3/]n ' pBf ]u bk {0fcsidb.gov.np/downloads/Gharelu_Darpan_81_layout_small... · 2017-07-17 · 3/]n ' pBf ]u bk {0f 3 pmgLsf sk8fx? h'Qf agfpg] sfo {x? v 'bf], rfs', k 'i6sf/L, cflb

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3/]n' pBf]u bk{0fCOTTAGE INDUSTRY MIRROR

rf}dfl;s TREMESTERLY

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;DkfbsLo

cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]?b08 n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux? x'g . o:tf pBf]usf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf; ;ldltn] cfkm\gf sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/

?kdf cuf8L a9fpb} cfPsf] 5 . b]zsf b'u{d Pj+ kxf8L lhNnfx?df n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux?sf] ljsf; ug{ / g]kfnL pBdLn] pTkfbg u/]sf ;fdfgx?nfO{ jhf/Ls/0f ug{df xfd|f] ;ldltn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf] 5 .

ahf/Ls/0fsf ug{s} nflu 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] x/]s jif{ cf}Bf]lus

k|bz{gLx? ;+rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df o; kfnL klg @)&# kmfu'g !@ ut] b]lv !&

ut] ;Dd sf7df08f}sf] e[s'6Ld08kdf @* cf}+ cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gL tyf pTs[i6 n3' pBdL

k'/:sf/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng e} ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . pQm k|bz{gLdf &% j6} lhNnfsf #%) hgf

pBdLsf] ;xefuLtf /x]sf] lyof] . æd]8 Og g]kfn uf}/j u/f}+,:jb]zL j:t' k|of]u u/f}+Æ eGg]

gf/fsf] ;fy ;+rfng ePsf] pQm k|bz{gLdf ljleGg ljifosf pBdLx? ;xefuL ePsf

lyP . /f8LkfvL, klZdgf, 9fsf, cNnf], l;:gf], h8Lj'6L, kTy/, 8]/L, /]zd wfuf], /]zd

sk8f, d]6n uxgf nufot ljljw j:t'x? pTkfbg ug]{ pBdLx? d]nfdf cfkm\gf ;fdfgsf]

k|j4{g ug{ cfPsf lyP . o;/L ;xefuL pBdLx?sf] xf};nf j9fpg ;xefuL dWo ! hgf

;jf]{Ts[i6 / !$ hgf pTs[i6, !) hgf lålto / @@ hgf ;fGTjgf u/L %( hgfnfO{ k'/:s[t

ul/Psf] lyof] .

b}lgs s/La !% ;osf b/n] ljb]zLg] o"jfnfO{ :jb]zd} /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug{ o:tf vfnsf

n3' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux? :yfkgf u/L oxLs} df6f]df /Dg l;sfpg] j]nf cfPsf] 5 .

ljb]lzg' /x/ xf]Og jfWotf xf], plgx?n] :jb]zdf /f]huf/ kfPdf ljb]zsf] eGbf cfwf

Hofnfdf klg sfd ug{ tof/ 5g To;}n] uf+p uf+pdf 6f]n 6f]ndf :yfgLo >f]t / ;fwgdf

cfwfl/t s[lif tyf pBf]u Joj;fo ;+rfng u/L phf{jfg o"jfx?nfO{ :jb]zd} /f]huf/L lbP/

/f]Sg ;s] b]zsf] d'xf/ ;lhn} km]g{ ;lsG5 cfjZostf 5 oxfF rfxgf / k|ltj4tfsf] .

@)$) ;fn b]lv k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf] æ3/]n' pBf]u 8fOh]i6Æ h;sf] gfd kl/jt{g e} xfn

æ3/]n' pBf]u bk{0fÆsf] gfdjf6 k|sfzg x'g nfu]sf] *! cf}+ c+s ;Dd cfOk'Ubf o; If]qsf

ljleGg ljwfdf lj1tf xfl;n u/]sf lj1, n]vs, k"j{ ;Dkfbs, ;x–;Dkfbs tyf

sfof{nosf pRr clwsf/Lsf] cd'No ;xof]u / of]ubfg lgs} :d/0fLo 5 . cfufdL lbgdf

klg oxf+x?sf] cd'No ;xof]u / ;'emfjsf] ck]Iff ub{5f}+ .

:jb]zL j:t' g} k|of]u u/f}+ .

‘xfd|f] pBd’

;"rgf . ;"rgf .. ;"rgf ...

k|To]s dlxgfsf] bf];|f] / clGtd z'qmjf/ ljxfg *M#) jh] b]lv *M%% ;Dd / k"gM k|;f/0f ;f]xL lbg /ftL !!M@) kl5 g]kfn 6]lnlehgaf6 xfd|f] pBd sfo{qmd k|;f/0f x'Fb} cfPsf] x'Fbf b[Zofjnf]sg u/L k[i7kf]if0f ug{'x'g

cg'/f]w 5 .

6]lnlehg sfo{qmd g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ zfvf



Website: www.csidb.gov.np

ljifo ;"lr

qm=;+= n]v /rgfsf] lzif{s /rgfsf/sf] gfd y/ k]h g+=!= g]kfndf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf–pBf]u ljsf;sf ;Defjgf / r'gf}tLx¿ M Ps ljZn]if0f 8f= s]zjeQm ;fksf]6f 1

@= Joj;fo k|j4{gsf] cfwf/ d]nf–dxf]T;j lrqfª\ut a/fn 9

#= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)&# ;DjGwL ;fdfGo hfgsf/L ladnf lwtfn 14

$= e"sDk k"gMlgdf{0fsf] ;fyL aGb} 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt cRo't /]UdL 19

%= g]kfnsf] sdhf]/ cfly{s s'6g}lts ;DaGw M ;jn agfpg] pkfox¿ 8f=vf]d/fh v/]n 22

^= bIf agfpb} k|fljlws lzIff k|sfz l;njfn 29

&= o;/L jGg ;lsG5 ;kmn pBdL k|bLk Gof}kfg] 32

*= un}+rf pBf]udf k|s[lts /]zfsf] k|of]u tf/flglw kf]v/]n 37

(= :yfgLo pTkfbgaf6 u|fdL0f pBf]u ;'b[9 ub}{ xf]d:6] e]if/fh a]Naf;] 40

!)= dlxnf pBdLsf] syf sf}lznf s'“j/ 44

!!= g]kfndf kfOg] afF; ;DaGwL Ps ljj]rgf s[i0f ch'{g aflgof 49

!@= gdbf agfpg] k|ljlw 1fg jxfb'/ >]i7 52

!#= p7f}+ ca -sljtf_ ck]Iff bfxfn 55

!$= 3/]n' ultljlw 56

!%= klqsfdf 3/]n' ljsf; ;ldlt 73

!^= @*cf}+ cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gLsf s]xL tl:j/x? 77

!&= ljleGg lhNnfdf ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf emnsx? 88


kf7s ju{df cg'/f]w

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltåf/f k|sflzt 3/]n' pBf]u bk{0fdf oxfFx?sf] n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ;DalGw n]v /rgf jf pBf]u ubf{sf ;kmntfsf syf tyf s'g} k|ljlw ePdf xfdLnfO{ k7fpg' x'g cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .






3/]n' pBf]u bk{0f 1

8f= s]zjeQm ;fksf]6f

zf]w;f/ Mk/Dk/fb]lv g} ;~rfngdf /x]sf >dd'ns, cfg} zLk / snfsf] k|of]u x'g] 3/]n' / ;fgf pBf]ux? jt{dfg ;dodf klg dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] l:ylt / cy{tGqsf] Ifdtf cg';f/ o:tf pBf]ux? dxTjk"0f{ x'g ;Sb5g\ . ;:tf] >d ahf/, s[lifdf cfwfl/t tyf jGo k}bfjf/ / wft'hGo kbfy{sf] cfk"lt{ ;Lldt k"FhLaf6 ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBd g]kfnL cy{tGqsf nflu pRr ;Defjgfo'Qm /x]sf 5g\. of] ePklg /fli6«o cy{tGqdf o:tf pBf]ux?sf] of]ubfg guGo b]lvG5 . cl:y/ /fhgLlts jftfj/0f, ljQLo Ifdtfdf sdL, gofF k|ljlw / lzksf] ljsf; sd x'g', cfofltt / cfw'lgs pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t';Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;Sg' cflbh:tf ;d:ofx? r'gf}ltk"0f{ b]lvPsf 5g\ . oftfoft, phf{ cfk"lt{, ljQLo ;'ljwfdf j[l4, gofF zLk / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u cflb u/L 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]unfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg ;s]df o:tf pBf]]ux? cf}Bf]lus/0fsf cfwf/:tDe aGg ;Sg] 5g\ .

g]kfndf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf–pBf]u ljsf;sf ;Defjgf / r'gf}tLx¿ M Ps ljZn]if0f


2 3/]n' pBf]u bk{0f

!_ kl/ro (Introduction) Mcf}Bf]lus If]q ;dfh ljsf;sf] qmddf cl3 a9\b} uO/x]sf] If]q xf] . o; If]qnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf]

OlGhg (Engine of Economic Development) dflgG5 . cfw'lgs cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf] d"n

cfwf/lznf cf}Bf]lus/0fnfO{ lnOG5 . o; If]qn] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, /f]huf/L ;[hgf,

ul/aLdf sdL, pknAw k|fs[lts ;fwg >f]tsf] pkof]u, lgof{t k|j4{g cflb h:tf sfo{x? ug{

;Sg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ cfly{s If]qsf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] ultdf

cufl8 a9]sf b]zx? g} cfh ;d'Ggt / ljsl;t b]zsf] :yfg k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ . g]kfnnfO{ klg

;d'Ggt /fi6«sf] bhf{df k'¥ofpg cf}Bf]lus If]qdf ljsl;t ug{ cfjZos 5 .

s'g} klg b]zdf cf}Bf]lusLs/0f x'gsf] nflu 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux?sf] ljsf; x'g' h?/L 5 .

;+ul7t / 7"nf (Megha & Heavy) pBf]u :yfkgfsf nflu n3' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf;n]

cfwf/zLnfsf] ?kdf sfo{ ub{5 .

s'l6/ tyf ;fgf pBf]ux? g]kfndf

k/Dk/fb]lv g} ;~rflnt x'Fb}

cfPsf 5g\ . :yfgLo lzk, sRrf

kbfy{ / ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/L :yfgLo

:t/df /f]huf/L k|fKt ug{] / :yfgLo

:t/sf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{]

p2]Zoaf6 :yflkt pBf]ux? g} 3/]n'

/ ;fgf pBf]ux? x'g\ . g]kfnsf]

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)&# n]

nufgL / k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df n3'

pBd eGgfn] 3/hUuf afx]s %

nfv;Dd l:y/ k"FhL nufgL ePsf],

pBdL :jo+ Joj;fodf ;+nUg e} pBdL;lxt ( hgf;Dd sfdbf/ /x]sf], krf; nfveGbf sd

jflif{s sf/f]jf/ / pmhf{zlQm k|of]u x'g] eP @) lsnf]jf6eGbf sd k|of]u x'g] pBdnfO{ a'lemG5 .

k/Dk/fut tyf cGo 3/]n' pBf]u eGgfn] k/Dk/fut lzk, k|ljlw k|of]u ug{] :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{

tyf :yfgLo k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pks/0f cf}hf/sf] k|of]u ug{], b]zsf] snf ;+:s[lt;Fu ;Da4

>dd"ns / vf; lzksf] k|of]u ug{] / !) lsnf]jf6;Dd ljB't k|of]u ug{] pBf]u kb{5g\ eg] n3' /

k/Dk/fut 3/]n' pBf]u afx]s bz s/f]8;Dd l:y/ h]yf ePsf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ;fgf pBf]ux?

x'g\ -cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)&#_ .

n3'÷3/]n' pBf]u cGtu{t s[lif k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t h:tf] ls 3/j'gf /f8L, kfvL, 8f]/L, ;'tL sk8f

n3'÷3/]n' pBf]u cGtu{t s[lif k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t h:tf] ls 3/j'gf /f8L, kfvL, 8f]/L, ;'tL sk8f pmgLsf sk8fx? h'Qf agfpg] sfo{x? v'bf], rfs', k'i6sf/L, cflb agfpg] pBdx? kb{5g\ . jg:klt k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t n3' tyf 3/]n' pBf]ucGtu{t a]t afF;af6 agfpg] ;fdu|Lx? h:t} 8f]sf], 8fnf], esf/L, s';L{, gfª\nf], 5qL, ?vsf af]qmfaf6 kf6 -wfuf]_ lgsfnL agfOg] bfDnf], y}nL, 8f]/L, k/fnaf6 u'Gb|L, r6fO, kxf8L sfuh agfpg] sfo{x?, sfi7af6 agfpg] ;fdu|Lx? kb{5g\ .


3/]n' pBf]u bk{0f 3

pmgLsf sk8fx? h'Qf agfpg] sfo{x? v'bf], rfs', k'i6sf/L, cflb agfpg] pBdx? kb{5g\ .

jg:klt k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t n3' tyf 3/]n' pBf]ucGtu{t a]t afF;af6 agfpg] ;fdu|Lx? h:t}

8f]sf], 8fnf], esf/L, s';L{, gfª\nf], 5qL, ?vsf af]qmfaf6 kf6 -wfuf]_ lgsfnL agfOg] bfDnf],

y}nL, 8f]/L, k/fnaf6 u'Gb|L, r6fO, kxf8L sfuh agfpg] sfo{x?, sfi7af6 agfpg] ;fdu|Lx?

kb{5g\ . kz' k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t o:tf pBddf e]8f Rofª\u|fsf] pmgaf6 /f8L, kfvL, un}rf, sfk{]6

h:tf j:t'x?, 3Lp, x:tLxf8af6 agfOg] So'l/of]sf ;fdfgx?, 5fnfsf h'Qfx? cflb o; cGtu{t

kb{5g\ . o;}u/L vlgh kbfy{df cfwfl/t wft'sf efF8fs'F8f, d"lt{, v's'/L, s'6f], sf]bfnf] cflb j:t'

pTkfbg ug{] pBd n3' tyf 3/]n' pBf]u cGtu{t kb{5g\ .

pmgLsf] ;fdu|Lx? /f8L, kfvL, un}hf, wft'af6 ag]sf d"lt{ nufot j:t', df6f tyf afF;af6 ag]sf

j:t', x:tsnfsf ;fdu|Lx?, kxf8L sfuh, s[lifhGo j:t'x? k|frLgsfnb]lv g} g]kfndf pTkfbg

x'Gy] / oL j:t'x? ef/t, ltAat nufot ljb]zdf lgof{t ul/GYof] / o;n] g]kfnL cy{tGqdf

dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf] lyof] eGg] egfO g]kfnsf] cfly{s Oltxf;af6 klg :ki6 x'G5 .

@_ cWoogsf] p2]Zo tyf ljlw (Objectives and methods)Mg]kfndf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u cy{ Joj:yfsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'Fbfx'Fb} of] If]q ljsf;sf] ultdf

lsg dGbtf /x]sf] 5 < o;sf] ;Defjgfsf cfwf/x? s] 5g\ < o; If]qdf s] s:tf r'gf}tLx?

/x]sf 5g\ eGg] cWoog ug'{ g} of] n]vsf] p2]Zo xf] . of] n]v j0f{gfTds / ljZn]if0ffTds

(Descriptive and Analytical) cWoog ljlwdf cfwfl/t 5 . o; n]vdftYof°sf ;xfos

;|f]tx? (Secondary sources of information) sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u

ljsf; ;ldltsf k|sfzgx?, g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{dGqfno, pBf]u dGqfno, sfg"g tyf Gofo tyf

;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno Pj+ g]kfnL cy{tGq;Fu ;DalGwt k':tsx?nfO{ o; n]vsf ;Gbe{

;fdu|Lsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

#_ g]kfndf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf(Potentiality of cottage and small scale Industry in Nepal)M

>dd"ns tyf vf; lzk / k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwg k|of]u ug{] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf

pBf]ux? g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] ljsf;df w]/} dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . b]zsf] /f]huf/Ldf cem} b'O{ltxfO{

>dzlQmsf] k|of]u e}/x]sf] s[lif If]q / cy{tGqsf] d]?b08 (backbone) sf] ?kdf /x]sf] s[lif

If]qnfO{ lgjf{xd'vL If]qaf6 cfw'lgs / Joj;flos If]qdf ?kfGtl/t ug{ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBdx?

w]/} ;xof]uL aGg ;S5g\ . ljsf;sf] ultdf ltj|tf k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] cy{tGqdf Ps}rf]l6 7"nf:t/sf

(Large and Mega scale) pBf]usf] ljsf;af6 cf}Bf]lusLs/0f ug{ g;lsg] l:ylt /xG5 . o;

cj:yfdf k|ltJolQm cfo Go"g ePsf, s[lifdf cfwfl/t e} hLjgofkg ul//x]sf g]kfnLx?n]


4 3/]n' pBf]u bk{0f

;Lldt / yf]/} k"FhL Pj+ cfkm\gf] lzksf] k|of]u u/L ug{ ;Sg] pBd n3' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux? g} x'g\ .

o; ;Gbe{df 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux?sf] ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

s"n hg;+Vofsf] %&Ü cfly{s ?kn] ;lqmo hg;+Vof /x]sf] / jflif{s $ nfv %) xhf/ JolQm >d

ahf/df k|j]z ul//x]sf] / t]x|f} of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dd cfOk'Ubf @!=^ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] -rf}wf}+

of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq, @)&#_ jt{dfg ;Gbe{df ;Lldt k"FhLsf] k|of]u u/L ;~rfng ul/g] 3/]n' tyf

;fgf pBf]u b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf cg';f/sf] klg x'g] ePsfn] ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf 5 .

:yfgLo lzk tyf snfsf] ljsf;df 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] of]ubfg /xg ;Sg] / logLx?sf

;+/If0f klg ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] k|frLg ;dob]lv g} wft'hGo, sfi7hGo, pmgLhGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg

ug{] sfo{df dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf] b]zdf o;sf] a9fjf lbg' h?/L 5 . b]zdf k|fs[lts ;fwg, ;|f]t,

s[lifhGo kbfy{, wft'sf ;fdu|L agfpg] tyf jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] nflu

rflxg] sRrf kbfy{ kof{Kt dfqfdf b]zsf] lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO If]qdf pknAw 5g\ . pBd ljsf;

ug{ cfjZos k"j{zt{ sRrf kbfy{sf] pknAwtf klg xf] . o; cfwf/df klg g]kfndf n3' pBdsf]

ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf 5 .

>dzlQmsf] cfk"lt{sf] b[li6sf]0fn] klg g]kfndf k|z:t >d ;fwg pknAw 5 . s"n

hg;+Vofsf] #)Ü cw{ a]/f]huf/ / @=#Ü k"0f{ a]/f]huf/ /x]sf], jflif{s $ nfv %) xhf/ JolQm >d

ahf/df k|j]z ug{] -P]=P]=_ ePsf]n] sd nfutdf >dzlQm pknAw 5 . o;/L b]zdf pknAw >d

;fwgnfO{ n3' pBf]udf :yfgfGt/0f u/L pgLx?sf] cfo cfh{gdf j[l4 tyf a]/f]huf/L 36fpg ;d]t

of]ubfg x'g] ePsfn] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf 5 .

;/sf/L gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? klg ;do;fk]If agfpg] sfd cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ n] /fHosf] lgb{]zs l;4fGtdf eGb5,—æ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L

If]qsf] ;xeflutf tyf ljsf; dfkm{t\ pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] clwstd kl/rfngaf6 tLj|

cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ub{} lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; ug{] tyf k|fKt pknAwLx?sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f u/L

cfly{s c;dfgtfsf] cGTo ub{} zf]if0f/lxt ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ cfTdlge{/,

:jtGq tyf pGgltzLn agfpFb} ;dfhjfb pGd'v :jtGq / ;d[4 cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug{] /fHosf]

cfly{s p2]Zo x'g]5 -g]kfn ;/sf/, @)&#_ . /fHosf] o; lgb{]zs l;4fGtn] klg lghL, ;fj{hlgs

/ ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf b]zdf pknAw ;fwg ;|f]tsf] clwstd kl/rfng ug{] / cfly{s

;d[l4 k|fKt ug{] p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 . of] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] If]q >d;fwgsf] cfk"lt{sf] b[li6n],

sRrf kbfy{ pknAwtfsf] b[li6n], ;Lldt ljQLo ;fwgsf] cfjZostfsf] b[li6n] / k/Dk/fut lzk

/ 1fgsf] b[li6n] 3/]n' / ;fgf pBf]ux? pRr ;Defjgfo'Qm /x]sf 5g\ .

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ Pj+ k|efjsf/L ;~rfng ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ pBf]u


3/]n' pBf]u bk{0f 5

dGqfno cGtu{tsf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu / ljsf; ;ldltx? klg s[ofzLn 5g\ . 3/]n'

tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] b]zdf $* j6f lhNnfdf pBf]u k|a4{gsf ;fy} pBf]u k|zf;g

Pj+ jfl0fHo;Fu ;DalGwt tflndx? pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . pBdLx?nfO{

lzk ljsf; tyf tflnd, pko'Qm k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f sfo{qd cflbsf] Joj:yf u/L n3' tyf ;fgf

pBf]usf] ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf a9fpg d2t k'u]sf] 5 . pBf]u dGqfno / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf;

sfo{qmd (UNDP) åf/f ;+o'Qm ?kdf ;~rflnt e}/x]sf] n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd (MEDEP) n] ljs6 / ljkGgju{df /f]huf/L ;[hgf ub{} ljkGg kl/jf/nfO{ ul/aLsf] b'irqmaf6 aflx/ lgsfNg

;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 -3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt, @)&@_ . pBdzLntfsf] ljsf;sf]

nflu ul/g] o:tf ultljlwn] pBf]u If]qdf nfUg k|]/0ff k|fKt x'g uO{ n3' pBd ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf

lj:tf/ x'g k'Ub5 .

$_ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] jt{dfg cj:yf (Current position of Cottage and Small Industry)

:yfgLo ;fwg, ;|f]t, >d / lzksf] k|of]u u/L ;Lldt k"FhLaf6 ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf 3/]n'

/ ;fgf pBf]u b]zdf pRr ;Defjgf (high potential) o'Qm /x]sf] pko'{Qm ljZn]if0faf6 klg k|i6

x'G5 . k|frLgsfnb]lv g} dxTjk"0f{ /lxcfPsf wft'hGo ;fdu|Lx?, sfi7 ;fdu|L, pmgLsf ;fdfg,

g]kfnL sfuh nufot x:tsnfsf ;fdfg pTkfbg ug{] n3' pBd tyf ko{6g / ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt

;Lldt k"FhLaf6 ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] ;fgf pBf]ux?sf] jt{dfg l:ylt klg ;d:ofd'Qm eg] 5}g .

t]x|f} of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf cfOk'Ubf klg s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] of]ubfg s/La

&Ü dfq /xg ;s]sf] 5 eg] /fli6«o /f]huf/Ldf s/La ^=^Ü dfq of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 -;f]kfg dfl;s,

@)&#_ . ;du| cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] tYof° olt Go"g /x]sf] cj:yfdf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] l:ylt

cWoogaf6 /fli6«o cy{tGqdf w]/} of]ubfg x'g g;s]sf] a'e\mg ;lsG5 .

tYof°ut ?kdf x]bf{ cf=j= @)&@÷)&# df #@,^#$ j6f 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u btf{ ePsf 5g\ .

3/]n' tyf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf $* lhNnf / ljefucGtu{t @& lhNnfx? /x]sf 5g\ . o;

cGtu{t btf{ ePsf pBf]ux?df qmdzM s[lif tyf jghGo !!,!#% j6f, ;]jfd"ns !),%@^,

pTkfbgd"ns %,(&(, ko{6g pBf]u $,#($, lgdf{0f pBf]u #@*, pmhf{d"ns !%$ / vlgh pBf]u

!!* j6f /x]sf 5g\ . ;ldlt cGtu{t cf=j= @)&@÷)&# df btf{ ePsf pBf]udf !%,^@( dlxnf

/ !(,%#) hgf k'?ifn] /f]huf/L k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ -3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt, @)&#_ .

%_ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf;df b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿ (Challenges faced by Cottage and Small Industry Development)M

;Defjgfo'Qm 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u g]kfnL cy{tGq ljsf;sf] nflu w]/} pkof]uL x'g ;Sg] eP

klg ;fy{s 9·af6 cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o;sf cufl8 w]/} r'gf}tL / ;d:ofx? v8f /x]sf


6 3/]n' pBf]u bk{0f

5g\ . o;af/] ;ª\If]kdf lgDg cg';f/ rrf{ ul/G5 M—

s_ ljQLo ;Lldttf (Financial Limitation) M;fgf] k"FhL nufP/ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] eP klg lgjf{xd'vL s[lifdf ;+nUg kl/jf/x?, a]/f]huf/

hLjg afFRg afWo dflg;x? / ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gLsf] ;+Vof cem} klg b]zdf kof{Kt /x]sf]n] 3/]n'

tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf;df nufgL a9fpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . cfkm\gf] snf / lzk x'Fbfx'Fb} To;sf]

kl/is[t / gofF k|ljlw cjnDag ug{ ;Lldt k"FhLn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu ;/sf/L

tj/af6 klg n3' tyf ;fgf pBf]unfO{ a9fjf lbg] u/L n3' ljQLo Joj:yf ldnfpg' cfjZos 5 .

v_ 7"nf:t/sf pBf]u;“usf] k|lt:kwf{ (Competition with Large scale Industries) M

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux?n] 7"nf tyf ;+ul7t pBf]u Pj+ cfofltt j:t';Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ kl//x]sf]

5 . a]t, afF;sf ;fdu|L, df6fsf efF8fs'F8f Pj+ ;fdu|Lx?n] Knfli6shGo j:t'af6 ag]sf ;fdu|L,

sfi7hGo ;fdu|L cflbn] :6Ln Pj+ cGo cfw'lgs pBf]uaf6 ag]sf a:t'af6 lj:yflkt x'Fb} hfg]

cj:yf ;[hgf x'g k'u]sf] 5 . cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{] ;+ul7t pBf]usf j:t'n] k/Dk/fut

lzkaf6 ag]sf j:t' pTkfbg ug{] n3' pBd k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;sL ;+s6u|:t aGb} hfg yfn]sf 5g\ .

u_ cl:y/ /fhgLlts cj:yf (Unstable Political Condition) Mb]zsf] /fhgLlts cj:yf l:y/ ultdf cufl8 a9\g g;Sbf o;af6 pTkGg x'g] aGb, x8\tfn,

tfnfaGbL cflbn] ult/f]w pTkGg u/fO/x]sf 5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd b]z ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfaf6

u'lh|/xg' kbf{ pko'Qm nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f klg aGg ;s]sf] 5}g eg] cfjZos k"jf{wf/ h:t} ;8s

;~hfnsf] lj:tf/ / :t/f]Gglt ug{] sfo{, pmhf{ cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf nufotsf sfo{x? x'g g;Sbf

cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df dGbtf 5fPsf] 5 .

3_ k'/fgf] k|ljlw / lgDg u'0f:t/ (Primitive Technology and Poor Quality) Mn3' tyf ;fgf pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t' k/Dk/fut k|sf/sf x'gfn] jt{dfg ;dosf] dfucg';f/sf

u'0f:t/Lo x'g ;Sb}gg\ . cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t'sf] u'0f:tl/otf klg /fd|f] x'g]

ePsf]n] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t'sf] ahf/Ls/0f (Marketing) ug{ klg sl7gfO{

e}/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] nflu n3' pBdtfnfO{ cfw'lgs / u'0f:t/Lo j:t' pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] k|ljlw /

lzk pknAw u/fpg cfjZos 5 .


3/]n' pBf]u bk{0f 7

ª_ cGo ;d:ofx? (Other Problems) M3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]un] cfoftLt j:t'x?;Fu ug{'kg{] k|lt:kwf{,

sltko pBf]usf] nflu cfjZosLo sRrf kbfy{sf] cfk"lt{df

sdL h:t} 5fnf tyf xf8sf] lgof{t, afF;sf] lgof{t, hl8a'6Lsf]

lgof{t cflbn] sRrf kbfy{ sdL eO{ o:tf pBf]ux? ;d:ofu|:t

aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L af/Daf/ kl/jt{g eO/xg] gLlt,

lgod, P]g tyf ;/sf/ kl/jt{gsf sf/0fn] x'g] km]/abnn] klg

gsf/fTds c;/ kl//x]sf] b]lvG5 .

lgisif{ (Conclusion)Mk|frLgsfnb]lv g} g]kfndf n3' tyf ;fgf pBdx? ;~rflnt

x'Fb} cfO/x]sf / k/Dk/fut lzk / snf ;Da4 wft'sf ;fdfg,

pmgLaf6 ag]sf ;fdfg, sfuh, h8La'6L cflb ljb]zL ahf/df

;d]t Vofltk|fKt u/]sf egfO ss{Kofl6«s, x\ofldN6gh:tf

ljb]zL Oltxf;sf/ Pj+ :jb]zL Oltxf;sf/ ;d]tn] pNn]v

u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfn s[lifdf a9L cfwfl/t ePsf] / jGo k}bfjf/

nufotsf k|fs[lts j:t'x?n] ;DkGg b]z, ;:tf] nfutdf

pknAw >d ;fwg / b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] Ifdtf ;'xfpFbf] vfnsf

pBf]ux? 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux? x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] ljsf;

ug{ ;lsg] kof{Kt ;Defjgf 5 . a]/f]huf/, cw{a]/f]huf/ Pj+ s[lif

If]qdf /x]sf] 5b\d a]/f]huf/ (Disguised unemployment) nfO{

n3' pBf]udf nufP/ b]zsf] ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

pRr ;Defjgfo'Qm If]q x'Fbfx'Fb} klg cfjZosLo cf}Bf]lus

jftfj/0f b]zdf aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . nufgLsf] nflu cg's"n

jftfj/0f aGg g;Sbf lghL tyf ;/sf/L If]qaf6 3/]n' tyf

;fgf pBf]udf Go"g nufgL e}/x]sf] 5 . oftfoft / ljB'th:tf k"jf{wf/sf] sdL, sRrf kbfy{sf]

sdL, lzk kl/dfh{g / gofF cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ljsf;af6 u'0f:t/Lotfdf ;'wf/ u/L k|lt:kwL{

agfpg g;lsg' cflbh:tf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? o; If]qdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . oL ;d:ofsf] plrt

;Daf]wg ug'{ clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ sfg"g dGqfno -@)&#_, cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ;DaGwL sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg / PsLs/0f

g]kfn s[lifdf a9L cfwfl/t ePsf] / jGo

k}bfjf/ nufotsf k|fs[lts j:t'x?n] ;DkGg

b]z, ;:tf] nfutdf pknAw >d ;fwg / b]zsf] cy{tGqsf]

Ifdtf ;'xfpFbf] vfnsf pBf]ux? 3/]n' tyf ;fgf

pBf]ux? x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsg]

kof{Kt ;Defjgf 5 . a]/f]huf/, cw{a]/f]huf/ Pj+

s[lif If]qdf /x]sf] 5b\d a]/f]huf/ (Disguised

unemployment) nfO{ n3' pBf]udf nufP/ b]zsf] ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{

;lsG5 .




10 3/]n' pBf]u bk{0f

klg Ps xf] . g]kfndf dfq geO{ ljZjsf w]/}

7fpFdf Jofkf/ d]nf dxf]T;j eO{/x]sf / w]/}

pBdL Jofkf/Ln] ;xeflutf b]vfO{ kmfObf lnO{

/x]sf] eGg] u/LG5 . Jofkf/ d]nf dxf]T;jdf ;f]xL

;dodf x'g] ljlqmnfO{ ;kmntfsf] u0fgf ug]{ dfq

geO{ bL3{sfndf kf/]sf /fd|f k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f

klg ug'{ kb{5 . dxf]T;jx?nfO{ Jojl:yt /

of]hgfj4 jgfpg ;s]sf] cj:yfdf dfq j9L

eGbf j9L kmfObf lng ;lsG5 . d]nf dxf]T;j

;+rfng ug{ w]/} g} d]xgt / vr{ ;d]t ug'{ kb{5 .

d]nf dxf]T;jnfO{ /fd|/L Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sbf

To;af6 clwstd kmfO{bf lng ;ls+b}g . d]nf

dxf]T;j ;+rfngdf s]xL ;Lk tyf bIftf klg

h?/L x'G5 . d]nf dxf]T;j ;+rfngdf ;xefuL

x'g] sd{rf/Lx? o; ljifodf tflnd k|fKt /

hfgsf/ klg x'g' kb{5 . b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf

;~rfng u/Lg] Jofkf/d]nf dxf]T;jnfO{ yk

k|efjsf/L jgfpg u/Lg' kg]{ k"j{ tof/L, dxf]T;j

Joj:yfkg / ;ldIffnfO{ Jojl:yt jgfpg s]lx

;'emfj ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L of] cfn]v tof/ ug]{

k|of; u/LPsf] 5 .

s'g} klg d]nf dxf]T;jsf] cfof]hgf ug'{ / pQm

d]nf dxf]T;jdf ;xefuL x'g'sf] p2]Zo :ki6 x'g'

kb{5 . Jofkf/ j[l4, u|fxs ;DjGw :yflkt ug]{,

u|fxs ;j]{If0f u/L ahf/ cg';Gwfg ug]{, ;~rf/

dfWod / cGo;Fu ;DjGw :yflkt ug]{, cfkm\gf]

6]«8dfs{ jf j|f08 :yflkt ug]{, sRrf kbfy{sf]

;|f]t;Fu ;DjGw :yflkt ug]{, ljqm]tfx?;Fu

;DjGw :yflkt ug]{ nufotsf w]/} p2]Zo /x]sf]

x'G5 . Ps hgf pBdL Jofkf/ d]nf dxf]T;jdf

;xeflu x'Fbf s] p2]Zosf nflu ;xefuL ePsf]

xf], ;f]xL cg';f/sf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{


3/]n' pBf]u bk{0f 11

kb{5 . d]nf dxf]T;jsf

cfof]hs ;+:yf lgsfosf]

klg d]nf cfof]hgfsf] :ki6

of]hgf / p2]Zo x'g' kb{5 .

dxf]T;j cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo

cg';f/ ;xefuL 5gf}6 ug'{

kb{5 . pBdL Jofkf/Ln] d]nf

dxf]T;jdf s] s:tf j:t' /

;]jf k|bz{g ug]{, cfkm\gf] s]

jf s:tf] klxrfg :yflkt ug]{,

s;/L ;"rgf ;+sng ug]{ tof/L

;d]t ug'{ kb{5 . cfof]hs

;+:yfn] d]nfdf ;xefuLsf]

gfd btf{ ug]{ / pgLx?sf]

k[i7kf]if0f lng] sfd klg

ug'{ kb{5 . cfof]hs ;+:yf

lgsfon] klg dxf]T;jsf]

p2]Zo cg';f/sf ;xefuLsf]

;xefuLtfsf nflu kxn ug'{

kb{5 . ;xefuLx?n] klg

pQm d]nf dxf]T;jdf ePsf]

;xefuLtfsf] dxTj k|dfl0ft

ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .

d]nf dxf]T;j cfof]hgf ug'{ jf d]nf dxf]T;jdf

;xefuLtf k"j{ cfof]hs ;+:yf / ;xefuL b"j}sf]

of]hgf x'g' kb{5 . slt ;dosf] dxf]T;j cfof]hgf

ug]{, slt vr{ ug]{, slt j6f :6n /fVg], :6nsf]

If]qkmn slt x'g], slt :6ndf s] s] pTkfbg

/fVg], ;xefuL / bz{snfO{ s;/L hfgsf/L

lbg], ;'/Iff k|jGw s;/L ug]{, k||bz{gLdf ;xof]u

ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6 / tflnd Joj:yfkg s;/L

ug,]{ k|bz{gLdf d"Nofs+g ;ldlt u7g ug]{ /

:6nsf] d"Nofs+g u/L k'/:s[t

ug]{ nufot w]/} ljifosf]

k"j{ of]hgf jgfO{ k|efjsf/L

sfof{Gjg ug'{ kb{5 . k|bz{gL,

d]nf dxf]T;jdf efu lng

cfpg] pBdLn] klg pQm

d]nfdf s] s:tf j:t' n}hfg],

s;/L n}hfg], sf] sf] hfg],

u|fxs, yf]s ljqm]tf sRrf

kbfy{sf] ;|f]t / ljqm]tf,

pBd k|j4{g ug]{ ;xof]uL

;+:yf cflbsf] ;"rgf s;/L

lng], cfkm\gf] hfgsf/L s;/L

k|bfg ug]{ h:tf ljifodf

k"j{of]hgfsf ;fy ;xefuL

x'g' kb{5 . Jojl:yt ;fy}

k|efjsf/L of]hgfjf6 g}

cfof]hs / ;xefuL b'j}sf]

p2]Zo k"/f x'g] b]lvG5 .

d]nf dxf]T;j ;+rfngsf]

of]hgf hlt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5,

To;sf] sfof{Gjog klg

TolQg} k|efjsf/L ?kdf ug'{ kb{5 . k|To]s

sfdnfO{ kl/eflift u/L :ki6 lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg] Pj+

cg'udg d"Nof+sgsf] kb >[v+nf :ki6 ubf{ sfd

Jojl:yt x'g] ub{5 . d]nf dxf]T;j cfof]hgf

ug]{ sfo{ h6Ln / ;+j]bglzn sfd ePsf] x'+bf

;"rgf k|jfxsf] >[ª\vnf k|i6 ug]{ Pj+ ;"rgf

;+oGqnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg] tk{m klg Wofg

lbg' kb{5 . ljleGg lgsfo jLrsf] ;dGjo

;fy} ;'/Iff k|jGwsf] plrt Joj:yf ug'{ w]/]}

g} dxTjk"0f{ x'g]df b'O{dt x'g ;Sb}g . nlIft

xfdL sxfF dxf]T;j d]nf ;dfkg eP kl5 sfd ;lsPsf]

eGg] k|rng 5 . d]nf k|bz{gL dxf]T;j kl5 pQm dxf]T;jsf ;"rgf ljZn]if0f

ug]{, dxf]T;jsf p2]Zo cg';f/ dxf]T;j ;kmn eP gePsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{, cjnf]sgstf{, lj1 ljz]if1sf] k|ltlqmofnfO{ tYof+lso ljlwjf6 ljZn]if0f ug]{, Joj:yfkgdf v6LPsf sd{rf/Lsf] /fo lng'sf ;fy}

pgLx?n] dxz'; u/]sf / sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfO{k/]sf ;d:ofsf] clen]vLs/0f / ljZn]if0f ug'{

klg h?/L x'G5 .



cjnf]sgstf{sf] ;xeflutf j9fpg k|rf/

k|;f/ ug]{ sfo{df Wofg lbg' kb{5 . dxf]T;j s'g

JolQmTjjf6 pb\3f6g u/fpg] eGg] ljifo klg w]/}

dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . cfof]hs ;+:yfn] dxf]T;jdf

;xefuL ePsf pBdLnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug]{, pgLx?sf]

k[i7kf]if0f lng] sfo{ klg ug'{ kb{5 . dxf]T;jdf

cfpg] cjnf]sgstf{sf] /lhi6]«zg ug]{ Pj+

;Dej eP ;Dd k[i7kf]if0f lnFbf pQm ;"rgfsf]

ljZn]if0f u/L k|fKt glthfsf] dxTjk"0f{ k|of]u ug{

;lsg] cj:yf cfpFb5 . dxf]T;jsf] jLr jLrdf

/fi6«sf dxTjk"0f{ JolQmTjx?nfO{ cjnf]sgdf

jf]nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lng] Pj+ dxTjk"0f{ JolQmTjsf]

;xeflutfdf ;dfkg sfo{qmd u/fO{ pTs[i6

pBdL÷:ynnfO{ k'/:s[t ug]{ k/Dk/f a;fNbf

pBdLx?df pT;fx yk x'g] b]lvG5 . o;} u/L

dxf]T;j ;+rfng eO{ /xFbf ;xefuL pBdLx? klg

w]/} g} ;lqmo / ;j+]bglzn x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . 5fg]/

NofOPsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf/÷k|;f/ ug]{, ljlqm ug]{,

;du|df dxf]T;j cfof]hs / ;xefuL pBdL b'j}n] d]nf dxf]T;jsf] pknJwLsf] /fd|/L ljZn]if0f ug'{ kb{5 . d]nf tyf dxf]T;jnfO{ pBdLx?sf] pTkfbgdf u'0f:t/Lotf Nofpg] / ljlqm k|j4{g ug]{ u/L pkof]udf Nofpg cfof]hs ;+:yfsf] pTk|]/0ff / pBdLsf] ;lqmotf b'j} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .



cjnf]sgstf{ / u|fxssf] ljj/0f lng], ;/sf/L

/ u}/ ;/sf/L k|j4{ssf] ljj/0f / ;'emfj lng],

yf]s ljqm]tfsf] ljj/0f lng], sRrf dfn cfk"lt{

stf{x?sf] ljj/0f lng], k|ljlwsf] hfgsf/L

lng], cfkm\gf] Joj;foLs sf8{ ;DjlGwtnfO{ lbO{

;DjGw :yflkt ug'{ kb{5 .

d]nf dxf]T;jdf ;xhLs/0f ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{

;xh} klxrfg ug{ tf]lsPsf] kf]zfs nufpg'sf

;fy} kl/ro kq nufpg] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .

sd{rf/LnfO{ ;xof]usf nflu v6fpFbf sd{rf/L

v6Lg] sfo{tfnLsf jgfpg'sf ;fy} pQm sfo{

tflnsfdf sd{rf/Lsf] ;Dks{ kmf]g gDj/ ;d]t

/fvL 7fpF 7fpFdf /flvPsf ;"rgf kf6Ldf 6fF;

ug'{ kb{5 .] dx]fT;jdf cfpg] dxTjk"0f{ JolQmTj

cfpg] hfgsf/L klg ;"rgf kf6Ldf 6fF; ubf{ plrt

;'/Iff k|jGw ug{ pBdLx?nfO{ tof/L cj:yfdf

/xg d2t k'Ub5 . dxf]T;jdf v6Lg] sd{rf/Lsf]

sfddf Ps?ktf x'g s]xL cfrf/;+xLtf th'{df

u/L pQm cfrf/;+lxtf clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug{

nufpg] Pj+ v6fpg' cl3 dxf]T;jdf pgLx?sf]

sfd st{Jo / clwsf/sf ljifodf cled'vLs/0f

;d]t u/fpg' kb{5 .

xfdL sxfF dxf]T;j d]nf ;dfkg eP kl5

sfd ;lsPsf] eGg] k|rng 5 . d]nf k|bz{gL

dxf]T;j kl5 pQm dxf]T;jsf ;"rgf ljZn]if0f

ug]{, dxf]T;jsf p2]Zo cg';f/ dxf]T;j ;kmn

eP gePsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{, cjnf]sgstf{,

lj1 ljz]if1sf] k|ltlqmofnfO{ tYof+lso

ljlwjf6 ljZn]if0f ug]{, Joj:yfkgdf v6LPsf

sd{rf/Lsf] /fo lng'sf ;fy} pgLx?n] dxz';

u/]sf / sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfO{k/]sf ;d:ofsf]

clen]vLs/0f / ljZn]if0f ug'{ klg h?/L

x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf ljZn]if0fjf6 cfufdL

jif{df u/Lg] d]nf, k|bz{gL dxf]T;jnfO{ yk

k|efjsf/L jgfpg ;xh x'g] b]lvG5 . o;} u/L

d]nf, dxf]T;jdf ;xefuL ePsf pBdLn] klg

cfkm\gf] ;xeflutfsf] pknJwLsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{

kb{5 . cfkm\gf] :6ndf cfPsf cjnf]sgstf{sf]

btf{ /lhi6/jf6 ljj/0fsf] tYof+lso ljZn]if0f

u/L nlIft cjnf]sgstf{sf] ;+Vof. k|ltzt

lgsfNg], ljlqmsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{, sRrf kbfy{

k|flKt ;"rgf ;fy} dxf]T;jn] cfk\mgf] jhf/

lj:tf/df u/]sf] ;xof]usf] ;"rgf ljZn]if0f ug]{,

cjnf]sgstf{sf ;'emfjsf] >]0fLs/0f ug]{ cflb

ug'{ kb{5 . ;du|df dxf]T;j cfof]hs / ;xefuL

pBdL b'j}n] d]nf dxf]T;jsf] pknJwLsf] /fd|/L

ljZn]if0f ug'{ kb{5 . d]nf tyf dxf]T;jnfO{

pBdLx?sf] pTkfbgdf u'0f:t/Lotf Nofpg] /

ljlqm k|j4{g ug]{ u/L pkof]udf Nofpg cfof]hs

;+:yfsf] pTk|]/0ff / pBdLsf] ;lqmotf b'j}

dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . d]nf dxf]T;jsf] ;xefuLtfnfO{

pBf]usf] ljsf; / :t/f]GgtLdf pkof]u ug]{ tk{m

Wofg lbg'sf ;fy} dxf]T;jdf ;xefuL x'g' k"j{sf]

of]hgf, ;xefuL x'+bfsf] tTk/tf / ;xefuLtf

kl5sf] ljZn]if0f kl5 csf]{ d]nf dxf]T;jdf x'g]

;xefuLtfnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 .

n]vs M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf sfo{qmd lgb]{zs x'g'x'G5 .




oL sfuhft lnP/ ;DjGwLt lhNnfsf] 3/]n' sfof{nodf uO{ lgodfg';f/sf] /fhZj /sd hDdf u/]df

;fdfGo k|s[ltsf] pBf]u btf{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

k|fOe]6 kmd{ btf{ tyf gljs/0fsf] nflu nfUg] /fhZj pBf]usf] s"nk"+hL nufgLsf] cfwf/df

qm=;+= s"n k"+hL nufgL lgj]bg b:t'/ /fhZj lgwf{/0f pBf]u btf{ gljs/0f

! !,)),))).– !)).– !,))).– ^,)).–

@ !,)),))!–#,)),))).–;Dd !)).– #,))).– !,))).–

# #,)),))!.––%,)),))).–;Dd !)).– ^,))).– !,^)).–

$ %,)),))!–@),)),))).–;Dd !)).– !@,))).– #,))).–

% @) nfv b]vL ! s/f]8 ;Dd !)).– @),))).– %,))).–

^ ! s/f]8 b]lv % s/f]8 ;Dd !)).– #),))).– *,))).–

& % s/f]8 b]lv dfly !)).– %),))).– !%,))).–

sfod ul/Psf] 5 .

gf]6M btf{ ePsf] k|fOe]6 kmd{ % jif{ ;Dd gjLs/0f ug'{ kb}{g To;kl5 gjLs/0f cjwL @–@ jif{ cyf{t\ pBf]u btf{ u/]sf] % jif{ k5f8L gjLs/0f ug'{kg]{ tTkZrft k|To]s @,@ jif{df gjLs/0f ug'{kg]{ elg k|f=km= P]gdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 .

s;}n] @ jf @ eGbf a9L JolQmsf] gfddf pBf]u btf{ ug{ rfx]df tkl;n adf]lh-dsf] /fhZj ltg'{k5{ .

;fem]bf/L kmd{ btf{ tyf gljs/0fsf] nflu nfUg] /fhZj s"n k"“hL nufgLsf] cfwf/df

qm=;+= s"n k"+hL nufgL lgj]bg b:t'/ /fhZj lgwf{/0f pBf]u btf{ gljs/0f

! !,)),))).– !)).– ^)).– !)).–

@ !,)),))!–#,)),))).–;Dd !)).– @))).– !@%.–

# #,)),))!.––%,)),))).–;Dd !)).– $))).– !%).–

$ %,)),))!–!),)),))).–;Dd !)).– &%)).– @)).–

% !) nfvb]vL %) nfv ;Dd !)).– !)))).– @%).–

^ %) nfvb]lv dfly !)).– !%))).– #)).–

gf]6M ;fem]bf/L kmd{sf] cjlw kmd{ btf{sf] cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo ;Dd dfq /xg] 5 eg] gljs/0f cjlw ! jif{sf] x'g]5 .

cfBf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)&# cg';f/ k"+hLsf] cfwf/df pBf]unfO{ % lsl;ddf jlu{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

h; cg';f/



s= n3' pBd

v= 3/]n' pBf]u

u= ;fgf pBf]u

3= demf}nf pBf]u

ª= 7"nf pBf]u /x]sf 5g .

s_ n3' pBd eGgfn] !_ 3/ hUuf jfx]s a9Ldf kf+r nfv ;Dd :yL/ k"+hL /x]sf],

@_ pBdL :jod pBf]usf] ;+rfng / Joj:yfkgdf ;DnUg /x]sf]

#_ pBdL ;lxt j9Ldf gf} hgf ;Dd sfdbf/ /x]sf]

$_ jflif{s sf/f]jf/ krf; nfv ?k}of eGbf sd /x]sf] /

%_ OlGhg, pks/0f jf d]l;gsf] k|of]u u/]sf] ePdf OlGhg, pks/0f jf d]l;g vkt x'g] ljB"tLo phf{,OGwg jf cGo t]n OlGhg Ifdtf jL; lsnf]jf6 jf ;f] eGbf sd /x]sf] .

t/ pkv08 -!_ b]vL -%_ ;Dd h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg cg";"rL ! adf]lhd :jLs[lt lng'

kg]{ pBf]unfO{ n3' pBd dflgg] 5}g .

-v_ 3/]n' pBf]u M eGgfn] -!_ k/Dk/fut ;Lk / k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t,

-@_ >dd"ns / vf; ;Lk jf :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{ Pj+ :yfgLo k|ljlw, snf tyf ;+:s[ltdf cfwfl/t,

-#_ OGhg, pks/0f jf d]lzg/Lsf] k|of]u u/]sf] ePdf a9Ldf bz lsnf]jf6 ;Ddsf] Ifdtfsf] ljB'tLo phf{ k|of]u u/]sf]

-$_ cg";"rL @ df /x]sf pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf pBf]ux?

-u_ ;fgf pBf]uM n3' pBd / 3/]n' pBf]u jfx]ssf] bz s/f]8 ?k}of ;Dd :yL/ k"+hL ePsf] pBf]u,

-3_ demf}nf pBf]uM bz s/f]8 ?k}of eGbf a9L kRrL; s/f]8 ?k}of ;Dd :yL/ k"+hL ePsf] pBf]u,

-ª_ 7"nf pBf]uM kRrL; s/f]8 ?k}of eGbf a9L ?yL/ k"+hL ePsf] pBf]u .pBf]ujf6 pTkfbg x'g] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df b]xfo adf]lhd jlu{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .



!= phf{d"ns

@= pTkfbgd"ns

#= s[lif tyf jgk}bfj/df cfwfl/t pBf]u

$= vlgh pBf]u

%= lgdf{0f pBf]u

^= ko{6g pBf]u

&= ;"rgf k|;f/0f tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pBf]u

*= ;]jfd"ns pBf]u

b]ze/ pBf]u :yfkgf xf];, :yfgLo :t/df /x]sf sRrf kbfy{x? ;:tf] d"Nodf lgof{t gu/L ;f]jf6

j:t' lgdf{0f u/L lgof{t ug{ ;lsof]; 3/ 3/df 6f]n 6f]ndf :yfgLo >f]t / ;fwgdf cfwfl/t n3' 3/]n'

pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ ;lsof]; eGg] x]t'n] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)&#df n3' pBdsf] nflu ;'ljwf Pj+

;x'lnot yk u/]sf] 5 . h;cg'?k cj n3' pBd btf{ ubf{ s'g} z"Ns jf b:t'/ gnfUg] ePsf] 5 . n3'

pBd eGgfn] s:tf vfnsf pBf]u x'g eGg] s'/f dfly k|i6 kfl/;lsPsf] 5 .

o;}u/L n3' pBd jfx]s cGo lsl;dsf pBf]udf klg o; P]gdf yk ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .

dlxnf pBdLsf] dfq :jfldTj /xg] u/L pBf]u btf{ ul/Pdf To:tf] pBf]u btf{ ubf{

k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd nfUg] pBf]u btf{ b:t'/df #% k|ltzt 5'6 x'g]5 .

dlxnf pBdLsf] dfq :jfldTj /xg] u/L btf{ ePsf] pBf]udf k|of]u ul/g] cf}Bf]lus

;DklQ btf{ u/fpbf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd nfUg] b:t'/df @) k|ltzt 5'6 x'g]5 .

o; P]g adf]lhd btf{ eO ;+rfngdf cfPsf] n3' pBdnfO{ Joj;fo jf sf/f]jf/ z'?

u/]sf] ldltn] Go"gtd % jif{ ;Dd cfos/ 5'6 k|fKt x'g]5 .

o;}u/L dlxnf pBdLn] cf}Bf]lus If]qdf pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ rfx]df cf}Bf]lus If]q

leqsf] :yfg k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df tf]lsP adf]lhd pknJw u/fOg] 5 .

pBf]u ug{ rfxg]sf nflu o; P]gn] w]/} ;'ljwfx? k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)&# df

pBf]unfO{ 5'6 ;'ljwf jf ;x'lnot ;DjGwL klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

h; cGt{ut pTkfbgd"ns pBf]ujf6 cflh{t cfodf nfUg] s/df @) k|ltztn] 5'6 x'g]5 .

;8s, k'n, ;'?ª, /f]kj], 6«fd, /]Nj], 6«nLj;, ljdfg:yn, cf}Bf]lus ;+/rgf Pj+

k"jf{wf/ sDKn]S; h:tf lgof{td"ns pBf]udf nufgL u/L ;+rfng u/]df ;f] jf6 k|fKt

cfodf nfUg] s/sf] b/df rfnL; k|ltztn] 5'6 x'g]5 .

clt cljsl;t, cljsl;t / sd ljsl;t If]qdf :yflkt kmnk"mndf cfwfl/t



a|f08L, ;fO8/ Pj+ jfOg pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]u jfx]s c? pTkfbgd"ns pBf]un]

Jofj;foLs pTkfbg jf s/f]jf/ z"? u/]sf] ldltn] !) jif{ ;Dd k|rlnt sfg"g

adf]lhd nfUg] cfos/sf] b/df qmdz gJj], c;L, ;Tt/L k|ltzt 5'6 kfpg] pNn]v

ePtfklg clt cljsl;t If]qdf cyjf jfh'/f, hfh/sf]6, 8f]Nkf, x'Dnf, h'Dnf,

sflnsf]6, bfr'{nf, c5fd, aemfª, d'u', ?s'd, b}n]v, t]x|y'd, vf]6fª, ;+v'jf;ef,

dgfª, d':tfª, ;f]n'v'Da', cf]vn9'+uf lhNnfdf :yfkLt kmnk"mndf cfwfl/t j|f08L,

;fO8/ Pj+ jfOg pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]unfO{ klg sf/f]jf/ z'? u/]sf] ldltn] bz jif{ ;Dd

$) k|ltzt cfos/ 5'6 ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . h;jf6 cltcljsl;t lhNnfsf

pBdLx?nfO{ w]/} /fxt x'g]5 .

pTkfbg d"ns pBf]un] pTkfbg u/]sf] j:t' lgof{t u/]df k|fKt cfodf nfUg] s/sf]

b/df kRrL; k|ltztn] 5'6 x'g] Joj:yf 5 .

t/ ;'lt{hGo pBf]u, dlb/f hGo pBf]u / sTyf pBf]un] pNn]lvt s'g} 5'6 jf ;'ljwf

kfpg] 5}g .

of] P]g hf/L e};s]kl5 btf{ e} ;+rfngdf cfPsf n3' pBdnfO{ Joj;fo jf sf/f]jf/

z'? u/]sf] ldltn] % jif{ ;Dd cfo s/ 5'6 x'g]5 .

o; cf}Bf]lus P]g @)&# n] pBf]uLx?nfO{ o:tf ljljw ;x'lnot lbPsf] 5 h;jf6 pBf]u ug{

rfxg]nfO{ w]/} /fxt k'Ug] 5 . ;fgf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf;jf6 b]zdf 7"nf pBf]u :yfkgfsf ;Defjgfx?

a9g] ePsf]n] cfkm\gf] If]q :yfg uf+p 6f]ndf :yfgLo pTkfbgnfO{ ;b'kof]u u/L ljleGg pTkfbgd"ns

pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . u|fld0f e]udf pTkfbg x'g] cb'jf, j];f/, :ofp, cf?, gf:kflt, cf?jv8f,

cdnf, cD/L;f], cfn', nK;L, l;:gf], cNnf], 9'+ufdf6f], 5\jfnL, k/fn cflb ;Dk"0f{ j:t'x? xfd|f n3'

3/]n' pBf]usf sRrf kbfy{ x'g To;}n] log}nfO{ ;b'kof]u dfq u/of} eg] klg xfdLn] w]/} cfo cfh{g ug{

;S5f} eGg]df b'O{dt 5}g vfFrf] 5 s]an rfxgf / nugzLntfsf]

->f]tM cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)&# _

n]vsM 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] pk lgb]{zs kbdf sfo{/t xg'x'G5

P]Zjo{ pkfwLdf xf]Ogr]tgfdf x'G5.

– c/:t'



g]kfn ;/sf/n] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltaf6 l;kd'ns

tflnd lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . @)&@ j}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] ljgfzsf/L

e"sDkn] IftljIft ag]sf] xfd|f] b]zdf g]kfn ;/sf/ pBf]u

dGqfnos]f ljz]if kxndf o'jfx?nfO{ :jb]zd} /f]huf/ l;h{gf ug{

nfu]sf] xf] . x'g t dGqfnon] klxn]b]lv g} 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u

ljefu, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt nufotaf6 j]/f]huf/

o'jfnfO{ /f]huf/ l;h{gf ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u

ljsf; ;ldltaf6 dfq ;ft s/f]8 *( nfv nfutdf @! lhNnfdf

l;kd'ns tflnd lbg nfu]sf] 5 of] o'jfnfO{ :jb]zdf /f]huf/ lbg

;x|fxgLo sfd xf] . g]kfndf kl5Nnf] ;do b}lgs !# ;oeGbf

cRo't /]UdL

e"sDk k"gMlgdf{0fsf] ;fyL aGb}e"sDk k"gMlgdf{0fsf] ;fyL aGb}3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt

e"sDk k"gMlgdf{0fsf] ;fyL aGb}3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt



a9L o'jfo'jtL /f]huf/sf nflu ljb]zLg] u/]sf]

tYofª\s 5 . olt 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf aflx/Lg] u/]sf]

;ª\VofnfO{ /f]Sg ;/sf/ nfluk/]sf] 5 . ;ldltn]

clt e"sDk k|efljt !^ lhNnfdf ljleGg l;k

ljsf; tflndx? ;~rfng u/L Ps xhf/

(## hgfnfO{ k|lzlIft u/fPsf] 5 . ;ldltn]

ljleGg ls;Ldsf ;Lkd'ns tflnd lbFb}

cfPklg kl5Nnf] ;do e"sDksf] k'gMlgdf{0fnfO{

dWogh/ u/L 8sdL{, l;sdL{, xfp; jfo/Lªu /

KnDjLªu, skfn sf6\g] h:tf tflnd pknAw

u/fPsf] 5 . ;ldltn] tflndaf6 bIf, s'zn

hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ nIosf ;fy sfd cuf8L

a9fO/x]sf] 5 . o:t} 3/]n' ;ldltn] /]l8of]

g]kfnåf/f 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u /]l8of] sfo{qmd

æxfd|f] pBdÆ / g]kfn 6]lnlehg dfkm{t n3' 3/]n'

tyf ;fgf pBf]u ;+rfng ug{ k|f]T;fxg / xf};nf

ldNg] vfnsf] pTk|]/0ffd"ns j[Qlrq æxfd|f]

pBdÆ k|;f/0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg]sf] ;ª\Vof ;x/L If]qsf]

t'ngfdf u|fld0f If]qdf cToflws 5 . kl5Nnf]

;do u|fld0f If]qdf sfd ug]{ o'jfx?sf] cefj 5 .

oLgLx?nfO{ /f]Sgsf nflu ;ldltn] @! lhNnfdf

!)) b]lv @)) sf] ;ª\Vofdf tflnd lbFb} cfPsf]

5 . e"sDkaf6 Iflt ePsf 3/, pBf]u, ljBfno,

d7–dlGb/ lgdf{0f / k'gMlgdf{0fnfO{ cleofgs}

?kdf lg/Gt/ cuf8L a9fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf

e"sDksf] k'gMlgdf{0f tyf gjlgdf{0fsf nflu

;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 w]/} sfdx? e}/x]sf

u|fdL0f If]qsf o'jf dgUo cfDbfgL ug{] p2]Zosf ;fy ljb]lzPsf] ;dodf e"sDkaf6 Iflt k'u]sf ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos kg{] hgzlQm gx'Fbf 3/, ejg aGg g;s]sf] a]nf ;ldltn] lbPsf] ;Lkd"ns tflndn] 3/ lgdf{0f ug{ ;kmn ePsf] xf] . tflnd cjlwdf lgdf{0f ePsf 3/, ejg, ljBfno ;a} e"sDk k|lt/f]wL /x]sf 5g\ .



5g\ . o:tf] sfd ug]{df ;d'bfosf nflu

ljsf; cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, ;fdflhs

nf]stflGqs s]Gb|nufot x'g\ . o;sf

cnfjf c? If]qaf6 ;d]t sfd x'Fb}

cfPsf] 5 . ljb]z hfg] o'jfnfO{ /f]Sg

o:tf tflndn] 7"nf] ;xof]u k'u]sf]

5 . tflnddf ;xefuL x'g] o'jfnfO{

sfdsf] k|s[lt x]/]/ b}lgs ? !)) b]lv

? #)) ;Dd eQfsf] Joj:yf ;d]t

ug'{ /fd|f] s'/f xf] . o:t} ;Lkd'ns

tflnd lng] o'jfo'jtLnfO{ rflxg]

cfjZos pks/0f ;d]t tflnd

;lsPkl5 pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf]

5 . u|fdL0f If]qsf o'jf dgUo cfDbfgL

ug{] p2]Zosf ;fy ljb]lzPsf] ;dodf

e"sDkaf6 Iflt k'u]sf ejg lgdf{0fsf

nflu cfjZos kg{] hgzlQm gx'Fbf

3/, ejg aGg g;s]sf] a]nf ;ldltn]

lbPsf] ;Lkd"ns tflndn] 3/ lgdf{0f

ug{ ;kmn ePsf] xf] . tflnd cjlwdf

lgdf{0f ePsf 3/, ejg, ljBfno ;a} e"sDk

k|lt/f]wL /x]sf 5g\ . ;ldltn] n3', 3/]n' tyf

;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / k|j4{g ;DaGwL

sfo{nfO{ dfq hf]8 lbO/x]sf] ;dodf e"sDk

kZrft k'gMlgdf{0f Pjd\ gjlgdf{0fsf sfo{df

;d]t ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] 3/]n' tyf

;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt dfkm{t b]ze/sf $*

lhNnfdf ;fy} 3/]n' ljefuaf6 @& lhNnfdf

sfd e}/x]sf] 5 . ;ldltn] pBdL ljsf;

sfo{qmd, pBf]u k|j4{g sfo{qmd, ;Lk ljsf;

pBdzLntf ljsf; Pjd\ pBf]u Joj:yfkg

tflnd, cf}wf]lus shf{ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L,

sRrf kbfy{ d]lzg cf}hf/ tyf k|ljlw ;DaGwL

hfgsf/L, pBf]u btf{ gljs/0f ;DaGwL hfgsf/L

lbb}F cfPsf] 5 . pBf]udGqL gljGb|/fh hf]zLn]

Ps ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmdd} @! xhf/ o'jfnfO{

/f]huf/ lbg ;/sf/ nflu/x]sf] atfpg' ePsf]

5 . pxfn] !) jif{df ljb]zLg] o'jf :jb]zdf

/f]lsg] bfjL ug'{ePsf] 5 . pBf]udGqLn] af]n]sf

s'/f nfu" ug{;s] :jb]zdf /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g]

lyof] . b}lgs xhf/f} hgzlQm aflx/Lg' kg]{

cj:yf cfpFb}gYof] . d'n'sn] cfly{s ljsf;df

km6\sf] dfg{ ;SYof] .

-n]vs /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldltsf ;drf/bftf x'g'x'G5 . _



g]kfn ljZjsf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x? dWo] Ps xf] . t/ ljsl;t /fi6«x?df ul/g] gLltut

kl/jt{gnfO{ eg] cfTd;fy ub}{ cfPsf]5 . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf ul/Psf gLltut kl/jt{gx?

g} cfly{s pbfl/s/0f / lghLs/0fsf dfGotfx?nfO{ g]kfnn] qmdz l:jsf/ ub}{ ;f]xL jdf]lhd

gLltx? lgdf0f{ ug]{ qmddf ;g\ !((@ df NofO{Psf cf}Bf]lus gLlt, jfl0fHo gLlt, j}b]lzs

nufgL gLlt, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g o;sf HjnGt pbfx/0f x'g\ . g]kfnsf] ljZj Jofkf/

;+u7gdf k|j]znfO{ g]kfnn] ljZj ahf/df 9f]sf vf]n]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 . o;}u/L ;g\ @))) sf]

bzsdf g]kfnn] ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] dfGotfnfO{ c+lusf/ ub}{ ljZjJofkLs/0f tkm{ k|j]z u/]sf]

a'lemG5 . ;f]xL qmddf g]kfnn] låklIfo tyf ax'klIfo Jofkf/nfO{ k|j4{g ug{ låklIfo tyf

ax'klIfo ;GwL tyf ;Demf}tfx¿ ug]{ qmddf g]kfn ef/taLr ul/Psf Jofkf/ tyf kf/jfxg

;GwLx¿, ef/t;Fu ul/Psf] låklIfo nufgL k|j4{g tyf ;+/If0f ;xdlt (Bilateral Investment Protection and Promotion Aggrement -BIPPA), ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf, blIf0f

PlzofnL :jtGq Jofkf/ If]q (South Asian Free Trade Area-SAFTA) sf] ;b:o h:tf If]qLo

tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+u7gx¿sf] ;b:o /fi6«sf ?kdf pEofpg' g} v'nf cy{tGqdf k|j]z ug'{

xf] . g]kfn h] h:tf ;+3 ;+u7gsf] ;b:o lnP/ v'nf cy{tGqnfO{ cFufn] klg sdhf]/ cfly{s

s'6gLltsf sf/0fn] ubf{ cfly{s nfe p7fpg ;s]sf] 5}g\ . g]kfnn] ljZjdf cfPsf] dfxf]n

cg'?k g]kfnn] gLltut ;'wf/ ug{ k'Uof] t/ sfof{Gjog ug{] sfo{ hl6n aGb} uPsf] 5 . g]kfnn]

v'nf cfly{s gLltnfO{ :jfut u¥of] t/ ;f]xL jdf]lhd cfly{s s'6lglts ;DaGw a9fpg ;s]g .

oxfF klxnf] ;jfn s] p7\g ;S5 eg] cfly{s s'6gLlt eg]sf] s] xf] < ;fdfGotof cfly{s

s'6gLlt eg]sf] b]zsf] OR5f cg';f/sf k|fKtLx¿ ug{ k"0f{?kdf k|of]u ul/g] cfly{s ;fwg xf] .

(Economic diplomacy is the use of the full spectrum economic tools of the state to achieve its national interest) cfly{s s'6gLlt cGt{ut ;Lldt lgof{t, cfoft, nufgL, n]gb]g, ;xof]u,

Jofkf/ ;Demf}tx¿ dfq geO ;Dk"0f{ cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . cfly{s s'6gLlt

8f=vf]d/fh v/]n

g]kfnsf] sdhf]/ cfly{s s'6g}lts ;DaGw M ;jn agfpg] pkfox¿



cfly{s gLltut ljifoj:t'x¿ h:t} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g, j}b]lzs nufgL, j}b]lzs cg'bfg

cflb;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . cfly{s s'6gLlt ljleGg b]zx¿;Fu cfly{s ;dembf/L u/L b]zdf cfly{s

lqmofsnfkx¿ lj:tf/ u/fpgsf nflu /flvg] ;DaGw xf] . cfly{s s'6gLltsf sf/0fn] ubf{

b]z b]zx¿aLr cfly{s s'6g}lts ;DaGw :yflkt u/L cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿ a9fpg ;lsG5 .

ljz]ifu/L g]kfn h:tf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x?n] ljsl;t /fi6«x¿;Fu ;+t'lnt / /fd|f] cfly{s

s'6g}lts ;DaGw /fvL nfe lng ;Sg' kb{5 . cfly{s s'6gLltsf nflu cfly{s s'6lglt1x¿sf]

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . c;n cfly{s s'6gLltsf nflu lj1x¿nfO{ /fHon] lhDd]jf/L lbg'kb{5 .

abln+bf] cfly{s cj:yf / k|ljlw cg';f/ 1fg ePsf cfly{s s'6lglt1x¿af6 b]zn] /fd|f] cfly{s

s'6gLlts ;DaGw /fVg ;Sb5 . cd]l/sL k"j{ ljb]z ;lrj lxnf/L lSn+6gn] cfkm\gf] sfo{sfnsf]

k|fyldstfdf cfly{s s'tgLltnfO{ lbPsL lyOg\ . rLgn] cfly{s s'6gLltsf] s]Gb|ljGb'sf] ?kdf

j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ /fv]sf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !(() sf] cjlwdf rLgn] a9\bf] cfly{s cj:yfsf

nflu Jofkf/nfO{ cfly{s s'6gLltsf ?kdf k|of]u u/]sf] lyof] . o;}u/L ef/tn] ;g\ @)!@ df

ljsf; ljefu agfO ljsf; k|zf;g ;fem]bf/x¿;Fu ;xof]usf nflu cfly{s s'6gLltnfO{ k|of]u

u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]t[Tj tx ljb]zL /fi6«x?sf ;fd' sdhf]/ ?kdf k|:t't x'g] k/Dk/f rn]sf]

5 . g]kfnsf] h] hlt b]zx?;Fu bf}To ;DaGw 5 tL b]zx?;Fu v'n]/ cfkm\gf ljifoj:t'x? /fVg

;Sb}+g . g]kfndf hnljB't\sf] k|;:t ;Defjgf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg g]kfnn] v'n]/ bftf /fi6«x? tyf

cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfx?;Fu k|:tfj /fVg ;s]sf] b]lvb}+g . ljleGg ;dodf ef/tLo ;Ldf tkm{

g]kfnsf] e"efu ldlrbf ;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/n] df}g ;xdlt lbO/x]sf] 5 . v'nd v'nf ?kdf

ef/tLo ;'/IffsdL{x? xltof/ ;lxt g]kfnsf] ;Ldfleq k|j]z ubf{ ;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/ df}g

/x]sf 36gfx? w}/} 5g\ . ljut jif{ ef/tn] c3f]lift ?kdf Jofkfl/s tyf kf/jfxgdf gfsf

aGbL ubf{ ;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/sf k|ltlgwLn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;efdf cfkm\gf] ;d:of /fVg

;s]gg\ . g]kfnsf] ;d:of ;DaGwL l5d]sL /fi6« rLgn] s'/f p7fpFbf g]kfnLx? df}g /x]sf]

36gfn] ;d]t xfd|f] s'6g}lts ;DaGw s:tf] eGg]s'/f :k:6 x'G5 . cfh;Dd klg g]kfnn] l5d]sL

/fi6«x¿ / bftf /fi6«x¿;Fu ;Gt'lnt cfly{s s'6g}lts ;DaGw /fVg ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfnsf]

sdhf]/ cfly{s s'6gLltssf sf/0fn] ubf{ ;Gtf]ifhgs ?kdf cfly{s nfe p7fpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

cfufld lbgx¿df lgDgfg';f/sf pkfox¿ cjnDjg ug{ ;s]df ;jn cfly{s s'6g}lts ;DaGw

/fVg ;lsG5 M

-s_ ;Gt'lnt Jofkfl/s tyf kf/jfxg ;DaGw M cfly{s s'6g}lts ;DaGw cGtu{t Jofkfl/s

tyf kf/jfxg ;DaGw Ps xf] . g]kfnn] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] lj:tf/ / ;Da4{g ug{sf nflu

ljleGg /fi6«x?;Fu Jofkfl/s ;DaGw /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L g]kfnn] k|flrgsfn b]lvg}



rLgsf] ltAat / ef/t;Fu Jofkfl/s ;DaGw /fv]sf] k|df0f ljleGg clen]v tyf tYox¿af6

yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . ;g\ !(%) sf] ef/t;Fu ul/Psf] ;GwL kZrft\ g} g]kfnsf] Jofkfl/s

s'6gLltdf sdhf]/ x'g yfNof] . g]kfn / ef/taLr cfh;Dd ul/Psf ;GwL ;Demf}tfx¿df g]kfn

k5fl8 k/]sf] 5 . g]]kfnsf] sdhf]/ k|:t'lts/0fsf sf/0fn] ubf{ Jofkfl/s ;GwL ;Demf}tfdf

g]kfn k|lts'n cj:yfdf k/]sf] 5 . cfufld lbgdf låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo ?kdf ul/g] ;GwL

;Demf}tfx¿ t'ngfTds nfesf cfwf/df ul/g' kb{5 .

-v_ k|fyldstf / cf}lrTosf cfwf/df ljb]zL cg'bfg tyf ;xof]u ;Demf}tf M ljleGg /fi6«x?n]

ljb]zL cg'bfg tyf ;xof]u lng] qmddf cfkm\gf] b]zsf] cfjZostf, k|fyldstf / k|ltkmnd'vL

x'g] lsl;dn] s'g} bftf /fi6«x?sf] zt{ ljgf lng] ub{5g\ . cfh;Ddsf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df

ljZn]if0f ubf{ g]kfnn] j}b]lzs ;xof]u tyf cg'bfg ln+bf g]kfnsf] cfjZostf / k|fyldstf

eGbf bftf /fi6«x¿sf] zt{ / OR5fsf cfwf/df ;xof]u lnPsf] kfOG5 . ljz]ifu/L g]kfnn] ztf{Tds

cfwf/df ljb]zL ;xof]u ln+b} cfPsf]5 . o;/L jfWofTds zt{sf cfwf/df lng] cg'bfgaf6

b]z / hgtfsf] pGgltsf] t'ngfdf bftf /fi6«sf] OR5f k'/f x'g] u/]sf]5 . cg'bfgs} nflu g]kfn

ljb]zLsf] ;fd' em'Sg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . jf:tjdf xfd|f] sdhf]/ cfly{s s'6g}lts ;DaGwsf

sf/0fn] ubf{ ljb]zL bftf /fi6«x?sf] u'nfdL ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . casf lbgdf bftf /fi6«x¿af6 k|fKt

ul/g] cg'bfg tyf ;xof]u ;DaGwL ;Demf}tfx¿ b]zsf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTosf cfwf/df ul/g'

kb{5 .

-u_ ljZj d~rdf bl/nf] k|:t'lts/0f M g]kfn ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o, If]qLo ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] ;b:o

ag]sf] 5 . tL ;+3 ;+:yfsf ;ef tyf a}7sdf g]kfnn] ;xeflutf hgfpFb} cfPsf] 5 t/ g]kfnn]

cfkm\gf] jf:tljstf tyf ;d:ofx?nfO{ plrt lsl;dn] ;ef ;Dd]ngdf p7fg ug{ g;Sbf

nfe lng ;s]sf] 5}g . k|foh;f] g]kfn ljZjd~rdf lgl/x ?kdf k|:t't x'g] ub{5 . g]kfnsf

k|ltlgwLx¿n] ljZj d~rdf hf]8bf/ ?kdf g]kfnsf ljifox¿ /fVg ;s]sf] cg'e"lt ug{ lj/n}

kfOG5 . g]kfndf Psftkm{ cfkm\gf ljifoj:t'¿ :ki6sf ;fy p7fg ug{;Sg] hgzlQmsf] cefj

5 eg] csf]{tkm{ hgzlQmnfO{ cj;/ lbg] qmddf kf/bzL{ gePsf]n] s'6g}lts ;DaGwdf ;d:of

b]lvG5 . casf lbgx¿df g]kfnsf k|ltlgwLx¿n] ljZjd~rdf cfkm\gf ljifox¿ bl/nf] /

:ki6 ?kdf /fVg' kb{5 h;n] xfd|f ;d:ofx¿ ljZjJofkL x'G5g / cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf ;xof]u

kfpg ;lsg]5 .

-3_ k/lge{/tfsf] dfgl;stfaf6 d'Qm M ljleGg kIfaf6 g]kfnL dfgl;stfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg]

k/lge{/ rl/qsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf ljz]ifu/L s[lifhGo j:t'x¿, hnljB't\, l;d]G6, hl8j'6L,

>dzlQm h:tf If]qdf cfTdlge{/ x'g ;Sg] k|;:t ;Defjgf /x]sf]5 t/ xfd|f] dfgl;stf /

;/sf/sf] 7f]; gLlt gePsf]n] oL If]qdf ;d]t c?sf] d'v tfSg' k/]sf] tLtf] ;To xfdL;Fu 5 . g

t hg:t/af6 oL If]qdf cfTdlge{/ x'g] k|of; ul/Psf]5 g ;/sf/n] plrt k|sf/sf] of]hgf agfO{



sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s]sf] 5 . o;/L ;DefJo If]qdf ;d]t lzlyntf ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] cfly{s

s'6gLlt sdhf]/ x'g] ub{5 . casf lbgdf xfd|f] ;f]+r tyf lrGtgnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug'{ cfjZos

5 . xfdL;Fu ePsf ;Defjgfsf If]qnfO{ klxrfg u/L pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg'kb{5 . xfdL;Fu k|ofKt

;Defjgfsf If]qx¿ 5g\ tL If]qx¿nfO{ ;/sf/ / hgtfsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf pkof]udf Nofpg' kb{5 .

-ª_ afXo x:tIf]ksf] va/bf/L M ef/tdf la|6]gn] sAhf u/] b]vL g} g]kfnsf] e"efu cfkm\gf] sAhfdf

lng ljleGg ;dodf g]kfn;Fu o'4 u/]/ cGTodf g;s]kl5 g]kfnnfO{ s'6g}lts / Jofkfl/s

?kdf cfkm\gf] sAhfdf lng ljleGg pkfox? cjnDag ug]{ qmddf ;g\ !*!^ df la|l6z

OlG8of sDkgLn] g]kfnsf] ahf/df k|j]zsf nflu ;'uf}nL zflGt ;lGwnfO{ cf}hf/sf ?kdf cl3

a9fPsf] lyof] . To; ;dodf la|l6z OlG8of sDkgL g]kfndf lgof{t a9fpgsf nflu g]kfn;Fu

Jofkf/ ;DaGw /fVg O{R5's lyof] . ;g\ !(@# sf] g]kfn / la|l6z OlG8ofaLr Jofkf/ ;GwL

x'g' cl3 (% k|ltzt eGbf a9L Jofkf/ ef/t;Fu dfq x'GYof] . ;g\ !(@# sf] Jofkf/ ;GwLsf]

bkmf $ df g]kfn / la|l6zaLrsf] Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf] nflu la|l6z OlG8ofsf] aGb/ufx dfq k|of]u

ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] lyof] . g]kfnnfO{ ;d'Gb|kf/sf b]zx?af6 j:t'x? cfoft ug{ k|ltaGb

lyof] . g]kfnnfO{ la|6]gdf lgld{t j:t'x? dfq lsGg afWo ul/Psf] lyof] . ef/tdf la|l6zsf]

zf;g ;dflKt eO;s]sf] cfh sl/j ^% aif{ eO{;Sbf klg xfdL ef/td'vL g} ag]sf 5f}+ .

Psftkm{ ljleGg ;dodf ef/tn] g]kfnsf] ahf/ sAhf ug]{ dfq geO{ ;fwg;|f]t / /fhg}lts

?kdf ;d]t x:tIf]k ul//x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ g]kfnsf] ;/sf/ / /fhg}lts bnx?n] ;d]t

ef/t ;/sf/ / /fhg}lts bnsf g]tfx?sf g]tfx?nfO{ u'xfg]{ ;+:s[lt cl3 a9]sf] 5 . of] jf Tof]

gfddf ul/g] afXo x:tIf]ksf] sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfnsf] cy{tGq sdhf]/ cj:yfdf g} 5 . casf

lbgx¿df afXox:tIf]kx¿af6 d'n's rgfvf] agL g]kfnnfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg alnof] cfly{s

s'6gLlts ;DaGw h¿/L x'G5 .

-r_ ax';DaGwsf] ljsf; M g]kfnsf clwsf+z zf;sx? tyf /fhg}lts bnx?sf] dgf]j[lQ ef/t

k/:t b]lvG5 . g]kfndf /f0ffx?sf] cfudg kZrft\ ef/tk|lt 9lNsg] rl/qsf] z'?jft ePsf]

b]lvG5 . ef/tdf la|l6zx?n] zf;g ubf{ /f0ff k|wfgdGqL h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] ;j{k|yd la|l6z

ef/tLo ;/sf/sf] cf9df zf;g rnfPsf lyP . ;g\ !(%! -lj=;+ @))&_ cl3sf] /f0ff zf;g

lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;kmn agfpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; tyf /fhf lqe'jg ;d]t ef/tLox?sf] z/0fdf

k'u]sf lyP . g]kfnL hgtfsf] tfutdf eGbf ef/tLox?sf] cflzjf{bnfO{ alnof] 7fg]sf lyP . ;g\

!(^) -lj=;+ @)!&_ df /fhf dx]Gb|n] ;d]t ef/t s} cflzjf{bdf s' u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(**÷*(

-lj=;+ @)$^_ sf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] z'?jft klg ef/tLo g]tfx?sf] pkl:yltdf ul/Psf] lyof] .

dfcf]jfbLsf] bz aif]{ hgo'4df ;d]t ef/tsf] k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf ;xof]u /x]sf] lyof] . ;g\

@))%÷)^ -lj=;+ @)^@÷^#_ ;fnsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ;d]t ef/tLox?sf] ck|ToIf

;dy{g /x]sf] lyof] eg] ;g\ @)!% -lj=;= @)&@_ sf] dw]; cfGbf]ngdf eg] ef/tLox?sf]



k|ToIf ;+nUgtf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljut b]vL jt{dfg ;Ddsf 36gfx?sf] cfwf/df x]bf{ g]kfnL

zf;s tyf bnx? g]kfnL hgtfsf] tfut / ;dy{gnfO{ eGbf ef/t ;/sf/ / ef/tLo bnx?sf]

cflzjf{bnfO{ 7"nf] dfGg] ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 To;}n] ubf{ ljleGg ;dodf ef/tn]

Jofkf/ tyf kf/jfxg ;GwL ;Demf}tfsf gfddf bjfj tyf x:tIf]k ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o:tf g]kfnL

zf;s / /fhg}lts bnx¿sf g]tfx¿sf] sfo/tfd'vL rl/qn] ubf{ g]kfnsf] cfly{s s'6g}lts

;DaGw sdhf]/ x'g uPsf]5 . ljutsf lbgx¿df g]kfnn] PstkmL{ ;DaGwdf dfq e/kbf{ b]z

tyf hgtfn] gfsfaGbL tyf c;xof]usf] 7"nf] d'No r'sfpg' k¥of] . casf lbgx¿df ax'kIfLo

;DaGwnfO{ a9fjf lbg'kb{5 .

-5_ b'/bzL{ of]hgf M g]kfn ;/sf/ / /fHo ;+rfng ug]{ /fhg}lts bnsf 7"nf g]tfx?sf] ;f]+r tyf

lrGtg cNksflng k|s[ltsf] b]lvG5 . xfd|f ;d:of cfhsf dfq xf]Ogg\ / bf]lif jt{dfgsf

/fhg}lts bnx? / g]tfx? Dffq xf]Ogg\ . Oltxf; b]lvs} bn / g]tfx?sf] cb'/blz{otfsf

sf/0fn] ubf{ ljut b]vL clxn] ;Dd / eljiodf ;d]t ;d:ofx? ef]Ug' kg]{ b]lvG5 . Oltxf;

b]vL s} ljZn]if0f ubf{ xfd|f ;d:ofx¿ hl6n lyP / hl6n agfOb} NofOof] . ljutdf klg

OGwg, oftfoft, ;+rf/, :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff, lhljsf]kfh{g, lzIff, ul/aL h:tf ;d:ofx? lyP

eg] ;Defjgfx? klg TolQs} lyP . lxhf] klg hn;|f]tdf wgL lyof}+, k|fs[lts ;|f]t, ko{6sLo

If]qx? TolQs} lyP . lxhf] klg ef/tn] g]kfnnfO{ ug]{ Jojxf/ p:t} lyof] . oL ofjt s'/fx?k|lt

g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] ulDe/tfk"j{s Wofg glbPsf]n] ljut b]vL jt{dfg;Dd

ljljw vfn] ;d:ofx? v]Kg' k/]sf] 5 . oxL nfkjf{xL k|sf/sf] z}nLn] ubf{ g]kfnsf] cfly{s

s'6g}lts ;DaGw aGb} uPsf]5 . cfufld lbgx¿df ljutaf6 lzIff ln+b} jt{dfgaf6 cg'ejsf]

cg'e"lt u|x0f ub}{ eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] ;d:ofx¿nfO{ Vofn ub}{ bL3{sflng of]hgf agfP/

cl3 a9\g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-h_ kf/jfxg ;'ljwfsf] pkef]u M g]kfnsf] clwsf+z e"–jgf]6 c;dfg k|sf/sf] 5 . g]kfnsf]

*) k|ltzt eGbf a9L e"efu kxf8 / lxdfnL k|b]z ePsf]n] ef}uf]lns ljs6tfsf] ;d:of

5 . ef}uf]lns ljs6tfsf sf/0fn] ubf{ k|z:t dfqfdf oftfoftsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .

Psftkm{ ef}uf]lns ljs6tf / csf]{tkm{ e"kl/j]li6t b]z ePsf]n] xfdLn] k':tf} b]vL oftfoftsf]

dfq geP/ ljljw vfn] ;d:ofx? Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] 5 . g]kfn Pp6f e"kl/j]li7t /fi6« xf] t/ sdhf]/

cfly{s s'6gLltsf sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ kfpg' kg]{ kf/jfxg

;'ljwfnfO{ ef/tLo x:tIf]ksf sf/0fn] k"0f{ ?kdf pkof]u ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . cfufld lbgdf

g]kfnn] lglZrt of]hgf / ljsNk ;lxt kf/jfxg ;'ljwfnfO{ pkof]uu/L l5d]sL b]zx¿;Fu

k|lt:kwL{ lsl;dn] cfkm\gf hfoh ts{x¿ /fVg cl3 a9\g' kb{5 .

-em_ /fi6«lxt cg's'n ;GwL / ;Demf}tfx? M g]kfnn] ljz]ifu/L ef/t;Fu ug]{ ;GwL ;Demf}tfx? /fli6«o

lxt eGbf klg JolQmut tyf bnut lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . rfx] ;g\ !*!^ df



/f0ff ;/sf/n] la|l6z OlG8of sDkgL ;/sf/;Fu ul/Psf] ;'uf}nL ;GwL xf];\ jf ;g\ !(@# df

ul/Psf] la|l6z OlG8of / g]kfn ;/sf/aLr ePsf] Jofkf/ ;GwL xf];\ of ;g\ !(%) sf] zfGtL

tyf d}qL ;GwL tyf ;g\ !(%!sf] Jofkf/ ;GwL jf @))( df ul/Psf] Jofkf/ tyf kf/jfxg

;GwLx? x'g, cyjf ;g\ @)!! Dff ef/t;Fu ul/Psf] ljkf (BIPPA) ;Demf}tf jf cGo kf/jfxg

;GwL ;Demf}tfx? g]kfn / ef/taLr ul/P tL dWo] clwsf+z ;Demf}tfx? g]kfnL zf;sx?n]

ef/tLo zf;snfO{ l/emfpg] b[li6sf]0fn] ul/Psfn] g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf] lxtnfO{ ;'/lIft

ub}{g . casf lbgx¿df ul/g] ;GwL;Demf}tfx¿ /fi6«lxt Wofgdf /fv]/ ul/g' kb{5 eg] ljutdf

ul/Psf o:tf ;GwL–;Demf}tfx¿ k'g/fnf]sg ul/g' kb{5 .

-`_ ljifout lj1 /fhb'tx¿sf] lgo'lQm / ;lqmo e"ldsf M klxnf], g]kfnn] ljleGg b]zx¿df

k7fpg] /fhb'tx¿df /fhg}lts sfo{stf{nfO{ eGbf j}b]lzs s'6g}lts ;DaGwdf lj1tf xfl;n

u/]sf lj1x¿nfO{ 5gf}6 u/L k7fpFbf Gofo x'G5 eg] bf];|f] tL JolQmx¿ ;Lldt bnk|lt dfq

akmfbf/ gagL ;d:t b]zk|lt lhDd]jf/ x'g' kb{5 . pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L s]jn hflu/

vfg] sfo{df dfq pkof]u gu/L ;DaGwLt b]zaf6 s:tf] kmfO{bf lng ;lsG5 / pQm b]z;Fusf]

;DaGw ;sf/fTds agfpg s:tf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf ;r]t x'g' h¿/L x'G5 .

ljz]ifu/L rLg, ef/t, cd]l/sf h:tf d'n'ssf /fhb'tx¿sf] e"ldsfdf l:y/tf kfOG5 . h'g;'s}

l;4fGtdf cf:tf /fVg] JolQm ePtfklg /fli6«o d'4fx¿df ;dfgtf kfO{G5 .

-6_ ;'–zf;gdf cfwfl/t k|zf;g M g]kfnsf] sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ ei6«frf/ / cs'zntfsf] ljz]if0faf6

kl/lrt ul/Psf]5 . g]kfndf e|i6«frf/sf] hfnf] b'af] h:t} df}nfPsf] 5 . e|i6«frf/ lgoGq0f ug{sf

nflu ljleGg ;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf0f{ ul/Ptf klg ;d:of hl6n aGb} uPsf] 5 . g]kfnLx?df

cg'zf;g / st{Jojf]wsf] efjgf x/fpFb} uPsf]5 . lbgk|lt lhDd]jf/ JolQm af6} e|i6«frf/ tyf

a]OdfGbf/L lqmofsnfkx? a9\b} uPsfn] g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] ljsf; / enf] x'g] sfo{ eGbf

JolQmut enfO{ x'g] sfo{x? a9\b} uPsf 5g\ . o:tf lqmofsnfkx?sf sf/0fn] ubf{ /fli6«o txsf

;d:ofx? ;dfwfgdf rf;f] k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g o;n] g]kfnsf] cfly{s s'6g}lts ;DaGw sdhf]/

aGb} uPsf]5 . cfufld lbgdf g]kfnn] sd{rf/LtGqdf ;'–zf;g / OdfGbfl/tf, /fhg}lts bndf

b]z, hgtf / ljsf;k|lt ;dk{0f ;fy} hgtfdf st{Jojf]wsf] efjgfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsPdf

Psftkm{ cfGtl/s zfwg–;|f]tsf] ;lx ;b'kof]u x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 eg] csf]{tkm{ g]kfnnfO{

;xof]u ug]{ bftfx¿df ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf x'G5 . kl/0ffd :j?k g]kfnsf] cy{tGq

qmdzM ;jn / cfTdlge{/ x'Fb} hfg ;Sg] s'/fsf] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

lgrf]8

jf:tjdf cfly{s s'6gLltdf Pp6f b]zn] cGo b]zx¿;Fu s:tf] ;DaGw /fVg] / cfkm\gf] b]zsf nflu

cfly{s nfe k|fKt ug{ s] s:tf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug]{ eGg] s'/f kb{5 . cfly{s s'6g}lts ;DaGw



/fd|f] ePdf cGo d'n'saf6 t'ngfTds nfe lng ;lsG5 . g]kfn b'O{ zlQmzfnL d'n'sx¿sf] aLrdf

/x]tf klg sdhf]/ cfly{s s'6g}lts ;DaGwsf sf/0fn] ubf{ clwstd nfe lng ;lsPsf] 5}g .

casf lbgdf /fhg}lts bnsf l;4fGt / lrGtg km/s–km/s ePtf klg b]z,hgtf / ljsf;sf

nflu bnut lrGtgsf] ;+s'rgaf6 6f9f x'g' clgjfo{ 5 .

;Gbe{;"rLIFA (Feb.2014). Role of NRN in Effective Mobilization of Economic Diplomacy in Nepal,

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kathmandu.Kharel, K.R.(Dec.15, 2016). Weak Economic Diplomacy, Gorakhapatra Daily, Gorakhapatra

Sasthan, Dharmapath, Kathmandu.Lee, D. and Brian, H.(2010). Economic Diplomacy in Robert A. Denemark (ed.), The Interna-

tional Studies Encyclopedia, Vol. II.MOF.(2002). Tenth Five Plan Document 2002-2007 AD, National Planning Commission, Singh

Durbar, Kathmandu.MOF.(2016). Fourthteen Plan Document 2016-2019 AD, National Planning Commission, Singh

Durbar, Kathmandu.Pyakuryal, B.P.(2004). Comparative and Competitive Advantages of Nepal: Issues in the Integra-

tion of Industrial Activities and Regional Cooperation, A Paper prepared for Industry and Technology division of UN/ESCAP, Bangkok.

Shrestha, L.(2010). Cutting Edge of Foreign Policy: Knowing About About Economic Diplomacy, Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu.

-n]vsM cy{zf:qL x'g'x'G5 ._

o; n]vdf k|sflzt ;fdfu|Lx? n]vssf gLlh ljrf/x? x'g\ .

xfd|f] hLjg lngsf nflu geO{ lbgsf nflu xf] .

– :jfdL ljj]sfgGb




hfg kfpg] Joj:yf u/\of] . xfn} ;+;b\af6 kfl/t

lzIff P]g -cf7f+}+ ;+zf]wg_ P]gn] ( b]lv !@ ;Dd

dflj tx lgwf{/0f u/L o; txdf k|fljlws wf/

klg Ps};fy ;~rfng x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

k|j]lzsf k/LIffdf b'O{ jif{ cl3b]lv k|fljlws

-6L_ P;Pn;Lkl5 Ps ;o j6f Pg]S;

:s'nsf ljBfyL{ k|ltjif{ sl/j # xhf/sf b/n]

;xefuL eO{ sIff !! df k9\g yfn]sf 5g\ . ut

jif{ p=df=lj kl/ifb\n] To;sf] kf7\oqmd klg

agfof] . k|fljlws lzIff tyf

Jofj;foLs tflnd kl/ifb\sf

klg cfkm\gf sfo{qmd 5g\ .

;/sf/n] ;+;b\df k]; u/]sf]

gofF cfly{s jif{sf nflu

gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf klg

k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos

lzIffsf] la:tf/df hf]8

lbOPsf] 5 . ælj1fg, k|ljlw

/ Jofj;flos ljifo cWoog

ug]{ h]x]Gbf/ ljBfyL{nfO{

;x'lnot C0fsf] Joj:yf

ul/g] 5 . pBdzLntf

/ /f]huf/L ljsf; ug{

k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffsf] la:tf/ u/L

;Lkd"ns lzIffdf hf]8 lbOg] 5 .Æ k|fljlws

lzIff lng k9\g kb}{g, o;nfO{ l;ksf] ?kdf

klg lng ;lsG5 . o:tf] lzIff 3/]n' tyf

;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] klg lbb} cfPsf]

kfOG5 . ;ldltsf] tYofs+ cg';f/ em08} ! ;o

ljifodf l;k l;sfpb} lzIff lbb} cfPsf] 5 .

o;sf] dfWodjf6 /f]huf/L k|fKt ug]{ / l;s]sf]

l;knfO{ k|of]u u/L Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{sf]

;+Vof pNn]Vo /x]sf] 5 . gk9\bf klg k|fljlws

ljifosf] 1fg lnPk5L Joj;fo ;+rfng u/L /fd|f]

cfDbfgL ub}{ cfPsf pbf/0fx? ;ldltsf ljleGg

lhNnfdf ;+rfng ePsf sfo{qmdn] b]vfPsf]

;ldlt4f/f k|sflzt 3/]n' pBf]u bk{0fn] klg

k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 .

pdfljdf k|fljlws ljifo pRrdfWolds lzIff

kl/ifb\n] klxnf] k6s sIff !! / !@ sf nflu

k|fljlws wf/sf kfFr ljifosf kf7\oqmd tof/

u/]sf] 5 . sIff ( / !) sf k|fljlws ljifo lnO{

k|j]lzsf k/LIff plQ0f{ eO{ pRr lzIff cWoogsf]

cGof]ndf /x]sf ljBfyL{sf nflu l9n} ePklg ;f]

kf7\oqmdsf] th'{dfn] /fxt lbg]5 . ut b'O{ jif{

cl3b]lv k|j]lzsf k/LIffdf ;f] wf/af6 xfn;Dd

sl/j ;ft xhf/ ljBfyL{ pTkfbg eO;s]sf 5g\ .

kl/ifb\n] jg:ktL lj1fg, hLj lj1fg, ljB'tLo,

l;len / sDKo'6/ Ol~hlgol/ª;DaGwL



kfFr ljifodf kf7\oqmdsf] k|f?k tof/ u/]sf]

xf] . ;DalGwt ljifosf lj1x? qmdzM k|f=8f=

g/]Gb|dfg zfSo, k|f=8f= zzLw//fd e08f/L, k|f=

;+uLtnfn gsdL{, 8f= ljgfos /fh e08f/L / k|f=

8f= b}lgsaxfb'/ g]kfnLsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf 6f]nLn]

;f] k|f?k tof/ u/]sf] xf] . ;f] k|f?kdf lzIffljb\x?

k|f=8f= dgk|;fb jfUn], k|f=8f= jf;'b]j sfkm\n] /

8f= 6+sgfy zdf{sf] 6f]nLn] k/fdz{ lbPsf] lyof] .

tL k|lt kf7\oqmd s"n !@ ;o k"0ff{ª\ssf 5g\ .

;f] kf7\oqmd sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 sIff !! /

!@ txdf k|fljlws hgzlQm tof/ x'g]5g\ . tL

hgzlQmn] 3/ hUuf gfKg], e"sDkk|lt/f]ws

;fwg h8fg ug{ ;Sg], ljB'tLo sfd tyf dd{t

ug{ ;Sg], kvf{nx?sf] k'gM lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg]

x'g]5g\ . of] wf/sf] lzIffn] d'n'sdf z}lIfs

a]/f]huf/sf] cGTo u/fpg tyf vf8L d'n'sdf

sfddf uPdf klg ;Lko'Qm lhDd]jf/Ldf a9L

kfl/>lds kfpg ;Sg]5g\ . lzIff P]g ;+zf]wgdf

l9nfO{ x'Fbf sIff ( b]lv !@ ;Dd dfWolds

lzIffsf] PsLs[t kf7\oqmd / k/LIff af]8{sf]

u7gdf cGof]n cfPsf a]nfdf ;+;bLo ;ldlt

/ lzIff dGqfnosf] lgb{]zgsf cfwf/df kl/ifb\n]

kf7\oqmdsf] vfsf sf]/]sf] xf] . sIff ( / !)

df k|fljlws ljifo -Pg]S;_ sfo{qmd ;~rfng

ug{] (( ;fd'bflos ljBfno 5g\ . cfufdL

;g\ @)@@ df g]kfnnfO{ ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf

:t/f]GgtL u/fpg] ;/sf/sf] nIonfO{ ;kmn

agfpg u'0f:t/Lo / ;a}sf nflu lzIff k"/f u/fpg]

cleofgdf gofF kf7\oqmd pbfx/0fLo x'g] ck]Iff

ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf l;k l;sfpbf klg

To;nfO{ ultnf] cyf{t Jojxf/Ls lzIffsf] ?kdf

lng ;lsG5 .

ljBfyL{nfO{ :j/f]huf/ / cfTdlge{/ u/fpg

k|fljlws lzIff lgs} e/kbf{] ljsNksf ?kdf

clxn] cuf8L a9L/x]sf] 5 . lj;+= @)#&

;fndf s0ff{nL k|fljlws lzIffno h'Dnfaf6

P;Pn;L pQL0f{ gePsfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fP/

k|fljlws P;Pn;Lsf] yfngL ePsf] lyof] .

kl5 ;L6LOeL6Ln] ;ftj6f ;+:yfaf6 k|fljlws

lzIff cWoog u/fof] . h;n] ubf{ o;sf] If]qn]

Jofkstf kfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] lzIff lng

lgoldt ?kdf ljBfno hfg' kb}{g\, ;/sf/ jf

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] ;+rfng ug]{ sfo{qmd jf

tflndjf6 klg lnbf k|ofKt x'g] ub{5 .

-n]vsM /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldltdf jl/i7 ;dfrf/bftf x'g'x'G5 ._

c?sf] h'g Jojxf/ cfkm'nfO{ dg kb}{g To:tf] Jojxf/ c?dfly klg ug'{x'“b}g .

– sGkm\o'l;o;



k|bLk Gof}kfg]pradipneupane137@gmail .com

o;o;/L jGg ;lsG5 L jGg ;lsG5 ;kmn pBdL

@)%^ ;fndf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt zfvf sfof{no kj{tjf6 l;k l;s]/ Joj;fo

z'? ug'{ePsf] 5 h;dfofF k'gn] . Kf|fs[lts /]zfhGo la¿jfsf af]qmfnfO{ k|zf]wg u/L cfDbfgL

ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] hfgsf/L kfPkl5 h;dfofFn] 3/]n'jf6 l;k l;s]/ dgUo cfDbfgL dfq ug'{ePg\,

cfkm'n] l;s]sf] l;knfO{ ;d'bfosf dlxnfnfO{ ;d]t afF8]/ oltj]nf ;kmn pBdLsf] ?kdf kl/lrt x'g

;kmn x'g'eof] . Kf|fs[lts /]zfhGo la¿jfsf af]qmfnfO{ k|zf]wg u/L agfOPsf j:t'af6 klg cfDbfgL

;xh ?kdf ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] pbf/0fsf ?kdf h;dfofF ;d'bfodf k|:t't ePkl5 pxfF;Fu} @) dlxnf

klg kj{tsf] ;fnLhfdf cNnf] tyf sk8f a'gfO{ pBf]u ;+rfng u/L cuf8L a9\g'eof] . h;sf sf/0f

oltj]nf zflnhf cNnf]sf] ?kdf kl/lrt jGg k'u]sf] 5 .

;fdfGo lzIff ;d]t lng g;Sg' ePsL h;dfofFsf] lhjgdf l;kn] 7'nf] kl/jt{g g} u/LlbPsf] 5 . Ps

xhf/ ?k}ofF kgL ufpFdf C0f kfpg ;d:of lyof], @)%& ;fn cuf8L t/, pBf]u ;+rfng ug]{ / pBdL

jGg] O{R5f hfu]kl5 dfq C0f k|fKt u/]sf] pxfFsf] cg'ej 5 . cfdf ;d'xjf6 @) xhf/ ?k}ofF C0f lnP/

z'? u/]sf] o; xDkn cNnf] tyf sk8f a'gfO{ pBf]un] !^ jif{sf] cjlwdf h;dfofFsf] cfDbfgLdf dfq

;'wf/ u/]sf] 5}g, /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6« :t/df ;d]t kl/lrt u/fpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . cNnf] ;DjlGw

o;/L jGg ;lsG5




tof/ ul/Psf] wfuf]af6 pBf]u sk8f lgdf{0f

ug{ ;lsG5 . To;df klg cNnf]sf] sk8fsf]

t emg} d'No / dxTj lbg k|ltlbg a9\b}

uPsf] 5 . o;/L tof/ u/]sf j:t' :jb]zL

;fy} cGt/fli6«o ahf/df ;d]t nf]slk|o

ag]sf 5g\ . k|fs[lts /]zfnfO{ k|zf]wg

ul/Psf] wfuf]af6 aGg] Sofk÷6f]kL, Hofs]6,

sf]6, 6«fph/, rKkn, h'Qf, lsrg rKkn,

Aofu, k;{÷jfn]6, Xof08 Aofu, :sfk,

¿dfn, 8f]/ Dof6, 6]an Dof6, tlsof vf]n,

;f]kmf÷uf8Ldf rflxg] ;L6sf se/nufotsf ;fdu|L jGb5 . pTkfbLt ;fdfgsf] ahf/ ljutdf wf}nfu/L

c+rn dfq lyof] t/, cxLn] :jb]zL ahf/ eGbf ljb]zL ahf/df dfu a9\bf] 5 . h;dfofFn] pTkfbg

u/]sf cNnf]sf j:t'x? hfkfg, cd]/Lsf, j]nfot, k|mfG;, lrg, ef/tsf ;fy} :jb]zL ahf/ sf7df8f}+,

kf]v/f, j'6jn, tgx'F /x]sf] 5 .

;fgf] nufgLaf6 k|fs[lts /]zfhGo j:t'af6 tof/ x'g] ;fdu|Ldfkm{t 3/]n' pBd yfn]sf w]/}sf]

h;dfofFsf] h:t} cfly{s cj:yfdf sfofkn6 dfq} ePsf] 5}g pgLx¿n] ;of}+sf] ;+Vofdf /f]huf/L

;d]t lbO/x]sf 5g\ . g v]tL ug'{k¥of], gt l;+rfO{, dnvfb / v8]/Ls} lrGtf . ufpFsf eL/kfvf,

jgh+undf ;lhn} pknAw x'g] /]zfhGo la¿jfsf nf]Qmf k|zf]wg u/]/ ag]sf] wfuf]af6 cfDbfgL x'g

yfn]kl5 kl5Nnf] ;dodf of] Joj;fo ug]{sf] ;+Vof a9]sf] kfOG5 . cNnf]sf] jf]6 ;fgf] l;:gf] h:t}

x'G5 . o;nfO{ oltj]nf t ;fd'bflos jgdf g} /f]lkg] u/]sf] 5 . cNnf] k|zf]wgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/

pBf]u dGqfnojf6 cfw'lgs d]l;g ;xof]u ePkl5 cNnf] pBdL h;dfofF dfq xf]O{g ;d'bfosf cGo

pBdLx? klg lgs} v'M;L x'g'ePsf 5g\ oltj]nf . o;sf] ;Dk'0f{ rfhf]kfFhf] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u

ljsf; ;ldlt / n3' pBd sfo{qmd -d]8]k_ n] u/]sf] 5 .

pBdL ;f]lgof k'gsf] Ps sf]7df tfg 5 . Tof] klg ef8fsf] 3/df . ;f]lgof k'gn] rf/ jif{ cuf8Lb]lv

lg/Gt/ ?kdf tfgjf6 sk8f agfpb} cfpg'ePsf] 5 kj{tsf] zb/d'sfd s':dfdf . jRrfnfO{ ljBfno

k7fP/ km';{bsf] ;dodf b}lgs ?kdf sfd ubf{ dfl;s !% b]vL @) xhf/ ?k}ofF cfDbfgL ub}{ cfPsf] / ;f]

/sdjf6 3/vr{ rNg] u/]sf] 5 oltj]nf ;f]lgofsf] . >Ldfg\ ljb]z a;]/ sdfPsf] k};fjf6 ltg cfgfsf]

38]/L lsGg'ePsf] 5 . Tof] klg !) jif{sf] ljb]zsf] cfDbfgLjf6 . >Ldfg\n] /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug{ g;s]kl5

cxLn] g]kfn jf]nfP/ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt kj{t sfof{nojf6 ;+rfng ePsf] 8«fO{leªu

tflnd l;Sb} x'g'x'G5, l;k kl5 b'j} hgf pBdL jg]/ :jb]zd} /fd|f] pBf]u ;+rfng u/L cuf8L a9\g]] O{R5f

5 ;f]lgofFdf . ;f]lgofF h:t} kj{tsf] zb/d'sfd s':dfdf Ps tfg ;+rfng ug]{ / zflnhfdf ;d'x dfkm{t

cNnf] k|zf]wgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ pBf]u dGqfnojf6 cfw'lgs d]l;g ;xof]u ePkl5 cNnf] pBdL h;dfofF dfq xf]O{g ;d'bfosf cGo pBdLx? klg lgs} v'M;L x'g'ePsf

5g\ oltj]nf . o;sf] ;Dk'0f{ rfhf]kfFhf] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt / n3' pBd

sfo{qmd -d]8]k_ n] u/]sf] 5 .



sfd ug]{ k|To]s dxLnfn]

dfl;s !% xhf/b]vL #)

xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd ;lhn};Fu

cfDbfgL ub}{ cfpg'ePsf] 5 .

h;dfofF / ;f]lgofsf] pBf]un]

k|ult ub}{ cfPkl5 oltj]nf

cNnf]sf] pBf]u ;+rfng ug]{

/ pBdL jGg]sf] ;+Vof XjfQ}

a9]sf] 5 . oltj]nf pgLx¿

gfd–bfd cfh{g;Fu} k/Dk/f–

;+:s[ltsf] ;Dj4{gdf klg

;kmn ePsf 5g\ . :yflgo

;|f]t ;fwgnfO{ k|of]u ubf{

g]kfnd} ;'g kmnfpg ;lsg]

w]/} ;Defjgf 5g\ . cNnf]sf]

k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/

pBf]u dGqfnon] cNnf] lbj; dgfPkl5 pBdLdf yk phf{ dLn]sf] 5 . o;n] dn'ssf] ;du| cfly{s

ljsf;sf] d]?b08sf] ?kdf /x]sf] n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux?sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ cfhsf] ckl/xfo{

cfjZostf /x]sf] zGb]z lbPsf] 5 . pknAw :yflgo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfng tyf /f]huf/ ;[hgfsf

cltl/Qm lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] If]qdf o:tf pBf]ux?n] dxTjk'0f{ e'ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf 5g\ . :jb]zL

snf, k/Dk/fsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g nufot lgof{tdf a[l4 tyf cfoft k|lt:yfkgdf n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf

pBf]ux?sf] dxTjk'0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .

:jb]zd} v]/ hfg] ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ clwstd ?kdf k|of]u ubf{ ;lhn};Fu cfly{s ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf s'6Ln pBf]u ;+rfngsf nflu nufgL cfjZos kb}g\ . s]jn xftdf l;kx'Fbf

k|ofKt x'G5 . pBdL jGg rfxg]sf nflu 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn]] lgMz'Ns ?kdf l;k

dfq lbb}}g pBdLnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ pks/0f klg k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . pBdLn] k|ljlw *) k|ltzt

5'6\df kfpg] ub{5g\ . ;fgf] nufgLjf6 pBf]u ;+rfng u/L nfvf} cfDbfgL ug]{ pBdLsf] ;+Vof d'n'se/

bh{gf} 5 . :yflgo :t/df /x]sf ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ k|of]u ubf{ pBf]u ;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . n3', 3/]n'

tyf ;fgf pBf]u ;+rfng ug]{ O{R5f ePdf cfk};Fu /sd cfjZos k5{ eGg] xf]O{g, To;sf nflu OR5f

zlQm g} 7'nf] s'/f xf] .

7'nf pBf]usf nflu cfjZos kg]{ sRrf kbfy{ ;fgf pBdLn] pTkfbg ub{5g\ . ;Lkd'n's tflndn]

h;dfofF / ;f]lgofsf] pBf]un] k|ult ub}{ cfPkl5 oltj]nf cNnf]sf] pBf]u ;+rfng ug]{ / pBdL jGg]sf] ;+Vof XjfQ} a9]sf] 5 . o:tf pBdLx? gfd–bfd cfh{g;Fu} k/Dk/f–;+:s[ltsf] ;Dj4{gdf klg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . :yflgo ;|f]t ;fwgnfO{ k|of]u ubf{ g]kfnd} ;'g kmnfpg ;lsg] w]/} ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .



a]/fhuf/LnfO{ ufpFd} /f]huf/L lbPsf], ;Lk gePsf o'jfnfO{ ;Lk l;sfPsf]], ljb]z hfg] o'jfnfO{

:jb]zdf sfd u/f}F u/f}F eGg] cj:yf l;h{gf u/fPsf pbfx/0fx? k|;:t} 5g\ . pBf]u u/L pBdL jGb}

k/lge{/ xf]O{g cfTdlge{/ jGg] sfo{df h'6\b} d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;df nfUg' cfjZos 5 . ;fgf]

nufgLjf6 klg w]/} cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf b'u{d, u|fld0f If]qsf hgtfdf r]tgf hufpg

cfjZos b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;kmn ePsf pBdLsf nflu yk pTk|]/0ff hufpg] sfo{qmdnfO{

yk lj:tf/ ub}{ lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsfz cxLn]sf] cfjZostf xf] .

-n]vs M 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf ;+rf/ clws[t x'g\'x'G5 ._

lr/:yfoL x'g rfxg]n] sfdklg To:t} ug'{k5{ .

– a]~hfldg k|mofª\slng




pmg vl/b ubf{ 7"nf] kl/df0fdf ljb]zL d'b|f aflxl/g] u/]sf] 5 . ;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] ljb]zL sRrfkbfy{

pmg cfoft u/L ljb]zdf un}+rf lgsf;L ubf{ lardf x'g] >dsf] d"Nodfq g]kfnn] kfpg] xf] . To;df

g]kfnL pmg k|of]u ug{ ;s]sf] eP pmg vl/b ubf{ ljb]lzg] 8n/ :jb]zdf g} /xg] lyof] .

g]kfndf pmg pTkfbg ug{sf nflu ;fdfGo k|of; eP klg kl/0ffdd'vL sfd x'g ;s]g . /fli6«o

cleofgsf ?kdf lxdfnL If]qdf 7"nf–7"nf kmfd{ vf]nL e]8fkfng u/L pmg pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{df

;/sf/n] rf;f] b]vfPg . 7"nf] dfqfdf /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g] / ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g x'g] If]qdf If]qdf

;/sf/sf] Wofg uPg . ;fdfGo k|of; eP klg pTkfbgd'vL sfd x'g ;s]g . ljb]zL pmg cfoft lg/Gt/

?kdf rln/x\of] .

g]kfnsf] e]8fkfng Joj;fo lgjf{xd'vL v]tLh:tf] x'g k'Uof] . cfkm\g} k|of]usf nflu :yfgLo:t/df

pkef]u x'g] /f8LkfvLsf] k|of]udf g} ;Lldt x'g k'Uof] . s:t'/Ln] cfkm\g} z/L/df ePsf] ;'uGw yfx

gkfP em}+ cfkm\g} b]zdf ;Dej x'g]

pmg pTkfbgdf Wofg hfg ;s]g .

pmg pTkfbgdf k/lge{/ g} /xg' k¥of] .

ca emg r/gsf] cefj, ;fd'bflos

jgn] e]8f r/fpg glbg] ePsfn]

e]8fkfng ug{ cem ;d:of kg]{

b]lvG5 .

g]kfnL un}+rf pBdLx¿n]

cfkm\gf] Joj;fo a9fpgsf nflu

j:t' ljljwLs/0f / b]z ljljwLs/0f

ub}{ uP . o'/f]k cd]l/sfsf ljleGg

b]zdf lgof{t x'g] g]kfnL un}+rfsf

kf/vLx¿sf] :jfb klg ljljwLs/0f x'Fb} uof] . xfn cfP/ un}+rf cfoftstf{x¿n] pmgL un}+rfsf

cltl/Qm k|fs[lts /]zfaf6 ag]sf un}+rfsf] dfu ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . k|fs[lts /]zfaf6 eg]h:tf] algG5

eg] hgfj/sf] pmgsf] un}+rf lsg vf]lh/xg] eg]/ un}+rfsf kf/vLx¿n] :jfb km]g{ yfn]sf 5g\ .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]g]{ xf] eg] klg k|fs[lts /]zfaf6 wfuf] pTkfbg u/L k|fs[lts /]zfaf6 wfuf] pTkfbg

u/L un}+rf pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] k|z:t ;Defjgfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts /]zfaf6 wfuf]

pTkfbg ug{ ;s] wfuf]sf] sRrfkbfy{ vl/b ubf{ aflxl/g] ljb]zL d'b|f klg art x'g]5 . k|fs[lts /]zfsf]

s'/f ubf{ cNnf], efª, l;:g', xfQLaf/ -s]t'sL_, s]/f, e'OFs6x/, yfsn, ;gkf6 cflbsf] /]zfaf6 wfuf]

pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .

pRr kxf8L If]qdf kfOg] cNnf]sf] wfuf] k/Dk/fut ?kdf klg k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] xf] . o;af6 ljleGg

g]kfnsf] e]8fkfng Joj;fo lgjf{xd'vL v]tLh:tf] x'g k'Uof] . cfkm\g} k|of]usf nflu :yfgLo:t/df pkef]u

x'g] /f8LkfvLsf] k|of]udf g} ;Lldt x'g k'Uof] . s:t'/Ln] cfkm\g} z/L/df ePsf] ;'uGw yfx gkfP em}+ cfkm\g} b]zdf ;Dej x'g] pmg pTkfbgdf Wofg hfg

;s]g . pmg pTkfbgdf k/lge{/ g} /xg' k¥of] . ca emg r/gsf] cefj, ;fd'bflos jgn] e]8f r/fpg

glbg] ePsfn] e]8fkfng ug{ cem ;d:of kg]{ b]lvG5 .



j:t' pTkfbg ug{

;lsG5 . o;sf] wfuf]

alnof] / cfsif{s

b]lvG5 . efªsf]

/]zfaf6 pTkfbg x'g]

wfuf] klg cNnf]

hlQs} cfsif{s /

alnof] x'G5 . b]zel/

pTkfbg x'g] / v]/

uO/xg] s]/fsf] yDaf

/ bfDrfaf6 klg

cfsif{s / g/d

wfuf] pTkfbg ug{

;lsG5 . e'OFs6x/sf]

kftsf] /]zfaf6 klg

g/d / alnof] wfuf]

pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .

cNnf], efª, s]/f / e'OFs6x/sf] /]zfaf6 cfsif{s, g/d / d;fOnf] un}+rf agfpg ;lsG5 . ;gkf6,

xfQLaf/ -s]t'sL_, / yfsnsf] /]zfaf6 klg cfsif{s / alnof] wfuf] aG5 . o;nfO{ klg cfjZostf

cg';f/sf] j:t' pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . k|s[lts /]zfaf6 un}+rfsf cltl/Qm cGo w]/} j:t'x¿ pTkfbg

eO/xsf 5g\ . tL pTkfbgnfO{ klg u'0f:t/Lotf lbg' h?/L 5 .

o;sf cltl/Qm cGo jg:ktLsf /]zfaf6 klg wfuf] pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . k|of]u u/]/ slxNo} g;lsg]

k|fs[lts /]zfaf6 wfuf] pTkfbg u/L To;af6 g]kfnL xftn] a'lgPsf un}+rf ljb]z lgof{t u/]/ 8n/

Nofpg ;s] rf]vf] ?kdf ljb]zL 8n/ lelqg] lyof] . o; sf/0f k|fs[lts /]zfsf] k|of]u g]kfnL un}+rf

pBf]udf j/bfg ;fljt x'g ;S5 eg] o;n] pmgsf] ljsNksf] ?kdf klg s]xL dfqfdf sfd ug{ ;S5 .

-n]vsM g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3df n]vf clws[t x'g'x'G5_

VoftL To:tf] Tofu xf]h'g slxNo} d]l6“b}g .

– k|]drGb




;Lk / k/Dk/fut Joj;fonfO{ ¿rL / rf;f] lbg]

ePsf sf/0f of] Joj;fo 5f]6f] ;dodf nf]slk|o

x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

u|fdL0f If]qdf xft]sfuh agfpg] k|ljlw, /]zfhGo

k|zf]wg, ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]u, cuf{lgs kmd{,

kz'kfng, s'v'/fkfng Joj;fo, 9fsf a'Gg]

tfg, kfgL3§, dgf]/d b[Zofjnf]sgsf ;fy}

:yfgLo d7dlGb/, b"Uw ;+sng cjnf]sgsf

;fy} ko{6sLo lty{:ynx¿sf] ToxfF k'Ug]

ko{6sx¿nfO{ dGqd'Uw agfpg] u/]sf sf/0f

xf]d:6]sf] nf]slk|otf a9\bf] ¿kdf 5 . kfl/jfl/s

jftfj/0fdf dgf]/~hg / cfltYo ;Tsf/sf] cg'ej

u/fpg] ePsf]n] xf]d:6] ko{6sx¿sf] klxnf] /f]hfO{

aGb} uPsf] 5 . xf]d:6] sfo{qmdnfO{ glhsaf6

a'‰g] / ToxLaf6 Joj;flostf vf]Hg ;Sg]x¿nfO{

cfDbfgLsf] ultnf] dfWod aGg ;Sg]df :yfgLo

;d'bfox¿ klg ljZj:t b]lvG5g\ . xf]d:6]n] ubf{

:yfgLo:t/df ljb]zL ko{6ssf] cfudg clxn]

a9\g yfn]sf] 5 eg] j}zfv !@ ut]sf] ljgfzsf/L

e"sDkl5 ko{6sx¿sf] cfudgdf cfPsf]

sdLaf6 ufpFnfO{ k'gM hLjGt lb+b} ko{6ssf]

cfudgdf a[l4 u/]sf] 5 .

5 jif{ cufl8 sfpn]kfgLdf xf]d:6] ;~rfng ubf{

clxn] h:tf] sdfO{ xf]nf eGg] sNkgf klg u/]sf

lyPgg\ ToxfFsf o'jfn] . ufpFdf /x]sf cl3Nnf]

k':tfsfsf a'9fa'9L, k|f}9b]lv o'jfo'jtL ldn]/

nfu]sf sf/0f clxn] kfx'gf 3/n] dfl;s cf};tdf

$) b]lv %) xhf/;Dd cfDbfgL ug]{ sfpn]kfgL

ko{6g ljsf; ;ldltsf cWoIf b]paxfb'/ u'¿n]

atfpg'eof] . sfpn]kfgL hfFbf a];Lzx/sf]

dgf]/d b[Zo, ufpFzx/ b/af/ / sflnsf dlGb/,

sfpn]kfgL b]jL dlGb/, !*) l8u|Lsf] cg'kd

sf]0faf6 cGgk"0f{, u0f]z, dgf:n', a'4 lxdfn,

lxdfnr'nL, 5\of] lxdfn, lxdn'ª, ndh'ª

lxdfnnufotsf ljleGg lxd>ª\vnfx¿sf]

cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] kfx'gfx¿ cfslif{t

x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .

xf]d:6] k|j4{g u/]/ Joj;flos ¿kd}

sfpn]kfgLnfO{ :yflkt ug]{ / ljb]lzPsf o'jfnfO{

ko{6g /f]huf/Ld} c8fpg] of]hgfdf cfkm'x¿

nfu]sf] cWoIf u'¿ªn] atfpg'eof] . ljb]z

uPsf o'jfx¿n] ufpFd} a;]/ cfDbfgL ug]{ rfxgf

/fVg yfn]sf] / s]xL o'jfx¿ tTsfn} kmls{g]

qmddf /x]sf] pxfFsf] egfO{ 5 .

pBf]udGqL gjLGb|/fh hf]zLn] :yfgLo:t/df

/x]sf k|8S6 / ko{6gnfO{ Ps cfk;df hf]8\g

;s] ;kmn x'g ;lsG5 eGg] pbfx/0f xf]d:6]n]

b]vfPsf] eGb} g]kfndf cToGt} ;Defjgf af]s]sf]

ko{6g Joj;fonfO{ ljsf; ug{sf nflu o;sf]

d]¿b08sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] xf]d:6]nfO{ k|j4{g / lbuf]

ljsf; ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+Nofpg'x'G5 .

ko{6sx¿nfO{ ¿rL nfUg] ljifo u|fdL0f

If]qdf Pp6f kl/jf/ s;/L /xG5 < k/Dk/f,

l/ltl/jfh, rngrNtL s:tf] /xG5 < eGg]

s'/f xf]d:6]sf] dfWodaf6 dfq ;Dej x'g] eGb}

ko{6snfO{ ;'ljwfeGbf klg efjgfaf6 hf]8\g'kg]{

pxfF atfpg' x'G5 .

pBf]u ;lrj z+s/k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] Joj;flos

IfdtfnfO{ Vofn ub}{ xf]d:6]sf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{

atfpFb} g]kfndf ko{6gsf nflu k|r'/ ;Defjgf

ePsf] eGb} pxfFn] !^ hgf ko{6s cfpFbf Ps

hgfnfO{ k"0f{ /f]huf/L k|fKt x'g] egfO{ /fVg'x'G5 .



xfdLn] 3/fo;L jftfj/0fdf a:g] Joj:yf

u/L xf]d:6] z'¿ u/]kl5 ljb]zL ko{6s cfpg

z'¿ ePsf] xf] . cWoIf u'¿ªsf cg';f/

:yfgLo vfgkfg afx]s ufpFdf u'¿ª

;d'bfon] cfÇgf ;+:s[lt / /xg;xgsf]

emNsf] lbg] ultljlwn] klg ko{6snfO{

nf]EofPsf] 5 . 3/ 3/df kfl/jfl/s

jftfj/0fdf /d]/ :yfgLo kl/sf/ vfg kfpg]

ePsf]n] oxfF cfpg] ko{6s /dfpg] u/]sf]

hfgsf/L lb+b} pxfFn] ljb]zL jf :jb]zL xf]6]n

/]i6'/]06sf] vfgf eGbf ufpFsf] tfhf pTkfbg

¿rfpg] ePsfn] xf]d:6]df cfpg] kfx'gfsf]

;+Vofdf a[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] atfpg'eof] .

:yfgLo:t/df xf]d:6]sf] s'g} btf{ k|fjwfg

gx'Fbfb]lv g} of] Joj;fodf xf]ldPsL n]vgfy

sf:sL kre}ofsL lgdf yfkfdu/ klg of]

Joj;foaf6 pT;fxL x'g'x'G5 . gt hflu/sf] tgfj

gt cGo Joj;fosf] g} . 3/d} :yfgLo:t/df

pknAw x'g] s'/fnfO{ xf]d:6]df cfpg] kfx'gfx¿nfO{

k:s]]/ dfl;s &) xhf/ cf/fdn] sdfO{ x'g]

u/]sf] cg'ej 5 . b'O{tkm{ a]ugf; / ¿kf tfn

clg lxdfn v'n]sf a]nfdf b]lvg] b[Zon] b'O{

tLg lbgsf nflu cfpg] ko{6sn] cfÇgf] a;fO{

g} Ps ;ftf;Dd nDAofpg] u/]sf] pxfFn] hfgsf/L

lbg'eof] . Ps k6s cfPsf] kfx'gf k'gM bf]xf]¥ofP/

cfpg] / c¿nfO{ klg k7fpg] u/]s} cfwf/df

xf]d:6] rn]sf] pxfFsf] egfO{ 5 . cfGtl/s ;fy}

hfkfg, rfOgf, a]lNhod, hd{gLnufot gfd}

g;'g]sf b]zx¿af6 klg k|z:t} kfx'gf cfpg]

u/]sf] atfpg] du/ k|fo hf8f] dlxgfdf xf]d:6]sf]

l;hg ;'¿ x'g] ePklg Kofs]hsf ¿kdf jif{e/L

g} kfx'gfx¿sf] cfudg x'g] ub{5 .

sfe|]l:yt kfTn]v]t uflj;sf @@ kl/jf/nfO{

xf]d:6] s]] xf] eGg] g} yfxf lyPg . uflj;df

ljBfno, jfof]UofF;, zf}rfno, ;fd'bflos ejg

agfpFb} cfPsf] nalu|g g]kfn ;+:yfsf] ;Nnfxdf

kfx'gf kfNg] sfo{qmddf ufpFsf !& 3/w'/Lsf]

;Nnfxaf6 @)^& ;fndf xf]d:6] ;~rfngdf

cfof] . cf]eLcf]kL sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]u kZrft

;a} ;~rfnsx¿nfO{ cltly ;Tsf/, vfgfsf]

kl/sf/ agfpg] tflnd, xf]d:6]sf kfx'gfnfO{

:jfut ;Tsf/ ug{ d]r ;xof]u k|fKtL / cfw'lgs

zf}rfno ag]kl5 xf]d:6] ;~rfnsx¿df yk

xf};nf k|fKt ePsf] kfTn]v]t ;fd'bflos xf]d:6]

Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf s]za a8fnn]

atfpg'eof] .

lj:tf/} kfx'gfx¿sf] cfudgdf a[l4

eO/x]sf] hfgsf/L lb+b} pxfFn] cfGtl/s eGbf afXo

ko{6sx¿nfO{ :jfut ug{ kfpFbf ufpFn] pT;fxL

x'g] u/]sf] ;'gfpg'x'G5 . ;'of]{bo glhs} b]lvg],

h'un, u0f]z, :ofS;' km'jf{, uf}/Lz+s/nufotsf



nfdf] b'/Ldf lxdfnL b[Zo b]Vg ;lsg], kfFrvfn

pkTosf, k|l;4 ltdfn 8fF8f, ;}n'ª8fF8f,

l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf dgf]/d b[Zofjnf]sgsf ;fy}

:yfgLo d7dlGb/, cuf{lgs kmd{, kz'kfng,

s'v'/fkfng Joj;fo, b"Uw ;+sng cjnf]sgsf

;fy} ko{6sLo lty{:yn gdf]a'4sf] ofqfn] ToxfF

k'Ug] ko{6sx¿nfO{ dGqd'Uw agfpg] u/]sf] cWoIf

a8fnn] atfpg'eof] .

kl5Nnf] ;do xf]d:6] cyf{t\ 3/af; sfo{qmddf

;/sf/L lgsfoaf6} ;xof]u a9\g yfn]kl5 xf]d:6]

;~rfng ug]{x¿;d]t a9\g yfn]sf 5g\ . u|fdL0f

ljsf;sf nflu xf]d:6]sf] cjwf/0ffn] gofF

:jfbsf] ko{6gsf] ljsf; ul/lbPsf] 5 .

:yfgLo ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] dxTjsf ;fy k|of]u

tyf ltgsf] plrt kl/rfng ub}{ ;du| ufpFsf]

ljsf;sf nflu xf]d:6] clxn] sf];]9'+uf g} ;fljt

x'g yfn]sf] 5 .

xf]d:6]n] Psflt/ :yfgLo efiff, snf, ;+:s[lt,

e]ife"iffsf] ;+/If0f x'g] csf]{lt/

ufpFd} :j/f]huf/sf] cj;/ v'Ng]

x'Fbf u|fdL0f ko{6g ljsf; -xf]d:6]_

df u|fdL0f e]usf] hgtfsf] cle¿lr

a9\g yfn]sf] xf] . xf]d:6] ;~rfng

sfo{ljlw @)^& n] u|fdL0f If]qsf]

;d'lrt ljsf;sf lglDt ufpFd}

ls;fgn] Jojl:yt ¿kdf xf]d:6]

;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf]

5 . :yfgLo /Lltl/jfh, ;+:sf/ /

rfnrngsf] cg'e"lt ufpFdf cfpg]

cfGtl/s tyf afXo ko{6snfO{

u/fpg] / dgf]/~hgsf nflu cfjZos

k|fjwfg sfod ug]{ kl/sNkgf sfo{ljlwdf

ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]xL cg';f/ clxn] u|fdL0f If]qdf

xf]d:6] wdfwd ;~rfngdf 5g\ .

s[lif dGqfnosf pk;lrj nfns'df/

>]i7n] Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmdaf6

sfpn]kfgLnufotsf b]zsf ljleGg

If]qdf ;~rflnt xf]d:6]af6 ;dfhdf ;sf/fTds

kl/jt{g b]lvPsf] atfpg'x'G5 . pxfFn] cfufdL

lbgdf xf]d:6] Joj:yfkgsf nflu s[lif If]qdf

hf]8 lbg]ul/ sfo{qmd agfOg] atfpg'eof] .

/fli6«o of]hgf cof]usf sfo{qmd clws[t

wgGhos'df/ zfxn] xf]d:6] ndh'ª u|fdL0f

ko{6gsf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf af]s]sf] lhNnf /x]sf]

cfkm'n] kfPsf] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] u|fdL0f ko{6g

ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/sf] ;xof]u / ;fy /xg'kg]{

atfpg'eof] .

-n]vs uf]/vfkq b}lgssf ;dfrf/bftf x'g'x'G5 . _



wflbÍ 3/ eO{ xfn sf7df8f}+sf] dgd}h'df a:b} cfPsL $^ jlif{o a;' tfdfÍ ;8sdf afn'jf rfNb}

pBdL ag]sL 5g\ . h]gt]g u/L % xhf/ hDdf u/]/ pBf]u ;+rfng u/]sL a;' dfof tfdfÍ clxn] jfifL{s

!*.!( nfv cfDbfgL ub{} cfPsL 5g\ . Ps l8Jjf crf/nfO{ ! ;o *) ?k}Fofdf ljqmL ub{} cfPsL 5g\ .

;fg} pd]/ b]lv sfd k|lt w]/} g} rfv /fVg] pgL cfdfafj'sf] x/]s sfddf xft a9fpg] uly{g . a;'

3/kl/jf/sL h]7L 5f]/L klg x'g . pgsf # j6f efO{ 5g\ . :s'n k9\g hfFbf ufpFsf pkNnf] hftLsf

dflg;x?n] tNnf] hftsf] dfG5]n] klg :s'n k9\g] eGb} x]Kg] / hftsf] gfd lnP/ gfgf y/L eg]/ ufnL

ug{] yfn]kl5 ufpFaf6 lbSs eP/ ;fg} pd]/df sf7df8f}+ cfpFg' k/]sf] pgL ;'gfpFl5g\ . a'jf ef/tLo cfdL{

lyP . kl/jf/df vfg nfpg vf;} ;d:of eg] lyPg . ufpFdf tNnf] hftsf] eGb} x]Kg yfn]kl5 afWo

eP/ a'jfn] ef/tsf] cfdL{ hfuL/ 5f]8]/ @)#% ;fndf wflbÍsf] ufpF 5f]8]/ sf7df8f}+sf] ;f]/v'§]df

xf]6]n vf]n]/ a;]sf] pgL ;'gfpFl5g\ . pgL cufl8 eG5Lg\, wflbÍ ufpF 5f]8]/ sf7df8f}+ cfpFbf sIff @

dlxnf pBdLsf] syf

sf}lznf s'“j/



df cWoog ub{} lyP . Tof] ;dodf cfkm' !) jif{sL lyFP . sf7df8f}+sf] ;f]/v'§] a:g yfn] kl5 pgn]

;f]/v'§]s} l;l4u0f]z :s'naf6 !) sIff kf; u/]sf] atfpFl5g\ . ;fg} pd]/ ePklg a'jfn] xf]6]n ;+rfng

ug{ yfn]kl5 cfkm' a'jf cfdf;+u xf]6]nsf] ;a} sfddf ;3fpg] uy]{ . xf]6]ndf ljxfg lrof ksfpg] b]lv

k;naf6 b'w Nofpg] / xf]6]ndf cfPsf u|fxsx?n] lrof, vfgf vfPsf ef8f ;d]t dfem]/ :s'n k9\g

hfg] u/]sf] atfpFl5g\ . xf]6]ns} sfddf cfdfjfnfO{ /ftsf] !! ah] ;Dddf ;3fpg] To;kl5 :s'nsf]

u[xsfo{ ub{} :s'n hLjg latfPsf] pgn] ;'gfOg\ . xf]6]ndf lbg e/L sfd u/]/ ysfO nflu ;s]sf]

x'GYof] t/ d ysfO lgGb|f nfu]klg :s'nsf] u[xsfo{ u/]/ dfq ;'Tg] uy{] . xf]6]nsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd ;s]/

:s'nsf] u[xsfo{ ug{' pgsf] b}lgsL lyof] . o:t} ljleGg ;+3if{ ub{} cfP/ clxn] Ps dlxnf pBdLsf]

?kdf lrlgg ;kmn ePsf] pgL atfpFl5g\ . xf] ;+3if{ g} ;kmntf xf] eGg] egfO a;' tfdfÍn] l;4 u/]sL

5g\ . nfdf] ;+3if{ kl5 a;' tfdfÍ Ps dlxnf pBdLsf] ?kdf lrlgg yfn]sL x'g . p;f] t pgL] ;fdfGo

;+3if{n] of] :yfgdf cfOk'u]sL xf]Ogg\ . pgn] of] :yfgdf cfOk'Ug o:tf w]/} cGo ;+3if{ ug{' k¥of] . pgsf

tLg efO ;fg} lyP pgL :s'n k9\b} ubf{ aLrdf sf/0fa; pgsf a'jfsf] d[To eof] . pgL a'jfsf] d[To

x'Fbf !) sIffdf k9\b} lyOg\ . a'jf ljt]kl5 ca pgnfO{ a'jfsf] lhDd]jf/L klg sfFwdf ylkof] . 3/sL

h]l7 5f]/L ePsf] x'Fbf pgnfO{ tLg efO / cfdfsf] lhDd]jf/L pgsf] sfFwdf cfOk'Uof] . ;fg} pd]/df a'jfn]

7'nf] lhDd]jf/L 5f]8]/ uPklg pgL lg/f; eg] eOgg\ . efOx?nfO{ klg cfk'm;+u k9fpg yfnLg\ . a'jfn]

5f]8]/ uPkl5 h]7f] 5f]/fs} h:tf] u/L cfkm'df cfPsf] ;a} lhDd]jf/L /fd|};+u lgefPsf] pgL ;'gfpl5g\ .

xf]6]nsf] sfd b]lv lnP/ :s'n k9\g] pgn] ;+u;+u} u/Lg\ . pgL elG5g\, cfk\mgf] cfjZostf k'/f ug{'

5 eg] sfd 7'nf] ;fgf] x'b}g\ . a''jf ef/tLo cfdL{ ePsf sf/0f xf]6]ndf w]/} h:tf] ljb]zL nfx'/] cfpg]

uy{] .xf]6]ndf vfgf vfg cfPsfx?n] d}n] sfd u/]sf] b]v]/ dfof u/]/ %.!) ?k}Fof rSn]6 vfp eGb}

a'jfn] 5f]8]/ uPkl5 h]7f] 5f]/fs} h:tf] u/L cfkm'df cfPsf] ;a} lhDd]jf/L /fd|};+u lgefPsf] pgL ;'gfpl5g\ . xf]6]nsf] sfd b]lv lnP/ :s'n k9\g] pgn] ;+u;+u} u/Lg\ . pgL elG5g\, cfk\mgf] cfjZostf k'/f ug{' 5 eg] sfd 7'nf] ;fgf] x'b}g\ . a''jf ef/tLo cfdL{ ePsf sf/0f xf]6]ndf w]/} h:tf] ljb]zL nfx'/] cfpg] uy{] . xf]6]ndf vfgf vfg cfPsfx?n] d}n] sfd u/]sf] b]v]/ dfof u/]/ %.!) ?k}Fof rSn]6 vfp eGb} lbPsf] ;DemLG5g\ pgL . cfkm' v'zL eP/ cem} /fd|f] sfd ug{] u/]sf] atfpFl5g\ .



lbPsf] ;DemLG5g\ pgL . cfkm' v'zL eP/ cem} /fd|f] sfd ug{] u/]sf] atfpFl5g\ .

hLjgdf ;kmn / v';L x'g hf] sf]xLn] klg cfcfk\mgf] If]qdf ;+3if{ ug{} k5{ . d cfh b]lv xf]Og &.*

sIff x'Fbf :s'ndf Ps dlxgfsf] hf8f] ljbfdf ljxfg a]n'sL xf]6]ndf ;xof]u ug{] clg lbp;f] cGo

7fpFdf sfd ug{ hfg] uy{] . hf8f] ljbfdf ;f]/v'§] ksgfhf]n l:yt dª{\:ofbL xf]lho/L df]hf pBf]udf

df]hf k6\ofpg] sfd uy{] . df]hf k6\ofPsf] pBf]un] dlxgfdf $ ;o %) ?k}Fof lbg] u/]sf] lyof] . xfn

;f] pBf]u aGb eO;s]sf] 5 . oltdfq geP/ rvf{ sf]g{] sfd klg u/Lof] . % lbgdf Ps s]hL wfuf]

sf]l/GYof] / Ps s]hLsf] rvf{ wfuf]af6 hDdf !& ?k}Fof lbGYof] .of] s'/f @)$* ;fn lt/sf] xf] .To;kl5

ljrdf a'jf ljt] kl5 3/ rnfpg ;d:of x'g] yfn]kl5 sf]6]Zj/df 3/ lgdf{0fsf] nflu afn'jf rfNg]

sfd ;d]t u/]sf] atfOg\. Tof] ;do clxn]sf] h:tf] lyPg ljxfg ( b]lv a]n'sf % ah]];Dd afn'jf

rfn]sf] lbgdf ! ;o ?k}Fof dfq lbGYof] .o:tf sfdx? ub{} k9\g] sfd klg ;+u} cufl8 a9fPsf] pgn]

atfOg\ . kßd\ sGofSofk; afuahf/af6 cfO=P= kf; u/]/ k9fO 5f]8]sf] pgL cfkm}n] ;'gfOg\ . k9fO

5f]8]kl5 cGt/hftLo ljx] u/Lg t/ ljx] ;kmn x'g ;s]g . cfk'm tNnf] hftsf] ePsf] x'Fbf dflyNnf]

hftsf] s]6fsf] kl/jf/n] a:g glbPkl5 3/ 5f]8]/ lx8\g' k/]sf] b'v];f] kf]vLg\ . cGt/hftLo ePklg

;'?df eg] /fd|f] ePsf] / b'O{ j6f 5f]/f ;d]t ePsf] atfpFl5g\ . 3/ 5f]8]/ cfPklg pgn] 5f]/fsf] ;'/Iffsf]

nflu cbfntdf dfgfrfdn d'2f ;d]t xfn]sf] t/ cbfntdf d'2f xfNbf s]6fsf] 3/af6 gfgf y/L

ufnL a]OHhlt ug{ yfn]kl5 cfk'mn] d'2f klg lkmtf{ lng' k/]sf] b'v ;'gfpFl5g\ . d}n] h] h:tf] ePklg



lhGbuL;+u xf/ vfOg\, sfd u5{' 5f]/f kfn]/ b]vfpF5' eGb} ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, lghL

sfo{nosf ;d]t 9f]sf 9s9SofP . t/ cfk'mn] s'g} 7fpFdf /f]huf/L kfOg . lg/f; geO{ cGo ljsNk

vf]Hg yfn] . yfxf lyof] cfk'm 3/sf] h]l7 5f]/L / a'jfn] 5f]8]/ hfg' ePsf] 5, cfk'm lg/f; x'Fbf efOx?df

c;/ k5{ eGg] 7fgL b'Mv kL8f ;xb} ljleGg ljsNkaf6 3/ rnfpg yfn] . @)%* ;fn lt/sf] s'/f xf]

l5d]sL lbbL]af6 d}gaQL agfpg] sfd l;s]/ d}gaQL agfP/ 3/, 3/ k;n ,k;ndf uP/ Jofkf/ u/]sf]

;d]t atfOg\ . of] sfd ubf{ w]/} g} b'Mv kfPsf] ;'gfOg\ . k;n k;n uP/ Jofkf/ ug{] ePsfn] dfG5]x?

glnlbg] / /fd|f] 5}g eGg] ubf{ ;fdfg ljlqm gx'g] 7fpF 7fpFdf 8'n]/ Jofkf/ ug{' kbf{ Jofkf/ gx'Fbf ;fFem

?g' k/]sf] cj:yf ;lDemG5g\ .

To:t}Ps lbg af6f]df lx8\bf ;8sdf 7]nfuf8fdf vfhf a]r]sf] b]v]kl5 cfk'mn] klg $) xhf/df

kl5 k};f lbG5' eGb} s]lx k};f lbP/ 7]nf uf8fdf dd, rk, ;]s'jf ;;]h cfn' k|mfO{ nufotsf] vfhf

a]Rgyfn] . To;df klg

vf;} kmfObf gx'''g], w]/}

ple/xg' kg{] ePsfn]

9f8 b'Vg] ;d:of

cfPkl5 5 dlxgfd}

Tof] sfd klg aGb ug{'

k¥of] . kl5 s]lx gePkl5

3/kl/jf/ efOx?sf]

;Nnfx cg';f/ l6d'/sf]

5f]k agfpg] sfd ;'?

u/]sf] atfOg\ . ;'?df

pgn] 3/d} cfk\mGtx?sf]

nflu / cf;kf; lrg]sfx?sf] nflu agfPsf] / lj:tf/} w]/}n] dg k/fpg yfn] kl5 c8{/ lnP/ c8{/

cg';f/ agfPsf] atfOg\ . lj:tf/} Jofkf/ a9\g yfn] kl5 pgn] @)^( ;fndf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]udf

g]kfnL dg l6d'/ 5f]k crf/ gfds pBf]u btf{ u/]sf] atfOg\ . l6d'/sf] 5f]ksf ;fy ;fy} l;GsL e6\df;

u'Gb'|s nufotsf 3/]n' crf/ klg agfpg] u/]sf] atfpFl5g . crf/ agfpg s'g} tflnd glnP/ cfk\mg}

l;k / t/Lsfaf6 crf/ agfpg ;'? u/]sf] atfOg\ . crf/nfO{ ahf/df s;/L lng] / Jofkf/ ug{]] snf

eg] ljleGg ;+:yfaf6 tflnd lng] u/]sf] atfOg\ . Jofkf/ ug{] snf l;Sg g]kfn dlxnf pBf]u ;+3sL

;b:o aGbf ;f] cj;/ kfPsf] atfOg\ . clxn] g]kfnL ahf/df eGbf ljb]zdf hfg] u/]sf] 5 . ljb]zL

ahf/df dfl;s ?kdf @ xhf/ @% ;o 8LJjf crf/ hfg] u/]sf] / g]kfnL ahf/df !% ;o 8LJjf hfg]

u/]sf] atfpFl5g\ . clxn] pgn] dfl;s ^ xhf/ ?k}Fof tnadf !% hgf ;xof]uL sd{rf/L ;d]t /fv]sL

5g\ . clxn] pgL;+u tLg j6f 5f]/f / b'O{ j6L 5f]/L 5g\ . clxn] 5f]/f 5f]/Ln] k9g'sf] ;fy ;fy} sfd klg



;xof]u ug{] u/]sf] atfpFl5g .

pgn] 5f]/fx?nfO{ klg

/fd|f] :s'ndf k9fPsL 5g\ .

;fy} pgn] k9fPsf efOx?

cd]/Lsf / hfkfgdf j:b}

cfPsf 5g\ .

pgL cufl8 elG5g\, d}n] of]

crf/sf] pBf]usf] ;'?jft

% xhf/df u/]sL x'F clxn]

d jif{df !*.!( nfv gfkmf

sdfpF5' .;a}sf] hLjgdf

w]/} r'gf}tL cfpF5g\ t/

lt r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf

ug'{k5{ . ;+3if{ g} xfd|f]

hLjgsf] ;kmntf xf] . d Ps dlxnf x'F ,d ug{ ;S5' eg] d h:tf w]/} dlxnf lbbL alxgLx?n] ug{ ;Sg'

x'G5 . hf] sf]xLn] klg ;+3if{ u/]/ dfq hLjg ;kmn agfpg] xf], hLjgdf ;+3if{ g} u/]g eg] s;}n] klg

;kmntf xft kfg{ ;Sb}g\ . b'Mv ;'v x/]ssf] hLjgdf cfpF5 b'v kbf{ xfdL]n] w}o{ u/]/ cl3 a9\g' k5{ .

ha wg af]Ng yfN5;To df}g x'G5 .

– z]S;kLo/



g]kfndf kfOg] afF; ;DaGwLPs ljj]rgf

s[i0f ch'{g aflgof

xfd|f] b]z g]kfnsf] kxf8,

t/fO{ / pkTosfdf afF; oy]i7

dfqfdf kfOG5 . o:tf vfnsf

sRrf kbfy{x/sf] xfd|f]

b]z 7'nf] e08f/ xf] . ljljw

tl/sfn] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;s]d

xfdL 5f]6f] ;dod} logaf6

aGg] kmlg{r/df cfTdlge{/

x'g;Sb5f} . u|fdL0f hgtfn]

o:tf k|sf/sf] sRrfdfnaf6

8f]sf], 8fnf], gfDnf] vk{g,

lrqf], dfGb|f], y'Gr] h:tf

;fdfgx¿ dfq agfPsf] kfOG5 . o; k|sf/sf] sRrfdfnnfO{ cfw'lgstf lbO{ 6]a'n, d]r, b/fh, ¥ofs,

knª, Nofd;]8 h:tf w]/} k|sf/sf cfw'lgs ;fdfgx/ agfpg ;lsG5 . o;}n] o:tf sRrfdfnx¿nfO{

n3' tyf 3/]n' pBf]u4f/f pko'Qm k|ljlw lbg ;s]df b]zsf] cfly{ :t/df 7'nf] 6]jf ldNg'sf] ;fy}

a]/fhuf/L h:tf hl6n;d:of xn e} xfd|f] lgw{gtf qmd};+u x6]/ hfg] 5 . o;/L cfw'lgs tl/sfaf6

n3' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf; ub}{ nu]df ltgaf6 ag]sf] dfn;fdfgx¿sf] vkt :jb]zdf dfq

l;ldt ge} ljb]zdf ;d]t lgof{t ug{ ;lsg]5 .

afF; af6 aGg] j:t'sf] pBf]u vf]nL sfd ug{ gt 7"nf wg/f;L g} rflxG5 , gt 7"nf] ;+u7gs} h?/L

5 . o; sfdsf] nflu vfnL cfÇgf] d]xgt / lzk eP k'Ub5 . of] 3/ 3/df vf]Ng ;lsg] s'l6/ pBf]u

xf] . o;}n] yf]/} k"FhL >daf6 klg of] Joj;fo ;kmntf k"j{ rnfO{ k|z:t dfqfdf nfe p7fpg ;lsG5 .

afF;hGo ag:kltx¿df >fj0f dlxgf b]lv df3 ;Dd k[YjLsf] kfgL ;f]l;b} hfG5 . >Lk+rdL b]lv gfu

k+rdL ;Dd j]tafF; tyf cGo ag:kltdf kfgL /xG5 , ;aeGbf sd kfgL /xg] df};d sflt{s b]lv k'if

k|ljlw



;Dd kb{5 . o; df};ddf sfl6Psf] afF; clt c;n / l6sfp x'G5 .

af“; Mo"/f]k / PG6fl6{sf dxfb]z afx]s afF; ;+;f/sf] ;j} b]zdf s]lx g s]lx dfqfdf kfOG5 . sf7 h:t}

alnfof] tyf leq vf]qmf] x'g] afF;sf] hftL k|hftL ;d'Gb| ;tx b]lv !) xhf/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf kfOG5 .

of] ag:klt !#) lkm6 ;Dd prfOsf] / ! km'6 ;Dd Jof;sf] x'G5 .

afF; Hofb} l56f] a9\5 / # dlxgfdf cfÇgf] k'/f prfOdf k'lu ;Sb5 . afF; @* b]lv $) jif{ kl5 k'mNb5

/ km'n] kl5 o;sf] emfFu db{5 . t/ hldg d'lgsf emfFu lhjLt ePdf km]l/ knfpb5 . afF;sf] tfdf

cldnf] kf/L t/sf/L vfOG5 . 3/ agfpFbf sf7sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{, e"Ifo /f]Sg, ;+uLtsf] ;fwg agfpg,

s]6fs]6Lsf] v]nf}gf agfpg b]lv lnP/ 3/do;L k|of]uf ;fdfg 8f]sf], 8fnf], gfªnf], ¥of ;d]t agfOG5 .

c+z'adf{f] /fHosfnsf] ;dodf cfOdfO{n] afF;af6 lgdL{t uxgfx¿ nufpg] rng ePsf] s'/f P]ltxfl;s

n]vaf6 yfxf kfO{G5 . xfdL g]kfnLx¿sf] nflu t afF; hGd b]lv d/0f ;Dd ljleGg ;f+:s[lts rf8

kj{df ljljw ?kdf ;d]t afF;sf] k|of]u clgjfo{ ul/G5 . afF;nfO{ /fd|f] c;n / a9L l6sfp agfpgsf]

nflu sf6\g] ;do b]lv lnP/ pkrf/ ljlwdf ;d]t Wofg lbg' kb{5 . sflt{s b]lv d+;L/ dlxgf ;Dd

sf6]sf] afF; /fd|f] x'G5 t/ klg c;f]h b]lv r}t dlxgf ;Dd klg afF; sf6L k|of]u ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 .

pNn]lvt dlxgf dWo]df klg cf}l;sf] /ft cyjf s[i0f kIfdf sfl6Pf] afF;sf] ls/f nfUb}g eGg] s'/f

;DalGwt pBf]uklt, Jofkf/L tyf k|of]u stf{x¿ atfpFb5g\ . k/Dk/fut tl/sf cg';f/ l;hlgª ubf{

cfjZostf cg';f/sf] ;fOhdf sfl6Psf] afF;nfO{ !) lbg ;Dd kfgLdf 8'afO{ /fVg] / Tolt g} ;do lz

kg]{ 7fpFdf /fVg] To;kl5 w'jf nfUg] 7fpFdf /flv l;hlgª ubf{ alnfof] tyf ls/f gnfUg] x'G5 . afF;nfO{

cfw'lgs tl/sfaf6 l;hlgª ul/ ls/f nfUgaf6 arfpg cfjZostf cg';f/ 6'qmf kf/L sk/ ;Nkm]6,

l6d'/, g'g , ;'lt{sf] emf]n, sfi6Ls ;f]8f, ;f]l8od l;lnsf]6, xfO8«f]hg k]/fS;fO8 cflb /f;folgs

kbfy{ cfjZostf cg';f/ kfgLdf /fvL afF;nfO{ #) ldg]6 ;Dd pdfNg] jf !* 306f ;Dd 8'afO{ /fVg]

To;kl5 ;kmf kfgLdf kvfn]/ 3fddf ;'sfO{ :6f]/]h ul/ cfjZotf cg';f/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L

/f;folgs kbfy{af6 l;hlgª ubf{ klg afF;df ls/f nfUb}g .

k|flrgsfn b]lv cfw'lgs o'udf ;d]t g]kfnLx¿sf] hghLjgsf] cleGg c+usf] ?kdf dfGotf kfpb}

cfO{ /x]sf] 5 . afF; cfhsfn kmlg{r/sf] ;fdfg, v]nf}gfx¿, lrqx¿ tyf cg]s k|sf/sf] ;hfj6sf

;fdfg agfpg 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]udf k|of]u e}/x]sf]5 . afF;af6 ag]sf] kmlg{r/ ;:tf], alnof], xNsf

cfsif{s x'gfn] zx/ tyf ufpFsf dflg; cfslif{t x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . a+znf]rg eGg] cfo'j]lb{s cf}ifwL

afF;af6 g} agfOG5 . of] Hofb} pkof]uL x'G5 . ag h+unsf] lagf; ePsf] sf/0f sf7sf kmlg{r/ dx+uf]

ePfsf] cfhsf] cj:yfdf afF;sf] kmlg{r/ k|of]u ug'{ cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t nfek|b 5 .



af“;sf] k|sf/ M xfd|f] b]zsf] t/fO{, pkTosf, kxf8df xfjfkfgLsf] ljljwtf cg';f/ ljleGg k|sf/sf afF;x¿ kfOG5g\ . ltgLx¿ dWo] d'Vo d'Vo lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\ M–

!= efn' afF; M of] afF; %% b]lv ^) lkm6 ;Dd nfdf] / Jof; ! km'6 ;Dd x'G5 . kxf8 / pkTosfdf of] afF; kfOG5 . xfd|f] b]zdf of] afF;af6 Kofª, kfyL, dfgf, ls:tL h:tf ;fdfg agfpg / 3/ uf]7 5fk|fx¿ agfpgdf k|of]u ul/G5 .

@= wg'afF; M vf;u/L kxf8L e]udf / pkTosfdf of] afF; k|;:t dfqfdf kfOG5 . of] afF;sf] Jof; # b]lv ^ OGr ;Dd nDafO{ #) b]lv &% lkm6 ;Ddsf] x'G5 . o;sf] 8f]sf], 8fnf], b]lv lnP/ cfw'lgs dfn;fdfgx¿ agfpg k|of]u x'G5 .

#= tfdf afF; M xfd|f] kxf8L e]udf / pkTosfdf kfOg] of] afF;sf] df]6fO{ wg'afF; ;/x eP klg prfO{ eg] s]lx sd g} ePsf] kfOG5 . of] afF;sf] tfdf c? afF;sf] t'ngfdf ld7f] / :jflb:6 x'g] x'Fbf tfdf agfpg] sfddf clws dfqfdf k|of]u x'G5 . of] afF; c? eGbf g/d x'G5 . To;}n] o; afF; rf]of agfpg / ;hfj6f ;–;fgf cfw'lgs ;fdfg agfpg clws dfqfdf k|of]u ul/G5 .

$= s6 afF; M g]kfnsf] t/fO{ e]u tyf udL{ If]qdf kfOg] of] afF;f] vf]qmf] kg Hofb} ;fgf] x'g] x'Fbf Hofb} alnof] x'G5 . o;sf] Jof; a9Ldf # OGr ;Ddsf] kfOG5 . nDafO{ eg] !) b]lv @@ lkm6 ;Ddsf] x'G5 . of] afF;sf] k|of]u 5ftfsf] lj8 tyf n7\7L agfpgdf ljz]if ul/ k|of]u x'G5 .

%= d'/nL afF; M of] afF; km]b b]lv 6'Kkf ;Dd ;'n'Tt k/]/ uPsf] x'G5 . km]b b]lv 6'Kkf ;Dd x]bf{ Psgf;sf] b]lvg] of] afF;sf] df]6fO{ @=% OGr / nDafO{ !% b]lv @) lkm6 ;Ddsf] kfOG5 . of] afF; klg t/fO{ If]qdf kfOG5 . of] afF; leq vf]qmf] / kftnf] x'G5 . o;af6 d'/nL, afF;'/L agfpg] klg lrlgG5 .

^= tf? afF; M xfd|f] b]zsf] kxf8L tyf pkTosf If]qdf kfOg] of] afF;sf] Jof; ;fgf]df # OGr / 7"nf]df % OGr ;Ddsf] kfOG5 . of] afF; c? afF;x¿ dWo] alnof] dflgG5 eg] o;sf] nDafO{ %) lkm6 ;Dd x'G5 . o; afF;sf] tfdf lttf] x'g] x'Fbf tfdf vfgsf] nflu k|of]u ul/b}g . of] afF; s8f vfnsf] x'g] x'Fbf e"Ifo lgoGq0fdf, af/ aGb]h ug{ 3/fo;L sfddf l;Gsfx¿ agfpg , af/jfg{ a9L k|of]u ul/G5 eg] 3/fo;L tyf cfw'lgs ;hfj6f ;fdfg agfpg sd} dfqfdf k|of]u ul/G5 .

&= b]xftL afF; M of] afF; klg t/fO{ If]qd} kfOg] afF;x¿ dWo] Ps xf] . tf? afF; h:t} s8f / alnof] x'G5 . o; afF;sf] Jof; # OGr b]lv $ OGr ;Dd, nDafO{ ^) b]lv &) lkm6 ;Dd x'G5 . t/fO{ If]qdf af/ aGb]h ug{, 3/ agfpg of] afF; laz]if u/L k|of]u ul/G5 .

n]vsM 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf jl/i7 k|fljlws clws[t x'g'x'G5 .



gdbf agfpg] k|ljlw

1fg jxfb'/ >]i7

xfd|f] h:tf] e'k/Lj]:tLt d'n's g]kfndf 7'nf 7'nf pBf]ux? guGo dfqfdf /x]sf 5g eg] :yflkt s]xL

pBf]ux?klg ljljw sf/0fn] k'0f{ ?kdf ;+rfng x'g ;sL /x]sf] 5}g . To;}n] j]/f]huf/sf] ;+Vof j9\b}

uO{ /x]sf] 5 / log} sf/0fn] lt o'jf hgzQmL b}lgs xhf/f}sf] ;+Vofdf jfxL/Lg jfWo ePsf 5g . of]

xfdL g]kfnLx?sf] jfWotfg} xf] eGbf clt;o"QmL gxf]nf . tyfkL 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux? s]xL dfqfdf

:yfkLt 5g / yf]/} eP klg s]xL JoQmLn] /f]huf/ kfPsf 5g o;jf6 ;fdfGo 6]jf k'u]sf] 5 . oxf+ ;Gbe{

hf]8\g vf]hLPsf] ;+rfngdf /x]sf] un}rf pBf]usf] nfuL yk 6]jf k'Ug] gdbf -hdf]7_ jgfpg] ;DjGwL

k|ljlwsf] xf] . of] gdbf ;:tf] b]vL dx+uf] ?kdf kfOg] sfk]{6 h:t} 3/ leq -e"Odf_ hldgdf lj5|ofpg]

sfo{df k|of]u u/LG5 . pgL j:t' jf6 tof/ x'g] of] gdbf hldgdf lj5\ofpbf dx+uf] sfk]{6df h:t} Gofgf]

kgfsf] cfefif x'G5 . g]kfnL un}rf j'gfO -pBf]u_sf/vfgf jf6 v]/ uPsf] pgsf 6'qmf -lemG8'_ /

sfl8{ªKnfG6 jf6 v]/ uPsf] pg o;sf] k|d'v sRrf kbfy{ xf] . yf]/} dfqfdf /fd|f] pg / clwsf+; hlt{

pgsf] ;dL>0fsf] ;fdfGo k|ljlw jf6 hdf]7 u/L jgfOg] pgL j:t'nfO{ xfdL gdbf -hdf]7_ eGb5f} .

;fy} u'0f:t/sf] gdbfdf kftnf] vf]n /fv]/ sDjn cyjf bf]nfO{sf] ?kdf klg k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 .

e'jf p7\g] u/L ;tx ldnfP/ jgfPsf] sDjn h:tf] b]vLg] of] gdbf pgL j:t' ju{sf] ;:tf] lrh xf] .

z'? z'?df c/j b]zsf] s'nLg d';ndfgx? jf6 k|f/De ePsf] of] k|ljlw l5d]sL d'n's ef/tdf klg

z'?df sf:dL/sf] d';ndfgx? jf6} k|f/De ePsf] dflgG5 . xfn ef/tsf] ljleGg efudf o;sf] pTkfbg

ePsf] kfOG5 , eg] pQ/ k|b]zsf] pQ/sfzLsf] pBf]u ljefudf of] k|ljlwsf] tfnLd lbg] Joj:yf

;d]t 5 . t/ xfd|f] g]kfndf eg] of] k|ljlwsf] cem} ;Dd klg ToQL ljsf; / lj:tf/ ePsf] kfOb}g .

xfd|f] h:tf] uf+p g} ufp+n] e/LPsf], c;+Vo JoQmL j]]/f]huf/ /x]sf] 7fpFdf yf]/} nufgLdf ug{ ;lsg] of]

Joj;fosf] k|j4{g ug{ ;lsPsf] v08df un}rf pBf]unfO{ / Jo/f]huf/ JoQmLnfO{ s]xL dfqfdf eP

klg cfo cfh{gdf yk 6]jf k'uL /fxt k'Ug hfg] b]vLG5 . ctx of] gdbf -hdf]7_ jgfpg] k|ljlw ;DjGwL

hfgsf/L u/fpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5' .

sRrfdfn tof/L

s= sfl8{ªKnfG6 jf6 hlt{ uPsf] pgnfO k'g sfl8{ªKnfG6df ;'Nemfpg] .

v= un}rf j'Gbfsf] 6'qmf pgL wfuf] / cGo 6'qmfnfO{ sfl8{ªKnfG6df k]Ng] .

k|ljlw



tof/ ug]{ k|ljlw

!= ;tx ldn]sf] hldg -e'Odf_ r6fO{ jf dfGb|f] lj5\ofpg], obL #÷^ sf] gdbf tof/ ug'{ 5 eg] r6fO{ jf dfGb|f]sf] ;fOh $÷* x'g' kb{5 . o;}sf] cg'kftdf cfjZoQmf jdf]lhdsf] gfk lng' kb{5 .

@= dfyL pNn]v u/LPsf] gfksf] lgldQ ;'NemLPsf] /fd|f] pg n]jn ldnfP/ sl/j %)) u|fd r6fO jf dfGb|f]df lj5\ofpg] .

#= ;'NemLPsf] pg dfyL jfSnf]sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ # b]vL $ s]=hL=;Dd k]n]sf] 6'qmf pg n]jn ldnfP/ /fVg] . tfsL sxL jfSnf] kftnf] gxf];\ .

$= o;/L bf]>f] kq ;d]t /fvL ;s]kl5 cj t]>f] kq klg z'?df /fvLPsf] h:t} ;'NemLPsf] pgn] /fd|f];+u 5f]Kg] . o;/L 5f]Kbf lsgf/fdf ;d]t ljrdf /fvLPsf] pg gb]lvg] u/]/ ldnfpg] .

%= km/flsnf] jfN6L jf jf6fdf dg tftf] kfgL /fVg] / n'uf w'g] ;fj'g (Oil soap) ;f] kfgL 3f]Ng] . o;df ;f]8f ;fj'g k|of]u gug]{ o:sf] nfuL Oil soap rfxLG5 h;n] ubf{ gdbf hdf]7 ug]{ sfo{df d2t ub{5 .

^= o;/L tn / dfyL /fd|f] pg ljrdf k]n]sf] hlt{ pgsf 6'qmf ldnfP/ /fv]sf] dfyLjf6 3f]n]sf] dgtftf] ;fj'gkfgL tnsf] n]jn ;d]t leHg] u/]/ Psgf; ;+u 5s{g] .

&= cj r6fO{ jf dfGb|f] h] ;txdf lj5\ofOPsf] 5 ;f] ;d]t s:;Lg] u/]/ j]g]{ / jlnof] 8f]/Ln] jfWg] .

*= o;/L jlnof];+u j]/]/ jflwPsf] r6fO{ jf dfGb|f]nfO{ @ hgf JoQmLn] u'8fpFb} v'§fn] lxsf{pg], o;/L lxsf{Psf] rf]6 ;j} 7fpFdf k/f]; eGgsf]nfuL o;nfO{ u'8fpg' h?/L 5 . of] qmd $% ldg]6 ;Dd hf/L /fVg] .

(= cj jfwLPsf] 8f]/LnfO{ vf]n]/ ;tx ldn]sf] hldgdf lkmhfpg] o; a]nf of] cw{ hddf]7 e} ;s]sf] gdbfnfO{ kmsf{pg] / xNsf dgtftf] ;fj'g kfgL 5s{g] / k'g klxn] em} r6fO{ jf dfGb|f] ;xLt s:;Lg] u/]/ j]g]{ / 8f]/Ln] jfWg] .

!)= km]/L qmd;+Vof * df pNn]v u/]em} sfo{ bf]xf]¥ofpg] $% ldg]6 hlt g} .

!!= cj jfFwLPsf] 8f]/L km'sfP/ ;dy/ :yfgdf of] cw{ tof/ gdbfnfO{ lj5\ofP/ Oil soap n'uf w+F'bfsf] cj:yfdf h:t]} ;j} 7fpFdf kg]{ u/]/ bNg] / u'Gb|L jf ;'s'n j]/]sf] h:t} u/]/ j]b}{ xftsf] gf8Ln] df8\g] . df8\g] qmddf vf]Ng] / j]g]{ qmd rnL /xG5, of] sfo{ ;j} 7fpFdf k'Ug] u/]/ rf/}lt/ jf6 u/LG5 . z'? z'?df gf8L b'Vg] ePsf]n] s]xL s7Lg dx;'; klg x'G5, kl5 ;lhnf] x'G5 . of] sfo{nfO{ ldlnª ug]{ elgG5 .

!@= ol;/L rf/}lt/af6 of] ldlnª sfo{ e} ;s]kl5 ca ;kmf kfgLn] w'g], ;f] ;dodf o;nfO{ cln le/fnf] hldgdf /fv]/ w'bf w]/] ;lhnf] x'G5 lsgsL w'b} ubf{g} kfgL ts]{/ hfG5 . o;/L wf]O



;s]kl5 Pp6f n7\7L ljrdf /fv]/ j6f/]/ p7fO{ /fVg] tfsL jf+sL kfgL klg ts{G5 .

!# cj kfgL tsL{ ;s]kl5 vf]n]/ 3fddf ;'sfO{ lbg] .

!$= /fd|f];Fu ;'sL ;s]kl5 ;fOh ldnfP/ 5]p sl6+ª ug]{ .

!%= To; kl5 ;'xfpbf] jf OR5f cg';f/sf] /+ªsf] sk8fsf] rf/]}lt/ ;+hfj /fVg],cj gdbf -hdf]7_ tof/ eof] .

!^= o;/L tof/ ePsf] gdbf -hdf]7_ nfO{ d'No lgwf{/0f u/]/ ljqmL ljt/0f sf] nfuL e08f/0f Joj:yf ug]{ . e08f/0f ubf{ o;nfO cf]; cfpg] 7fpFdf g/fVg] lsgsL of] pgL j:t' ePsf]n] s]xL nfdf] ;do e08f/0f /x\of] eg] o;df ls/f nfUg ;S5 . To;}n] o; tkm{ klg j]n}df Wofg lbg' cfjZos kb{5 .

cfjZos sRrf kbfy{!= htL{{ pg -pTkfbg ug]{ Ifdtf jdf]lhd cfjZos kl/df0fdf_ .

@= 6'qmf pgL wfuf] -pTkfbg ug]{ Ifdtf jdf]lhd cfjZos kl/df0fdf_ .

#= Oil soap -pTkfbg ug]{ Ifdtf jdf]lhd cfjZos kl/df0fdf_ .

$= ;Ghfj /fVg] sk8f -pTkfbg ug]{ Ifdtf jdf]lhd cfjZos kl/df0fdf_ .

%= wfuf]

cfjZos d]zLg cf}hf/!= :6f]e ! yfg

@= l;nfj/sf] l8SrL ! yfg

#= Knf:6Lssf] jfN6Lg @ yfg

$= Knf:6Lssf] jf6f @ yfg

%= # lkm6 nfdf] n7\7L @ yfg

^= s}rL @ yfg

&= l;of] ! kfs]6

*= OGrL6]k @ yfg

(= r6fO{ jf dfGb|f] cfjZoSQf jdf]lhd ;fOhsf] s]xL

!)= 8f]/L - h'6 jf gfOng_ @ d'7f

n]vsM 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf jl/i7 k|fljlws clws[t x'g'x'G5 .



ufp+ ufpjf6 p7, 6f]n 6f]njf6 p7

xftdf l;k x'g]x? pTkfbg lnP/ p7 .

l;k gx'g]x? ;Lk l;SgnfO{ p7

xfd|} g]kfnsf] ljsf; ug{nfO{ h'6 .

b]zdf pTkfbg a9fO Jofkf/ 3f6f 36fp

:yfgLo sRrf kbfy{sf] ;b'kof]u a9fp .

x/]s g]kfnLdf pBdzLntfsf] efjgf hufcf}+

b]zjf6 cj u/LjL j]/f]huf/ eufcf} .

lgsf;L of]Uo j:t'sf] pTkfbg a9fp

nfut d"No / u'0f:t/df Wofg lbp .

/;fog /lxt / z'4tf sfod u/f}+

Ps ufp+ Ps pTkfbg cleofg cl3 a9fp .

cd]l/sf o"/f]k rLg ef/tn] klg

eg]sf] 5 xfdLnfO{ z"Go eG;f/ ;'ljwf elg .

t/fO{sf v]tjf/L jf+emf] x'g glbp

;"grf+bL ToxL kmN5 kfP /fd|f] dn ljp .

s[lifjf6 pTkflbt ux'+, ds}, wfg

sRrf kbfy{ log} x'G5g pBf]usf dfg .

w]/} d'n"sn] lbPsf 5g jhf/ kx'+r ;'ljwf

of] s'/fnfO{ dgg u/f}+ gjgf}+ x} b'ljwf .

cn}+rL v]tLn] e/f}+ lr;f] le/fnf] kfvf

lgsf;L u/f}+ g]kfnL klZdgf, un}+rf, 9fsf .

cfÇgf] k]zf cfÇgf] sdfO{ oxL xf] OHht

cfTd lge{/ jGgnfO{ h'6f} x} cj t .

ck]Iff bfxfngf]j]n sn]h

p7f}+ ca



3/]n' ultljlw

;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]unfO{ k|j4{g ug'{k5{– pkk|wfg dGqL ljdn]Gb| lglw

pkk|wfg tyf u[xdGqL ljdn]Gb| lglwn]] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] @)&# ;fn kmfu'g !@

ut]b]vL cfof]hgf u/]sf] @* cf}F /fli6«o j:t' tyf k|ljlw k|bz{gL / pTs[i6 n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBdL

k'/:sf/ sfo{qmdsf] Ps ;df/f]x jLr z'ef/De ug'{eof] .

pQm sfo{qmddf u[xdGqL lglwn] eGg'eof], d'n'snfO{ ;d[l4sf] af6f]df n}hfgsf nflu pko'Qm gLlt

cfjZos x'g]5 . u[xdGqL lglwn] ;a} lsl;dsf] nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f agfpg ;/sf/ k|lta4 /x]sf]

:ki6 kfg'{eof] . cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg j[l4 ug{sf nflu gofF k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbFb} pxfFn]

eGg'eof], æ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]unfO{ k|j4{g ug'{k5{, pko'Qm k|ljlw k|of]u u/]/ pTkfbsTj j[l4

ug'{k5{ .Æ

;fgf pBf]usf pTkfbgnfO{ ;/sf/n] ahf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] atfpFb} u[xdGqL lglwn] yf]/} nufgLdf

cfkm\g} ufpFdf k'FhL lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg] ;fgf pBf]usf] k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbOg] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

pb\3f6g sfo{qmddf pBf]u /fHodGqL s~rgrGb| jfb]n] ;fgf pBf]usf] k|j4{gsf nflu ;/sf/n] kxn



ug]{ / ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]ud}qL gLltnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy cl3 a9fOg] pNn]v ug'{eof] .

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt ;+rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf lbk]Gb| cfrfo{sf] ;efkltTjdf pQm

sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .

lj=;+= @)$@ ;fnb]lv lg/Gt/ k|To]s jif{ ;~rfng ul/Fb} cfPsf] k|bz{gLdf &% lhNnfsf ;fgf tyf

3/]n' pBf]uLn] efu lnFb} cfPsf 5g\ . o; k6ssf] k|bz{gLdf #)) j6f k|bz{gL sIfdf d'n'se/sf

pBf]uLn] cf–cfkm\gf pTkfbg k|bz{gLdf /fv]sf lyP . 3/]n' pTkfbgsf] ahf/ k|j4{g tyf pBf]u /

pkef]QmfaLr kl/ro u/fpg] p2]Zon] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] o; k|bz{gLn] pBf]uLdf xf};nf ylkg] s'/f

;ldltsf lg= sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs /d]zrGb| pkfWofon] :jfut dGtJosf cj;/df JoQm ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .

:jb]zL j:t'sf] k|j4{gdf 3/]n' pBf]usf] 7"nf] e"ldsf M g]kfnk'j{ k|wfgdGqL dfwjs'df/ g]kfnn] :jb]zL j:t' k|j4{gdf 3/]n' pBf]usf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf]

atfpg'ePsf] 5 . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] @* cf}F /fli6«o j:t' tyf

k|ljlw k|bz{gL ;+rfngsf cj;/df cjnf]sgkl5 xfd|f] pBd /]l8of] sfo{qmd;Fu s'/f ub}{ k'j{

k|wfgdGqL g]kfnn] 3/]n' d]nfn] :jb]zL j:t' k|j4{gdf 7"nf] ;xof]u k'u]sf] atfpg'eof] .

cfly{s ;Da[l4sf] cfwf/ 3/]n' pBf]u ePsf] atfpFb} o; If]qnfO{ ;/sf/n] ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{



pxfFn] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] eGg'eof], æ3/]n' pBf]un] :jb]zd} /f]huf/L k|bfg ug]{ ePsfn] /f]huf/sf

nflu ljb]z hfg] hgzlQm 36\5 .Æ pxfFn] 3/]n' If]qdf sfd ug]{ dlxnfnfO{ pBdL agfpgsf nflu of]

d]nfn] 7"nf] ;xof]u k'Ug] ljZjf; JoQm ug'{eof] .

g]kfnLx?n] /fd|f] pTkfbg u/]sf 5g\ M kf}8]n

k'j{ pkk|wfgdGqL /fdrGb| kf}8]nn] k|bz{gL cjnf]sg kZrft\ g]kfnLx?n] /fd|f] j:t' pTkfbg u/]sf]

k|ltlqmof JoQm ug'{ePsf] lyof] . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] @* cf}F /fli6«o

j:t' tyf k|ljlw k|bz{gLsf] cjnf]sg kl5 xfd|f] pBd /]l8of] sfo{qmd;Fu s'/f ub}{ k"j{ pkk|wfgdGqL

kf}8]nn] eGg'eof], 3/]n' k|b{zlgsf] dfWodjf6 :jb]zd} /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|ofKt b]lvPsf] / of] k|bz{gLn]

d'n'sdf cf}Bf]lus/0fsf] ljsf; ePsf] ;Gb]z lbPsf] atfpg'eof] . g]kfnL pTkfbgsf nflu jhf/sf]

;d:of gePsf] t/, pTkfbgsf] ;d:of /x]sf] pxfFn] atfpg'eof] .

3/]n' pBf]uaf/] :ki6 gLltsf] vfFrf] M zfSo k"j{ pBf]udGqL ci6nIdL zfSon] cfly{s ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ 3/]n' pBf]u ePsf] atfpg'ePsf] 5 .

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] @* cf}F /fli6«o j:t' tyf k|ljlw k|bz{gLsf]



cjnf]sgkl5 xfd|f] pBd /]l8of] sfo{qmd;Fu s'/f ub}{ g]t[ zfSon] pBf]u If]qnfO{ ;/sf/n] k|fyldstf

lbg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] eGg'eof], æ3/]n' pBf]un] :jb]zd} /f]huf/L lbg] ePsfn] lab]l;g] hgzlQm

/f]lsg ;xof]u k'Uf]sf] 5 .Æ k"j{pBf]udGqL zfSon] cfkm" pBf]udGqL x'Fbf dlxnfnfO{ /f]huf/ agfpg]

;DaGwL dlxnf pBdL sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] hfgsf/L lbFb} b'u{d If]qdf o:tf sfo{qmd k'¥ofpg ;s]

dfq b]zsf] ljsf; ;Dej ePsf] wf/0ff JoQm ug'{eof] .

cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gL ;dfkg æd]8 Og g]kfn uf}/j u/f}F, :jb]zL j:t'

k|of]u u/f}FÆ eGg] d"n gf/fsf ;fy ;~rfng

eO/x]sf] @* cf}F /fli6«o cf}Bf]lus j:t' tyf

k|ljlw k|bz{gL / pTs[i6 n3', 3/]n' tyf

;fgf pBdL k'/:sf/Æ sfo{qmd xfn} ;DkGg

ePsf] 5 . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf;

;ldltsf] cfof]hgfdf oxL @)&# kmfu'g !@

ut] b]vL ;'? ePsf] k|b{zgL !& ut] ;Dd

;+rfng ePsf] lyof] . k|b{zgLsf] ;dfkg

dfggLo pBf]u dGqL gljGb|/fh hf]zLn]

ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ^ lbg;Dd ;+rfng

ePsf] ;f] k|b{zlgdf &@ lhNnfjf6 #

;o % pBdLsf] ;xefuLtf /x]sf] lyof]

eg] # ;o % k|b{zlg sIf /x]sf lyP . ;f]

k|b{zlgsf] cjnf]sg # nfv @) xhf/n]

u/]sf lyP eg] % s/f]8 %% nfvsf]

cfly{s sf/f]jf/ ePsf] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf

pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf lgldQ sfo{sf/L

lgb]{zs /d]zrGb| pkfWofon] hfgsf/L

lbg'eof] .

;f] k|b{zgLdf ;xeflu pBdLjf6 ! hgf ;jf]{Ts[i6 pBdLnfO{ ? #) xhf/, pTs[i6 pBdL !$ hgfnfO{ @)

xhf/, lålto pBdL!$ hgfnfO{ !) xhf/ / ;fGTjgf k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ @@ hgfnfO{ % xhf/sf] ;fGTjgf

k'/:sf/ u/L hDdf %( hgf pBdL k'/:s[t ePsf5g\ . k'/:s[t pBdLnfO{ pBf]u dGqL gljGb| /fh hf]lzn]

gub k'/:sf/ tyf k|df0f kq k|bfg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ;f] cj;/df pBf]u dGqL gljGb|/fh hf]zLn] cfufdL



!) jif{leq b]zsf ;j} o'jfnfO{

b]zleq} /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf ug]{

;/sf/sf] nIo /x]sf] atfpg'ePsf]

5 . ljb]lzPsf o'jfnfO{ :jb]zd}

/f]huf/Lsf] k|z:t ;Defjgf /x]sf]

/ b]zsf] 7'nf] hgzlQmsf nflu

g]kfnd} k|;:t cj;/ /x]sf]]

atfpg'eof] .

g]kfndf n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf

pBf]usf] cToflws ;Defjgf

ePsf] / o;sf nflu nufgL

d}qL jftfj/0f agfpg ;/sf/

k|ltj4 /x]sf] jtfpb} dGqL hf]zLn]]

Ps nfv n3' pBdL lgdf{0f

ug]{ wf/0ff JoQm ug'{eof] . 3/]n'

tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt

;+rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf bLk]Gb|

cfrfo{n] cfly{s If]qdf sdhf]/

dlxnfsf] lhjg:t/ psf:gsf

nflu k|b{zgLjf6 ;xof]u k'u]sf]

atfpg'eof] . eg] ;ldltsf lgldQ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs /d]zrGb| pkfWofo, cNnf] pBdL lgd{nf s'df/L

k'g nufotn] cf cfkm\gf] wf/0ff JoQm ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

;f]xL gjb'uf{ cNnf] tyf sk8f pBf]u O/Ljfª ( /f]NkfsL nIdL 8fFuLn] ;jf]{Ts[i6 k'/:sf/ :j?k gub

tL; xhf/ / k|df0f kq kfpg' ePsf] 5 eg] cGo ;d"x cGt{ut k'/:sf/ kfpg] pBdLx?sf] gfdfjnL

lgDg cg';f/ k|:t't\ ub{5f}+ .

!= ;d'x M 9fsf j:t' tyf tof/L sk8f j:t' ;d'x

qm=;+= pBdLsf] gfd pBf]usf] gfd 7]ufgf lhNnf Rank /sd

!= bdGtf s6'jfn t]x|y'd 9fsf pBf]u cd/bx uf=lj=;= #

df]/ª pTs[i6 ¿=20000

@= lbkf t'DjfxfDkm]

j'9f;'Aaf 9fsf sk8f pBf]u

Dofªn'ª g=kf= @ t]x|y'd lålto ¿=10000

gjb'uf{ cNnf] tyf sk8f pBf]u O/Ljfª ( /f]NkfsL nIdL 8f“uLn] ;jf]{Ts[i6 k'/:sf/ u|x0f ub}{} . ;f] k'/:sf/ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefusf dxflgb]{zsn] k|bfg ug'{ePsf] lyof] .



#= kljqf s'df/L jf]x/f

kljqf sk8f pBf]u nIdL gu/ ! 8f]6L ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

$= ljdnf b]lj b/nfld

cNnf] k|zf]wg tyf 9fsf sk8f pBf]u

nIdL gu/ ^ 8f]6L ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

%= u+uf yfkf k'ikf 9fsf sk8f pBf]]u

uf/vf g=kf= $ uf]/vf ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

@= ;d"x M kZdLgf, pgL tyf cGo sk8f j:t' ;d'x


!= wgdfof l;+x j'9f

/f/f xf]lhof/L pBf]u sfsL{jf8f * d'u' pTs[i6 ¿=20000

@= lbkf jf]x/f e§/fO{

;lGbk xf]lhof/L pBf]u p=k=g=kf= ( s}nfnL lålto ¿=10000

#= clgtf k|wfg k|wfg cf]Dofg x:tsnf

j}bfd a8f g=^ sf:sL ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

#= ;d"x M s[lif tyf jghGo j:t' ;d'x


!= ;/b ;'Jjf hl:j/] l6 k|zf]wg pBf]u

dfOkf]v/L ! O{nfd pTs[i6 ¿=20000

@= dxfnIdL >]i7 jL lslkª P08 l/;r{ ;]G6/

nlntk'/ p=k=g=kf %

nlntk'/ lålto ¿=10000

#= eQm jxfb'/ yfkf

lxdfnL l;nflht tyf xj{n lrof k|zf]wg pBf]u

sflnsf ( 8f]Nkf ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

$= lg/f >]i7 lzj zlQm lj sG;g{ 3f]/fO{ !! bfª ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

%= lji0f' s'df/ >]i7

dfpG6]g tgx' ;fd'bflxs j]n tyf kmnkm'n k|zf]wg pBf]u

hfd'g $ tgx'+ ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

$= ;d"x M k|fs[lts /]zfhGo sk8f tyf cGo j:t' ;d'x


!= lgd{nf s'df/L k'g

lrgf/L dlxnf ;fem]bf/L ;d'x

wf]/fxL g=kf= !) bfª pTs[i6 ¿=20000

@= g]s ;/f k'g wf}nflu/L cNnf] sk8f pTkfbg tyf 6]«lgª ;]G6/

b]lj:yfg % DofUbL lålto ¿=10000

#= lutf cfrfo{ /f]Nkf ;fd'bflo cNnf] wfuf] tyf sk8f pBf]u

lnjfª & /f]Nkf ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

%= ;d"x M af+; tyf lgufnf]hGo j:t' ;d'x


!= ljdnf /fO{ l5lnª j]tjf+; pBf]u cfvL;Nnf % wgs'6f pTs[i6 ¿=20000



@= leg axfb'/ nfdf

l;kfnL lrnfpg] jf+; lgufnf] pTkfbg ;d"x

lrnfpg] @ sfe|]knf~rf]s lålto ¿=10000

#= v8\u jxfb'/ /fO{

xn];L jf; x:tsnf pBf]u

l;l4k'/ $ pbok'/ ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

^= ;d"x M wft'af6 lgld{t uxgf tyf cGo snfTds j:t' ;d'x


!= rGb| jxfb'/ ljZjsdf{

kfyLe/f v's'/L pBf]u wgs'6f g=kf= $ wgs'6f pTs[i6 ¿=20000

@= lai0f' ljZjsdf{

>L ;Gtf]if s[lif ;fdu|L P08 v's'/L pBf]u

zf/bf g=kf= @ ;Nofg lålto ¿=10000

#= 8jn] vftL gjHof]lt cf/g pBf]u lh/L g=kf= * bf]nvf ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

$= ;Gtf]if ;'gf/ Go' ef]hk'/] v's'/L tyf s[lif cf}hf/ pBf]u

ef]=g=kf=& ef]hk'/

%= k'0f{ axfb'/ sfdL

k'0f{ wft' pBf]u lj=g=kf= @! ;'v]{t ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

&= ;d"x M sfi7snf j:t' ;d'x


!= rGb jxfb'/ lj=s

rGb sfi7snf pBf]u le=g=kf= @ bf]nvf pTs[i6 ¿=20000

@= eQm ;fsL{ eQm sfi7snf pBf]u r=g=kf % h'Dnf lålto ¿=10000

*= ;d"x M pgL un}rf tyf /f8L kfvL j:t' ;d'x


!= pdf u'?ª kbd pdf /f8LkfvL pBf]u

l;l4r/0f g=kf= !$

cf]vn9'+uf pTs[i6 ¿=20000

@= gu]Gb| k|;fb u'?ª

gd'gf /fl8kfvL pBf]u vf=g=kf % ;+v'jf;ef lålto ¿=10000

#= pld{nf u'?ª u'?ª /f8LkfvL pBf]u wf/fkfgL * dgfª ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

(= ;d"x M xft] sfuh j:t' ;d'x


!= jfªr' z]kf{ km'Ud]r] g]kfnL sfuh pBf]u

b'w's'08 g=kf= ! ;f]n'v'Dj' pTs[i6 ¿=20000

@= lji0f' v8\sf P=lj=g]kfnL sfuh pBf]u

lh/L g=kf= * bf]nvf lålto ¿=10000

#= wgf yfkf k|ltef g]kfnL xft]sfuh

sf}nf;df08f}+ # jfh'/f ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

!)= ;d"x M vfB tyf k]o kbfy{ j:t' ;d'x


!= sdnf jf;sf]^f

gd'gf sn]Szg crf/ pBf]u

O{nfd g=kf= @ O{nfd pTs[i6 ¿=20000



@= ;s'Gtnf Kofs'/]n l3ld/]

gd'gf crf/ n3'' pBf]u uf}/fbx g=kf= & emfkf lålto ¿=10000

#= b'uf{ bg'jf/ lglg bfndf]7 e'lhof pBf]u

hf]uLbx ^ pbok'/ ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

$= nIdL jf]x/f ;f]lg;f :ofp rgf tyf h'; pBf]u

7]x] ^ x'Dnf ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

!!= ;d"x M 5fnf j:t' ;d'x


!= 6f]k jxfb'/ g]kfnL

j|fO6/ n]b/ ;'h ;]G6/ zf/bf g=kf= @ ;Nofg pTs[i6 ¿=20000

@= ;fobf vft'g 8f+km] km'6j]o/ O{G8li6«h lj=g=kf= * k;f{ lålto ¿=10000

#= l;tf b]jL 9sfn

wgu9L km'6j]o/ wgubL p=k=g=kf= #

s}nfnL ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

!@= ;d"x M ljljw j:t' ;d'x


!= Og/ s'df/L rf}w/L

nIdL k6]/ n3' pBf]u ?kf}lnof uf=lj=;= @

gjnk/f;L pTs[i6 ¿=20000

@= d+un jxfb'/ jfbL

d+un dfbn pBf]u ?3f @ ?s'd lålto ¿=10000

#= u'g s'df/L /fgfdu/

aflnUª emf]nf pBf]u aflnUª # :ofªhf ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

$= kbd jxfb'/ nfdf

nfdf yfªsf cf6{ pBf]u

lxn]b]jL uf=lj=;= $

/fd]5fk ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

!#= ;d"x M dlxnf pBdL ;d'x


!= k|ltdf kf}8]n k|ltdf 9fsf pBf]u lkmlbd ! kf+ry/ pTs[i6 ¿=20000

@= d+undfof s]?ª

s]?ª 9fsf pBf]u cgf/dgL g=kf= ^ emfkf lålto ¿=10000

!$= ;d"x M n3' pBdL ;d'x


!= n/ kl/of/ cNnf] sk8f d'l;sf]6 pTs[i6 ¿=20000

@= 6+s k|;fb ;fksf]6f

b'gf 6k/L lålto ¿=10000

#= ld/f /;fOnL ;Nn]/L 9fsf pBf]u ;fGTjgf ¿=5000

$= s]zj Gof}kfg] crf/ h'; 7f]s/kf ;fGTjgf ¿=5000



ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfx?af6 k|fof]lht k'/:sf/x?

qm=;+= pBdLsf] gfd pBf]usf] gfd 7]ufgf lhNnf Rank /sd >f]t

!= nIdL 8f+uL gjb'uf{ cNnf] wfuf] tyf sk8f pBf]u

Ol/jfª ( /f]Nkf ;jf]{Ts[i6 ¿=30000 FNCCI

@= ;l/tf /fO{ ;'zfGt ;'l:dtf P08 sdnf 9fsf pBf]u

dfg]e~Hofª uf=lj=; (

cf]vn9+'uf ljz]if ¿=15000 FNCCI

#= ;kgf tfdfª l5Ds]Zj/L Knfli6s x:tsnf pBf]u

cfj'v}/]lg g=kf=$ tgx'+ ljz]if ¿=15000 FNCCI

$= rGbf s'?ªjfª

cg'u|x 9fsf sk8f pBf]u

l;Dn] uf=lj=;= ^ t]x|y'd ljz]if ¿=10000 FNCSI

%= 5' d]Gbf] tfdfª cl:dtf :ofdf kf+ufk pBf]u

w'Gr] % /;'jf ljz]if ¿=10000 FNCSI

^= dg axfb'/ lj=s=

j'lt{afª cf/g Joj;fo

a'lt{jfª ! jfUn'ª ljz]if ¿=20000 CNI

&= ?kf u'?ª lbbL jlxgL 9fsf sk8f pBf]u

uf]/vf g=kf= # uf]/vf ljz]if ¿=20000 CNI

*= nIdL gsdL{ l;:6;{ lqmo;g kkm]{S6 sg{ xS; Xofl08qmfkm\6

p=k=g=kf !& nlntk'/ ljz]if ¿=20000 FHAN

(= ljgf b]jL dfgGw/

ljgfos ;/:jtL x:tsnf pBf]u

n=p=g=kf= @) nlntk'/ ljz]if ¿=20000 NCC

n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBdLx?nfO{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o :t/df kl/lrt u/fpg'sf ;fy} o:tf

pBdLx?jf6 pTkflbt j:t'x?sf] ahf/ lj:tf/ tyf k|j4{g ug{, n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf pTkfbg

af/] cfd pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ kl/lrt u/fpg' k|b{zgL ;kmn ePsf] 5 . o; /fli6«o cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gLdf

9fsf sk8f, afF; hGo pTkfbg, cNnf] h:tf k|fs[lts /]zfaf6 pTkflbt a:t', 5fnf j:t', vfB a:t'

Pjd\ cuf{lgs lrof / slkm, xft] sfuh jf6 pTkflbt a:t'x? tyf pmgaf6 pTkflbt a:t'x?, lsdlt

/Tg kTy/, s?jf, v's'/L, ldlynf cf6{, 5\jfnL cf6{nufot n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBdLx?n]] pTkfbg

u/]sf ljljw x:tsnfsf ;fdfu|Lx? k|bz{g ePsf lyP .

:ofª\hfdf k|df0f kq ljt/0fcfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$ sf] pBf]u k|j{4g sfo{qmd cGt/ut 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt

zfvf sfof{no :ofªhfsf] cfof]hgfdf km]bLvf]nfdf ;+rfng ul/Psf] ! xKt] df}/Lkfng tyf dx

k|zf]wg tflndsf ;xeflux?nfO k|df0fkq ljt/0f u/LPsf] lyof] . ;f] cj;/df k|d'v pBf]u clws[t

lzjz+s/ aflgofn] Ps ;df/f]x ljr ;xeflunfO{ k|df0f kq ljt/0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

k|df0f kq ljt/0f kZrft dgtAo k|s6 ub}{ k|d'v aflgofFn] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn]



km]bLvf]nf uflj;df gd"gfsf] ?kdf pBf]u Aoj;fosf] :yfkgf u/fO{ /f]huf/L k|bfg ul/Psf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf km]bLvf]nf uflj;n] klg xft]dfnf] ul/ cufl8 j9fPsf] ;fy} tflnd kZrft l;s]sf] ;Lk

cg';f/sf] pBf]u ;+rfng ug]{ pBdLnfO{ sfof{noaf6 k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfsf] jf/]df ;f]xL

cj;/df sfof{no k|d'v afFlgofn] hfgsf/L u/fpg' ePsf] lyof] .

gofF /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug'{ clxn] d"n'ssf] k|d'v k|fyldstf M pBf]u dGqL gjLGb|/fh hf]zL

pBf]u dGqL gjLGb|/fh hf]zLn] gofF /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug'{ clxn] d"n'ssf] k|d'v k|fyldstfdf /x]sf]

atfpg' ePsf] 5 . pBf]u dGqfno cGtu{tsf] pBdzLntf ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;3fO{ /x]sf g]kfn

l:yt /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/fli6«o u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?;Fu pBf]u dGqfnodf cfof]lht

5nkmn sfo{qmddf dGqL hf]zLn] yk /f]huf/L ;[hgfsf nflu ;fd'lxs k|of; kmnbfoL x'g]

ePsfn] 5nkmn sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] atfpg' eof] . g]kfnsf] ul/jL lgjf/0f / /f]huf/L

;[hgfdf /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] eGb} dGqL

hf]zLn] d"n'ssf nflu dxTjk"0f{ o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] vf]lhdf ljb]z hfg'kg]{ jfWotfsf]

cGTo ug{ cfjZos /x]sf] atfpg' eof] . pBdzLntf ljsf;nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f

ug'{ cfjZos /x]sf] eGb} pxfFn] pBf]u dGqfnon] k|To]s lhNnfdf pBdL pTk|]/s s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{

nfluPsf] atfpg' eof] .

;f] cj;/df pBf]u /fHodGqL s~rg afb] >]i7n] :yflgo >f]t ;fwgdf cfwfl/t n3' pBf]ux?nfO{

k|j4{g ub}{ hfg h?/L /x]sf] atfpg' eof] . pBf]u dGqfnosf ;lrj z+s/ k|;fb sf]O{/fnfn]

;+rflnt sfo{qmdx?nfO{ cem s;/L k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] p4]Zon] 5nkmn sfo{qmdsf]

cfof]hgf ul/Psf] atfpg' eof] . sfo{qmddf dGqfnosf ;x;lrj ofd s'df/L vltj8fn] ul/aL

lgjf/0fsf n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf] atfpg' ePsf] lyof] .

sfo{qmddf ;xefuL /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?n] jt{dfgdf ;+rflnt

;Lkd"ns tflndnfO{ :yflgo cfjZostf cg'?k kl/dfh{g ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] atfpg' eof] .

n3' pBdLsf] pTkfbg ljqmL ug{ d"No clej[l4 s/ -Eof6_ ljn grflxg] Joj:yf ug{ pko'Qm

/x]sf] pxfFx?sf] ;'emfj /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmdaLr ;dGjo gx'Fbf sfo{qmdx? k|efjsf/L x'g

g;s]sf] eGb} pxfFx?n] lhNnf lhNnfdf u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? Dffk{mt kl/rflnt x'g] ;fgf] ;fgf]

k"FhLnfO{ Plss[t u/L af:s]6 km08 agfP/ kl/rfng ug{ ;s] To;n] k|efjsf/L kl/0ffd lgsfNg]

atfpg' ePsf] lyof] .




vfbfsf] k|of]unfO{ a9jf lbg 9fsfjf6 lgd{L{t vfbf pTkfbgdf pBdLx? nfluk/]sf 5g\, Tolt dfq

xf]O{g 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltjf6 l;s]sf] ltg dxLg] j];Ls tflndjf6 dfu cg';f/sf]

;fdfg pTkfbg ug{ g;s]sf] eGb} tgx'F lhNnfsf] zb/d'sfd bdf}nLdf 9fsfsf] P8efG; l;k l;Sb}5g\

tgx'F / :ofªhfsf pBdLx? oltj]nf . tflnd kZrft :ofªhf rfkfsf]6sL lbkf zdf{n] k5\of}/f, ;f8L,

;n, Jofu lgdf{0f ug{ ;kmn ePsf] atfpg'x'G5 .

ufpFdf dlxnfnfO{ s;/L cfTdlge{/ agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] ;f]r pBdLn] tflnd cjlwd} u/L;Sg' ePsf]

5 . :ofªhfsL db'b]lj s'dfnn] klg ufpFd} uP/ j]/f]huf/ o'jfnfO{ l;k lbg] of]hgfsf ;fy cuf8L

a9\g] t/, tfg a'Gg cfjZos kg]{ wfuf] lsGg zb/d'sfd hfg'kg]{ ;d:of /x]sf] atfpg'x'G5 . klxnf

tfgdf df]6f] wfuf] k|of]u x'b} cfPsf] ePklg cfw'lgs tfgsf nflu dl;gf] wfuf] cfjZos k5{ . cxLn]

tfgjf6 emf]nf, sf]6, kfOG6, k;{, ;n, k5\of}/f cfbL agfpg ;s]sf] atfpg' x'G5 .

Ps tfgsf] !$ xhf/ / wfuf] sfTg] d]l;gsf] ^ xhf/ ?k}ofF kb{5 . :ofªhf lhNnfdf pBdLn] pTkfbg

u/]sf vfbfsf] d'No k|lt vfbf ! ;o #) ?k}ofFb]vL @ ;o ?k}ofF;Dd ljlqm ljt/0f ub}{ cfPsf5g\ .

9fsfjf6 lgld{t To:tf] vfbfsf] a'6\6fsf] cfwf/df d'No lgwf{/0f x'g] ub{5 . ljz]ift vfbf :jfut /

ljbfO{sf] ;dodf k|of]u x'g] ub{5 . pBdLn] pTkfbg u/]sf ;fdfgsf] ahf/Ls/0f ug{ :ofªhf lhNnfdf

sf]z]ln 3/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]xL 3/df pBdLn] pTkfbg u/]sf ;fdfgx? ;+sng ug]{ / ;fdfg

ljlqm kZrft /sd pBdLsf] j}+s vftfdf hDdf ug]{ sfo{sf] z'?jft ePsf] 5 .

pBdLsf] dfu cg';f/ ut cfly{s jif{ @)&@.)&# df #& hgf pBdLnfO{ k'lj{o k|ljlw cg';f/ tflndsf

;fy} ^ nfv a/fj/sf] pks/0f $) k|ltzt cg'bfgdf zfvf sfof{no :ofªhfn] pknJw u/fO{;s]sf]

5 . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] pko'Qm k|ljlw cGt{ut $) b]vL ^) k|ltzt cg'bfgdf tfg

/ d]l;g pknJw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt d'Vo zfvf sfof{no tgx'Fsf

k|fljlws clws[t ljZjeb| vgfn atfpg'x'G5 .

9fsfjf6 ag]sf ;fdfgx? ljjfx, ljbfO{ tyf sf]z]lnsf] ?kdf k|of]u x'Gf] ub{5 . tgx'F / :ofªhf

lhNnfdf pTkfbLt ;fdfgn] ;'v]{t, sf7df8f}+, afUn'u, kj{t, j]lg, kf]v/f, sf7df8f}+, t]x|y'd nufotsf

If]qsf] ahf/ lng'sf ;fy} ljb]z hfg]n] sf]z]lnsf ?kdf n}hfg] / ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L sfof{non]

pkxf/sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ sfo{n] a9jf kfPsf] 5 .

ljljw sfo{qmd ljr cNnf] lbj; ;DkGgcNnf] k|zf]wgsf nflu ljleGg @@ lhNnfdf cNnf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| vf]Ng] ePsf] 5 . d'n"sdf cf}Bf]lusLs/0f

/ pBdzLntf ljsf;sf] cleofgdf h'6]sf] pBf]u dGqfnon] /f]huf/L ;[hgf / un}+rf pBf]usf nflu

cfjZos sRrf kbfy{ ;d]t pknJw x'g]u/L cNnf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{ nfluPsf] xf] .



pBf]u dGqfnodf cfof]lht kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf pBf]u dGqL gljGb|/fh hf]lzn] kmfNu'0fsf] klxnf] ;ftf

%* lhNnfdf cNnf] lbj; dgfpg] sfo{qmd /x]sf] atfpg'eof] . d]l;g /fVg cfjZos ah]6 th'{df

eO;s]sf] dGqL hf]zLn] ;f] cj;/df hfgsf/L lbg'ePsf] lyof] . To;sf nflu cfjZos ah]6sf

nflu cy{ dGqfnojf6 ;xdlt k|fKt eO;s]sf] / tTsfn d]l;g v/Lbsf nflu 6]08/ k|lqmof cuf8L

al9;s]sf] kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf dGqL hf]zLn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . tL d]l;g g]kfnL o'jf OlGhlgo/n]

g]kfnd} tof/ kf/]sf x'g,z'?df @) nfv ?k}of nfut nfUg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] ePklg xfn d]l;gsf

nflu ( nfv ?k}ofd} pknJw x'g] ePkl5 cGo lhNnfdf klg pQm d]l;g :yfkgfsf] k|lqmof cuf8L

a9fOPsf] dGqL hf]zLn] egg'eof] .

z'?df w]/} dfqfdf cNnf] pTkfbg x'g] lhNnfdf Ps Ps cf]6f k|zf]wg d]l;g /flvg] 5 . tL lhNnfdf

cNnf] pBdLx?sf] ;d"x u7g ul/g] / ;f]xL ;d"xnfO{ lglZrt s]Gb| tf]s]/ d]l;g ;+rfng ug{ lbg]

dGqfnosf] tof/L 5 . d]l;g lsGg ;/sf/n] ;xof]u u/] klg To;sf] dd{t tyf ;+ef/sf nflu eg]

;d'bfon] 5'6\6} sf]if agfpg'kg]{ 5 . ;g @)!) df ;/sf/n] u/]sf] cWoogdf d'n"ssf ?s'd, /f]Nkf,

;Nofg, Ko"7fg,b}n]v,bfr'{nf,;+v'jf;ef,;f]n'v'Da' nufotsf %* cf]6f lhNnfdf cNnf] pTkfbg x'g]

u/]sf] 5 .



pBf]u lbj; ;DkGgpBf]u dGqfno tyf dftxtsf

;j} sfof{non] pBdL agL /fi6«sf]

;dl4df of]ubfg, zxLbx?

k|lt >4fGhnL / ;DdfgÆ eGg]

gf/fsf ;fy zlxb ;Ktfx @)&#

df3 !) b]lv @)&# df3 !^ ut]

;Dd ljleGg sfo{qmd cfof]hgf

u/L eJo ?kdf dgfOof] . zxLb

;Ktfx sfo{qmd cGt{ut &% cf]6}

lhNnfdf /x]sf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf

pBf]u ljefu / ;ldlt cGt{utsf

sfof{nodf ljleGg sfo{qmd

;~rfng eP . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf

pBf]u btf{sf nflu 3'DtL lzlj/

;+rfng ul/of] . To:t} df3 !%

ut] s]Gb| / ;j} lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf lghL If]q, gfu/Ls ;dfh, /fhlglts bn P+j pBf]u Joj;foL

;lxtsf] pkl:yltdf zxLbx? k|lt ;Ddfg JoQm ug{ pBdzLntfsf] k|j4{g / pBf]usf] ;du| ljsf;

ljifos cGt/lqmof ug]{ sfo{qmd tyf ¥ofnL tyf cGo ljljw sfo{qmdx? ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ .

l;Gw'nL ultljlw :jb]zL pBf]usf] ljsf; / k|j4{gn] b]zsf] cy{tGqdf 6]jf k'/\ofpg'sf ;fy} b]z leq} /f]huf/Lsf]

cj;/ ;[hgf ug{ dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbb} cfPsf] 5 . :jb]zL pBf]ux?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ug{ / ;+u;+u}

pko'Qm /f]huf/Lsf nflu u'0f:t/Lo j:t' pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] bIf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; ug{ clt cfjZos

e};s]sf] 5 . o;} cg'?k 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt zfvf sfof{no l;Gw'nLn] j]/f]huf/

o"jfx?nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf l;k ljsf; tflndx? ;+rfng u/L bIf hgzlQm tof/ ug{sf vflt/

cuf8L a9L/x]sf] 5 . l;Gw'nL lhNnfdf s[lif cf}hf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu lbO{Psf] tflndn] k|lzIffyL{sf]

lhjgdf kl/jt{g u/L, k'vf}{nL k]zfnfO{ cfw'lgs 9+ujf6 ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg] ck]Iff /fv]sf 5g\ .

l;Gw'nL lhNnfsf e'jg ljZjsdf{ k'vf{}nL k]zfnfO{ lhjGt lbg] of]hgfdf x'g'x'G5 cxLn] . k'vf{b]vL g}

ufpFdf cf/g ;+rfng ub}{ r'n];L, v'kf{, xl;of, sf]bfnf] nufot kmnfdjf6 lgdf{0f x'g] ;fdfu|L agfpb}

cfpg'ePsf] ePklg l;k gx'bf ug{ g;s]sf e'jg ljZjsdf{ cfw'lgstf ;Fu} gofF k|ljlwjf6 ;fdfg



agfpgsf nflu l;k l;ls /xg'ePsf] 5 oltj]nf .

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt zfvf sfof{no l;Gw'lnn] s[lif cf}hf/ lgdf{0f ;DjlGw Ps dlxg]

tflnd ;+rfng u/]kl5 e'jg ljZjsdf{ ;lxt !) o'jfx? cf/g ;+rfngjf6 gofF ;fdfg lgdf{0fsf

nflu sDd/ s;]/ cuf8L a9L/xg'ePsf] 5 . tflnd ljgf sfd ug{ ;d:of ePsf] / tflnd kZrft

sfddf ;lhnf] x'g] cfzf knfPsf] 5 pxf+x?df . 3/]n'sf] Ps dlxg] s[lif cf}hf/ tflnd lnb} ubf{ s'6f],

sf]bfnf], bfpnfO{ cfw'lgstfdf n}hfg tflndn] 7'nf] kl/jt{g u/]sf] / k/Dk/fut k]zfjf6 cuf8L a9\g

tflnd lgs} k|efasf/L jGg] atfpg'x'G5 k|lzIffyLx? .

l;k kZrft :jb]zd} /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|fKt x'g] ljZjf;df x'g'x'G5 oltj]nf s[i0f ljs . k/Dk/fut

k]zf nf]k x'g nfu]sf] cj:yfdf o;nfO{ lhjGt lbg]u/L 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt4f/f

k|bfg u/LPsf] tflndjf6 !) hgf o'jf lzIfLt x'b}5g\ . ufpF3/df xl;ofF, v'kf{, s/f}lt, sf]bfnf], jGr/f],

rSs', bfpF nufotsf ;fdfg lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu o;sf] w]/}] dxTj 5 . l;k l;s]sf o'jfn] ;xh ?kdf

;fgf] nuflgdf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg] / cfTdlge{/ eO{ /f]huf/L k|fKt ug]{ u/L l;k k|bfg u/]sf] /

tflnd kZrft /f]huf/Lsf] lglZrt ePsf] 5 .

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] tflndn] o'jfnfO{ l;k lbPk5L :jb]zd} /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/

k|fKt ePsf] / ljb]zLg] o'jfnfO{ l;k lgs} kmnbflo x'g] ck]Iff u/LPsf] 5 . !) xhf/sf] nufgLdf @)%@

;fnjf6 z'? u/]sf] pBf]usf] Ifdtf ! s/f]8 eGbf a9L k'uL;s]sf] pBdL tyf k|lzIfs 9fnaxfb'/ ljs

atfpg'x'G5 .

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt zfvf sfof{no l;Gw'nLsf] cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷)&$ sf] jflif{s

sfo{qmd cg';f/ pBdL ljsf; sfo{qmd cGt{ut !!) hgfnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug]{ nIf /x]sf]df b'wf}nL

gu/ kflnsf , sdnfdfO{ gu/ kflnsf / /fgLjf; uf=lj=;df u/L= hDdf $) hgfnfO{ tflnd ;+rfng

e} ;DkGg ePsf] 5 eg] l;nfO{s6fO{, u'l8of agfpg], l/k|m];/ 9fsf a'gfO{, s[lif cf}hf/ agfpg] tflnd

;+rfng eO{/x]sf / cGo tflndsf] ;"rgf k|sfzg ePsf] 5 .

To;}u/L pBf]u k|j4{g sfo{qmd cGt{ut @) hgf nIo /x]sf]df !) hgfnfO{ kmnkm"n k|zf]wg tflnd

;DkGg ePsf] 5 eg] pBdzLntf ljsf; tflnd cGtu{t ^) hgfsf] nIf /x]sf]df @! hgfnfO{ tflnd

;DkGg ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo k|zf;g tkm{ )&@÷)&# sf] k|yd rf}dfl;sdf pBf]u btf{

tkm{ *& j6f pBf]u btf{ ePsf lyP eg] )&#÷)&$sf] klxnf] rf}dfl;sdf !@$ pBf]u btf{ ePsf 5g

eg] jfl0fHo k|fzf;g tkm{ )&@÷)&# sf] k|yd rf}dfl;sdf hDdf !)# j6f kmd{ btf{ ePsf 5g eg]

)&#÷)&$ df !$* j6f jfl0fHo kmd{ btf{ ePsf 5g\ eg] o; jfkt /fhZj ?=@! nfv ;}tL; xhf/

k|fKt ePsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf] k|yd rf}dfl;sdf eGbf o; jif{sf] k|yd rf}dfl;sdf pBf]u

/ jfl0fHo kmd{ b'j} tkm{ btf{ x'g] ;+Vof a9\bf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 eg] l;Gw'nL lhNnfdf s[lif, s'v'/fkfng,



ufO{kfng, afv|fkfng h:tf s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux? btf{sf] qmd a9\bf] /x]sf] s'/f sfof{no k|d'v

gf/fo0f k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] hfgsf/L u/fpg'ePsf] lyof] .

u'NdLdf df6f]af6 snfTds ;fdfg lgdf{0f ub}{ o'jfx¿ xfd|f] ufpF3/df ePsf] df6f]nfO{ k|of]u ubf{ snfTds ;fdfg lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] w]/}nfO{ hfgsf/L

gx'g;S5 . t/, df6f]jf6 ;hfj6sf ;fdfg lgdf{0f u/]/\ dgUo cfDbfgL ub}{ cfPsf5g\ oltj]nf u'NdL

lhNnfsf a]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿ .

df6f]jf6 k/Dk/fut ;fdfg dfq lgdf{0f u/]/ xf]O{g cfw'lgstfdf ;hfj6sf ;fdfg lgdf{0f x'Fb} cfPsf

5g\ . To:tf ;fdfgsf] dfu ljb]zL ahf/df pTkfbg x'g] ;fdfgsf] eGbf bf]Jj/ /xb} cfPsf]5 . b}lgs?kdf

3/sf] ;hfj6 b]vL vfglkgsf nflu k|of]u x'g] ;fdfgx¿ lgdf{0f x'g] ub{5g\ . v]/ uO{ k|of]udf cfpg

g;s]sf] df6f]jf6 klg dgUo cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] hfgsf/L ePkl5 o'jfx¿ ;+ul7t ?kdf pBf]u

g} ;+rfng u/L u'NdL lhNnfdf pbf/0fLo pBdLsf ?kdf kl/lrt eO{;s]sf5g\ . ‘k|ult u'Nd ;]/fdLS;

pBf]u’ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt zfvf sfof{no u'NdLdf btf{ u/L ;f] pBf]udf @% o'jfx¿

cfj4 5g\ . o; ;d'xsf] g]t[Tj kbd axfb'/ s'dfnn] ub}{ cfpg'ePsf] 5 .

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt zfvf sfof{no u'NdLn] df6fsf ;fdfgjf6 snfTds ?kdf

;fdfg lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg] r]tgf cfkm'x¿nfO{ lbPkl5 pBf]u ;+rfng u/L ;d'xut ?kdf ;lqmotfsf

;fy cuf8L a9]sf 5g\ oltj]nf u'NdLsf pBdLx¿ . ufpFdf df6f] To;} v]/ uO{/x]sf] lyof],cxLn] To;

df6f]nfO{ k|of]u ubf{ ufpFdf g} ;'g kmnfpg ;lsG5 eg]/ nflu k/]sf pBdLsf sfdjf6 pkef]Qmf lgs}

v'M;L x'b} cfPsf 5g\ . ltg jif{ cuf8L ltg nfv ?k}ofFdf z'? ePsf] pBf]usf] Ifdtf xfn @% nfv

k'uL;s]sf] 5 .



k/Dk/fut ?kdf ;]/fdLS;jf6 xfF8L, 3}6f dfq lgdf{0f x'Fb} cfPsfdf cxLn] l;k l;s]k5L cfw'lgstfsf ;fy ;hfj6sf ;fdfgx¿ sn;, kfg;, h/fof], lbof], udnf, ufu|L, xflQ, d'lt{, udnf, dfnf, d'uf nufotsf ;fdfgx¿ lgdf{0f x'b} cfPsf5g\ . pTkfbLt ;fdfgx¿sf] ahf/ j'6jn, kfNkf, jfUn'ª, kf]v/f, :ofªhf, c3f{vfFrL, lrtjg / sf7df8f}+ /x]sf] 5 . pRr lzIffsf] kx'Frdf cfpg g;s]sf o'jfx¿ ;d'xut ?kdf l;k l;Sb} cfDbfgL ug{ uf]nj4 ePsf 5g\ . P;Pn;L plt{0f ug{ g;s]/ ljb]z hfg] of]hgf jgfPsf / /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ gkfPsf o'jfx¿n] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltjf6 l;kljsf; tflnd kfPkl5 pBf]u ;+rfng u/L cfDbfgL ub}{ cfPsf] atfpg'x'G5 ;d'xsf cWoIf P+j pBdL kbd axfb'/ s'dfn .

v]/ uPsf] df6f]jf6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] pbf/0fsf ?kdf lhNnfsf pBdLn] pTkfbg u/]sf ;fdfgn] b]vfPsf 5g\ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt zfvf sfof{no u'NdLsf jl/i7 pBf]u clws[t s[i0f k|;fb kf]v/]n atfpg'x'G5 . pBdLn] pTkfbg u/]sf ;fdfgnfO{ pkxf/, dfofFsf] lrgf], snfTds ;fdfgsf ?kdf kl5Nnf] ;dodf kl/lrt u/fpg] of]hgfsf ;fy cuf8L a9\]sf 5f} jl/i7 pBf]u clws[t kf]v/]n eGg'eof] .

ljb]zL e'lddf sfd ubf{ cfTd:jfledfg gx'g] eGb} /];'ªuf gu/kflnsf u'NdLsf gf/fo0f kf]v/]n ufpd} cfP/ pBf]u ;+rfng ug'{ ePsf] 5 . stf/ a:bf / sfd ubf{ ;Gtf]if gePkl5 g]kfnL e'ldd} a;]/ s]xL ug'{k5{ eGg] pb]Zosf ;fy g]kfn cfO{ kf]v/]nn] tD3f;d} cfbz{ kmnkm'n k|zf]wg s]Gb|, ;+rfng dfkm{t ;'Gtnf,e'O{s6/jf6 h'; / crf/ lgdf{0fsf] cleofgnfO{ cuf8L a9fpg'ePsf] 5 . ljz]if u/L ;'Gtnfaf6 h';, ;j{t, e'O{s6/sf] h'; lgdf{0f ub}{ lhNnfdf pTkfbLt ;fdfgnfO{ kl/lrt u/fpg] of]hgfsf ;fy cuf8L a9]sf sf/0f klg 5f]6f] ;dodf pBf]un] ;kmntf kfPsf] xf] .

3/]n' pBf]usf] ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/ / :j+od :yflgo :t/df pBdLx¿n] b]vfPsf] e'ldsf / To;sf] of]ubfg ;sf/fTds 5 . %) xhf/ ?k}ofFjf6 z'? ePsf] pBf]usf] xfnsf] Ifdtf $ jif{df * nfv k'uL;s]sf] / ToxL k};fjf6 3/vr{ ;d]t ;+rfng x'b} cfPsf] 5 oltj]nf pBdL kf]v/]nsf] . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;xof]un] ubf{ cfh pBdL jGg ;kmn ePsf]df pxfF lgs} v';L dfq x'g'x'b}g pBdL jGg j]/f]huf/ o'jfnfO{ cfu|x ub}{ ;Gb]z k|jfx ub}{ cuf8L a9L/xg'ePsf] 5 .

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3/]n ' pBf ]u bk {0fcsidb.gov.np/downloads/Gharelu_Darpan_81_layout_small... · 2017-07-17 · 3/]n ' pBf ]u bk {0f 3 pmgLsf sk8fx? h'Qf agfpg] sfo {x? v 'bf], rfs', k 'i6sf/L, cflb