PBF Grammar

8/9/2019 PBF Grammar

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB

FACULTY OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY AND

BIOTECHNOLOGY

MODULES English language 1 & 2 - English for Specific Purposes (ESP)

Study courses: Food Technology, Biotechology, Nutrition

1stand 2ndyear students

Author: Dijana Njer, lecturer

GRAMMAR for students of Food

Technology, Biotechnology and Nutrition

THEORY AN !RA"T#"E

Contents:

Unit 1 Verb tenses: Present Simple / Present Continuous

Unit 2 Verb tenses: Past Simple / Past Continuous

Unit 3 Verb tenses: Present Perfect / Present Perfect Continuous

Unit 4 Tense contrasts

Unit 5 Passive

Unit 6 Conditional and if clauses

Unit 7 Modal verbs

Unit 8 Questions

Unit 9 Numbers and quantity

Unit 10 Adjectives (Compound adjectives & Comparison of adjectives)

Unit 11 Adverbs

Unit 12 Relative clauses


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PREFACE

Working with the students of Food Technology, Biotechnology and Nutrition I have

noticed that they are not exactly keen on either learning or revising grammar. However,

after having observed them for some time, I am now able to say that they respond muchbetter and participate more actively in class when we deal with grammar problems in

context. They seem genuinely interested in solving problems when there is contextual

background present.

Therefore I have tried to do my best and made it possible for them to do grammar

and at the same time read about the topics from their field of interest. It does not only

contribute to their grammar awareness, but it also enhances their vocaulary and gives

them a complete picture of what language learning is actually all about. They get the

insight into how language for specific purposes works and it encourages them in their

own studying autonomy. It is my hope but also conviction that after studying the

language of science and technology in this way at the faculty, they will becomeindependent members of the academic community and they will be able to find answers

to all questions that they might ask themselves.

Eventually it is our goal as lecturers to provide our students with knowledge and to give

them access to all sources of knowledge available or in other words to teach them where

to look and to teach them how to think. Once we achieve that, we are free to think that

our mission as lecturers is done.

Topics offered to students in these grammar exercises are chosen from different fields

ranging from medicine and ecology to biology and food science. The topics are:

Problems that students might face regarding studying conditions, tuition fees etc; Food

supply during World War 1; The nature of human intelligence; The problem of ageing

and life expectancy; Climate change; What would happen to our planet if humans asspecies disappeared; The extinction of the dinosaurs; Environmental issues; Salt

consumption and its influence on our health; The world health crisis at the beginning of

last century; Are men better at maths than women etc.


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Unit 1 Present Simple / Present Continuous

basic uses of present simple and present continuous

Use present simple for facts, or things that always happen.Waterfreezesat 32 degrees Fahrenheit and 0 degrees Celsius. Sea

watercontainson average 2.7% salt by weight.

Use present simple for routines and habits.

Fiddler crabsturnred when they become angry.

The birdsreturnto the island every spring.

Use present continuous for actions happening at the momentof speaking, and not finished.

Sorry, I'm busy at the moment.I'm workingon my report.

Present continuous is also used for actions happeninggenerally around the time of speaking, rather than exactly at the

same time.

I'm readinga really interesting book.

state and action verbs

Some verbs have meanings which refer to states or conditions, and others have

meanings which refer to actions. State verbs are either only used in simple form,

or have a different meaning when used in continuous form.

state verbs normally in present simple

belong, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve, matter, own, possess,

believe, imagine, know, prefer, realize, understand, mean, seem, cost, regret

Does thisbelongto you?

Fresh fruitcontainsa range of vitamins.

Some people stillbelievethat the Earth is flat.

Thisseemsto be the solution.


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Do you understandwhat I'm saying?

Some lab workersdon't realizehow dangerous these researches are.

verbs with state and action meanings

state

do

action

Whatdoyoudo? (=what is your job)

be, have

Whatare you doing? (=explain

your actions)

This house isover 100 years old. He is beingsilly!

oyouhavea car?

think, expect

'm havinga great time here.

Whatdoyouthink(=have an opinion) 'm thinkingof changing jobs.

(=considering)

Idon't expecthim to understand.

enjoy, love

reyou expectingsomeone?

I enjoy / lovegoing for long walks. reyou enjoyingthe party?

appear

I'm lovingevery minute of studying

at this faculty.

Your passportappearsto be out of date.

see, hear

Tom is appearingin Tarantino's

new movie.

Ididn't hearany noises.

weigh, measure

Youare hearing

things!(=imagining)

The bag weighs more than 25 kilos. 'm weighingthe parcel to make

sure it is not too heavy.


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more uses of present simple

Present simple is also used

in newspaper headlines to describe eventsMPssayno to green laws.

Ministry of Agriculturebanspesticides.

for verbs such as: apologize, dare, accept

Iagreewith you.

Isee.

Iacceptyour offer.

in jokes it is used for narrative events

A mangoesto see his psychiatrist. Hesayshe is having problems because he

imagineshe is a pair of curtains. The psychiatristtells him to pull himself

together.

Present continuous is also used

for actions which continue for some time

It's raining.

The childrenare playingupstairs.

for actions which describe a changing situation

It is gettingdark.

Car designsare changing all the time.

with an adverb such as continually, constantly,always to criticize actions that we feel are irritating or

annoying

Youarecontinually interrupting!

He isalwayscriticizingmy work!


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I. Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous form of

the verb in brackets.

Students now taking longer to finish studies

In the USA some university students nowadays (spend) __________ more and more

time in university before graduating. In American universities, many students (pay)

__________ their own school fees, and this (mean) __________ more time woring

and less studying.

Alan !hester is a "#$year$old %ournalism student from &hio who (tae) __________

si' years to complete his undergraduate degree. In order to pay tuition fees and other

e'penses he (wor) __________ four days a wee in the university itchen, while in

the university holidays he (do) __________ a full$time %ob.

I (find) __________ it difficult at the moment to study and pay my bills at the same

time, he (admit) __________. *ut I (try) __________ my best and I (manage)

__________ to eep the wolf from the door.

Alan+s parents (understand) __________ his decision to tae longer to graduate. hey

(now) __________ what I (go) __________ through, and they (help) __________

me as much as they can. It+s hard, but I (learn) __________ to loo after myself, and I

(e'perience) __________ stuff that might be useful one day when I+m a %ournalist. -e

(point out) __________ that some students (tae) __________ more time to graduate

because they (not really now) __________ what they (want) __________ to study.

ew courses of study (develop) __________ all the time, new sub%ects (appear)

__________ on the curriculum. Some students (spend) __________ time

e'perimenting with different courses before choosing their ma%or. So it+s not all about

money. I (thin) __________ universities (go) __________ through a period of

change lie everything else, and students have to adapt this changing situation.


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II. Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous formof the verb in brackets.

a) his product (contain) __________ no added chemicals of any ind.

b) I+m sorry, but I (not understand) __________ you/

c) 0hat+s the answer1 2 0ait a moment, I (thin) __________.

d) At birth a baby elephant (weigh) __________ about 34 g.

e) here+s nobody else to do the %ob, so I (suppose) __________ I+ll have to do it.

f) In this country more than a million people (live) __________ in poverty.

g) his cheese (smell) __________ terrible/

h) I (hear) __________ you did really well in your e'ams. 0ell done/

i) (you do) __________ anything at the moment1 I need some help with the test

tubes.

%) In career terms, having a good degree (appear) __________ to mae little

difference.

) o wine for me/ I (tae) __________ antibiotics for an ear infection.

l) Scientists now slowly (begin) __________ to understand more about how the brain

wors.


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Unit 2 Past Simple / Past Continuous

basic use of past simple

Use past simple for finished events in the past which have a definitetime

In 1969 the first men landedon the Moon.

in narrative

The dooropenedand two boyscameinto the room.

for past habits and routines

Few people in Victorian timestooka bath every day.

Past simple is also used in conditional sentences and in expressions like:It's

timeandIt's high time...

It's time we left.

basic use of past continuous

Use past continuous to describe a continuing unfinished action in the

past.

I looked out of the window and I saw it was raining.

Whenever I visited him, he was workingin his garden.

for a continuing unfinished action interrupted by a sudden pastaction.

While I was gettingready for bed, the doorbell rang.

for two continuing events happening at the same time.

While Jim was paintingthe outside of the house, Sarah was decoratingthe

bedrooms.Past continuous can also be used:

to emphasize that an action was still continuing.

They started producing the car in 1946 and werestillproducingit thirty years

later.

with forever, continually, always etc to criticize actions we feelannoying or which we wish to exaggerate.

At school he was alwaysgettinginto trouble.

She wasalwaysfallingin love with the wrong kind of man.


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I. Complete the text with the past simple or past continuous form of the verb

in brackets.

Fight against a flu pandemic

In 5une "443 hundreds of children from across the 6ast !oast of the U.S. ___________

(arrive) at !amp 7odin in *elgrade, 7aine, carrying flip$flops, sleeping bags and swimsuits.

*ut they also __________ (carry) something new. 8irst there __________ (be) one fever,

then si', then nine campers __________ (fall) ill in a single day. *y the end of the wee,

do9ens of ids __________ (sleep) in a specially :uarantined cabin with a pandemic flu

virus. Across the Atlantic, *ritain+s ational -ealth Service __________ (spend) most of

5uly recording ;44,444 new cases a wee.

5ust a few wees after the 7odin :uarantine, senior officials from across the U.S.

government __________ (gather) in the basement of the 0est 0ing to begin planning for

the siege to come. And throughout history1 7ore than ?4,444 deaths __________ (result) from the Asian flu in

;3#?> and there __________ (be) @,444 deaths after the -ong Bong flu __________

(hit) in ;3


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II. Complete the text with the past simple or past continuous form of the verb

in brackets.

;. wo people __________(die) of heart attacs yesterday morning.

". She __________ (watch) a documentary on E, when suddenly we __________

(go ) out of power. I __________ (wor) on the computer at the time. I

__________ (lose) a whole hour+s wor.

@. -e __________ (sit) in the garden when a wasp __________ (sting) him on the

nose.

. -is hair __________ (catch) fire, when he __________ (coo) a tomato soup.


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Unit 3 Present Perfect / Present Perfect Continuous

basic use of present perfect

Use present perfect simple to refer to events connected to the present

Someonehas stolenmy bike!

I'vejusthad an idea.

to refer to indefinite events that happened at an unknown time in the

past

Archaeologistshave discoveredan Anglo-Saxon palace in London.

to refer to indefinite events with a result in the present

My carhas brokendown.


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Underline the correct form.

The nature of intelligence

8or many years scientists tried / have been tryingto define the nature of human

intelligence. -owever, they were / have been unable to agree on whether there is one ind

of intelligence, or several inds. In the early "4thcentury, psychologist !harles Spearman

came up / has come upwith the concept of +g+ or +general intelligence+. -e gave / had

givensub%ects a variety of different tests and found / has foundthat the people who

performed / have performedwell in the tests used / have usedone part of the brain,

which he called / has called +g+, for all the tests.

7ore recently, research found / has foundthat this idea may well be true, as one part of

the brain (the lateral prefrontal corte') shows increased blood flow during testing. -owever,

some scientists believe that intelligence is a matter of how much people learned / have

learned rather than some ability they are born with. hey believe that environment also

matters.

The ageing population

he number of men and women in the US aged


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Unit 4 Tense contrasts

Underline the best verb form.

The arguments about climate change

According to all the measurements, climate change happens G is happening, but science

appears G isappearingto be split on what to do about it. Unfortunately, scientists do not

all agree G are not all agreeingabout the causes of global warming. In a recent boo, two

scientists 2 8red Singer, a climate physicist, and Fennis Avery, a biologist 2 argue G are

arguingthat the warming currently observed around the world is part of a ;,#44$year cycle

in solar energy. Singer, an outspoen critic of the idea that humans warm G are warming

the planet, and Avery, believe G are believingthat a well$established, ;,#44$year cycle in

the 6arth+s climate can e'plain most of the global warming that taes place G has taen

placein the last ;44 years.

0e are currently on an upswing, getting warmer after the Dittle Ice Age, but in a few

hundred years will be G arebac on the downswing, and getting colder again. hey say G

are sayingthat efforts to slow down the current warming by reducing emissions of

greenhouse gases are at best pointless, or at worst economically damaging. his, of course,

is not what the fourth assessment report of the U Intergovernmental Canel on !limate

!hange (IC!!) has said G saida few wees ago. hat report from the U climate science

woring group has concluded G concludedthat it is G has beenliely that rising

greenhouse gas concentrations have caused G causedmost recent warming and that,

depending on our actions now to slow down the growth of emissions, warming by ";44 will

probablybe G is probablybetween about ;.#H! and


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Complete the text with the appropriate form of the verb in brackets.

ife expectancy

&ur country _______________ (go) through a period of accelerating change. oday, there

_______________ (be) around @.? million people aged over


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Unit 5 Passive

Passive forms

The basic formation is be + past participle. All tenses and simple or continuous

forms are possible, but some are more common than others.

Present simple passive All studentsare taughtcomputer skills.

Present continuous passive The research is being conducted.

Future simple passive The new faculty building will be completednext

year.

Past simple passive The new laboratory was openedby the dean lastmonth.

Past continuous passive The machine broke down while the product was

beingtransported.

Present perfect passive The lecturehas been cancelled.

Only transitive verbs (verbs with an object) can form the passive.

Passive is used: to move important information to the beginning of the sentence

The new research deparmenthasjustbeen opened.

to be impersonal in a scientific or technical process

The plastic casingsare producedin China.

when the performer of the action is general (people) or obviousfrom the context, or unimportant, or is intentionally not mentioned

The examhas been postponed.


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Complete the text with a passive or active form of the verb in brackets, in a

suitable tense according to the context.

ocal cheeses

raditional cheeses (produce) ______________ in many regions of the UB and (name)

_______________ after the area in which they (first develop) _______________.

!heddar, a hard cheese with a strong, nutty taste, is the most popular and (now mae)

_______________ all over the world. A true !heddar must come from the counties of

Somerset, Forset or Fevon in southwest 6ngland or specifically from the Somerset village

from which it (tae) _______________ its name. 0ensleydale (come)

_______________ from the orshire Fales (valleys) in northern 6ngland. &riginally made

from sheep+s mil, it (base) _______________ on a recipe introduced by the !isterian

mons in the ;;thcentury and has a mild refreshing flavour.

raditional Dancashire, from northwest 6ngland, has a light, salty flavour. Furing the

Industrial Jevolution (around ;?


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Complete the text with a suitable passive form of the verb in brackets.

Wangari !aathai

0angari 7aathai (award) _______________ the obel Ceace Cri9e in "44. She

(praise) _______________ by the obel committee as a source of inspiration for everyone

in Africa fighting for sustainable development, democracy and peace. 0hen she started her

Kreen *elt movement in ;3??, Benya was suffering from deforestation and desertification.

housands of trees (cut down) _______________

and many families (leave) _______________ in poverty as a result. Since then, her

successful campaign to mobili9e women to plant some @4 million trees (copy)

_______________ by other countries. Furing that time the movement (transform)

_______________ into a campaign on education, nutritiona nad other issues. -er

campaign has not always been popular. 7rs 7aathai (arrest) _______________ several

times for campaigning against deforestation in Africa, and once she (beat)

______________ unconscious by heavy handed police. *ut in elections in "44", she

(elect) _______________ as an 7C as part of an opposition coalition which swept topower, and she (appoint) _______________ as a deputy environment minister in "44@.


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Unit 6 Conditional and if-clauses

Real conditions (first conditional)

This shows the results in the present or future of a real situation, with possible orlikely results.

if + present simple + present simple

future simple

imperative

If (when) Irun out ofpetrol, Igoto the petrol station.

If you eatall the ice-cream, you'll besick!If youarehot,openthe window!

Unreal conditions (second conditional)

This shows the results which would follow from an imaginary situation, with

impossible or unlikely results.

if + past simple + would (do)

If we all workedtogether, we would solvethe problem faster. If

there wasno Moon, there wouldn't beany tides.


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Complete the sentence with a suitable form of the verb in brackets.

The "arth after humans

If all people on 6arth (disappear) _______________ tomorrow, nature (begin)

_______________ to reclaim the planet. 8or a start, if people no longer (pollute)

_______________ the atmosphere, the air soon (become) _______________ clean

again. If there (be) _______________ no people to maintain buildings, they (soon begin)

_______________ to decay, but more solid parts (tae) _______________ thousands of

years to disappear. In general, if the


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The extinction of the dinosaurs

he dinosaurs probably became e'tinct after a giant asteroid hit the 6arth about


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Unit 7 Modal verbs

must

Use mustto give an order Youmust bemore careful!

to describe a duty Everyonemust recycleas much as possible.

to make a strongrecommendation

have to

Use have to

You reallymust goand see that exhibition.

for a necessary action Youhave to bethere by six.for a rule Wehave to weara uniform at our school.

in question forms oyouhave to go?

(it is used more commonly than must)

must not, don't have to

must not (mustn't) describes what is not allowed.

Youmustn't startuntil I tell you.

don't have to describes what is not necessary.Tonydoesn't have to goto his lectures this afternoon.

Should, shouldn't (ought to, ought not to)

Use should, shouldn't (ought to, ought not to)

to make a recommendation, when we say what we think is a good idea.

Youshould cometo work by bike. It will be much quicker.

to say that something is correct or incorrect

Youshould writeyour name at the top of the letter.

informal writing

All studentsshould reportto the examination room by 8.30.

Need, need to

The meaning is similar to have to.

Sarahneeds to bemore patient.

Youdon't need to worry.

DoIneed to fill inthis form?


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Be able to, can, could

Could describes a general past ability.

Shecould swim200 metres when she was a child.

Was able to describes having the ability and doing something successfully.

She was able to liftthat heavy load.

Complete the text with one word in each gap.

#efuse

Jubbish 2 or refuse as we _________ really call it 2 is big news at the moment. 8or many

years, people in *ritain ___________ had to pay a local ta' (council ta') which includes a

charge for refuse collection. In many parts of the country people have also been

__________ to as their local council to remove unwanted household items, such as

furniture and electrical appliances. -owever, in recent years, as a result of 6U legislation,

councils have __________ to reconsider how they collect rubbish, and what they do with it.

In the past, householders simply __________ to put out their dustbins once a wee, a ndthe council collected the rubbish. ow the emphasis is on recycling, and householders

__________ to separate recyclable waste (papaer, plastic, cans and bottles) from organic

waste (food and garden waste) and other items. Jeally we __________ have started

doing this years ago, e'plained Baren Kraham from recycling consultants 0asteot. 0e

__________ to stop filling up holes in the ground with rubbish and loo at what other

countries have __________ able to do. &ne liely change is that soon householders

__________ have to pay for their rubbish collections. Ceople __________ pay according

to how much rubbish they produce, and we __________ to reward people who recycle and

consume less. Ceople in *elgium, for e'ample, ___________ had to get used to this

system 2 and it seems to have wored. And if you thin that weighing your rubbish is a

strange idea, you had ___________ get used to it. *efore long, an electronic chip in your

dustbin will be weighing the bin and calculating how much you __________ to pay.


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Unit 8 Questions

Complete the text with one word in each gap.

$lobal warming arguments

It+s easy to suppose that we all feel the same way about global warming. After all,

everybody wants to save the world, don+t they1 0e all want to mae acontribution, however

small, and we do our best. ou aren+t one of those people who wastes water, __________

you1 &f course not/ And I+m sure you+ve got low$energy light bulbs in your house,

__________ you1 ou bet/ ot everyone is so enthusiastic, of course. Some people

wonder __________ they can do to help, and don+t really now what to do. Until they find

out by paying attention to what the world+s scientists are saying. At least, we all hope this is

true, __________ we1 Still, there are :uite a lot of people who %ust hope that the problem

will go away. 0hy do they do this, we might as. __________ they want to mae a

difference1

heir ususal response is we don+t really now whether the climate is changing.__________ we1 0ell, of course we do. here is plenty of evidence of climate change,

isn+t __________1 0e now that we are wasting energy and polluting the planet, don+t

___________1 It+s all :uite simple really. And if you do now anyone who is still uncertain

about whether to save the world or not, your message to them should be clear. 0hat are

you waiting __________1 If you thin this is %ust somebody else+s problem, it will, very

soon, be your problem as well. *elieve it.


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Unit 9 - Numbers and quantity

many, few, much, little

with countable nouns we usetoo many, not many, a few, few

There aretoo manymistakes here.

We have hadfewmistakes.

with uncountable nouns we can use too much, not much, a little, little

I needa littlehelp.

That requirestoo mucheffort.

We don't havemuchtime.

Put one suitable word in each space.

Salt consumption and health

-ealth e'perts believe that many people are consuming far too __________ salt, and that

this is a health ris. here are plenty __________ studies which show that increased salt

consumption raises blood pressure and can cause heart problems, and the recommendation

is that we should all be consuming __________ salt. 6ven if we add __________ any salt

to our food at the table, we may be consuming a __________ of salt without reali9ing. he

daily recommended amount is < grams, but many people are consuming twice as much

__________ this and the average daily consumption in the UB is over 3g per day. *read,

biscuits, etchup and ready made meals all contain __________ a lot of salt, so each time

we eat a slice of bread, for e'ample, we are adding to our daily intae. Kovernments are

encouraging food manufacturers to cut down on the __________ of salt they put into food,

and every food product should state clearly on the wrapper how __________ salt it

contains.


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Unit 10 -Adjectives

Compound adjectives

Compound adjectives can be formed in the following ways:

from adjective + noun

cheap-ratephone call

with numbers (plural s is never used)

atwo-hourmeeting

with a noun + adjective

aself-employeddesigner

anair-tightcontainer

Comparisons

To make the comparative and superlative of:

one-syllable adjectives - you add -er, -est

one-syllable adjectives ending in e - you addr, -st

two-syllable adjectives ending in y - change y to i and adder, -est.

longer adjectives put moreand the mostin front.

Irregular comparison

good better - the best bad worse - theworst far farther/further the

farthest/furthest

The + comparative, the + comparative

The sooner, the better.

The more, the merrier.

The earlierwe start,the soonerwe'll get there.


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Complete the text with a compound adjective from the list in each gap.

Supermarket food

freshly prepared much$reduced home$cooed

so$called time$saving far$reaching

traffic$clogged hard$woring ready$made

large$scale locally grown

8ew of us have the lu'ury of home$produced food fresh from our own garden, and

increasingly we live in a world where such food is becoming rare. Although supermarets

can sell fresh fruit and vegetables at __________ prices, not everyone buys them. 7any

people coo very little at home, and in some households few meals are __________.

8ro9en and __________ meals are __________ solutions for __________ people, and

__________ convenience foods sold in supermarets are beginning to replace more

traditional __________ meals in many households. he conse:uences of such changes are

__________. 8ood which might have a long %ourney from the other end of the country has

replaced __________ food, which also means that huge supermaret lorries are added to

__________ roads. Small farmers, who produce only small :uantities of food, also find that

supermarets prefer __________ production, and are often forced out of business.


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Complete the text with a word from the list in each gap.

Science news

aware be able clear hopeful

impossible possible surprised unwise

unusual unwilling

Scientists carrying out research in swamps in Sumatra have discovered the world+s smallest

fish. he female is only ?.3 mm. It was thought to be impossible that any living organism

should survive in the swamps, as the water is e'tremely acidic. It is also very low in

minerals and this is thought to e'plain why it is __________ for larger species to develop.

Jesearchers e'amining satellite data from the Antarctic have been __________ to find that

there are large laes and rivers beneath the ice sheets. It+s __________ that Antarctic ice

is moving much faster than we supposed, said Crofessor Susan Kraham from the Antarctic

Survey. She was __________ to say whether this would mean a more rapid rise in sea

levels due to melting ice. It+s __________ to predict at this stage e'actly what this

discovery means, but it maes us __________ that Antarctic ice could be melting faster

than we had thought.

Scientists at ASA believe that they may __________ to detect earth:uaes from space

before they happen. It+s __________ to monitor the build up of energy in the 6arth+s crust,

and scientists are __________ that this information can be interpreted by computer

programs which will give appro'imate predictions of future :uaes.


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Choose the best option A, B or C to complete the sentence.

Me$ory

It+s :uite common to hear someone complain that their memory is __!__ as it used to be,

or that the more things they try to remember, _____ :uicly they seem to forget. -owever,

memory is _____ complicated than we usually thin. 8or e'ample, remembering facts is not

at all _____ remembering how to perform an action, and it seems that we don+t forget how

to ride a bicycle or drive a car. 8or some people, it may be _____ to remember what they

have %ust read _____ recall where they left their car eys. &f course, _____ interesting a

topic is, the more we remember about it, and we are almost certainly _____ to recall

something we have read or seen recently, because it remains active in our memory. 0here

studying is concerned, there are certainly ways of maing the memory _____. It+s _____ to

remember disorgani9ed information, so note$maing and summari9ing are important, and

the learner, not the teacher, has to do this. Jegular reviewing of what has been learned is

_____ ways of strengthening memory. Some learners have _____ visual than a verbal

memory, and may remember more by associating ideas with visual images. here are plenty

of boos on the maret which illustrate these techni:ues, always assuming that you can

remember to buy one/

a) %less good &worse not as good

b) %not nearly as &the more it+s %ust as

c) %by far &easily a lot more

d) %the same as &lie as if

e)%probably &much easier nowhere near as

f) %as &than to the more

g)%%ust about as much & more and more the more

h)%faster and faster &far and away more liely

i) %more efficient &as good as every bit as

%) %%ust as easy &not so easy easier and easier

) %as important &more and more important one of the best

l) %%ust as good &easily the best a better


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29

Unit 11 Adverbs

We use adverbs to say how something happens or is done.

He spokekindlybutshyly.

He closed the doorangrily.

We also use adverbs before adjectives, past participles, other adverbs and

prepositional expressions.

It'sterriblycold.

He wasmadlyin love with her.


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30

Choose the correct form.

;. his 8rench cheese you bought is __________ (really, utterly, completely) tasty.

". ony can+t ___________ (:uite, really, surprisingly) decide what he wants to study

at university.

@. 0e __________ (really, entirely, hardly) didn+t e'pect this result.

. If you wor __________ (hard, hardly, e'tremely) I+m sure you+ll be a success.

#. he answer is __________ (considerably, very, perfectly) obvious.


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31

Unit 12 - Relative clauses

Defining relative clause

A defining relative clause gives information about a person or thing. It comesimmediately after the thing it defines, and is not separated from it by a comma.

It is crucial to the meaning of the sentence and cannot be removed without

changing the meaning.

There are only one or two American statesthatI haven't visited.

Non-defining relative clause

A non-defining relative clause gives extra information which does not define theperson or thing it follows. It is separated from the main clause by commas.

GlaxoSmithKline, which I work for, is one of the leading pharmaceutical

companies.

Prepositions and relative pronouns

which, that, who, whom, whose

Leaving out the relative pronoun

In defining object clauses it is possible to leave out the relative pronoun.

This isn't the book (that/which)I ordered.

In a non-defining clause it is not possible to leave out the relative pronoun.

This book, which I bought secondhand, was really cheap.

Reduced relative clauses

In defining clauses we can leave out the relative pronoun and part of the verb

phrase so that the participle is acting as an adjective defining the noun.

Tell the students (who are) waitingoutside to come in.


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32

Underline the best word or blank (-) for no word.

%re men better at maths than women?

&ne of the stereotypes about the differences between men and women, who G which G $

seems to be supported by some research, what G $ G whereis that men are better at

maths. According to brain research, levels of grey matter, it G who Gwhichcreates

processing centres in the brain, are higher in men than they are in women. &n the other

hand, it is women who G $ G theyhave more white matter, $ Git G whichcreates the lins

between processing centres in the brain. Foes G0hich G 0hatthis seems to suggest is

that while the male brain $ G that G itcontains more areas for processing information, which

G what G whomeans that the male brain has more capacity to solve maths problems, it is

the female brain it G that G andhas the greater ability to perceive patterns. In other words,

it is brain structure what G itG thatmaes men better at maths, but whose G which G

wherealso maes women better at communicating. -owever, other researchers argue that it

is the stereotyping itself it G $ G thatcauses the difference in performance in maths, rather

than any innate ability. 0omen $ G who G whichbelieve they are inferior at maths,

especially when they tae maths tests in rooms where G whose G whichmen are present,

tend to produce the ind of results $ G and G theye'pect to produce. Jesearch $ G which

G whatanalyses maths test results on a large scale suggests that the results attained by

women are %ust as good as those attained by men.


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33

Fill in the gaps with appropriate relative pronouns (who, which, whom etc.).

In ;3#, a man named Jay Broc, ______ made his living selling the 7ultimi'er milshae

machine, began hearing about a hamburger stand in San *ernardino, !alifornia.

A potato ________ has too great a percentage of water will come out soggy at the end of

the frying process.

*efore the fifties, it was impossible, in most American towns, to buy fries of consistent

:uality. Jay Broc was the man ________ changed that.

&ils _______ are rich in monosaturated fats aren+t nearly as bad for you as saturated fats.

Write your own ending.

;.he whisy you dran last night...

".0e moved to the country so that we would have a garden...

@.0e have tested three hundred types of wheat flour,...

.Universal Agroplastics, ...... has made a loss of three million pounds this year.

#.Smallpo', .... has now been wiped out.


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Translate the following sentences.

;. e mogu se s%etiti nioga oga bih htio po9vati na proslavu povodom mo%e diplome.

". &na %e vo9ila bicil od Klasgowa do Dondona, Mto %e priliNno dobro, budui da ima

?# godina.

@. Criliom prOen%a rumpira u ul%u, toplina ul%a pretvara vodu, o%a %e sadrOana u

rumpiru, u paru, Mto u9rou%e bubren%e i omeMavan%e Mrobnih granula.

. Samo rumpir o%i se Nuva neolio t%edana u toplim uv%etima ao bi pretvorio

Meer u Mrob, moOe dati hrsav prOeni rumpiri.

#. U moNvari na Sumatri pronaena %e na%man%a riba na svi%etu o%a %e dugaNa samo

?.3 mm. o %e 9apravo Nudno %er se mislilo da u moNvarama nema Oivih bia 9bog

vode o%a %e i9u9etno isela.


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;. httpLGGwww.dailymail.co.uGsciencetechGarticle$"#?=#=;G!an$women$math$ew$

study$finds$se'es$believe$men$better$reality$no$difference.html(accessed 7ay @;,

"4;;)

". Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine Vol. 81, No. 1, March2004 2004 The New York Academy of Medicine - A Social Model for Health Promotion for

an Aging Population: Initial Evidence on the Experience Corps Model

3. http://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/memory(accessed June 10, 2011)4. http://www.britishcheese.com/(accessed June 23, 2012)5. www.globalissues.org/issue/168/environmental-issues(accessed January 09,2012)6. http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/salt-and-sodium/(accessed January 09,2012)7. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/(accessed February 02,2012)8. www.greenbeltmovement.org/wangari-maathai(accessed April 15,2011)9. teachingcenter.wustl.edu/.../student-attention.aspx (accessed January 19, 2012)10. www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/(accessed March 24, 2011)

11. www.englishpage.com/grammar/(accessed March 25, 2011)12. www.perfect-english-grammar.com/verb-tenses.html(accessed March 20, 2011)

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