Slide 1
e-mail: [email protected]: www. ugd.edu.mk 3 . , . .
22 1767. ( ) 1776. 1817, , a . , , () , . , , . , 1838. 19. . : , .
, . . , 1870 , , , . 1890, .[1] , () . . :
.
, , .
, , () (). 3 , . . . , : - , : - . : - , - .
ceteris paribus ( ), . , . ( ) , . ( )[] , . . . , . , . .
. .
, .
44 , . . . , , . ( ) . :
5 . : ( ). . : , , , . : ( - , . ( ). . , ,. , . , . , :
; : , ; ; ; , ; .
:
; ; ( , , ); ( ).
6:
; ; ; ; , .
: - , , ...1. 76 , , ( ) . . . X , . X , ( .. ). . , . ? (MR)
(MC). : MR=MC. . . :
, ; , ; () ; - .
: , , ...2. 8 , , . :( ) . () , -. . , , -,, . , , ,, .- , () .
: 1 - 2 . 2 . : ( ) :1. - . 2. ( )- . 3. - , , .: 4. . . . , , . ,
, . , , , . ( ) .:
; ; ; ; ; .
: , , - ...3. 96:
; - ; ; ;
: , , ...
4. .
, , .118 , , ceteris paribus ( ). , , . , . : , , , ( .), , . ,
. . . : ( , ) ( ). . .
: QD = QD(P) 1217Copyright 2004
South-Western02.502.001.501.000.501234567891011$3.00121. ... ...
(P) $ (Q)0.50101.0081.5062.0042.5023.500 ; ( , ); ; ( ); ; ;. .
:
, , : , .
: . ? , D 1 , D 2 , D 302. .1. ( ). versus 4711$40, D 8$2.00
.$3.00$4.0074$5.00DBA5 .6C0, D .AB82.00$4.00 4 , D 3 , D 1 , D 20 .
. ; 20 , , : , , .... .
( ) : ... . ( )
- (ceteris paribus), - . (ceteris paribus), - . ( ) . , .2325 ,
, . , , , : ( ), ceteris paribus ( ), , (). , (), . , , , ., . ( .
, ). , , . , . , , . , . . . . , ( ). . . : QS =
QS(P)2429Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson
Learning02.502.001.501.001234567891011 $3.00120.501. ... ... . (P)
$ (Q)0.5001.0011.5022.0032.5043.505 , S 1 , S 2 , S302. .1. .
versus 4711$4 :
( ); ( ); ( ); ( ); . 2727
-
1 50, S 1.00AC$3.00 . . . 2930 , S3 , S 1 , S 20 . . .301 50 , S
1.00AB C , S1 3.001. .......... ..... ... 3130 , . . - .
- -32360123456789101112 13 - ., S , D$2.00 - - () - . .
.
. - -3436 Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning0, S, D e ,
.4$2.50102.007 - Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning0, S, D
, .1.5010$2.0074 Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning0, S,
D$2.007 $ 2 7, . , . ... , . 2.50 1.50 , , :
, ( )., () ., . 3845 Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
0 , SDD3... .2. . . . ...1. ...2.007 $2.5010 Copyright2003
Southwestern/Thomson Learning0, D S1S22. . ... ...3. 2.007$2.504 .
. . . . !
! e-mail: [email protected]: www. ugd.edu.mk 4 .
. . . .44 . . : ( , , ). . , . . : , ? ? , , ? . , , . , ( , ),
. . 1.00$ 1.05$, 100 102 , 2/0.05 = 40 . , 2%, 5%, 2%/5% = 0.4. , .
, , . , . ( ). . . ? . , e 10%? , ( ) . , . , . . , ( ). ( ), (),
(). . , , 10% 20% -2. , ceteris paribus.
X, , 10% , , 10%. ? . VS ( ), ( ). . , . . : 2,00 $ $ 2.20 10 8,
:
, .
: : $2.00 $2.20 10 8, , :
(ED = 0) (ED < 1) (ED = 1) (ED > 1) (ED = )
, . (ED = 0)$74 10001. - 2. . . .Figure 1 The Price Elasticity
of Demand (ED < 1)0$7 90 1. A 55% . . .2. . . 11% 4100 , 1
(11%/55%=0,21) 41000$7451. A 55%
. . .2. . . 76% . (ED > 1) .0$4 2. $4 , 1. $4, 3. $4, (ED = )
Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning 0 : D 1 , . , .
D 2 , , . , .Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning 0 . , ;
.
, ; . , . () : D 1 D 2 QP0P Q = $400() , . (TR = P x Q)$4100D =
$100 = $240 D$1100$380 $1 $3 $100 $240 , , . , . : Copyright2003
Southwestern/Thomson LearningD = $200 $450D $4 $5 $200 $100 : , , .
, . = $100 $52006224681071 1412543 (ED > 1), , .ED > 1ED <
1 ! (ED < 1), , .$ ( ) $
700////62121520013.0542018673.7462422401.8382429291.02102040220.61121267180.30140200150.1
:
.
. = / , . .: , , , . .: , . .
. = X / Y ( ).
( ). . .
(ES = 0) (ES < 1) (ES = 1)E (ES >1) (ES = )
Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning .$5410001. ...2. . .
. . (ES = 0)Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning , 1.
(10%/22%=0,45 < 1)
110$5 1004 01. 22%... 2. . . . 10% . (ES < 1)125$5100402. . .
. 22% .1. 22%... (ES = 1) 22 % 22%.01. 22%...2. . . . 67%
.4100$5200E (ES >1) 22%, 67%. (67%/22%=3,05>1)Copyright2003
Southwestern/Thomson Learning0$43. $4, 02. $4, 1. $4, (ES = ) . . ,
- , . , - . () ( . )- - , , .
!
