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Protozoology

INTRODUCTION

Isna Indrawati

Department of Parasitology

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PROTOZOA• Unicellular animal with full functions and

carry out complex metabolic activities.

• relatively complex internal structure

• Most species are free living

• Total species > 50,000 and parasitic:

about 10,000

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• Some species are considered

commensals , some are pathogen

• Protozoan diseases range from very mild

to life-threatening

depend on :

 – the species and strain of the parasite

 – the resistance of the host.

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Classification

• Class Rhizopoda

• Ciliata

•

Mastigophora / Flagellata• Sporozoa

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Morphology

• Vary in size and shape

• parasitic protozoa in humans are <

50 μm in size. – intracellular forms : are 1 - 10μm long

• Balantidium coli  may measure70 μm (extracellular)

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Life Cycle Stages 

1. Trophozoites / vegetative / proliferative.

 – Active,

 – feeding and multiply

 – Relative thin wall/ cell membrane

2. Cysts :

 – stages with a thickened wall

 – Not active

 – protective stages resistant to bad

environment

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Morphology

Cytoplasm

Nucleus : 1 or > 1

: vesicular / compact

Ectoplasm

Endoplasm

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Morphology• plasma / cell membrane enclosing the

cytoplasm 

• Ectoplasm: the outer and transparentlayer

• Endoplasm : the inner layer containing

organelles, such as Golgi apparatus,mitochondria, lysosomes, food vacuoles,

contractile vacuoles

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Morphology

Nucleoplasma

ektoplasmaendoplasma

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Several types of nucleus

Chromatin granule

achromatic fibrils

Nuclear membrane

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• Some protozoa have a cytosome  or

cell “mouth” for ingesting and

cytopyge for excretion

• Locomotive organelle

 –Pseudopodium, flagellum, cilia,

undulating membrane• In flagellata : a kinetoplast

associated with the flagellum.

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Reproduction 

 Asexual

Sexual

• Binary fission

• Schizogony

• Cyst

• Sporogony

( after gametogony)• syngamy

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Sexual reproduction – Conjugation: exchange of nuclear materialsof 2 cells

 – Sporogony ( after Gametogony) : sexuallydifferentiated cells unit zygote

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 Reproduction

•

Binary fission : results in 2 daughter cells

 – simple,

longitudinal transversal

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Binary fission

• Endodyogeny: by internal budding results in 2

cells, e.g. : Toxoplasma

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Schizogony: multiple fission, results inmultiple cells

Source :www.sciencedirect.com

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Multiple fission: Cyst

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Sexual reproduction

• Syngamy / conyugation

• exchange of nuclearmaterials of 2 cells

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Sexual : Sporogony ( After Gametogony)

Gamogony

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Sporogony : ordo Coccidia

Source:biology.unm.edu

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Transmission

• Cyst / oocyst

• Vegetative / trophozoite

Method of transmission

• Contaminated food and water

•

Sexual intercourse• Parentral

• Sucking blood vector

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Pathology and Clinical symptom

• Depending on :

 – Organ that was infected

 – Life cycle and reproduction methods of species

 – Enzymes/ toxin produced by the protozoa

 – Progress of the disease

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Diagnosis• Usually diagnosed from samples of

feces, blood, liquor cerebro-spinalis, and

tissue• Indirect identification:

 – Serology

 – radiology

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Thank You