- 243 -

2CO2

CO2

- 244 -

4.1

CO2

No1 IBEC

1983 19841986 1991

4.2 4.5 CO2 IBEC

- 245 -

- 246 -

1)

- 247 -

2)

- 248 -

3)

- 249 -

4.5 IBEC

4)

1 39 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 32 322 36 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 35 353 39 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 32 32

4 42 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 32 325 42 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 34 346 42 70 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 37 37 377 42 70 0 0 56 56 56 56 56 38 38 388 100 100 0 0 69 69 69 69 69 59 59 599 97 97 0 0 76 76 76 76 76 59 59 5910 83 83 0 0 87 87 87 87 87 85 85 8511 81 81 0 0 78 78 78 78 78 85 85 8512 92 92 0 0 80 80 80 80 80 97 97 97

13 83 83 0 0 65 65 65 65 65 90 90 9014 89 89 0 0 68 68 68 68 68 85 85 8515 94 94 0 0 70 70 70 70 70 100 100 10016 86 86 0 0 74 74 74 74 74 94 94 9417 75 75 0 0 63 63 63 63 63 79 79 7918 81 81 0 0 51 51 51 51 51 68 68 6819 64 70 0 0 60 60 60 60 60 62 62 6220 44 70 0 0 44 44 44 44 44 59 59 5921 56 70 0 0 45 45 45 45 45 52 52 5222 47 70 0 0 32 32 32 32 32 45 45 4523 31 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 37 3724 36 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 32 32 1521 1823 0 0 1118 1118 1118 1118 1118 1428 1428 1428

1 0 100 100 872 0 89 100 873 0 79 94 874 0 39 65 83

5 8 0 63 856 45 0 51 987 77 0 52 1008 100 0 53 999 53 0 55 9410 9 0 60 8311 0 38 71 8212 0 59 92 83 292 404 856 1068

419 kJ/m2h 209 MJ/m2 544 kJ/m2h 419 MJ/m2 377 kJ/m2h 753 MJ/m2 50 W/m2 90 kWh/m2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

(

%

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

(

%

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

(

%

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

(

%

)

- 250 -

IBEC 14 17

18 3

24CO2 24

1 40.5 1

18 4

2,000m2

38 A 414

5

23

- 251 -

20 2008 12 21 2009 11

12)

588 612kWh/ 598kWh/18.0

1,190 1,262kWh/ 1,239kWh/37.3

1,836kWh/55.4

113kWh/

734kWh/ 421kWh/12.7

319 344kWh/

335kWh/ 10.1

158 167kWh/163kWh/ 4.9

206 221kWh/

214kWh/ 6.5

1,014kWh/ 1,939kWh/1,481kWh/ 44.6

2,885kWh/ 3,736kWh/3,317kWh/

1,210,914kWh/ 414 2,925kWh/17,940

67.5kWh/

- 252 -

4.1 4.2 4.1

- 253 -

- 254 -

- 255 -

A

B F 13)

1,654kWh/ F

1970 2000A F 2000

- 256 -

CO2

2015

GIS

3 1km

40 1 80km8 2 10km 101km

42 6 3 8

4.4 4.6

- 257 -

36 1.5=541.5

1 1 ( 80km)

2 1 /3=40( 80km)

2

3

- 258 -

CO2

24 365 24 365

24 365 24 365

NEDO

URL

URL http://www.nedo.go.jp/library/nissharyou.html

836 14 1990 2003

MJ/m2 1 1

NEDO

24365 3

3

3 3

- 259 -

365 24

34.7

- 260 -

CO2

NEDO 18

URL

URL http://app2.infoc.nedo.go.jp/nedo/top/top.html

LAWEPS 500m30 50 70m

K C 500m

DB 30m 50m 70m1km 500m

1km 1km

NEDO

7 20 580

18 365 24

- 261 -

(b) 3

(c) 36524 3

50m 4.8

- 262 -

NEDO

NEDO

URL URL http://app1.infoc.nedo.go.jp/biomass/

1km

(

)

NEDO 3

NEDO 34.9 4.10

- 263 -

- 264 -

- 265 -

HP

HP

4.11

4.12

4.12

4.13 4.17

- 266 -

- 267 -

3

- 268 -

- 269 -

- 270 -

4.18

CO2 4.3.2

CO24.3.3

CO2CO2 4.2.1

IBEC

CO2 CO2

Windows

CO2

- 271 -

( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ),( )

( ) 4.19

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

4.20 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

- 272 -

GEHRRLS SLan (4.1)

nS [W/m2]

( )

gn SS (4.2)

gS [W/m2] dS [W/m2] ( ) sS [W/m2]

ssddssddg SSSSS (4.3)

dS [W/m2] [rad.]

d s dS

sS Bouguer Berlage

( )

( )

( )

( )

- 273 -

Bouguer

hd PIS (4.4)

Berlage

PPhIS

h

s (4.5)

I [W/m2] P h [rad.]

zyx S,S,S

z

y

x

SSS

(4.6)

[rad.] [rad.] [rad.]

zS (4.7)

aL [W/m2] Brunt

Brunt

asa TeL (4.8)

e [mmHg] aT [K] Stefan-Boltzmann [W/(m2

K4)]] s

LR i iLG i

iF

Gi

iiLL TFGR (4.9)

iLG

- 274 -

jjijLiiGiiL FGTG (4.10)

SR i

iSG i iF

iiiSS FGR (4.11)

iSG

jjijSiS FGG (4.12)

H [W/m2] h [W/(m2 K)]

Ga TThH (4.13)

E [W/m2]

Gaq qqhLE (4.14)

L [J/kg] qh [kg/(m2 s)] aq [kg/kg]

Gq [kg/kg] GT Ge [Pa]

aG

aGG pe

peq .MM dv (4.15)

Go

vG TR

LM.e Clausius-Clapeyron (4.16)

ap [Pa] dM [kg/mol] vM [kg/mol]

oR [J/(mol K)]

- 275 -

G [W/m2] z gT

z

gg zT

kG (4.17)

gk [W/(m K)]

z G

zT

kzt

TC gg

ggg (4.18)

4.6

waa TTh

aT

wT

vrr TTh

rT

vT

xT

xtT ww

- 276 -

G

zT

kzt

TC gg

ggg (4.19)

g [kg/m3] gC [J/kg/K] Bz [m]

z Bzz

GzgTT (4.20)

Bzz

g

zT =0 (4.21)

Bzz

B

B

zzgBBzz

gg TThzT

k (4.22)

Bh [W/ m2 K ]

Bh ( 1 1020)

(4.19) t kz

Euler

kk

nkg

nkg

kgkk

nkg

nkg

kgk

nkg

nkg

kgkg

zzTT

kzzTT

kz

TTtC (4.23)

kgk

kkgkkg

kkkgkgkg zkzk

zzkkk (4.24)

(4.23) TDMA

- 277 -

GT

n nk,gT G

zTT

kGnG

n,g

g (4.25)

n nGT

zTT

kTqqhLTThTLSnG

n,g

gnGGaq

nGa

nGan

(4.26)

(4.26 Newton

zTT

kTqqhLTThTLS

Tzk

TqhLhT

nG

n,g

gnGGaq

nGa

nGan

nG

g

G

Gq

nG

(4.27)

k,gT

(4.26) nGT (4.20) (4.21)

(4.22) (4.23) n nk,gT

- 278 -

(4.28)

(4.29)

(4.30)

raavl

raapavs

qqVLHTTVCH

(4.31)

vsH [W] vkH [W] [ ]

paC [J/(kg K)] a [kg/m3] V [m3/s] L[J/kg] aT [K] rT [K] aq [kg/kg] rq

[kg/kg]

SHF* COP (4.32)

1 SHF * COP (4.33)

SHF COP

- 279 -

A

B

CFD

CFD

4.21 CFD A

BCFD

- 280 -

IDID

ID(i,j,k) CFD

4.22

ID 4.23

( )

ID

ID

=100mm ID=52 = 60mm ID=54 = 10mm ID=55

ID=3

- 281 -

ID ID

zyx SSS

zyx nnn s ( )

dS [W/m2]

zzyyxx

d

nSnSnSsSS

(4.34)

S [W/m2][rad.]

transF [W/m2]

vT [K] rT [K] rh [W/(m2 K)]

rvrtrans TThF (4.35)

insolF [W/m2] (d) Lambert

dkSF dinsol (4.36)

k [1/m] d [m]

fC [J/K] ff

- 282 -

frff

insolf

ff TThAN

QtT

C (4.37)

insolQ [W] fN fA [m2] h [W/(m2

K)] rT [K] fT [K]

rfffinsolftotalr

p TThANQQtTVC (4.38)

[kg/m3] pC [J/(kg K)] V [m3]

totalQ [W] rfff TThAN [W]

tt [s] sT

rt rT (4.39)t rtt

adjustQ [W]

r

spadjust t

TtTVCQ (4.39)

Gebhart

[Gebhart ] Gebhart ijB

ijj

n

kikkkjij FFBB (4.40)

ijF i j ( ij ) i i n

i GiQ

- 283 -

n

jjjii

Gi RBRQ (4.41)

iR i

iiii TAR (4.42)

Stefan-Boltzmann iA i iT i

[ ]

iG

n

jjijiii FGRG (4.43)

i SiQ

n

jjijii

n

jjiji

Si FGRFGGQ (4.44)

Gi

Si QQ

(4.40)

(4.45)

, n ijij c,a

ijjij Fa ijjij Fc (4.46)

Gebhart ijB n

nnn

n

aa

aa

nnn

n

BB

BB

nnn

n

cc

cc (4.47)

(4.41)

TG (4.48)

T G nGiQ iR

- 284 -

Gn

G

G

Q

Q

nR

R (4.49)

(4.43) (4.44)

T (4.50)

TS (4.51)S n SiQ

iG

Sn

S

S

Q

Q

nG

G (4.52)

(4.50)

T (4.53)

(4.51)

TTS (4.54)

(4.45)

TTT (4.55)

(4.54)

TS (4.56)

(4.56) (4.48)

GS (4.57)

- 285 -

Gebhart

ijB ijF

n ( n) Gebhart

ijB

nn

n

Vn ijF

Vnn Gebhart i j

k i

VV nn Vn

Vn ijB Vnn Vnn Vnn

ijB ijF10 ijF 100

ijB 1000 Gebhart (1.5.7.2)

1000100 0.9

0.1

- 286 -

- 287 -

- 288 -

2.

3.4.5.

6.

7.

7.8.

10.9.

11.

11.9.

2.

3.4.5.

6.

7.

7.8.7.8.

10.9.

11.

11.11.9.

4.24

11

12

10

- 289 -

SIMPLE

FAVOR

(Fractional-Area-Volume Obstacle Representation) Gk

[1]

jjj

v uGxtG (4.58)

[2]

iviviv

i

j

j

iTj

jivjij

jiv

fGFGgG

xu

xu

Gxx

pGuuGx

ut

G

kv

(4.59)

jidi uuaCF (4.60)

f Coriolis f =2 sin 2 86400 35.4 a [=1.5m2/m3] dC [=0.2]

[3]

Smm

mcjT

Tpj

j

jjj

vp

QTTSVh

PxC

Gx

uGxt

GC (4.61)

SQ ( )[W/m3] P Exner [Cp/Rp/p ] TPr Prandtl

[=0.9]

- 290 -

[4]

LQF

VS

xq

ScScG

xquG

xq

tG Lq

c

G

jT

Tj

jjj

jv (4.62)

Gqq qqhF (4.63)

pe.pe.q

sat

satG (4.64)

Gvsat TR

L.e (4.65)

qh pCh Gq LQ( )[W/m3] L [J/kg] TSc Schmidt [=0.9]

[5]

jjkkv

jk

Tj

jjj

jv

FuGPG

xkG

xkuG

xk

tG (4.66)

jjpkkv

j

Tj

jjj

jv

FuCCGCPCk

G

xG

xuG

xtG

(4.67)

kCT (4.68)

j

iij

i

j

j

iTk x

uk

xu

xu

P (4.69)

ia

o

v

oi

T

T

i

i

T

Tk x

qMR

MR

Rg

Scxg

PrG (4.70)

vM [kg/mol] aM [kg/mol].C p

- 291 -

3 Cartesian

1 2

1

SGx

DGx

uGxt

G vj

jj

jjj

v (4.71)

(4.71)

jjj

v uGxtG (4.72)

(4.71)

SGx

DGx

uGx

uGxt

G vj

jj

jjj

jjj

v (4.73)

(4.73)

iixiixiiixiiiixi

uGuGuGuGx

(4.74)

vG xG

i+1/2i

i

iiiix

i

iiiix

i xDG

xDG

x (4.75)

y

- 292 -

2

[1]

jj

uxt

(4.76)

[2]

iui

i

xpR

tu (4.77)

[3]

Rt

(4.78)

[4]

qRtq (4.79)

[5] k

kRtk (4.80)

Rt

(4.81)

(Euler )

nnn

RTR

Ct (4.82)

nq

nn

q RqqR

Ct (4.83)

nnn nnn qqq (4.84)

- 293 -

nnn RTp (4.85)

2

nuii

nn

i

ui RuuR

Ct (4.86)

niii

n uuu (4.87)

ii

n

xptu (4.88)

inn

iin uuu (4.89)

n

i

ui

uR

Ctt (4.90)

(4.88)

jn

j

nn

jj

uxtx

ptx

(4.91)

k (Euler )

nk

nn

k RkkR

Ct (4.92)

nnn kkk (4.93)

nnn

RRCt

(4.94)

nnn (4.95)

(4.82) (4.83) (4.86) (4.92) (4.94)Bi-CGSTAB (4.91)

ICCG

- 294 -

1/7

/

zz

uu (4.96)

z [m] u [m/s] 6.1

zRngppp

nn

zn

pC/Rn (4.97)

p [hPa] R [J/(kg K)] pC [J/(kg K)].g [m/s2]

zu

T zukC (4.98)

k

k

k

z 0.5m u

- 295 -

/

zz

uu (4.99)

*u

Auz

uu **

(4.100)

k

Cuk*

(4.101)

- 296 -

4.10

,

, Kappa

, ,

,

,

- 297 -

4.25

10

3.

3.

3.

4.

4.

7.8.9.

3.

3.

3.

4.

4.

7.8.9.

- 298 -

A

B

CFD

CFD

4.26 CFD

CFDCFD

CFD

CFD

10 15CFD 1

CFD

- 299 -

( CFD)

5mCFD

CFD

1PECFD

4.27

G

jjijSiiS

jjijLiiGiiL

FGG

FGTG

G

- 300 -

4.28 4 1 124

10

- 301 -

4.29

- 302 -

85.1% FLOPS 352 MFLOPS FTRACE

4.11

4.12

tsrf_cal_radref tsrc_builging

tsrc_window

99.1% FLOPS 3020 MFLOPS

95FLOPS 10

4.30 4.33

- 303 -

- 304 -

- 305 -

- 306 -

- 307 -

1) 2) 3)

4.13 15

- 308 -

- 309 -

- 310 -

- 311 -

- 312 -

- 313 -

- 314 -

[ ] mx I*4 I ( ) x R*8 x [m] my I*4 J ( ) y R*8 [m] mz I*4 K ( ) z R*8 [m]

[ ] iminbc I*4 i=0 imaxbc I*4 i=mx jminbc I*4 j=0 jmaxbc I*4 j=my kminbc I*4 k=0 kmaxbc I*4 k=mz nsx I*4 nbnd I*4 is,ie I*4 (I ) js,je I*4 (J ) ks,ke I*4 (K ) ldir I*4

= 1 =0 =1 ip I*4 iv I*4 it I*4 iy I*4 ike I*4 u,v,w R*8 [m/s]

(Dirichlet ) t R*8 [K]

(Dirichlet ) h R*8 it=3 [W/(m2 s)]

ip=3 [Pa] ys R*8 [ ]

(Dirichlet ) ak,ae R*8 , [m2/s2,m2/s3]

(Dirichlet )

- 315 -

nporc I*4 rank I*4 is,ie I*4 rank

js,je I*4 rank

ks,ke I*4 rank

[ ] mx I*4 I my I*4 J mz I*4 K gmc R*4 gmx R*4 I

i=0 gmy R*4 J

j=0 gmz R*4 K

k=0 adrg R*4 kifi uuaCF a [m2/m3] tdrg R*4

l=1 [K] l=2 [W/(m2 K)] [m2] l=3 [kg/(m2 s)] [m2]

cdrg R*4 kifi uuaCF fC swlr R*4

l=1 [m2] l=2 [m2] l=3 [m2]

[ ] mx I*4 I my I*4 J mz I*4 K hwst R*4 l=1 ( )[W/m3]

l=2 ( )[W/m3]

- 316 -

- 317 -

No. [ ] 1 i CFD I 2 j CFD J 3 k CFD K 4 T [m] 5 u [m/s] 6 v [m/s] 7 w [m/s] 8 q [kg/kg] 9 k [m2/s2]

[ ] mx I*4 I ( ) my I*4 J ( ) mz I*4 K ( ) ns I*4 lke I*4 0 ,

0 , iter I*4 time R*8 [sec] pp R*8 [Pa] p R*8 [Pa] t R*8 [K] ys R*8 [ ] ru R*8 x [kg/m2/s] rv R*8 y [kg/m2/s] rw R*8 z [kg/m2/s] ak(:,:,:,1) R*8 [m2/s2] ak(:,:,:,2) R*8 [m2/s3]

- 318 -

CO2

4.35

4.35

- 319 -

4.35

- 320 -

(a) 1)

2)

- 321 -

- 322 -

3)

(kW) ( )

(W/ ) 10-3

(4.102)

(MJ/h) ( )

(kJ/ h) 10-3

(4.103)

(MJ/h) ( )

(kJ/ h) 10-3 (4.104)

(MJ/h) ( )

(kJ/ h) 10-3 (4.105)

(MJ/h) ( )

(kJ/ h) 10-3

(4.106)

(MJ/h) ( )

(kJ/ h) 10-3

(4.107)

- 323 -

4.22 4.23

- 324 -

4.24 4.25

- 325 -

(MW) ( )

(kW/ ) 10-3

(4.108)

(GJ/ ) ( )

(MJ/ ) 10-3

(4.109)

(GJ/ ) ( )

(MJ/ ) 10-3

(4.110)

(GJ/ ) ( )

(MJ/ ) 10-3

(4.111)

(GJ/ ) ( )

(MJ/ ) 10-3

(4.112)

- 326 -

4)

( ) (4.113)

( )

( ) (4.114)

( ) (4.115)

( )

( ) (4.116)

( ) (4.117)

( )

( ) (4.118)

( ) (4.119)

( )

( ) (4.120)

()

(4.121)

( ) (

)

(4.122)

- 327 -

4.36

*1

DB)

[kWh/h] [%] [rad]*1

[kWh/h] [%] COS( [rad]) /2

( [kW] [kWh/h ] [ ] [-]*1 [-]*1)

( )

- 328 -

4.2.3

4.26 4.291 1

- 329 -

- 330 -

4.30

- 331 -

ps

spspsd DD

DHHHHS (4.123)

dS [rad]

sH [rad]

sD [rad]

pH [rad]

pD [rad]

Hs

scmpt TTPK (4.124)

acm TT (4.125)

ptK

P

cmT

aT

sT

- 332 -

Pmax

%/

-0.0037

-0.0044

-0.0020

pL 16

LpCi (4.126)

pL 16

pppp LELELELECi

pp LL (4.127)

pL

iC

[kWh]

[kWh] [kW] [kWh/h ]

[ ] [-] [-] (4.128)

- 333 -

4.37

*1:

DB30m 50m 70m )

70,50,30m [m/s] ( [m] [m])1/n *1

( [kWh])

( ( ))

- 334 -

4.2.3

NEDO

4.32 1

1

- 335 -

4.33

E M G V V 500kW 1,000kW 1,500kW 2,000kW 3,000kW

44.0m 61.4m 64.7m 67.0m 80.0m 2.5m/s 2.5m/s 3.5m/s 4.0m/s 4.0m/s

25.0m/s 25.0m/s 25.0m/s 25.0m/s 25.0m/s[m/s] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

2 0 0 0 0 03 0.6 0.7 0 0 04 2.8 3.9 2.9 3.3 2.65 7.0 9.1 8.7 7.6 6.36 12.8 16.0 16.7 14.0 11.87 21.4 26.1 27.7 22.9 19.48 31.6 39.9 42.7 34.5 29.59 46.8 56.5 61.6 48.9 42.4

10 64.8 74.1 78.7 64.8 57.011 80.8 88.8 90.6 79.9 71.512 92.6 97.6 95.7 90.9 84.813 98.2 100 98.7 96.8 94.614 100 100 99.6 99.0 98.815 100 100 100 99.8 99.816 100 100 100 99.9 10017 100 100 100 100 10018 100 100 100 100 10019 100 100 100 100 10020 100 100 100 100 10021 100 100 100 100 10022 100 100 100 100 10023 100 100 100 100 10024 100 100 100 100 10025 100 100 100 100 100

100

- 336 -

n

ZZVV (4.129)

V [m/s] V 70 50 30m [m/s]

Z [m] Z 70 50 30m [m] n

(1/n)

n = 7 n = 5

[kWh]

[kWh] [kWh]

( [m/s] ) (4.130)

- 337 -

1)

4.38

(1) (18)

18

2)

4.34

- 338 -

- 339 -

- 340 -

- 341 -

3)

4.39

- 342 -

- 343 -

( )

1

( )

0

0922 8:00 22:00 22:00 8:00

- 344 -

( )

( )

( )

0

0922 8:00 22:00 22:00 8:00

- 345 -

( )

( )

( )

- 346 -

( )

(1 ) (4.131)

( )

{( )

( )}

(1 )

(4.132)

( )

{( )

( ) } (1 )

(4.133)

( )

( )

- 347 -

( )

3.024 4.186 10-3 ( ) 0.01

3.024 4.186 10-3 ( ) 0.01

([ ] (RT) 3.024 4.186 10-3) 10

3.024 4.186 10-3 ( ) 0.01

3.024 4.186 10-3 ( ) 0.01

- 348 -

( )

(MJ/h) ( ) 0.01

[ ] (MJ/h) ( ) 0.01

[ ] (MJ/h)

( ) 0.01

([ ] (MJ/h) 100

( ) 0.01

( ) 0.01

- 349 -

( )

COP

1.0

- 350 -

( ) ( )

( )

( )

3.6MJ/kWh

aX b

X ( ) 0.01 a b

3.6MJ/kWh

aX b X ( ) 0.01 a b

- 351 -

( )

( N/kWh) ( )

( N/kWh) 3.6MJ/kWh ( )

( ) aX b

X ( ) 0.01 a b

( ) ( )

COP

COP

- 352 -

( )

COP

COP

1.0

( )

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

- 353 -

( )

( ) 0.01

( ) 0.01

( ) 0.01

([ ] 0.001) 100

- 354 -

( ) ( )

8 00 22 00 22 00 8 00

0922 09 22

01 24 01 0 00 1 00

22 00 8 00

3.024 4.186 10-3

8 00 22 00

0922

12 0922

- 355 -

( )

8 00 22 00

22 00 8 00 0922 09 22

01 24 01

0 00 1 00

22 00 8 00

(MJ/h) 10-3

8 00 22 00

0922

12 0922

- 356 -

( )

( ) 100

( ) 100

( )

( )

0.163

( ) 0.01

- 357 -

( )

(MJ/h) 4.186

( )

(MJ/h) 4.186 0.538 0.001

( ) ( )

COP

( COP 3.6GJ/MWh)

( )

COP

( COP 3.6GJ/MWh)

- 358 -

( )

( )

0.001

( )

( ) ( )

( )

( )

( )

- 359 -

(x )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( )

( )

- 360 -

(x )

( )

( )

( )

(x )

(x )

(x ) ( )

( )

(x )

( )

- 361 -

( )

(x )

( )

( )

(x ) ( )

- 362 -

( )

( )

( )

4.35 4.37

- 363 -

- 364 -

- 365 -

- 366 -

1)

(i) PEFC

(ii) SOFC

- 367 -

- 368 -

1)

2)

3)

PEFC SOFCPEFC

FS SOFC

- 369 -

4)

5)

- 370 -

6)

1)

4.41

PEFC

- 371 -

SOFC PEFC

0

0

- 372 -

0

2) 4.42

( ) 4.186

( )

- 373 -

PEFC

SOFC

( ) 100

- 374 -

3)

4)

4.39

- 375 -

- 376 -

CO2

14)

1

23

- 377 -

CO2

PES

PES (1-1/( e/ e q/ q)) 100( ) (4.134)

e CGS HHV q CGS HHV

e HHV q HHV

e' CGS LHV

q' CGS LHV HHV/LHV

e e'/ q q'/

CO2

CO2ES (1-1/(( e/ e) ( e/ CGS) ( q/ q) ( q/ CGS))) 100( ) (4.135)

e q e q e CO2 q CO2

CGS CGS CO2

- 378 -

t

4.40

(GJ/GJ) 1/( e/ e q/ q) (4.136)

e CGS HHV q CGS HHV

e HHV q HHV

e' CGS LHV

q' CGS LHV HHV/LHV

e e'/ q q'/

- 379 -

CO2

(4.137)

100 (4.138)

0.595

- 380 -

CO2 CO2

CO2 CO2

CO2 (4.139)

CO2 CO2 / CO2 (4.140)

4.40

*1 18 4 *2 13A *3 0.3%

40% 59.7%

0 0 0 MJ/Nm3 Nm3

4.25kg 3,650t/ /858 Nm3/

( )

115kWh/t NEDO 4.25kg 1000 9,760 4,770KJ

0.14kWh/kg NEDO 4.25kg 9,760 5,807KJ

- 381 -

5,807KJ 4,770KJ 1.04MJ/ Nm3

12.78 MJ/Nm3

*4

18 3

*5 *2

*6

0.3% 40% 59.7%

0 0 0 kg-CO2/ Nm3

Nm3

4.25kg 3,650t/ /858 Nm3/ CO2

115kWh/t NEDO4.25kg 1000 0.555 0.27 kg-CO2

CO20.14kWh/kg NEDO

4.25kg 0.555 0.33 kg-CO2 CO2 CO2

0.33 kg-CO2 CO2 0.27 kg-CO2 0.06 kg-CO2/Nm3

3,100Sm3 2,747Nm3 150km

2km/l 150km 2 km/l 2.624 kg-CO2/l 2,747 Nm3 0.07 kg-CO2/Nm3

- 382 -

1)

(RT)

DAR ( /RT)

(RT) ETR ( /RT)

(RT) AR ( /RT)

(RT) CT ( /RT) ( )

(RT)*1 (RT)

- 383 -

(RT) 0.7 *1

0.2

(t/h) STB ( /(t/h))

(GJ/h) HEX ( /(GJ/h))

0.4

2)

3)

0.5

4)

(kW) ( /kW)

5)

0.2

6)

m2 m2

- 384 -

7)

8)

(t) ( /t) (t) ( /t)

(t) ( /t)

(m3) ( /m3)

(m3) ( /m3) (m3)

( /m3)

9)

(RT)

(RT)

( /RT)

- 385 -

1)

2)

( )

3)

CO2

4)

- 386 -

5)

6)

7)

1)

( ) ( ) ( )

k r/(1-(1 r)-n)

r 0.04 n 15 k 0.08994

2)

( / ) (MWh/ ) ( /kWh)

- 387 -

3)

( / ) ( Nm3/ ) ( / Nm3)

4)

( / ) ( m3/ ) ( /m3)

( / ) ( m3/ ) ( /m3)

5)

( / ) (MWh/ ) ( /kWh) 6)

( / ) ( ) 0.035

7)

( / ) ( ) ( / )

- 388 -

8)

( / ) (m2) ( /m2 )12( / )

(m2) ( /m2 )12( / )

9)

2 8

10)

1 9

11)

12)

( )( ) 100

13)CO2 t-CO2

CO2 t-CO2 CO2

CO2 t-CO2 ( /t-CO2) ( / )

CO2 (t-CO2/ ) 1,000 4.41

- 389 -

- 390 -

4.42 4.48

- 391 -

- 392 -

- 393 -

- 394 -

4.43 4.49

4.44 4.50

4.45 4.51

4.52

2030

2012 2030

4.53 4.46

2015

NEDO 2010

- 395 -

90%

300 26 m2 70m2 3,700

- 396 -

2/31/3

100 22 m2 70 m2 3,200

- 397 -

1(0)2(0)0(0)12(15)67(78)1(0)17(7)103 (56)

00011.280.40.67.884.6

%%%%%%%m2

1(0)2(0)0(0)12(15)67(78)1(0)17(7)103 (56)

00011.280.40.67.884.6

%%%%%%%m2

5,000m2

- 398 -

- 399 -

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2012 2015 2020 2030

/kW

202530354045505560

2012 2015 2020 2030

HHV

%

020406080100120140

2012 2015 2020 2030

/Nm3

- 400 -

4.53 4.46 2012 20301kW

40 /kW 40 /Nm3 CO2(2) (4)

4,000 N=100

PEFC 750W

50%LHV 45%LHV

IBEC 23 0.83 4.2.1

0.7 CO2

9,760kJ/kWh 45MJ/Nm3 8MJ/Nm3

0.555kg-CO2/kWh 2.29kg-CO2/Nm3 0.066kg-CO2/ Nm3

0.3% 40% 59.7% 4.40

40 /kW 30

3.5% 2.5 /kWh

24 /kWh 110 / Nm3 40 / Nm3

- 401 -

4.54 FC1 1

58,830MJ 38,636MJ 34.3%CO2 3.23t-CO2 1.02 t-CO2

2.21 t-CO2 68.4%

1 189.7 187.9CO2 -0.8 /t-CO2

- 402 -

SOFC

40% 50%LHV 30%LHV

80%

3 IBEC

CO2 9,760kJ/kWh 45MJ/Nm3 8MJ/ Nm3

0.555kg-CO2/kWh 2.29kg-CO2/ Nm3 0.066kg-CO2/ Nm3

0.3% 40% 59.7% 4.40

FC 200 /kW

70 /RT 800 / t/h

2 /m2 40 /kW

15 4.0%

16 /kWh 50 /Nm3 40 /Nm3

3.5% FC 2.5 /kWh

6,000 / 2

FC 6,000 / 1

SOFC

- 403 -

PEFC SOFC PEFC

SOFC PEFC 10%

Ceramic Fuel Cells BlueGen http://www.bluegen.info/ SOFC60%

SOFC 50% PEFC

SOFC 3 2008

EHP GR

DAR

ETR

EHP

GR STB

kJ/(m2 h) m2 =1.2

4.55

- 404 -

kJ/(m2 h) kJ/(m2 h) m2

=1.2 EHP GR

SOFC

DAR

ETR

STB

kJ/(m2 h) kJ/(m2 h) m2

=1.2

0.0 1.0

- 405 -

4.56 FC

1626,057GJ 461,280GJ 26.2%

CO2 35,316t-CO2 17,054t-CO216,115 t-CO2 51.7%

1 34.3% CO2 68.4%

4,147 4,737

CO2 32 /t-CO2

CO2

- 406 -

4.47 11 55 m2

5,000m2

FC

FC 4.57

- 407 -

SOFC PEFC

40% 50%LHV 30%LHV

80% 100%

3 IBEC

CO2

9,760kJ/kWh 45MJ/ Nm3 8MJ/ Nm3 0.555kg-CO2/kWh 2.29kg-CO2/ Nm3 0.066kg-CO2 Nm3

0.3% 40% 59.7% 4.40

FC 200 /kW 2030

70 /RT

800 / t/h 2 /m2 40 /kW 100 /kW

3,600 /t 700A 4,000300A 30 /m2

15 4.0%

16 /kWh 50 /Nm3 40 /Nm3

3.5% FC 2.5 /kWh

6,000 / 2 FC 6,000 / 1

- 408 -

EHP GR

DAR ETR

EHP GR

STB

kJ/(m2 h) m2 =1.2

4.58

kJ/(m2 h) kJ/(m2 h) m2

=1.2 EHP GR

- 409 -

SOFC

DAR ETR

STB

kJ/(m2 h) kJ/(m2 h) m2

=1.2

0.0 1.0 PEFC

AR

ETR

WEX

STB

COP 0.7 1/2

kJ/(m2 h) kJ/(m2 h) m2

=1.2

- 410 -

4.59 SOFC

1 CO24%

80%

1 25% CO2 46%1 27% CO2 48%

CO2

CO2 4%

FCCO2 28

19 9

- 411 -

PEFC4.60

1 14% CO2 31% 116% CO2 34% SOFC

10% CO2 15%

COP SOFCCOP 0.7 30%

FC

CO2 3628 8

SOFC CO2

PEFC CO24.61 30%

1 12% CO2 26% 1

- 412 -

15% CO2 29% PEFC 40%PEFC

CO2 SOFC

- 413 -

4.48 4.46 2012 2030CO2

(5)

2030

4,700 N=100

PEFC 750W

45%LHV

0.7

30 3.5% 2.5 /kWh

24 /kWh 110 /Nm3

- 414 -

4.62 4.48

CO2 2012 68%2030 CO2

68.4% CO22012 240 /t-CO2 NEDO 2010

2015 110 /t-CO2 2020 37 /t-CO22030

1

1

234.7

687.2

79.5

425.6

182.1

2025.0

2.1265.8

1.10

14,45225.4

43,878

FC 2012

187.9270.1431.4189.7

1.021.061.103.23CO2 [tCO2]

19,69434.3

16,95929.7

14,45225.4

1 [MJ]/ [%]

19.521.934.910.5

0.837.1114.0CO2 [ /tCO2]

141.4214.4329.0153.2

27.033.867.527.0

300.0375.0750.0300.0

2.2168.4

2.1767.1

2.1265.8

CO2 [tCO2]/ [%]

38,63641,37143,87858,8301 [MJ]

FC 2030FC 2020FC 2015FC

1

1

234.7

687.2

79.5

425.6

182.1

2025.0

2.1265.8

1.10

14,45225.4

43,878

FC 2012

187.9270.1431.4189.7

1.021.061.103.23CO2 [tCO2]

19,69434.3

16,95929.7

14,45225.4

1 [MJ]/ [%]

19.521.934.910.5

0.837.1114.0CO2 [ /tCO2]

141.4214.4329.0153.2

27.033.867.527.0

300.0375.0750.0300.0

2.2168.4

2.1767.1

2.1265.8

CO2 [tCO2]/ [%]

38,63641,37143,87858,8301 [MJ]

FC 2030FC 2020FC 2015FC

- 415 -

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2012 2015 2020 2030

1CO

2[%

]

30

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

CO2

[/tCO

2]

1CO2CO2

- 416 -

200% CO268% CO2 -0.8 /tCO2 FC CO2

400%CO2 52% CO2 32 /tCO2

700%

FC

CO2 4%SOFC CO2 45%

FC 20 /tCO2PEFC SOFC

SOFC CO2CO2 SOFC 20

/tCO2

2020 CO2 20 /tCO2 2030 -0.8

/tCO2 FC CO2

CO2 65%

- 417 -