~y~
D
0r.t L
C.w- ~)
ExlCh.E/Chem.lT /212/10/20 1
~SP\..
BACHEWR OF CHEMICALENGINEERINGEXAMINATION,011
( 2nd Year, 1st Semester)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Time: Three hours
Full Marks: 100
Use a separate Answer-Script for each part.
( 50 marks for each part )
PART
-
I
1. a) Define an ideal black body and give an example that
approximatelyrepresents it.Describe Stefan-Boltzmannlaw
of black body radiation. Show how it is consistent with the
Planck s distribution of frequency (v) dependent energy
8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
16/23
[ 2 ]
2.
a) Describe a Hermitian operator and show that the eigen
functions of a hermitian operator having different eigen
values are orthogonal.
b) Evaluatethecommutator,[H,x], whereH isthe Hamiltonian
operator for a free particle.
c) State the Heisenberg s uncertainty principle. Find the
uncertainty in speed of an electron located within an atom
with positionaluncertaintyof 50 pm.
d) What is the probability of the I-s electron of a hydrogen
atom to be found in a spherical shell of radius r and r +dr
around the nucleus? Also find the most probable radial
distance of the I-s electron fromthe nucleus.Given, the I-s
orbital wavefunction of the hydrogen atom,
(
1 r
112--
l l-s (r) = J;c aJ .e ao ; (ao- Bohr radius).
3+3+5+6
3.
a) Define absorbance. Provide suitable justification for the
Lambert-Beer s law and state the reasons for the
photochemicalsystemsshowing deviations from it.
b) An electron is confined to a molecule of length 1.0 nm.
Consideringtheparticlein a boxmodel,find(a) itsminimum
energy and (b) the minimum excitation energy for the
electron from its lowest energy state.
c) Using rigid rotor model for studyingrctational motion of a
diatomic molecule, explain the equally spaced microwave
[ 3 ]
spectral lines observed experimentally and mention its
usefulness.
d) The force constant of the bromine molecule C~r 79Br)is
240Nm-l. Calculate the fundamentalvibrational frequency
and the zero point energy of the molecule. 5+5+4+3
P RT II
4.
a) How does viscosity of a liquid change with change of
temperature? 3
b) How can you determine the molecular weightof a polymer
molecule by measuring viscosity? 4
c) How does the vapour pressure of a liquid vary with
temperature?
3
5.
a) Stateand deriveBragg s equation.
4
b) A cubic lattice have X-ray diffraction from (Ill), (200),
(220), (311) and (222) planes. Determine the type of the
cubic crystal. 3
c) What is law of symmetry?How many symmetryelemt:nts
are there in a simplecubic latticeand what are they? 3
6.
a) Whatdoyoumeanbydipolemoment?Whichone ispolar-
NH) orBF)?Explain. 2+2
b) Define specific rotation. On which factors does specific
rotationdepend? 3
[ Turn over
8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
17/23
[ 4 ]
c State and explainNernst Distribution law.
3
7. a How can you distinguish between electrochemical cell and
electrolytic cell?
3
b What is calomel electrode?
3
c How can you titrate a weak acid by a strong alkali
potentiometrically? 4
8. a Compareconductanceof 0.1N HCIand 0.1N NaCI solution
and explain. 3
b Calculate the pH of a mixture of 10 ml 0.1 N AcOH
8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
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~\
V
BACHELOROFCHEMICALENGINEERINGEXAMINATION,011
( 2nd Year, 1st Semester)
NUMERICALMETHODS
2
f)-
2roL ~ C.4.l~)
E
ExlCh.E/T/215/11/20111SPL
Time: Three hours Full Marks: 100
(50 marks for each part)
Use a separate Answer-Script for each part.
.
PART- I
Answer ny three questions.
All questions do not carry equal marks.
1. a) Consider a general 3x3 symmetric matrix in the following
form :
8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
19/23
[2 ]
with the conditions, x ==Y==1 at t = o. Find the largest
possible step size that you can use in solving the above set of
equations by explicit Euler l11ethod. Perform one step
integration with the above determined step size value.
10+10=20
2.
a) Solve the following set of linearsimultaneousequations by
.
Thomas Algorithm:
[
~ : ~I
][
~
]
=
[
~
]
-1 3 x3 3
b) DeriveDoolittle s Algorithm for solving a generalized set
of linear simultaneous algebraic equation. What are the
advantages or disadvantages of this method over
conventionalGaussElimination? 8+7=I5
3.
Answer any three questions:
x5= 5
a) When and why will you use Pivoting strategy in solving a set
of simultaneous algebraic equations?
b) When will you call a system of equations to be ill-
conditioned? What is condition number?
c) Whatdo you meanby local truncationerror?How can you
assess the stiffness of a set of ordinary differential
equations?
d) In some commercial software for solution of ODEs, the step
size isvaried as the integration proceeds. Why is itdone so?
~
[ 3 ]
4.
a) Considerthe followingset of equations:
[
2.1 5.7
][
XI
] [
1
]
.8 10.3 x2 = 2
It was observed that an attemptto solve the above set of
equation by Gauss Elimination with two decimal place of
accuracy results in a wrong solution. Explain this
observationbasedonconditionnumber,derivedon the basis
of SpectralNorm.
b) Solvethe followingordinarydifferentialequation byHeun s
method (predictor-corrector method) from x
=
0.0 to
x =4.0 with a step size of 1.0.
:
=
4eoosx 0.5y with the initial condition y =2.0 at
5.
x=O.
a) Use Fadeev-Laverier s method to determine the
characteristic polynomial for the x coefficient matrix as
stated in problem 2(a).
8+7=15
b) Consider the following differentialequation, which can be
developed by steady-stateheat balance for a long thin rod
that is not insulated along itslength:
d2T + h
(
T
-
T
)
=
0 whereh is convective head transfer
dx2 a
coefficient (m-2) and Ta is the temperature of the
surrounding air. Use Shooting method to solve the above
[ Turn over
8/10/2019 2nd-1st sem-2011Q
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[ 5 ]
[4]
PART-II
Answer any three questions.
All questions carry equal marks.
7. Use the methodof exploration followedby the method of false
posi tion or chord) t o fi nd t he three roots of: 1.8xl - sin lOx
=
0
with an accuracy of 0.001.
equation for a 10m rod with h = 0.0Im-2, Ta=20C and
use the followingboundary conditions :
T 0)=40 and T 10)= 200.
Hint Takeinitial guessvaluesfor ~~ tobe 10and 20.)
7+8=15
6. The one-dimensionalheat conduction problem in a rectangular
fin can be expressed by the following parabolic partial
differentialequation:
8.
Solve the equation: 2 10glOx - ~ + 1
=
0
2
Startingwith the values x=1 and x=5 with an accuracy of 0.001
using Newton-Raphson Method.
Fitthe followingtabular data to theArrhenius equation:
k
=
Aexp - E
I
RT) by the method of least square where the
symbolshave their usual significance.
a T
-=a.-
at ax2
The initial and the boundary conditionsfor the above PDE can
be expressedas follows:
9.
i) At t = 0, T = 3 0, for all x , 0 ~ x ~ 1.
ii) At x = 0, T = 150 for t > 0 .
ill) At x = 1 ,
or ax
=0
Develop the solution scheme for solving the apove PDE by
Finite Difference FD) method taking 2 internal grid points
with Crank-Nicholson method being used for solution of
resultant set of ODE-IVPs. Develop the complete solution
algorithmand perform one iteration. 15
10. For the functiongiven as a table:
determine the value of the argument corresponding to the value
0.892914 of the function.
[ Turn over
T K)
310
350
380 410 450
k hr-l)
1.7x 10-4
0.018 0.31
3.53 54.7
x 1.435
1.440
1.445
Y 0.892687
0.893698
0.894700
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[ 6 ]
1
11. Calculate Jcosx dx using Simpson s formula by dividing the
0 l+x
interval 0, 1) into a total of four equal subintervals.
12. Find the first derivative at the point x
=
50 for the function given
as the following table:
x
50 55 60 65
f 1.6990 1.7404
1.7782 1.8129
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(.f)
Ex/Ch.E/MErr/213/1O/20 II
sP
BACHELOROF CHEMICALENGINEERINGEXAMINATION,011
( 2nd Year, 1st Semester)
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Time: Three hours Full Marks: 100
.
Answer Question No.1 and any four from the rest.
Steam and other tables are permitted if necessary.
Assume any unfurnished data, consistent with the problem.
.
.
1. A Define:Heat,Work,Environment.
vb)
x =6
Plot the following diagrams for water:
i) Isobaric processs on T-v plane from solid phase to
superheated vapour phase. @.
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[ 2 ] [ 3 ]
ill) specific heat supplied.
jV) Plot the process on T-vplane.
4+4+12=20
and 150C,doing work. Heat loss from the system to the
surrounding is 2 KJ during this process. Assuming the
surrounding to be at 25Cand 100KPa, determine
i) exergyof the steam atthe initial and final states.
3. a) State the First lawof Thermodyanicsfor a cycle and hence
deduce the first law for a non-cyclic process.
b) Ina steam p~wer plant steam leaves the boiler at 2 MPa and
300C. The steam then leaves the turbine and enters the
condenser at IS KPa and 90% quality. Finally, it leaves the
condenser and enters the pump at 14 KPa, 45C. The pump
work is 4 KJ/Kg. Determine
i) Turbine work.
ii) Heat transfer in condenser and boiler.
ill) Thermal efficiency of the plant.
iv) Plot the process on T-S diagram.
ii) exergy change of steam.
ill) exergy destroyed.
iv) The 2nd law of efficiency.
f ---
4+4+12=20
6.
a) Establish the Maxwell relations.
6
b) Define mean effective pressure.
2
8+12=20
c) An air-standard Dieselcycle has a compression ratio of 16
and a cut-off ratioof 2.At the beginningof the compression
process, air is at 95KPa and 27C. Determine
i) the temperature after the heat addition process.
.
4. a)/State the '2nd law of Thermodynamics' and show that
~~J '
...~ , entropy is a property.
~
~
~e.,,>' 7 ~~
j?
Onekilogramof Ammoniain a piston/cylinderarrangement -
D
'i/'\ at 50C, 1000 KPa is expanded in a reversible~ ~
.
of--
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