3rd International Sclerochronology Conference 2013 Caernarfon

1

May 18-‐22, 2013 • Caernarfon, North Wales, UK

3rd Interna onalSclerochronology Conference

18-22nd

May 2013

Caernarfon, North Wales, UK

Programme and Abstracts

2

3rd Interna onal Sclerochronology Conference

ABSTRACT VOLUME

Editor Paul Butler

Editorial Staff David Roberts

Produc on David Roberts, Paul Butler

Printed by Bangor University

Recommended cita on: Butler, P.G. (Ed.) 2013. 3rd Interna onal Sclerochronology Conference,

18-‐22nd May 2013, Programme and Abstracts.

Copyright and responsibility for the scien fic content of the contribu ons lie with the authors.

Organizing Commi ee

Joint Chair

James D. Scourse, Bangor University, UK

Christopher A. Richardson, Bangor University, UK

Interna onal Team

Bryan A. Black, Oregon State University, USA

Michael L. Carroll, Akvaplan.niva, Tromsø, Norway

David P. Gillikin, Union College, New York, USA

Claire E. Lazareth, LOCEAN – Paleoproxus, Bondy, France

Melita Perharda, Ins tute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croa a

Bernd R. Schöne, University of Mainz, Germany

Alan D. Wanamaker Jr, Iowa State University, Iowa, USA

Rob Witbaard, Royal Netherlands Ins tute for Sea Research, Texel, The Netherlands

Local Team (Bangor University, School of Ocean Sciences)

Local Organiza on

Paul Butler

David Reynolds

David Roberts

Alejandro Roman Gonzalez

Stewards and assistants

Laura Bush

Alice Goward-‐Brown

Phil Hollyman

Rebekah Newstead

Sophie Slater

Tim Whi on

Logis cs

Ka e Johnston

Brian Long

Ian Nicholls

Ian Pritchard

Berwyn Roberts

3


Dear Friends and Colleagues,

Croeso i Gymru! Croeso i Gaernarfon! On

behalf of the conference organiza on team we

welcome you to the heart of North Wales to the


(ISC2013) organised by Bangor University.

ISC2013 follows the highly successful inaugural

ISC held in St Petersburg, Florida, USA in 2007

and the equally successful ISC2010 held in Mainz,

Germany. It was clear in Mainz three years ago

that the sclerochronological community was

maturing fast, with presenta ons on many diverse

scien fic advances and approaches applied

to annually-‐banded bioarchives and, as a self-‐

organising community, the decision to maintain

this momentum was taken by proposing to meet

in Wales in 2013. Although we had some early

concerns about possible low delegate numbers,

these have turned out to be unfounded, and

the quality and diversity of the oral and poster

presenta ons submi ed for ISC2013 promises a

vibrant and challenging mee ng.

In the welcome to ISC2010 Professor

Bernd Schöne noted the many advances in

sclerochronological techniques – including notably

the applica on of geochemical methods including

trace elements and novel isotopic approaches

– but highlighted the poten al that yet had

to be realised and the need as a community

to ensure that our sclerochronologies and

scleroclimatologies are applied to a wider overall

“big picture”. This call to address a wider agenda

was echoed by the presenta ons in ISC2010 and

since Mainz there has been a discernable maturing

of the science evidenced by increasing publica on

of sclerochronological approaches in high impact

journals. The huge advances that absolutely-‐dated

records of environmental change and popula on

structure offer to many branches of science –

ecology, palaeoclimatology/palaeoceanography,

archaeology, pollu on – are increasingly no ced

by prac oners within those sciences. The not

uncommon view – especially amongst proposal

referees! -‐ that sclerochronology is an elegant

Annwyl Gyfeillion a Chydweithwyr,

Croeso i Gymru! Croeso i Gaernarfon! Ar ran m

trefnu’r gynhadledd, rydym yn eich croesawu

i galon Gogledd Cymru, i’r 3edd Gynhadledd

Ryngwladol ar Sglerogronoleg (ISC2013), a drefnir

gan Brifysgol Bangor.

Mae ISC2013 yn dilyn yr ISC gyntaf a llwyddiannus

iawn a gynhaliwyd yn St Petersburg, Florida,

UDA yn 2007 ac ISC2010, a oedd yr un mor

llwyddiannus, ac a gynhaliwyd yn Mainz, yr

Almaen. Roedd yn amlwg yn Mainz dair blynedd

yn ôl fod y gymuned sglerogronolegol yn prysur

aeddfedu, gyda chyflwyniadau ar lawer o wahanol

ddatblygiadau gwyddonol a dulliau a ddefnyddir ar

fioarchifau sydd wedi’u bandio’n flynyddol ac, fel

cymuned sy’n ei threfnu ei hunan, penderfynwyd

cynnal y momentwm hwn, gan gynnig cyfarfod yng

Nghymru yn 2013. Er bod gennym rai pryderon ar

y cychwyn ynglŷn â’r posibilrwydd o niferoedd isel

o gynadleddwyr, profwyd nad oedd sail i’r rhain,

ac mae ansawdd ac amrywiaeth y cyflwyniadau,

ar lafar a thrwy bosteri, a gyflwynwyd ar gyfer

ISC2013 yn addo cyfarfod bywiog a llawn her.

Yn y croeso i ISC2010, nododd yr Athro Bernd

Schöne y datblygiadau niferus mewn technegau

sglerogronolegol – yn cynnwys, yn benodol,

ddefnydd dulliau geogemegol yn cynnwys

elfennau hybrin a dulliau isotopig newydd – ond

pwysleisiodd hefyd y posibiliadau a oedd eto

i’w gwireddu a’r angen i ni, fel cymuned, sicrhau

ein bod yn defnyddio ein sglerogronolegau

a’n sglerohinsoddegau ar “ddarlun mawr”

ehangach yn gyffredinol. Ategwyd yr alwad

hon i ymdrin ag agenda ehangach gan y

cyflwyniadau a gafwyd yn ISC2010 ac, ers Mainz,

gwelwyd bod y wyddoniaeth yn aeddfedu, fel a

dys wyd gan gyhoeddiadau cynyddol o ddulliau

sglerogronolegol mewn cylchgronau dylanwadol

iawn. Mae’r datblygiadau anferth a gynigir gan y

gallu i roi dyddiad pendant ar gofnodion ar newid

amgylcheddol ac ar strwythur y boblogaeth i

lawer o ganghennau o wyddoniaeth – ecoleg,

palaeohinsoddeg/ palaeo-‐eigioneg, archaeoleg,

llygredd – yn cael mwyfwy o sylw gan ymarferwyr

4


tool in search of an applica on is having to

change because of published evidence that

sclerochronological approaches offer prac cal

solu ons to previously intractable problems. A

momentum has been created which we, uniquely,

have the opportunity to exploit, increasing

the visibility of our science and developing a

heightened sensi vity to the wider research

agenda, both in terms of the iden fica on of

per nent issues and the awareness of new inter-‐

and transdisciplinary opportuni es.

ISC2013 is hosted and organised by the School

of Ocean Sciences (SOS) at Bangor University.

SOS is situated along the Menai Strait some

12 km to the northeast of Caernarfon, and is

one of the largest marine science research and

teaching ins tutes in Europe. The Conference

itself is being held in Galeri, a modern cultural,

ar s c and entrepreneurial centre developed

on a spectacular quayside se ng in the ancient

Royal Borough of Caernarfon. There are very

many historical and natural riches to explore here

before, during and a er the ISC2013 scien fic

programme. Caernarfon is a World Heritage

Site with a spectacular se ng, immediately to

the north of Snowdonia and on the shores of

the beau ful dal Menai Strait that separates

Anglesey (Môn) from mainland North Wales. The

Romans established their se lement of Segon um

here but, like the English in the centuries that

followed, had considerable difficulty in quelling

the local tribes, notably the Ordovices (yes, this is

the type locality for the Ordovician!). King Edward

I established Caernarfon Castle – built on a design

taken from Byzan um – between 1283 and 1330

in order to quell the rebellion of Llewelyn ap

Gruffydd. Despite a turbulent history at the centre

of the struggle between Welsh iden ty and English

hegemony, Caernarfon Castle remains one of the

best preserved of all Medieval castles in the UK

and retains poli cal and ceremonial significance;

controversially it was here that the current heir

to the throne was invested as Prince of Wales in

1969. Lloyd George, Bri sh Prime Minister during

the early twen eth century and a major social

sy’n gweithio o fewn y gwyddorau hynny. Mae

angen i’r farn nid anghyffredin – yn enwedig

ymysg canolwyr i gynigion – fod sglerogronoleg

yn offeryn soffis gedig yn chwilio am ddefnydd

– newid, a hynny am fod tys olaeth wedi’i

chyhoeddi fod dulliau sglerogronolegol yn cynnig

atebion ymarferol i broblemau a fu gynt yn

anodd iawn eu datrys. Mae momentwm wedi’i

greu, a ninnau â chyfle unigryw i fanteisio arno,

gan amlygu ein gwyddoniaeth a dod yn fwy

ymwybodol o agenda ehangach ymchwil, o ran

adnabod materion perthnasol a hefyd adnabod

cyfleoedd newydd, yn rhyngddisgyblaethol ac yn

drawsddisgyblaethol.

Mae ISC2013 cael ei chynnal a’i threfnu gan yr

Ysgol Gwyddorau Eigion ym Mhrifysgol Bangor.

Saif yr Ysgol Gwyddorau Eigion ar lannau’r Fenai,

ryw 12km i’r gogledd-‐ddwyrain o Gaernarfon,

ac mae’n un o’r sefydliadau mwyaf yn Ewrop

sy’n ymchwilio ac yn addysgu ym maes ymchwil

gwyddor môr. Mae’r Gynhadledd ei hun i’w

chynnal yn Galeri, canolfan ddiwylliannol, ar s g

ac entrepreneuraidd fodern a ddatblygwyd ar lan

ysblennydd y cei ym Mwrdeistref Frenhinol hynafol

Caernarfon. Mae llawer o gyfoeth hanesyddol a

naturiol i’w archwilio yma cyn ac ar ôl rhaglen

wyddonol ISC2013. Mae Caernarfon yn Safle

Tre adaeth y Byd ar safle ysblennydd, yn union i’r

gogledd o Eryri ac ar lannau prydferth y Fenai sy’n

gwahanu Ynys Môn oddi wrth dir mawr Cymru.

Yma y sefydlodd y Rhufeiniaid eu hanheddiad

Segon um ond, yn yr un modd â’r Saeson yn y

canrifoedd dilynol, cawsant gryn anhawster wrth

dawelu’r llwythau lleol, yn nodedig yr Ordofigiaid

(ie, dyma leoliad nodweddiadol ar gyfer yr

Ordofigiaid!). Y Brenin Edward I a sefydlodd Gastell

Caernarfon, rhwng 1283 a 1330, ar sail cynllun

a gymerwyd o Fysan wm, er mwyn rhoi pen

ar wrthryfel Llywelyn ap Gruffydd. Er gwaethaf

hanes cythryblus yng nghanol yr ymgiprys rhwng

hunaniaeth Gymreig a goruchafiaeth y Saeson,

o ran ei gyflwr, mae Castell Caernarfon ymysg

y goreuon o blith yr holl gestyll Canoloesol

yn y DU, ac yn parhau’n arwyddocaol, o ran

gwleidyddiaeth a defodau; yn ddadleuol, yma yr

5


reformer, was the local Member of Parliament

and is honoured by a statue in Castle Square.

Historically, culturally and scenically, Caernarfon

is dis nc ve. It is a fully bilingual community and

you are as likely to hear Welsh spoken in and

around the Conference se ng as you are to hear

English.

Thank you all for your contribu on to ISC2013.

We would especially like to thank all our sponsors

and supporters, the Galeri management team,

the stewards, and all those on the local and

interna onal teams who have contributed to the

conference organiza on. Without these ISC2013

could not have happened. Diolch yn fawr!!

Cyd Gadeiryddion y Gynhadledd

Joint Conference Chairs

James Scourse

Chris Richardson

arwisgwyd e fedd presennol y goron yn Dywysog

Cymru ym 1969. Lloyd George, Prif Weinidog

Prydain tua dechrau’r 20fed ganrif a diwygiwr

cymdeithasol o bwys, oedd yr Aelod Seneddol

lleol, ac mae wedi’i anrhydeddu â cherflun ar y

Maes. Yn hanesyddol, yn ddiwylliannol ac o ran

ei golygfeydd, mae Caernarfon ar ei phen ei hun.

Mae’n gymuned gwbl ddwyieithog, ac rydych

yr un mor debygol o glywed y Gymraeg yn cael

ei siarad yn y Gynhadledd ac o’i chwmpas ag o

glywed y Saesneg.

Diolch yn fawr ichi i gyd am eich cyfraniad at

ISC2013. Rydym yn arbennig o awyddus i ddiolch

i’n holl noddwyr a chefnogwyr, i dîm rheoli Galeri,

i’r s wardiaid, ac i holl aelodau’r mau lleol

a rhyngwladol sydd wedi cyfrannu at drefnu’r

gynhadledd. Heb y rhain, ni fuasai modd cynnal

ISC2013. Diolch yn fawr!

6


7


Contents

Caernarfon street map 8

General Informa on 9

Conference schedule 11

Directory of Poster Presenta ons 20

Oral Presenta on Abstracts 26

Poster Presenta on Abstracts 81

Author Index 151

8


Galeri

Celtic Royal Hotel

Travelodge

Premier Inn

Caernarfon Castle

1

2

3

4

5

4

2

3

5

1

a

b

c

d

ef

g

Caernarfon street map

9


General informa onLoca on and conference address

Galeri, Doc Victoria, Caernarfon, Gwynedd LL55 1SQ

Tel: 01286 685 218 email: [email protected]

Conference website: h p://isc2013.bangor.ac.uk

Registra on desk

The registra on desk is open during normal Conference hours (see Conference schedule)

Internet access

Free internet access will be available. Delegates will require a guest account and password which will be

provided with the welcome packs.

Transport. Minibus transport will be provided free of charge between Bangor railway sta on and the

conference centre on Saturday 18th May, a er the end of the conference on Wednesday 22nd May and

in the morning of Thursday 23rd May. On 22nd May and 23rd May minibuses will also take delegates to

Menai Bridge for the fieldweek.

Taxis. Chubbs Cabs (01248 353535 www.chubbscabs.co.uk) operate a 24 hour service. A taxi from

Caernarfon to Bangor sta on will normally be about £25 (£35 at night)

Buses 5, 5S and X5 operate between Caernarfon and Bangor railway sta on. The journey takes about

30 minutes.

Recommended local restaurants and pubs, all within walking distance of the Galeri and shown on the

locality map (a free buffet lunch will be available every day at the conference venue):

Contemporary Welsh

Blas, Hole in the Wall Street 01286 677707

Chinese

Fu’s, Victoria Dock 01286 669410

Indian

Bengal Spice, 11 Palace Street 01286 676797

Italian

Villa Marina, 9, Segon um Terrace 01286 677290

Y Wal, 2, Palace Street 01286 674383

Greek

Ouzo and Olive, 16 Hole in the Wall Street 01286 674333

Tradi onal pub

Black Boy Inn, Northgate Street 01286 673604

a

b

c

f

ed

g

10


Oral presenta ons

Oral presenta ons will be 20 minutes long (keynotes 30 minutes) including me for ques ons.

All presenta ons must be prepared in PowerPoint (version 2003 or later).

The main computer will be a Windows PC. However, a Macintosh laptop will also be available if

necessary.

Please bring presenta ons on a CD/DVD or USB memory s ck. If it is necessary to connect your own

laptop please make arrangements with our IT support before the start of the session.

Files must be uploaded before the start of morning or a ernoon sessions (at the latest).

A laser pointer and a microphone will be available.

We strongly recommend that you check through your presenta on especially if it contains videos or

anima ons, or was produced on another opera ng system.

All presenta ons will be removed from our system once the conference is finished.

Posters

The preferred poster size is A0 (approx. 85 x 120 cm).

Posters may be displayed in landscape or portrait orienta on.

Labelled poster tubes can be le at the registra on desk.

The posters will be divided into two topic-‐specific groups, designated A and B. Please see the list of

poster presenta ons to find out which Group your poster is in.

Group A topics (displayed on Sunday and Monday) will be

Biology, ecology and ecosystems (corresponding to the session 1 talks);

Skeletochronology (session 5); Palaeobiology and evolu on (session 6); Environmental

monitoring and pollu on (session 7); Fisheries ecology and management (session 8)

Group B topics (displayed on Tuesday and Wednesday) will be

Palaeoclimate and palaeoceanography (corresponding to the session 2 talks);

Biomineraliza on (session 3); Sclerochronology in archaeology (session 4);

Sclerochronology: the future (session 9)

Each Group will be available during three dedicated sessions; presenters should try to be available by

their posters at these mes (except when ge ng their lunch):

Group A: Sunday lunch; Sunday 18:00 – 19:00; Monday lunch

Group B: Tuesday lunch; Wednesday 12:00 – 13:00; Wednesday lunch

Group A posters can be put up any me a er registra on on Saturday and should all be in place by the

morning refreshment break on Sunday. They should be taken down by 18:00 on Monday.

Group B posters can be put up any me from Monday evening onwards and should all be in place by the

morning refreshment break on Tuesday. They should be taken down before 18:00 on Wednesday.

The number of your poster is in the list of poster presenta ons, and will be displayed on your allocated

poster board.

Stewards will be available with a achment material to assist you in pu ng up your poster.

11


Conference schedule

Saturday, May 18th, 201315:00 – 18:00 Registra on18:00 – 22:00 Icebreaker (Galeri, Caernarfon)

Sunday, May 19th, 201309:00 – 09:30 Introductory Remarks and Official Welcome

Session 1A: Biology, Ecology & Ecosystems (1) Session chair: Bryan Black

09:30 – 10:00 Thomas BreyCan sclerochronology facilitate our understanding of ecosystem func oning?

10:00 – 10:30 Refreshment Break

Session 1B: Biology, Ecology & Ecosystems (2) Session chair: Bryan Black

10:30 – 10:50 Una MatrasRela onship between plankton characteris cs and growth of the long-‐lived clam Arc ca islandica on the Faroe Shelf

10:50 – 11:10 Julien ThébaultSclerochronology of bathyal bivalves suggests major trophic shi s and stronger pelagic-‐benthic coupling in the Canadian Arc c

11:10 – 11:30 Michael CarrollBivalve growth rate and isotopic variability across the Barents Sea Polar Front

11:30 – 11:50 Laure PecquerieUnderstanding the impact of metabolism on δ13C pa erns in bivalve shells and fish otoliths in the context of Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory

11:50 – 12:10 Roger MannSclerochronology and bioenerge cs: a combina on to elucidate changes in growth environments at small temporal and spa al scales

12:10 – 12:30 Rhian ThomasDead shell talking: inves ga ng the impact of flow regula on on the endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margari fera margari fera) using conserva on palaeobiology and hydrology

12:30 – 14:00 Buffet Lunch and Posters Group A

12


Session 1C: Biology, Ecology & Ecosystems (3) Session chair: Rob Witbaard

14:00 – 14:20 Gretchen GrammerEvolu on of an otolith-‐based marine chronology for the Southern Hemisphere derived from a deep water fish species

14:20 – 14:40 Adam RountreyOtolith chronologies from the southeastern Indian Ocean reveal the effects of temperature and current flow on the growth of fishes in a boundary current ecosystem.

14:40 – 15:00 Alexander ArkhipkinAnnual and bi-‐annual life cycles in jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas as revealed from the statolith microstructure

15:00 – 15:20 Clémence RoyerSclerochronological and trace element inves ga ons in Bri any popula ons of the freshwater pearl mussel, Margari fera margari fera

15:20 – 15:40 Aurélie JolivetIs the great scallop recording upwelling events?

15:40 – 16:00 Melita PehardaGlycymeris bimaculata (Poli, 1795) – a new sclerochronological archive for the Mediterranean?


Session 2A: Palaeoclimate & Palaeoceanography (1) Session chair: James Scourse

16:30 – 17:00 Peter SwartThe meaning of the carbon isotopic composi on of coral skeletons

17:00 – 17:20 Atsuko YamazakiA 150-‐year coral record reveals intensifica on of oligotrophic Kuroshio transport to the temperate North Pacific

17:20 – 17:40 Steffen HetzingerCoralline algal barium as indicator for 20th century northwestern North Atlan c surface ocean freshwater variability

17:40 – 18:00 Al WanamakerTracing slope water currents to the Gulf of Maine (northwestern Atlan c) using radiocarbon derived from a mul -‐century master shell chronology

18:00 – 19:00 Posters Group A (dedicated session)

13


Monday, May 20th, 2013

Session 2B: Palaeoclimate & Palaeoceanography (2) Session chair: Carin Andersson

08:30 – 08:50 Hilmar HollandLate Holocene environmental variability of the North Sea revealed in a new Arc ca islandica chronology spanning AD 1040AD to 2010AD

08:50 – 09:10 Sarah TynanDeriva on of a δ18Oshell-‐temperature calibra on equa on for Ostrea angasi, the Australian flat oyster

09:10 – 09:30 David ReynoldsA mul proxy reconstruc on of Hebridean shelf sea spring sea surface temperatures from 1805-‐2010

09:30 – 09:50 Kris ne DeLongSea surface temperature variability in the Gulf of Mexico from 1734–2008 CE: A reconstruc on using cross dated Sr/Ca records from the coral Siderastrea siderea

09:50 – 10:10 Mary EllioGiant clams: recorders of ENSO variability


Session 2C: Palaeoclimate & Palaeoceanography (3) Session chair: Kris ne DeLong

10:40 – 11:00 Bernd SchöneENSO variability recorded in shells of bu er clams (Saxidomus gigantea) from Alaska

11:00 – 11:20 Lars BeierleinLearning from the past: seasonality and decadal oscilla ons in Svalbard during the Holocene Climate Op mum derived from sub-‐fossil bivalve shells (A. islandica)

11:20 – 11:40 Laurie BougeoisMiddle Eocene seasonality in Central Asia inferred from mul -‐proxy sclerochronology in oyster shells

11:40 – 12:00 Anindya SarkarStable isotopes in bivalves from the early Eocene hyperthermal reveals enhanced tropical seasonality

12:00 – 12:20 Andrew JohnsonInves ga ng a warmer world with sclerochronological data

12:20 – 14:00 Buffet Lunch and Posters Group A

14:00 Excursions For both excursions (Snowdon and Sclerochronology Beach Walk) transport will leave from outside Galeri at 14:00

14


Tuesday, May 21st, 2013

Session 3: Biomineraliza on Session chair: Bernd Schöne

08:30 – 09:00 Frédéric MarinSkeletal organic matrix markers and CaCO3 biomineraliza ons

09:00 – 09:20 Franck LartaudA new method for high-‐resolu on bivalve growth rate studies in deep-‐sea hydrothermal environments

09:20 – 09:40 Alberto Pérez-‐HuertaInterpre ng shell spiral devia ons for specimen-‐age determina ons: implica ons of palaeoseasonality and trace element proxies in brachiopods

09:40 – 10:00 Christoph FüllenbachImpact of environmental stress on crystal textures and growth pa erns in shells of the freshwater gastropod Viviparus viviparus


Session 4: Sclerochronology in Archaeology Session chair: Elise Dufour

10:30 – 11:00 Fred Andrus40 years since Shackleton: The state of oxygen isotope season of capture analysis in archaeology

11:00 – 11:20 Shannon Davis-‐FoustArchaeological freshwater drum otoliths reveal Na ve American occupa on dates and the unprecedented impacts of an exo c bivalve species

11:20 – 11:40 Amy PrendergastSea surface temperature records from stable isotope analysis of Phorcus (Osilinus) turbinatus shells: modern calibra on and applica on to the North African archaeological record (Haua Fteah, Libya)

11:40 – 12:00 Will AmbroseLimpets (Patella vulgata) as environmental proxies: an analysis of growth and shell geochemistry from a Norse site on Shetland

12:00 – 13:30 Buffet Lunch and Posters Group B

Session 5: Skeletochronology Session chair: David Gillikin

13:30 – 14:00 Thomas TütkenSkeletochronology and beyond – reading fossil bones and teeth; histological and geochemical archives for life history

14:00 – 14:20 Elise DufourPastoralism in a desert land: contribu on of serial analysis of tooth enamel to the study of Camelid herding during the Prehispanic period

15


14:20 – 14:40 Cory Ma hewsIsotopic pa erns across growth layers in beluga teeth: dietary trends related to life history and ecosystem varia on

Session 6: Palaeobiology & Evolu on Session chair: Andrew Johnson

14:40 – 15:10 Linda IvanyGrowth, longevity, and macroevolu on: it’s about me

15:10 – 15:30 Nicola ClarkA bivalve proxy for Neogene Antarc c shelf marine environments

15:30 – 15:50 Alexandra NémethEvidence for dal cyclicity in Crassostrea growth lines from the Eggenburgian of the Central Paratethys

15:50 – 16:10 Daan VanhoveFish otoliths record hot shelf temperatures at mid-‐la tudes during the early Eocene clima c op mum (EECO) interval


17:00 Coach to Portmeirion17:45 -‐ 19:00 Free me in Portmeirion village19:30 Conference Dinner

Wednesday, May 22nd, 2013

Session 7A: Environmental monitoring & pollu on (1) Session chair: Chris Richardson

08:30 – 09:00 David GoodwinEnvironmental monitoring with bivalve biogeochemical archives: methods, limita ons, and future direc ons

09:00 – 09:20 Mikko VihtakariBivalve shell mineralogy as a high-‐resolu on environmental proxy in the Arc c

09:20 – 09:40 Madelyn Me eExploring the rela onships among atmospheric and hydrographic variability and Arc ca islandica shell growth and geochemistry in coastal northern Norway

09:40 – 10:00 David GillikinNitrogen isotopes in the organic matrix of bivalve shells


16


Session 7B: Environmental monitoring & pollu on (2) Session chair: Chris Richardson

10:30 – 10:50 Jennie MallelaCoral skeletons record agricultural phosphorus runoff on the near-‐shore Great Barrier Reef

10:50 – 11:10 Yi-‐Wei LiuBoron isotopic composi on in Arc ca islandica shell: a poten al historical, prehistorical and geological seawater pH indicator

11:10 – 11:50 Selec on of venue for ISC2016: Presenta ons and ballot11:50 – 12:00 Award for best student poster

12:00 – 13:00 Posters Group B (dedicated session)13:00 – 14:00 Buffet Lunch and Posters Group B

Session 8: Fisheries ecology and management Session chair: Melita Peharda

14:00 – 14:30 Bronwyn GillandersFish otoliths: Recorders of growth, movement and environmental history of fish

14:30 – 14:50 Bryan BlackRising variance in a coupled marine-‐terrestrial ecosystem

14:50 – 15:10 William JonesThe Santa Barbara basin fish assemblage in the last two millennia inferred from the fossil otolith record

15:10 – 15:30 Clive TruemanEnvironmental and physiological influences on the trace element composi on of otoliths: results of a one year experiment with European plaice

15:30 – 15:50 Audrey GeffenWhat use is Sclero-‐ without the -‐Chronology? The Hake example


Session 9: Sclerochronology: the future Session chair: Al Wanamaker

16:20 – 16:40 Paul ButlerARAMACC: A sclerochronology-‐based Marie Curie Ini al Training Network

16:40 – 17:10 Ethan Grossman The future of sclerochronology – constraining under-‐constrained systems

17:10 – 17:20 Closing address

17


18


19


20


Directory of Poster Presenta ons

The abstracts are shown on pages 81 – 150, alphabe cally by presenter.

PosterNumber104 Josep Alós (presented by Beatriz Morales-‐Nin) (Poster Group A)

Fi ng the individual growth from otolith marks using a Bayesian non-‐linear mixed effect model in marine fish

123 Will Ambrose (A)Growth variability and shell mineralogy of the freshwater pearl mussel (Margari fera margari fera) from Finnmark, Norway

43 Trevor Bailey (B)The Mg/Ca-‐temperature rela onship in brachiopod shells: a poten al palaeoseasonality proxy

11 Maria Sol Bayer (presented by Thomas Brey) (B)Late Quaternary clima c variability in northern Patagonia Argen na – informa on from modern and fossil shells of Amian s purpurata (Bivalvia, Veneridae)

62 Lars Beierlein (B)Raman microscopy: a powerful non-‐impact tool to render hidden informa on visible in fossil bio-‐archives

62 Vanessa von Biela (A)Differen al growth responses of Sebastes melanops and Hexagrammos decagrammus to temperature across a la tudinal gradient in the northeast Pacific Ocean

87 Caroline Borges (B)Fish for dinner and more: insights from Micropogonias furnieri otoliths from Piaçaguera sambaqui, Santos Bay, south-‐east Brazil

50 Will Brocas (B)Seasonally resolved records of the last interglacial surface ocean condi ons using southern Caribbean corals

122 Michael Carroll (A)Extended chronology of Serripes groenlandicus from a high-‐Arc c ord in Svalbard, Norway

78 Laurent Chauvaud (presented by Aurélie Jolivet)(A)Varia on in size and growth of the great scallop Pecten maximus along a la tudinal gradient

118 Simon Chenery (B)Elemental micro-‐chemical mapping of organism hard parts

91 Leon Clarke (B)Li/Ca heterogeneity in calcite bivalve mollusc shells cultured in laboratory aquaria at constant seawater temperature: implica ons for Li/Ca palaeothermometry

99 Robin Cobb (presented by Kris ne DeLong) (B)Temperature variability reconstructed from Sr/Ca and δ18O varia ons in a brain coral (Diploria strigosa) from the Northern Gulf of Mexico

21


68 Philip Cook (B)Study of modern and archaeological otoliths by synchrotron X-‐ray absorp on and fluorescence micro-‐spectrometries: Contribu ons and constraints

44 Peter Coulson (A)Synchronized intra-‐ and interspecific pa erns of otolith growth in two co-‐occurring species of Platycephalidae and their rela onships with water temperature

97 Max Davidson (presented by David Gillikin)(A)Calibra on of environmental variables with stable isotopes from the freshwater bivalve mollusk Lampsilis cardium: II. Carbon isotopes

27 Carys Ann Davies (A)Growth of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Indian Ocean from tag-‐recapture data and otolith analysis

21 Laurent Decrouy (B)Structure and growth of the operculum of Bithynia tentaculata (gastropoda, bithyniidae)

94 Robin Driscoll (B)Methods for reconstruc ng ENSO variability using Giant Clams (Tridacna sp)

61 Pedro Freitas (A)Mn/Ca ra os in the shell calcite of the bivalve My lus edulis: seawater Mn or physiological control?

8 Susana Galante-‐Oliveira (A)Statoliths and statoconia diversity in Gastropoda

13 José Rafael García-‐March (A)New method to study age and growth of Pinna nobilis using sclerochronology

121 Alejandro Román González (A)

Yoldia eightsi (Courthouy, 1839) An Antarc c Sclerochronological Archive

95 David Goodwin (A)Calibra on of environmental variables with stable isotopes from the freshwater bivalve mollusk Lampsilis cardium: I. Oxygen Isotopes

12 Sandra Gordillo (presented by Thomas Brey) (B)Retrotapes exalbidus from southern South America: are fossil shells reliable proxy archives for Holocene climate changes?

24 Craig Grove (A)Spectral luminescence scanning of coral cores provide accurate long term records of river runoff and rainfall

114 Philip Hollyman (A)Non-‐daily deposi on of striae in the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians (concentricus) in the laboratory

102 Rebecca Hood (B)Age and season of harvest for Mesodesma donacium from the Nepeña Valley, Coastal Peru

22


85 Joel Hudley (B)Inves ga on of the inferred clima c varia ons in the Pliocene shells of Glycymeris americana, North Carolina and Virginia

75 Christopher Izzo (A)Otolith increment chronologies of estuarine and non-‐estuarine popula ons of South Australian mulloway

76 Aurélie Jolivet (B)The ormer (Halio s tuberculata): a new and promising paleoclima c tool.

39 Franck Lartaud (A)New insight into in situ growth of cold-‐water corals: temporal changes in the growth of the reef-‐building species Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata

105 Clément LeGoff (A)Growth of Pecten maximus in the Bay of Brest and along a European la tudinal gradient

106 Clément LeGoff (A)Growth and distribu on of the great scallop Pecten maximus in the English Channel: a modelling approach

26 Be na Lomovasky (presented by Thomas Brey) (B)The bivalve Tawera gayi, a poten al archive of southern South America Holocene climate variability

74 Isabel Loureiro (presented by Pedro Freitas) (B)Preliminary results from the sclerochronological study of Glycymeris glycymeris in the coast of Portugal

3 Soraya Marali (B)A sclerochronological analysis of the bivalve Arc ca islandica from northeastern Iceland

88 Andrew Marrio (A)The use of otolith elemental fingerprints to iden fy river of origin in brown trout (Salmo tru a L.) parr

55 Cory Ma hews (A)Measurement of trace element profiles across den nal growth layers to assess seasonal diet of beluga whales

71 Nastaran Mazloumi (presented by Bronwyn Gillanders) (A)Growth of King George whi ng: an inves ga on of clima c influences on otolith growth

58 Colin Me am (B) Stable isotope sclerochronology of Callovian (Jurassic) Gryphaea and Cylindroteuthis from the Oxford Clay (Cambridgeshire, England): evidence of palaeoclimate, water depth and belemnite behaviour

30 Beatriz Morales-‐Nin (A)Valida on in sclerochronology: fish applica ons

15 Vincent Mouchi (B)Temporal calibra on of the cold water coral Lophelia pertusa: constraints from microstructures

23


34 Peter Müller (B)δ18O records of ca ish otoliths (Arius heudelo i) and their poten al for paleoclimatological reconstruc ons of NW Africa

59 Alexandra Oppelt (B)Environmental reconstruc on in cold-‐water corals using light stable isotope ra os in the context of high-‐resolu on trace element mapping

37 Ivana Prusina (presented by Melita Peharda) (A)Age and growth of the Mediterranean inter dal limpet Patella rus ca Linnaeus, 1758

40 Sanja Puljas (A)Growth and longevity of the ‘living fossil’ Congeria kusceri (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from the subterranean Dinaric karst of Croa a

80 Pascal Radermacher (presented by Julien Thébault) (A)Valve gaping rhythms in bivalve shells: a chronobiology study on Anodonta cygnea using me-‐lapse digital monitoring

110 Jonas von Reumont (B)Calibra on of coral Sr/Ca and δ18O using high-‐resolu on in situ temperature data: A case study from the Cayman Islands, Caribbean Sea

115 Christopher Richardson (A)Annually resolved iron and manganese concentra ons in shells of the dog cockle Glycymeris glycymeris, from the southern Irish Sea: a proxy for surface produc vity and seafloor hypoxia events

117 Christopher Richardson (A)Timing of growth line forma on in horse mussel (Modiolus modiolus) shells from the North Sea: evidence from structural and geochemical analyses

52 Clémence Royer (B)Poten al use of the dog cockle Glycymeris glycymeris as a temperature archive

79 Keziah Sto (B)Sclerochronology in Scotland using Arc ca islandica – what can it tell us?

41 Donna Surge (A)Season of annual growth line forma on in limpet shells (Patella vulgata) from warm-‐ and cold-‐temperate zones, eastern North Atlan c

49 Julien Thébault (A)Li/Ca enrichments in great scallop shells (Pecten maximus) and their rela onship with phytoplankton blooms

86 Olivier Tombret (B)Stable isotope composi on of bagre (Galeichthys peruvianus) otoliths from the Huaca Prieta site, Peru: insight into mid-‐Holocene mean clima c condi ons

63 Tamara Trofimova (presented by Lars Beierlein) (A)A compara ve analysis of coastal environmental condi ons in the eastern Norwegian Sea and southern Barents Sea by means of Arc ca islandica growth records

24


92 Clive Trueman (A)Stable isotope analyses in archived fish scales reveal stock-‐specific migra ons and decadal-‐scale influences of climate on ecosystem dynamics

103 Sarah Tynan (B)Mg/Ca-‐temperature rela onship in the shell of the Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata)

112 Annemarie Valen ne (B)Tes ng the robustness of isotopic palaeotemperatures from Pliocene bivalves of the southern North Sea basin

109 Daan Vanhove (B)Temperature and salinity variability on a shallow shelf: a mul species case study of Ypresian fish otoliths from the southern North Sea basin

32 Emma Versteegh (B) Earthworm-‐secreted calcite: a new palaeoenvironmental proxy

16 Mikko Vihtakari (A)Elemental to calcium ra os in bivalves – which ones are most useful as environmental proxies?

111 Eric O o Walliser (B)Ap an (Cretaceous) seawater surface temperatures recorded in the shell of a Polyconites (Bivalve, Rudist) from the Basque country, Spain

101 Jacob Warner (B)Methodological insights into the sequen al banding of modern and archaeological Donax sp. from the north coast of Peru

66 Tsuyoshi Watanabe (B)High la tude coral records in Japan: Implica ons for climate changes and coral adapta on

82 Rob Witbaard (A)Seasonal growth in Ensis directus, field data in combina on with sclerochronological records

53 Lina Yan (B)Calibra on on short-‐lived bivalve shells (Paphia undulata) and its poten al implica on for monsoonal wind-‐driven upwelling

25


26


Oral Presenta on Abstracts

Listed alphabe cally by presenter.

Presen ng author names appear in bold.

27


Limpets (Patella vulgata) as environmental proxies: an analysis of growth and shell geochemistry from a Norse site on Shetland

Ambrose WG Jr1*, Locke WL V1, Johnston AE1 and Bigelow GF2

1 Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine 04240, USA2 Department of History, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine 04240 USA

__________________

*corresponding author: [email protected]

Patella vulgata (common limpet) shells from a Norse site at Sandwick South, Unst, Shetland Islands,

were used to compare environmental condi ons between the me of occupa on, 12th to 14th centuries,

and late 20th and early 21st centuries. Limpet growth rate was determined using internal lines exposed in

shell cross sec on and sea water temperature was es mated from oxygen isotopes in shell material. The

periodicity of growth line forma on in limpets was determined using calcein-‐marked individuals placed

at another Shetland loca on and collected approximately one year later. All recovered individuals

had a fluorescent line followed by one growth line, suppor ng the annual deposi on of growth lines.

Growth rate of limpets collected in 2011 was significantly higher (80% to 230%) than the archaeological

phases (12th to early13th century, 13th century, late 13th to early 14th century, and around 1362) and from

samples collected in 1996. Limpets from around 1362 grew significantly slower (36% to 45%) than all

other archeological periods which were not significantly different from each other. Shells collected in

1996 and 2011 had δ18O values approximately 0.7‰ and 0.3‰ lighter respec vely than shells from the

archaeological phases. If salinity was constant across all me periods, modern day temperatures were

1°C (2011) and 2.6°C (1996) warmer than during the archaeological phases. Temperatures es mated

from 2011 collected shells were 2.6°C colder than ICES data collected 12 km offshore, so the limpets are

recording local temperatures at Sandwick South and not regional water temperature. Slower growth

of limpets collected in 1996 compared to 2011 despite warmer temperatures in 1996 indicates that

temperature is not the controlling factor of limpet growth. Quality or quan ty of food may be more

important than temperature in controlling growth. The lowest growth was recorded in the 1362 samples

which are precisely dated because of co-‐occurring tephra from the Oraefi erup on on Iceland. Ash in

the atmosphere may have affected primary produc on and therefore the limpets’ food. Compe on

for food or space among limpets might also affect growth rates, though densi es were probably

lower in the past when the limpets were heavily harvested than now when no significant harves ng

is taking place. Limpets are common in Northern European middens da ng back as far as the Late

Mesolithic Period and offer an opportunity to reconstruct climate with annual or sub-‐annual resolu on.

Cau on must be exercised when using limpet shells as environmental proxies, however, because

shell geochemistry may reflect very local condi ons and a variety of bio c and abio c factors may be

important in determining limpet growth.

28


40 years since Shackleton: The state of oxygen isotope season of capture analysis in archaeology. Andrus CFT1

1 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 35487 USA.

__________________


The u lity of measuring sequen al oxygen isotope varia ons in mollusk shells to define archaeological

season of capture was iden fied over 40 years ago. Shackleton (1973 Archaeometry 15, 133-‐141)

argued that oscilla ons in these isotope values would reveal the me of mollusk death, given certain

assump ons concerning shell growth and local temperature condi ons. These oscilla ons may be

caused by the interplay of a number of seasonal variables, such as water temperature and/or varia on

in water oxygen isotope values caused by seasonal precipita on or snowmelt. Once season of capture

is es mated, then the season(s) of overall site occupa on may be inferred, o en with the aid of other

lines of evidence.

Applica on of this method ini ally progressed more slowly than the archaeological community desired,

due largely to technical and funding limita ons. However, over about the past 15 years this technique

has been employed far more frequently. Most such research is presently focused on a limited range

of geographic areas, me periods, and cultures. As temporal and spa al coverage expands, more

universally significant archaeological pa erns may emerge.

This talk will define the basic methods, explore the factors that cause seasonal shell oxygen isotope

oscilla ons in differing climate zones and ecosystems, and discuss key factors affec ng data

interpreta on, such as shell growth, local environment, sampling strategies, and ancient human

behavior. Significant remaining challenges include valida ng a larger suite of species useful to

archaeologists, crea ng lower-‐cost methods to produce sta s cally significant sample sizes, and

finding crea ve funding. Because these challenges seem readily solvable in the near-‐term, the talk will

conclude with discussion on poten al collec ve strategies and current research to address some of the

more interes ng ques ons in archaeology. Examples to be discussed include prehistoric diasporas, such

as the peopling of the Americas, and the economic structures that led to the adop on of agriculture in

early civiliza ons.

29


Annual and bi-‐annual life cycles in jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas as revealed from the statolith microstructure

Arkhipkin A1*, Arguelles J2, Yamashiro C2 and Shcherbich Z1

1 Fisheries Department, P.O.Box 598, Stanley, FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands2 Ins tuto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Esquina Gamarra y General Valle s/n, Casilla postal 22, Chucuito, CallaoPerú

__________________

*corresponding author: [email protected].

The eastern Pacific jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas is one of the largest and most abundant squid of the

world ocean. Commercial annual catches of this squid a ained > 1 mln t in recent years, taken mainly

in three La n American countries, Mexico, Peru and Chile. In 1990s, a bulk of D. gigas popula ons

consisted of medium-‐size squid (<50 cm mantle length, ML) with the species range situated mainly in

tropical and subtropical waters of the eastern Pacific. Since 2000, two years a er the strong El-‐Nino

of 1997-‐98, average size of adult squid drama cally increased to 80-‐90 cm ML with simultaneous

expansion of the species range to temperate and even sub polar waters. One of the possible

explana ons of this phenomenon was a regime shi from warm and less produc ve before 1997-‐98

to cool and more produc ve waters straight a er that (Keyl et al. 2008, CalCOFI Rep. 49, 119-‐128). We

have aged adult and mature females of D. gigas that were at the end of their semelparous life cycle. To

reveal possible interannual variability in the life span, a total of 109 statoliths were processed from three

modal size groups (20-‐40 cm, 50-‐60 cm and 80-‐100 cm ML) sampled during both warm (1992-‐1998)

and cold regimes (2000-‐2011) in the Peruvian EEZ. A special method was developed to grind and polish

the statoliths in two different planes to be able to count the whole sequence of growth increments. It

was found that during the warm regime, the life span of the modal medium sized group was annual. In

contrast, during cold regime squid lived longer, with the large modal group having bi-‐annual life cycle.

A er 2000, two sequen al genera ons (=year classes) of squid were constantly present off Peruvian

coasts. Possible ecological drives and implica ons of such an alterna on from annual to bi-‐annual life

spans in D. gigas are discussed.

30


Learning from the past: seasonality and decadal oscilla ons in Svalbard during the Holocene Climate Op mum derived from sub-‐fossil bivalve shells (A. islandica).

Beierlein L1*, Brey T1 and Salvigsen O2

1 Alfred Wegener Ins tute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.2 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway.

__________________


Future global warming will impact coastal marine ecosystems significantly. These changes are expected

to be par cularly drama c in the sub-‐Arc c and Arc c regions which have experienced similar

condi ons during warm periods in the past (e.g., Holocene Op mum, mid-‐Pliocene Warm Period).

Palaeo-‐clima c informa on from these periods will facilitate our predic ons of future climate change.

Fossil shells of the bivalve Arc ca islandica cons tute reliable bio-‐archives for coastal regions of the

North Atlan c over geological me scales.

We analysed sub-‐fossil shells of A. islandica from Svalbard for their poten al to reconstruct local palaeo-‐

environmental condi ons. These shells were collected from raised beach deposits in Dickson orden, a

branch of Is orden on the western coast of Spitsbergen. Radiocarbon da ng (14CAMS) confirms that the

analysed specimens lived at about 8800 yr BP, i.e., during the Holocene Climate Op mum, which was

characterized by summer sea surface temperatures 1-‐3°C warmer than today. This difference in SST also

explains today’s ex nc on of A. islandica on the Svalbard archipelago, as modern water temperatures

fall below its thermal tolerance.

Analysis of the growth pa erns revealed ontogene c ages of up to 90 years for individual specimens. In

addi on, the shell growth pa erns yield evidence of significant decadal oscilla ons within the Holocene

Climate Op mum in the Arc c. The excellent state of preserva on of these shells has been confirmed

using Raman microscopy. Since all the sub-‐fossil shells have been preserved remarkably well, it was

considered appropriate to conduct stable oxygen and carbon isotope (δ18O & δ13C) analysis. Results for

δ18O show well-‐defined seasonal cycles, ranging from 1.6‰ to 4.5‰. Ice-‐volume corrected δ18O values

for seawater have been used to calculate palaeo-‐water temperatures on a sub-‐annual scale.

31


Rising variance in a coupled marine-‐terrestrial ecosystem

Black BA1*, Sydeman WJ2, Frank D3, Griffin D4, Stahle D5, García-‐Reyes M2, Rykaczewski R6 and Bograd S7

1 Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Aus n, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA2 Farallon Ins tute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, Petaluma, CA, USA3 Swiss Federal Ins tute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland4 School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA5 School of the Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA6 Environmental Research Division, NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Pacific Grove, CA, USA __________________


In coastal upwelling zones, alongshore equatorial winds li deep, cold, nutrient-‐rich waters into

the pho c zone, fueling phytoplankton blooms that support some of Earth’s most ecologically and

economically produc ve marine ecosystems. In the California Current (CC) upwelling zone, various

physical and biological indicators suggest an increase in variance over the past 50 years that may be

associated with global climate change or portend a major system transi on or collapse. Here, coherent

(p < 0.01, r = 0. 40 to 0.68) responses among diverse biological indicators including seabirds (breeding

success), fish (growth increments), and trees (growth increments) demonstrate close marine-‐terrestrial

coupling and their shared sensi vity to winter me climate variability. This suite of marine and

terrestrial proxy data are combined to provide a 576-‐year, annually resolved reconstruc on (1428-‐ 2003)

of winter upwelling intensity and related ecosystem produc vity. We find that year-‐to-‐year variance

has increased by ~60% over the 61-‐year instrumental record, yet remains within the range of pre-‐

industrial boundary condi ons. The modern rise in variance is unique, however, in that it is driven by an

unusually high frequency of winters with anomalously low upwelling (< 99% likelihood) in the context

of the preceding five centuries. Such extreme events exert dispropor onately severe reduc ons in CC

produc vity, and with poten ally nega ve implica ons for top-‐level predators including commercially

important fisheries and species of conserva on concern.

32


Middle Eocene seasonality in Central Asia inferred from mul -‐proxy sclerochronology in oyster shells

Bougeois L1*, de Rafelis M2, de Nooijer L3,4, Reichart G-‐J3,4, Nicollin F1, Dupont-‐Nivet G1,5,6

1 Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, Université de Rennes 1, France2 Ins tut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris -‐ ISTeP, UMR 7193, UPMC, Paris, France3 Department of Earth Sciences -‐ Geochemistry, Utrecht University, The Netherlands4 Royal Netherlands Ins tute for Sea Research, Landsdiep 4, 1797 SZ ’t Horntje, The Netherlands5 Department of Earth Sciences -‐ Paleomagne sm Laboratory, Utrecht University, The Netherlands6 Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolu on, Beyjing, China

__________________

*corresponding author: laurie.bougeois@univ-‐rennes1.fr

Asian climate is characterized by a strong seasonality linked to the duality between monsoon-‐dominated

condi ons in southeastern Asia and arid condi ons in Central Asia. Based on climate modelling, this

pa ern can be explained by two main mechanisms since Eocene me: upli of Tibetan Plateau and/

or retreat of an epicon nental sea formerly covering a part of Central Asia. While the role of Tibetan

Plateau upli is undeniable, climate proxies are lacking to understand the influence of sea retreat on the

climate duality intensifica on.

Here, we reconstruct intra-‐annual variability in seawater temperature recorded by annual shell

layers of fossil oyster Sokolowia buhsii (Grewingk) recovered from Late Lute an marine strata in the

southwestern Tarim Basin (western China). Elemental (Mg/Ca, Mn/Ca) and stable isotope (δ18O)

composi ons were determined along a perpendicular transect through growth lines of foliated calcite

accumulated in the ligamental area during the oysters’ life. We use calci c Mg/Ca to es mate seasonal

temperature varia ons and the associated δ18Oc to recover seawater δ18Ow and thereby salinity. Mg/Ca

results show that the average annual temperature is 28.3±7.5°C with large variability between summer

temperature (average of 38.2±3.6°C) and winter temperature (average of 19.4±3.7°C) for the sub dal

sea water. Average annual salinity recorded by this oyster is thus 34.6±4.4 g.L−1 and varies strongly

between 39.5±3.2g.L−1 (summer) and 29.5±2.4 g.L−1 (winter).

Based on our results, we infer that the Middle Eocene climate in the Tarim basin was already semi-‐arid

to arid in summer and that rainfalls occurred mainly during the half winter part of the year. Given the

large collec on of oysters already sampled in Central Asia (Tarim Basin, Kyrgyzstan, Tadjikistan) this

promising method may enable to extend our inves ga ons in me and space to follow the sea retreat

and understand its impact on Asian climate during Paleogene mes.

33


Can sclerochronology facilitate our understanding of ecosystem func oning ?

Brey T*

Alfred-‐Wegener-‐Ins tut, Germany

__________________


A closer look at the organism inventory of any aqua c ecosystem, present or in the paleo-‐record,

reveals a variety of poten al “bio-‐archives”, i.e. biogenic calciumcarbonate structures. Current day

sclerochronological techniques enable us to extract different kinds of informa on from these archives

that facilitate our understanding of the organisms life history, of its environment, and to some extent of

the ecosystem this organism is part of.

How may such informa on facilitate our understanding of ecosystem func on? I see three

major pathways: (i) New methods and newly established proxies enable us to reveal further past

environmental condi ons and corresponding organism response. (ii) Accordingly, we can learn more

about individual life history and extrapolate from this to popula on history and its poten al impact on

ecosystem func on. And (iii), increasing analy cal capacity and processing speed allows to analyze more

individual archives per unit of me (or money), i.e., we may be able to tackle variability in me, space

and system structure seriously. I intend to present a number of examples that highlight these different

aspects.

34


ARAMACC: A sclerochronology-‐based Marie Curie Ini al Training Network.

Butler P1, Andersson C2, Brey T3, Carroll M4, Freitas P5, Hartley J6, Peharda M7, Schöne BR8,

Scourse JD1, Thébault, J9, Wanamaker AD10, Witbaard R11, Zorita E12

1 School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University2 Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway3 Alfred-‐Wegener-‐Ins tut, PO Box 120161, 275215 Bremerhaven, Germany4 Akvaplan-‐niva, Fram Centre for Climate and Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway5 Unidade de Geologia Marinha, Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, 2610-‐999, Amadora, Portugal6 Hartley Anderson Ltd, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK7 Ins tute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croa a 8 Ins tute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Johann-‐Joachim-‐Becherweg 21, 55128 Mainz, Germany9 Université de Brest, Ins tut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin (UMR6539 CNRS/IRD/UBO), rue Dumont d’Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.10 Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Room 12, Science I, Ames, IA 50011-‐3212, USA11 NIOZ; Netherlands Ins tute for Sea Research PO box 59, 1790 AB den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands12 Ins tute for Coastal Research, Helmholtz-‐Zantrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany

__________________


ARAMACC (Annually-‐Resolved Archives of MArine Climate Change) is a mul partner Marie Curie

Ini al Training Network consis ng of six Full Par cipants, three Associated Partners and one Visi ng

Researcher. ARAMACC will provide three years of training to ten Early Stage Researchers, and two years

of employment to an Experienced Researcher whose remit will be to network between the research and

commercial sectors.

ARAMACC science will be based around four work packages, which will address (1) the construc on of a

network of shell-‐based chronologies for the clima cally important NE Atlan c region; (2) the use of data

from these and other exis ng chronologies in numerical climate models; (3) the environmental drivers

of shell growth; and (4) novel applica ons of the shell material, including the produc on of baseline

environmental data for commercial and regulatory organiza ons.

ARAMACC training will be delivered at seven network-‐wide training events, to include five generic skills

modules and seven sclerochronology-‐specific scien fic skills modules (including cruises to NW Scotland

and the Faroe Islands which will combine sample collec on with training in techniques associated with

seagoing research.

Here we present an overview of ARAMACC, concentra ng par cularly on 1) the poten al of this project

for the advancement of the science of sclerochronology; 2) the opportuni es it will provide to our best

students; and 3) the emphasis it gives to the use of sclerochronology in the commercial and regulatory

sectors.

35


Bivalve growth rate and isotopic variability across the Barents Sea polar front

Carroll ML1*, Ambrose WG Jr.1,2, Locke WL2, Ryan SK2, Johnson BJ2

1 Akvaplan-‐niva, Fram Centre for Climate and Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway2 Bates College, Department of Biology and/of Geology, Lewiston, Maine, 04240 USA

__________________


Analysis of bivalve shell increments provides a means to reconstruct long-‐term pa erns in growth

histories and assess factors that regulate marine ecosystems, while ssue stable isotopes are indicators

of food supply and trophic dynamics. We examined shell growth pa erns and ssue stable isotopic

composi on (δ13C and δ15N) of the Hairy cockle (Clinocardium ciliatum) in the northwest Barents Sea to

evaluate the influence of different water masses and the polar front on growth rates and food supply

and to assess the influence of clima c variability on ecological processes over decadal scales to seasonal

scales. Overall shell growth rates were highest in Atlan c water, intermediate in Arc c water, and

lowest at the polar front. Temporal pa erns of ontogene cally-‐adjusted growth (SGI) were nega vely

correlated with the Atlan c Mul decadal Oscilla on (AMO), local precipita on, and ice free days. The

highest growth occurred during colder periods with more sea ice, while lower growth was associated

with warmer periods and less sea ice. Popula ons in Atlan c water were more strongly influenced

by clima c variability, and environmental variables included in our analysis explained up to 64% of

interannual varia on in bivalve growth in the Atlan c region, 35% in the Arc c region, and 57% at the

Polar Front. Samples from Polar waters had significantly higher lipid concentra ons than ssues from

Atlan c waters, with lipid-‐extracted ssues enriched in 13C up to 1‰ compared to non-‐extracted ssues,

likely due to the presence of 13C-‐depleted lipids in the la er. There was a stronger and more widespread

effect of lipid-‐extrac on on ssue 13C in the spring compared to the fall. Stable isotope values of ssues

in which lipids had been removed progressively increased from Arc c to Atlan c waters, with Atlan c

waters enriched in δ13C by up to 2.1‰ and δ15N by 1.5‰ compared to Arc c waters. There were

dis nct seasonal and water mass varia ons in stable isotopic and C:N values, indica ng both spa al

and temporal variability in food supplies to the bivalves in this region. These results reveal differences

in food sources and in pelagic-‐benthic coupling between water masses of the Barents Sea on rela vely

small spa al scales. These results demonstrate that integra ng results of sclerochronological and stable

isotopic analyses of benthic bivalves provides added insight into the ecological func on of these systems

when assessing possible).

36


A bivalve proxy for Neogene Antarc c Shelf marine environments

Clark N1*, Williams M1, Quilty P2, Leng M1&3, Zalaziewicz J1, Smellie J1 and Ellis M4

1Department of Geology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK2School of Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-‐79, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia3NERC Isotope Geoscience Laboratories, Bri sh Geological Survey, Keyworth, No ngham, NG12 5GG, UK4Bri sh Geological Survey, Keyworth, No ngham, NG12 5GG, UK

__________________


The Neogene shallow-‐marine successions of the Antarc c Peninsula and of the East Antarc c region

preserve rich assemblages of bivalve molluscs. These bivalve molluscs provide a detailed record of

palaeoseasonality in the chemical signature and morphology of their shells that can be used to assess

sea temperatures and sea ice extent for the Antarc c shelf during the Pliocene. Analyses iden fy the

following. 1) Neogene bivalves from James Ross Island, Antarc c Peninsula, iden fy warm (ca. 3 to

10°C) early Pliocene sea temperatures, and cooler late Pliocene sea temperatures (ca. 0 to 4°C), and

poten ally flag a cooling trend which is consistent with the evolu on of polar climate through this

interval. 2) Neogene bivalves from the Larsemann Hills, East Antarc c, iden fy generally warmer than

present sea temperatures (ca. 0 to 11°C) in the early Pliocene consistent with data from other fossil

groups of this age, including dolphins and silicoflagellates. The new data may provide significant ground

truth for climate models assessing the Southern Ocean and Antarc c shelf climate.

37


Archaeological freshwater drum otoliths reveal Na ve American occupa on dates and the unprecedented impacts of an exo c bivalve species

Davis-‐Foust SL1*, Chan P2, Gallagher TL3, Jones WA4, Gillanders BM5, Ma hews CJD6, and Black BA7

1. University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Biology and Microbiology, 800 Algoma Blvd, Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA2. Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Toronto, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada.3. University of West Florida, Department of Environmental Studies, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, Florida 32514, USA4. Scripps Ins tu on of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-‐0203, USA5. Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia6. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada7. University of Texas at Aus n, Marine Science Ins tute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA

__________________


Dendrochronology techniques were applied to modern and archaeological freshwater drum

(Aplodinotus grunniens), a fish from the Lake Winnebago system, Wisconsin, USA, to evaluate long-‐

term growth trends and corroborate Na ve American years of encampment. Sagi al otoliths were

recently validated as an accurate age determina on structure for freshwater drum. Modern growth

chronologies were measured from live-‐collected otoliths (1983-‐2010), visually crossdated, and

sta s cally verified with COFECHA. Archaeological chronologies were measured from otoliths that were

recovered from Na ve American encampments within the Winnebago system, visually crossdated using

a modified skeleton plo ng technique, and sta s cally verified using ShellCor and COFECHA. Only the

otoliths of the longest-‐lived archaeological drum were retained to reduce the probability of spurious

matches; modern drum seldom obtained the longevity of archaeological drum (frequently >50 years).

Dummy calendar years were assigned to the crossdated archaeological samples, which pre-‐dated the

modern samples. Modern and archaeological growth-‐increment widths were pooled and normalized

with respect to the age of the fish when the increments were formed, then averaged with respect

to calendar year. The final chronology contained an absolutely dated (1949-‐2009, 61 years) por on

from the modern samples as well as a floa ng (undated, 72 years) por on from the archaeological

samples. A comparison of the modern and archaeological chronologies revealed an unprecedented

increase in growth following the introduc on of the exo c zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) to Lake

Winnebago around 1998. The modern chronology strongly and posi vely correlated (r=0.68; p < 0.001)

with June-‐August air temperatures, consistent with drum ecology that the majority of growth occurs

during these summer months. Tree-‐ring based temperature and drought reconstruc ons were used to

tenta vely date the floa ng por on of the chronology and corroborated anecdotal evidence that the

site was occupied by Na ve Americans for approximately 30 years prior to abandonment in 1712. This

study underscores the power of crossda ng in long-‐lived fish to date archaeological samples and to

provide context for shi s in ecosystem produc vity and structure in the modern era.

38


Sea surface temperature variability in the Gulf of Mexico from 1734–2008 CE: A reconstruc on using cross dated Sr/Ca records from the coral Siderastrea siderea

DeLong KD1,2*, Maupin CR3,4, Flannery JA1, Poore RZ1, Quinn TM3,4, Lin K5 and Shen C-‐C5

1 U.S. Geological Survey, 600 4th Street South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.2 Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, 227 Howe-‐Russell Geoscience Complex, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.3 Ins tute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Aus n, J.J. Pickle Research Campus, Building 196, 10100 Burnet Road R2200, Aus n, TX 78758, USA.4 Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Aus n, 1 University Sta on C1100, Aus n, TX 78712, USA5 High-‐precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory (HISPEC), Department of Geosciences, Na onal Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, ROC.

__________________

* corresponding author: [email protected]

The Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean contain vast modern and fossil reefs with the poten al to produce

long coral-‐based temperature reconstruc ons by cross da ng contemporaneous intervals between

modern and subfossil coral records. Here we present 274 years of monthly-‐resolved sea surface

temperature (SST) varia ons derived from me series of stron um-‐to-‐calcium ra os (Sr/Ca) extracted

from four Siderastrea siderea cores recovered from three coral colonies within the Dry Tortugas Na onal

Park in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico (24º42‘N, 82º48‘W). Two of the cores with unknown ages were

dated with high precision thorium-‐230 (230Th) da ng. The cross dated master chronology, determined

by coun ng annual density band couplets and correla ng Sr/Ca varia ons, agrees with four 230Th dates

resul ng in a master coral Sr/Ca me series, which is the average of the contemporaneous monthly Sr/

Ca determina ons. Sampling ar facts related to sampling off of the corallite wall can produce up to a

2.3ºC cold bias whereas sampling orienta on with respect to the colony or a reduc on in extension

rates (up to 50%) do not produce any bias. Nevertheless, years with lower extension rates can result in

a seasonal amplitude reduc on in coral Sr/Ca due to a reduced sampling interval (~6 samples year–1).

Calibra on of our master monthly coral Sr/Ca record with local monthly SST records from buoys in the

Dry Tortugas (1992–2008 CE) reveals high agreement (Sr/Ca (mmol mol–1) = –0.044 SST (ºC) + 10.143;

R2 = 0.97, n = 115, p < 0.001; σregression = 0.64ºC, 1σ). Verifica on of our coral SST reconstruc on with 113

years of monthly average air temperature from Key West FL, 100 km from our study site, reveals similar

covariance as the local SST record (r = 0.96 and 0.56 for monthly and 36-‐month smoothed, respec vely;

n = 1364, p < 0.001). Our absolute coral SST reconstruc on captures the same SST recorded by the Dry

Tortugas lighthouse keeper from 1879 to 1907 CE (σregression = 0.86ºC, 1σ) sugges ng that this coral Sr/

Ca-‐SST rela onship is stable on centennial me scales. The secular trend and the average reconstructed

SST (–0.76ºC) for the Li le Ice Age interval (1734–1880 CE) is similar to a ~decadally resolved plank c

foraminifer Mg/Ca record from the northern Gulf of Mexico. We find winter extremes are more variable

than summer extremes with a stronger warming trend in the summers.

39


Pastoralism in a desert land: contribu on of serial analysis of tooth enamel to the study of Camelid herding during the Prehispanic period

Dufour E1 and Goepfert N2

1 Muséum na onal d’histoire naturelle – CNRS, UMR 7209, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: sociétés, pra ques et environnements, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France2 CNRS-‐Paris 1, UMR 8096, Nanterre, France

__________________


Domes cated for almost 6000 years alpaca (Vicugna pacos) and llamas (Lama glama) occupy

a fundamental place in Prehispanic and modern Andean cultures. Andean pastoralism and the

establishment of trade routes is one of the founda ons for the emergence of complex human socie es.

While modern husbandry is restricted to the Andean highlands, remains of domes c camelids are

found in coastal Peruvian archaeological sites. Based on their modern geographical distribu on, it was

hypothesized that camelids were brought to the coast shortly before being butchered or sacrificed. This

is in contradic on with bioarchaeological studies which suggest local herding. Because arid condi ons

prevail on the Peruvian coast it raises ques on about the nature and loca on of dietary resources

necessary to sustain herds.

A growing number of studies have used stable isotopes measured in bone collagen to infer diet and

residen al mobility and to provide insight into herd management prac ces. However, bone is constantly

remodeled during life and its analysis only documents long-‐term life history. Hypsodont teeth form

at a definite period of life and enamel ssue is metabolically inert once mineralized. Therefore, serial

sampling and isotopic analysis of enamel enable the res tu on of an individual’s isotopic life history

from several months to several years, with a sub-‐annual resolu on.

We performed serial isotopic measurements (δ13C and δ18O) of enamel of molar teeth from specimens

dated to the Mochica period (100-‐800 A.D.). These analyses were coupled to bone collagen and apa te

measurements. Archaeological specimens were recovered from tombs and ceremonial contexts at

the sites of Uhle Pla orm at Moche and El Brujo (northern Peru). Camelids presented diverse life

histories. Most animals were not raised on natural highland pastures during their early life and did not

undergo ver cal movement through transhumance from the highland to the coast. Diet varied and

was composed of C3 plants or a mix of C3/C4 plants in which C4 plants represented up to 70 %. Some

individuals experienced diachronic change in diet and residence over life. The sequen al analysis of

enamel brings new informa on into herding prac ces during the Prehispanic period. Mochica breeders

adapted their herding prac ces to the specific environmental condi ons as they did for agriculture.

Overall, this study underscores the varia on in me and space of the Andean pastoralism model.

40


Giant clams: recorders of ENSO variability

Elliot M1, Driscoll R 2 and Welsh K3

1. Laboratoire de Planetologie et Geodynamique, Université de Nantes, France. 2. School of Earth Science, University of Queensland, Australia.3. School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.

__________________

*corresponding author: Mary.elliot@univ-‐nantes.fr

There remains considerable uncertainty about the likely response of the El Niño-‐Southern Oscilla on

(ENSO) to future climate scenarios. Reconstruc ons of past changes in seasonality and ENSO from

natural archives are thus essen al to understand both the full range of variability and the sensi vity

of ENSO to changes in climate boundary condi ons. Geochemical meseries extracted from skeletons

of annually-‐banded reef-‐building corals and molluscs are powerful recorders in this regard. Here we

specifically illustrate the usefulness of Tridacna gigas as a tool for paleoENSO studies. Tridacna spp.

are reef-‐dwelling, aragonite secre ng organisms. Their annual bands can be subsampled and analysed

to derive profiles of oxygen isotope (δ18O) which have been shown to reflect the combined effects of

regional sea surface temperature (SST) and water δ18O from which they precipitate their aragonite

structures. We confirm that Tridacna spp. precipitate their shells in isotopic equilibrium providing

the possibility to quan fy more accurately past changes in absolute SST and δ18Ow (Welsh et al. 2011

Earth Planet Sci. Le . 307, 266-‐270). A high-‐resolu on δ18O profile from a modern T. gigas specimen

is compared to modern Porites coral δ18O profiles and ENSO index. Samples were collected from three

locali es along the Huon Peninsula in northern Papua New Guinea. The most striking feature is the high

degree of resemblance between the coral and bivalve records despite 1) their geographic separa on of

approximately 30km and 2) their average δ18O offset of ~ 4‰. Profiles correlate in detail on seasonal

and on interannual level. Furthermore, the good correla on between δ18O coral and bivalve profiles

remains constant although measurements have been obtained from different carbonate secre ng

organisms with fundamentally different biological controls on carbonate forma on and different growth

rates. We also measured trace elements (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca) which are o en measured to derive

proxies of environmental change. We show that modern T. gigas Ba/Ca profiles reflect changes in water

produc vity (Elliot et al. 2009 Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 280: 132-‐142).

We use results from these calibra on studies to assess how 17 fossil Tridacna spp. collected in the

Huon Peninsula reflect past changes in ENSO behavior. Fossil specimen range in age from 6 to 60ka

with average length of records between 5 and 40 years. Results vary depending on how ENSO variance

is es mated (See companion Poster Driscoll et al). However, most records show a reduced variance

compared to modern and an absence of response to solar forcing predicted from climate models

sugges ng that other factors are able to control ENSO variability on glacial-‐interglacial mescales.

41


Impact of environmental stress on crystal textures and growth pa erns in shells of the freshwater gastropod Viviparus viviparus

Füllenbach CS1*, Schöne BR1

1. Department of Applied and Analy cal Paleontology and INCREMENTS Research Group, Earth System Science Research Center, Ins tute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Johann-‐Joachim-‐Becher-‐Weg 21, 55128 Mainz, Germany.

__________________

*corresponding author: Fuellenbach@uni-‐mainz.de

In order to evaluate the effect of changing environmental stress (e.g. water-‐temperature) on crystal

textures and growth pa erns of V. viviparus, shell thick-‐sec ons of specimens, kept in tanks under

controlled condi ons, were analyzed under SEM. Apart from a thin layer of irregular fibrous prisms at

the growing surface, the shells were mostly composed of crossed-‐lamellar textures with first-‐, second-‐

and third-‐order lamellae. First-‐order lamellae, arranged perpendicular to the growing surface, were

interrupted by two types of disturbance lines, running subparallel to the growing surface: (1) Lines

represen ng boundaries without a change in crystal textures; (2) Lines marked by a dis nct layer of

irregular simple prisms. It is suggested that Type 2 lines form in rela on to varying environmental stress

(e.g. strongly fluctua ng water-‐temperatures), while Type 1 lines may have been triggered by recovery

processes. The absence of a direct correla on of Type 1 lines and a daily rhythm might be explained

by growth under unnatural condi ons (e.g. tanks, ar ficial light). Disturbance lines generally separated

shell-‐areas that showed gradual changes in size, habit and orienta on of 2nd-‐ and 3rd-‐order lamellae.

Addi onally, the overall appearance of the crossed lamellae was linked to lower water temperature

extremes at the me of their forma on. New material, which was not formed upon preexis ng shell

areas (growth at the inner shell surface vs. growth at the operculum), was less homogeneous if the

water-‐temperature fluctuated or was considerably lower than the ideal growing temperature during

shell forma on. The results of this study help to improve the understanding of the forma on of different

disturbance lines with respect to prevailing environmental factors and suggest that crystal textures can

be used as proxies for varying environmental stress.

42


Sclerochronology of bathyal bivalves suggests major trophic shi s and stronger pelagic-‐benthic coupling in the Canadian Arc c.

Gaillard B1,2*, Olivier F1,2, Thébault J3*, Méziane T2, Tremblay R1, Dumont D1, Bélanger S4, Gosselin M1, Chauvaud L3, Martel A5 and Archambault P1

1 Ins tut des sciences de la mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada.2 Muséum Na onal d’Histoire Naturelle, Département Milieux et Peuplements Aqua ques, UMR 7208 BOREA MNHN-‐CNRS-‐UPMC-‐IRD, 61 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris, France.3 Université de Brest, Ins tut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin (UMR6539 CNRS/IRD/UBO), rue Dumont d’Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.4 Université du Québec à Rimouski, BORÉAS, Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada.5 Musée canadien de la nature, Recherche & collec ons, Sec on zoologie, C.P. 3443, Succ. D, O awa, Ontario, K1P 6P4, Canada.

__________________

*corresponding author: julien.thebault@univ-‐brest.fr

The Arc c Ocean faces the effects of climate change through both rising temperature and decreasing

sea ice extent and thickness. The current paradigm predicts a shi from an “ice algae-‐benthos” to

a “phytoplankton-‐zooplankton” system. In this remote part of our biosphere where instrumental

monitoring is scarce, the use of biogenic archives is an interes ng approach for assessing the evolu on

of Arc c ecosystems over long me periods. Here we used the long-‐lived bivalve Astarte moerchi as

a tracer of environmental changes. We hypothesized that its aragoni c shell contains structural and

geochemical informa on about the temporal variability of the export of surface produc on.

Sixteen A. moerchi specimens were collected in October 2010 at a depth of 568 m in the Northern

Baffin Bay where the largest recurrent polynya of the Arc c is located (NOW polynya). Two cross-‐

sec ons were cut in each shell along the axis of maximum growth. The first one was used to measure

annual increment width in order to build Standardized Growth Index (SGI) me-‐series extending back

to the 1950s. The second one was dedicated to geochemistry (Ba/Ca and δ18O). We also performed

fa y acid (FA) analyses of so ssues in order to iden fy main food sources. SGI significantly increased

during the last decade, synchronously with a strong nega ve phase of the Arc c Climate Regime Index.

δ18O shell profiles suggested a rela ve stability of deep-‐water temperature and salinity over the past 60

years. Ba/Ca me-‐series were characterized by a low inter-‐individual variability and a rela vely stable

background level punctuated by many sharp peaks occurring on a close-‐to-‐annual periodicity. These

peaks were significantly higher over the last decade. Finally, FA indicated that in 2010 A. moerchi mainly

fed on pelagic microalgae, mainly diatoms.

Our results likely reflect a stronger pelagic-‐benthic coupling over the past decade. The increased export

of high-‐quality diatom-‐based surface produc on to the seabed likely induced the large increase of SGI

and the more intense Ba/Ca peaks. This stronger export of surface produc on to the benthos may be

linked to a mismatch between phytoplankton bloom and zooplankton grazing as blooms tend to occur

earlier since a decade because of earlier ice break-‐up. Our results therefore provided strong evidences

for a major trophic shi in the polynya ecosystem, and par ally contradict the current paradigm on the

future of Arc c Ocean ecosystems.

43


What use is Sclero-‐ without the -‐Chronology? The Hake example

Geffen AJ* and Morales-‐Nin B

Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, N-‐5020 Bergen, NORWAY and Ins tut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (IMEDEA-‐CSIC/UIB) Miquel Marques 21, 07190 Esporles Illes Balears, SPAIN

__________________


The “Time-‐Keeping” property of calcified ssues may be their most valuable characteris c, and one

that is o en taken for granted. The ability to related a measurement of growth increment, chemical

composi on, or isotopic value to a discreet point in me forms the underlying basis for most of our

work. However, it is not always easy to detect or interpret a temporal signal in the growth of calcified

ssues. This has led to two parallel lines of inves ga on -‐ (1) experiments and observa ons designed

to validate the periodicity of accre on, or (2) image analysis and “smart” systems to search for

periodici es in visual pa erns.

But what if there are no pa erns? Is it possible that biomineraliza on can proceed aperiodically? How

can we accommodate any “non-‐pa erns” into the studies that rely on calcified ssue analysis? The

otoliths of hake (Merluccius merluccius) are a good example of the problem. Over the past four decades,

an increasing amount of effort has been channelled into improving the quality of age es ma on data

that is derived from otolith analysis, to support sustainable management of hake fisheries. Iden fica on

of annual increments is difficult, and consensus on interpreta on of features can be as low as 20-‐

40%. Recent tagging experiments have shown that hake grow much faster than suspected, and also

that many of the increments are not annual and have li le link with seasonal varia ons. They appear

to reflect random events or individual movements. Despite intense analysis, it might be that these

increments are “non-‐periodic”, at least at the popula on level.

Nevertheless, there are many sclerochronolgy techniques that do not rely on an absolute me-‐

frame. Some otolith features are linked to life-‐history stages and can be used as habitat tags. Other

ques ons can be addressed from measurements made of the otolith core or most recent growth. Most

importantly, it is me to consider that this is only one example of a more widespread phenomenon,

and we need to develop methods of interpreta on to extract the most out of non-‐linear and aperiodic

informa on.

44


Nitrogen isotopes in the organic matrix of bivalve shells

Gillikin DP1*, Lorrain A2, Bouillon S3 and Jolivet A2

1: Department of Geology, Union College, 807 Union St., Schenectady, NY 12308, USA; 2: LEMAR, UMR CNRS/UBO/IRD 6539, Ins tut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Place Nicolas Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France; 3: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Dept. of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Celes jnenlaan 200 E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium

__________________

*corresponding author:[email protected]

Stable nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) in organic ssues have been used extensively to detect anthropogenic

nitrogen inputs into aqua c systems, as wastewater is typically enriched in 15N. However, it has been

difficult to extend records of anthropogenic nitrogen input back though me. δ15N signatures in the

organic matrix of bivalve shells offer the poten al to extend such records to the past using museum

collec ons or fossil specimens. Pecten maximus shells from the French coast ranged from +8.3±0.6‰

in the Bay of Brest to +3.1±1.2‰ at 200m depth. Average P. maximus shell and ssue δ15N values

were highly correlated along this depth gradient (shell=0.65* ssue+3.3, R2=0.99, n=6). High-‐resolu on

shell δ15N values (~3 day resolu on) track mussel ssue δ15N values over the year, but replicate shells

analyzed at high-‐resolu on exhibit significant differences in coeval δ15N values. This study provides

evidence that the organic matrix of bivalve shells tracks so ssue δ15N values and can record

anthropogenic nitrogen pollu on.

45


Fish otoliths: Recorders of growth, movement and environmental history of fish Gillanders BM* BM

Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, and Environment Ins tute, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

__________________


Fish otoliths are widely used in fisheries ecology and management due to their me keeping proper es,

their ability to record ambient environmental condi ons and the fact that material once laid down

is not usually resorbed or altered. Otolith chemical tags, including those that occur naturally and

those that are applied ar ficially, are increasingly being used to determine movements and life history

pa erns of fish since they can provide a chemical chronology over the en re life of a fish. However

quan fying and interpre ng such pa erns is challenging. In this presenta on, I will review the various

methods for determining movement, life history varia on and environments fish have occupied based

on otolith chemistry. Assump ons behind various methodologies as well as examples will be provided.

These methods include (1) es mates of movement and life-‐history traits of a single group of fish, (2)

assessing connec vity among groups using natural chemical tags in otoliths, (3) transgenera onal marks

to determine parentage and natal origins, (4) profile analysis to define life-‐history varia on within a

popula on and (5) profile analysis to describe movements through different environments. Finally,

knowledge gaps and future research needs will be iden fied.

46


Environmental monitoring with bivalve biogeochemical archives: methods, limita ons, and future direc ons

Goodwin DH*

Department of Geosciences, Denison University, Granville, Ohio 43023, USA

__________________


The skeletons of organisms that grow by accre on commonly record ambient environmental

condi ons with remarkable fidelity. These archives essen ally func on as biological data-‐loggers,

providing researchers with numerous proxy records of modern and ancient environmental variables.

To date, the vast majority of sclerochronologic work has focused on mineralized ssues; increasingly

however, research has included skeletal organic phases. Regardless of the specific chemical state of

the biogeochemical archive, the overarching goal of such studies is to document past environmental

condi ons to be er understand baselines and background variability and, if possible, make predic ons

about likely future environmental states. For the majority of sclerochronogical work, methods typically

include an interval of proxy calibra on of instrumental records with biogeochemical archives followed

by applica on of extended proxy records to hindcast (i.e., reconstruct) past environmental condi ons.

This exercise, however, is not as straigh orward as it might seem. While some biogeochemical records

are thought to be “in equilibrium” with the environment (i.e., oxygen isotopes), calibra ons commonly

suffer from inaccurate or poorly constrained environmental records. Furthermore, the fidelity of

bioarchives is commonly limited by ontogene c changes in shell accre on (e.g., declining growth rates

and dura ons) as well as preferen al growth temperatures. Despite these poten al limita ons, isotopic

and elemental records offer the poten al to document a broad spectrum of environmental issues

ranging from global warming and atmospheric pollu on to smaller scale spills and effluent ou alls. The

rapidly expanding body of literature that focuses on environmental monitoring and pollu on suggests

that sclerochronologic studies will significantly contribute to our understanding of past, present and

future environmental change.

47


Evolu on of an otolith-‐based marine chronology for the Southern Hemisphere derived from a deep water fish species

Grammer GL1*, Izzo C1, Hawthorne PJ2 and Gillanders BM1

1School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 50052South Australian Research and Development Ins tute (Aqua c Sciences), 9 Krummel St, Mt Gambier, South Australia, Australia, 5290

__________________


Mul -‐decadal growth chronologies based on hard structures from long-‐lived aqua c organisms

(sclerochronologies) can be used as proxies to infer long-‐term pa erns of seasonal climate-‐growth

rela onships and to examine the effects of environmental variability within a region on oceanographic

processes. The research presented here endeavors to develop otolith chronologies to compare pa erns

of fish growth between upwelled and non-‐upwelled regions along the coast of southern Australia.

We constructed growth-‐increment chronologies using otoliths (ear stones) from the ocean perch

(Helicolenus percoides), a long-‐lived, deeper water, benthic fish found along the con nental shelf of

southern Australia and New Zealand. Sagi al otoliths were extracted from the fish, thin sec oned,

polished, and ages es mated. Growth increments were further examined and measured using high-‐

resolu on digital imagery in conjunc on with image analysis so ware. Annually resolved chronologies

were produced by assigning the correct calendar year to each growth increment in the otolith through

crossda ng; this dendrochronological (tree-‐ring da ng) method cross-‐matches synchronous pa erns

of growth increment widths among mul ple samples at a given me and place. The resultant master

chronology was correlated with various environmental climate indices to examine climate-‐growth

rela onships in rela on to upwelling strength along southern Australia as well as the effects of climate

variability on fish growth. Currently, few otolith chronologies have been developed for southern

hemisphere species of fish.

48


The future of sclerochronology – constraining under-‐constrained systems

Grossman EL1*, Robbins JA1, Tao K1 and O’Dea A2

1 Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Sta on, TX 77843 USA.2 Naos Island Marine Laboratory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Ins tute, PO Box 0843-‐03092 Balboa, Panama

__________________

*corresponding author: e-‐[email protected]

Sclerochronology provides the Earth and biological sciences with an environmental archive of unrivaled

resolu on to address cri cal issues in climate change, water resources, environmental protec on, and

biodiversity. Global warming, ocean acidifica on, eutrophica on, hypoxia, drought, and declining

biodiversity necessitate Earth observing systems, not just in the modern world but in pre-‐history and

deep me. Because proxies are usually influenced by more than one factor (e.g., temperature, seawater

composi on, physiological effects), it is o en difficult to advance unique interpreta ons. A key challenge

that faces sclerochronological applica ons is the need to furnish accurate and precise environmental

informa on to examine these environmental concerns and anchor our understanding of the Earth

system in deep me.

This talk will highlight efforts to constrain variables in the methodology and applica on of

sclerochronology. This includes an oxygen and carbon isotopic study of gastropods from modern and

Neogene tropical America, where rela vely constant baseline temperatures, combined with seasonal

rainfall and circula on pa erns controlled by the la tudinal migra on of the Intertropical Convergence

Zone, impart seasonal devia ons from open ocean condi ons that can be used to quan fy upwelling

and freshwater input. The talk will further explore the efficacy of clumped isotopes and trace elements

in gastropod shells as independent proxies for temperature and nutrient availability, integra ng

previous results with those presented at this 3rd Interna onal Sclerochronology mee ng. Lastly, the talk

will iden fy poten al weaknesses in proxy applica on and sclerochronology that may hinder progress

and discuss, with input from mee ng par cipants, research direc ons to shore up those founda ons.

49


Coralline algal Barium as indicator for 20th century northwestern North Atlan c surface ocean freshwater variability

Hetzinger S1,2*, Halfar J2, Zack T3,4, Mecking JV5,6, Kunz BE3, Jacob DE3,7 and Adey WH7

1 GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-‐3, 24148 Kiel, Germany2 CPS-‐Department, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd. N, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada3 Earth System Science Research Centre, Department of Geosciences, Becherweg 21, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, D-‐55099 Mainz, Germany4 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 460, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden5 GEOMAR Helmholtz-‐Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany6 Geophysical Ins tute, University of Bergen, Allegaten 70, 5007 Bergen, Norway7 Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia8 Department of Botany, Smithsonian Ins tu on, 10th and Cons tu on Ave, Washington, DC 20560-‐0166, USA

__________________


During the past several decades climate and freshwater dynamics in the northwestern North Atlan c

have undergone major changes. Large-‐scale freshening episodes, related to polar freshwater pulses,

have had a strong influence on ocean variability in this clima cally important region. However, li le

is known about variability before before 1950, mainly due to the lack of long-‐term high-‐resolu on

marine proxy archives. Studies during the past decade have shown that encrus ng coralline algae,

which form annual growth increments in a calci c skeleton, are a promising new marine archive for

mid-‐ to high-‐la tudes. Here we present the first mul decadal-‐length records of annually resolved Ba/

Ca varia ons from Northwest Atlan c coralline algae. Algal Ba/Ca records, sampled from two sites on

the eastern Newfoundland shelf, were generated using Laser Abla on-‐Induc vely Coupled Plasma Mass

Spectrometry (LA-‐ICP-‐MS) analysis. We observe posi ve rela onships between algal Ba/Ca and salinity

observa ons back to 1950. In addi on, algal Ba/Ca ra os are inversely related to records of seasonal

winter sea ice extent for the Newfoundland and Labrador shelves back to the early 20th century, i.e.

decreasing algal Ba/Ca corresponds to episodes of higher winter sea ice extent (posi ve ice anomalies).

Algal Ba/Ca ra os and observa onal data suggest that during episodes of higher winter sea ice extents,

freshwater input to the surface layer increases due to higher ice melt causing sea surface salinity to

decrease. This induces a more stable stra fica on in the water column reducing Ba-‐enriched deep

water being advected onto the shelf areas. Both algal me series successfully capture episodical mul -‐

year freshening events on the Newfoundland and Labrador shelf during the 20th century. Thus, algal Ba/

Ca ra os may serve as a new resource for surface ocean salinity and freshwater changes in mid-‐ to high-‐

la tudes.

50


Late Holocene environmental variability of the North Sea revealed in a new Arc ca islandica chronology spanning AD 1040AD to 2010AD Holland HA1*, Schöne BR1, Lipowsky C2 and Esper J3

1 Ins tute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Johann-‐Joachim-‐Becherweg 21, 55128 Mainz, Germany2 Ins tute of Informa cs, University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany3 Ins tute of Geography, University of Mainz, Johann-‐Joachim-‐Becherweg 21, 55128 Mainz, Germany

__________________

*corresponding author: holland@uni-‐mainz.de

Knowing the natural climate variability of the late Holocene is indispensable to contextualize the

present climate change. In par cular, li le is known about the decadal-‐scale and century-‐scale changes

in the extratropical oceans, even if they play a major role in governing the global climate system.

The instrumental period is too short to detect lower frequency climate fluctua ons. Moreover, the

resolu on of exis ng marine climate archives is insufficient to evaluate how amplitudes and frequencies

of quasi-‐decadal climate modula ons changed through me. In order to extend the instrumental record

we rely on high-‐resolu on climate archives such as mollusk shells and tree rings. Our study presents

the first millennial-‐scale (AD 1040-‐2010), absolutely dated and annually resolved bivalve con nuous

floa ng chronology (Arc ca islandica) from the North Sea. It was constructed from 51 shells with

overlapping life spans by standard cross-‐da ng techniques adopted from dendrochronology (COFECHA,

ARSTAN) and a new algorithm specifically developed for bivalves. Wavelet transforma on of the new

sclerochronology reveals strong spectral power at periods of ca. 70 to 120 years. Remarkably, warmer

periods and mes of major regime shi s (Medieval Climate Op mum to the Li le Ice Age, and LIA to

the Modern Warming) are characterized by increased higher frequency variability. Comparison with

instrumental data reveals correla on to sea surface temperature.

51


Interpre ng shell spiral devia ons for specimen-‐age determina ons: Implica ons of paleoseasonality and trace element proxies in brachiopods

Pérez-‐Huerta A1*, Aldridge A2, Endo K3 and Jeffries TE4

1 Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Al 35487, USA2 PO Box 19576, Woolston, Christchurch 8241, New Zealand.3 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-‐003, Japan.4 Department of Mineralogy, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.

__________________


Fossil brachiopods have been extensively used in paleoclimate and paleoenviromental studies, in

par cular for the Paleozoic, because of their high abundance, diversity, and widespread (paleo-‐)

geographical distribu on. In this context, shells are widely used in paleo-‐thermometry since modern

shells can record seawater temperature via oxygen isotopes. However, brachiopods have been recently

less favored than the use of other organisms with higher biostra graphic poten al (e.g., conodonts).

The importance of brachiopd shells as archives of past environmental changes will increase significantly

if the age of specimens could be determined accurately. Despite of numerous previous a empts, there

is no clear methodology to achieve this objec ve. The recent applica on of determining spiral shell

devia ons for calcula ng specimen-‐ages has provided promising results in modern taxa, which requires

a further examina on.

Here, we evaluate the interpreta on of spiral shell devia ons throughout the ontogeny of the modern

brachiopod species Laqueus rubellus collected from Sagami Bay (Japan), in combina on with high-‐

resolu on biogeochemistry. The determina on of spiral maxima and minima indicate that there is a

different growth rate for ventral and dorsal valves, as well as for juvenile and adult specimens, and

that the anterior shell regions provide be er records of shell growth. The analysis of P/Ca shows a

strong correla on between shell maxima and increase in phosphorous content, indica ng periods of

significant shell growth. Also, there is a strong correla on between P/Ca and Mg/Ca values for both

valves. Applying Mg/Ca thermometry (Pérez-‐Huerta et al. 2008 Chem. Geol. 247, 229-‐241) around the

maxima and minima at the anterior shell region for both valves, temperature values coincident with

the maxima correspond to seawater temperatures instrumentally recorded in September-‐October. The

combina on of trace element proxies (P/Ca and Mg/Ca) with the determina on of shell spiral devia ons

indicates that the maxima represent prominent periods of shell growth that occurs during the beginning

of the autumn. By coun ng the maxima on dorsal valves of fully mature specimens, these specimens

can record shell growth up to 6-‐7 years, which is confirmed by independent morphological and isotopic

studies in the same brachiopod species.

The integra on of sta s cal measurements of shell morphologies with trace element chemistry

represents an innova ve methodology for specimen-‐age determina ons in brachiopods. Furthermore,

results in this study provide a be er understanding of the use Mg/Ca paleo-‐thermometry, and using

P/Ca as a shell growth and paleoproduc vity proxy. Finally, the applica on of this approach to fossil

brachiopods may open a new venue for paleoseasonality and paleoceanography studies.

52


Growth, longevity, and macroevolu on: it’s about me

Ivany LC1

1Department of Earth Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY 13244, [email protected]

Understanding the size-‐age rela onship is at the core of paleobiological ques ons related to growth

rate, longevity, and morphologic evolu on via heterochrony. In each case, independent constraints

on me are necessary in order to establish the ages of individuals at given sizes. Sclerochronological

research has more than established that the techniques needed to address such issues are available and

efficacious, yet studies taking advantage of this poten al have been few and far between. Here, I will

highlight the poten al of work combining stable isotope and increment analysis and challenge scien sts

with this skill set to consider lending their exper se to evolu onary ques ons more o en than they

have to date.

Body size evolu on has received a good deal of a en on over the last decade. Size is a func on of both

growth rate and age, so deconvolving the rela ve contribu ons of each is cri cal for interpreta on

of size data, as very different processes can give rise to similar trends in body size alone. Mollusks

from the middle-‐upper Eocene of the US Gulf Coast, e.g., exhibit a temporary shi to larger body

sizes that, in nearly all genera examined, can be a ributed to faster growth and hence perhaps higher

produc vity of the marine environment (Haveles and Ivany 2010 Palaios 25, 550-‐564). Lifespan

entails a more complicated and poorly understood set of controls. Par cularly intriguing are species

that exhibit extreme longevity, such as the small but growing number of bivalve species known to

live for a century or more. In most cases, the body size of these centegenarians is unremarkable, so

sclerochronology provides the only clue to their rarefied life histories. Factors driving the evolu on of

extreme longevity can begin to be inves gated in bivalves using sclerochronology in combina on with

informa on on environment and phylogeny. Fossil bivalves from the Eocene of Antarc ca, e.g., exhibit

life spans approaching or exceeding 100 years, yet the cold temperatures o en invoked to explain such

phenomena today do not apply in the Eocene greenhouse (Buick and Ivany 2004 Geology 32, 921-‐924).

More likely is some universal property of polar seas, such as extreme seasonality in light regime and

hence phytoplankton/food produc on.

The rela on of life history traits like growth rate and longevity to macroevolu onary pa erns is an area

ripe for discovery, and by necessity this work can only go forward with sclerochronological input. Jones

and Gould (1999 Paleobiology 25, 158-‐187) made clear in their classic study of heterochrony in the

oyster Gryphaea that using size as a proxy for age is problema c; an independent chronometer such as

can be provided by isotopes and growth increments is needed. Their integrated approach illustrates the

poten al for this kind of work to illuminate the evolu onary process, but far too few such studies have

been done. It’s about me we did more.

53


Is the great scallop recording upwelling events?

Jolivet A1*, Chauvaud L1, Asplin L2, Strand Ø2, Le Goff C3 and Dujon A1TLE]

1 Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin (UMR CNRS 6539), IUEM, UBO, Technopôle Brest Iroise, Place Nicolas Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France 2 Ins tute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway3 Laboratoire d‘Océanographie Spa ale, IFREMER Centre Brest, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France

__________________

*corresponding author: aurelie.jolivet@univ-‐brest.fr

The shells of bivalve mollusks have been shown to contain a wealth of informa on about the

environment in which the organisms lived as well as about their life histories. This informa on is

preserved as structural, morphological, or chemical changes within the shell and the interpreta on

of shell records has become an ac ve area of interdisciplinary research among marine biologists and

ecologists as well as paleobiologists. Shells of Pecten Maximus were collected between May 1987

and December 1988 at 15-‐25 m depth at Austevoll (Norway) corresponding to individuals aged of

3 to 6 years. A slowdown in growth has been observed in 1986 for the four age classes resul ng in

decreased nearly 45 % of the growth rate (in average from 229.4 to 127 µm.d-‐1), before returning to

values close to 200 µm.d-‐1 a er 7 to 15 days. Measurements of stable isotopes (δ18O and δ13C) made

on 4 individuals all along the shells, have proven that this slowdown in growth observed in 1986 is

simultaneous with a drop in temperature measured in mid-‐July. In situ measurements of environmental

parameters (temperature, salinity, wind) and data from a numerical coastal model system (NorKyst-‐800)

have confirmed that a temperature drop of 3-‐4 °C (from 12°C to 9°C) occurred in July 1986 due to a

change of wind direc on and speed along the western coast of Norway. These northerly winds parallel

to the coast outside Austevoll have created upwelling of cold water from the depth along the coast. The

present study has demonstrated a clear rela onship between a regional clima c phenomena ac ng on

an oceanographic process, which has significant impacts on growth of macrobenthos. The characteris c

onset of northwesterly winds during summer may probably be used as a predictable indicator of scallop

growth slowdown in western Norway. Moreover, the shell of bivalve appeared to be a remarkable

tool to describe and characterize upwelling events, like its dura on and intensity, in actual and paleo-‐

environments.

54


Inves ga ng a warmer world with sclerochronological data

Johnson ALA1*, Valen ne A1, Williams M2, Schöne BR3, Harper EM4, Leng MJ2,5, Finlayson A4 and Knowles T2

1 Geographical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK2 Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK3 Department of Applied and Analy cal Paleontology (INCREMENTS), University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany4 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK5 NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, Keyworth, No ngham NG12 5GG, UK

__________________


The Pliocene (5.3-‐2.6 Ma) is the most recent interval in Earth history including periods when global

mean surface temperature was significantly higher (by 2-‐3ºC) than present. Since con nental posi ons

and orography were similar to now and atmospheric CO2 content (c. 400 ppmv) was higher than in the

pre-‐industrial Holocene, the Pliocene (specifically mid-‐Piacenzian) world has been used extensively

as a test-‐bed for numerical models simula ng an equilibrium climatology under condi ons like those

that will exist in the near future. Substan al discrepancies have been found between model and proxy

es mates of sea-‐surface temperature (SST) in specific areas. These could reflect inadequacies in the

models but might alterna vely be the result of inaccuracies in the proxy data -‐ either misleading values

or incorrect age assignments.

Model es mates of mid-‐Piacenzian mean annual SST in the North Atlan c area are maximally 5ºC above

present values but some geochemical (Mg/Ca, alkenone unsatura on) and assemblage-‐based es mates

are more than 8ºC higher than present. The proxy es mates are derived by averaging of ‘summer’ and

‘winter’ values obtained indirectly by sta s cal manipula on of data which is not seasonally resolved.

More direct sclerochronological es mates of seasonality during warm periods of the Pliocene in

the North Sea, from ontogene c profiles of δ18O in bivalves and astogene c profiles of zooid size in

bryozoans, reveal an annual range in seafloor temperature that is larger than in similar hydrographic

circumstances at present. This implies a greater summer to winter change in surface temperature and,

in conjunc on with evidence of modestly increased summer SSTs from the presence of warm temperate

dinoflagellates, mean annual SSTs only a few degrees above the present value. Some of the data is from

the mid-‐Piacenzian and is in accordance with model es mates of a c. 2ºC increase in mean annual SST

during this period.

Increased seasonality during Pliocene warm periods in the North Sea could be due to a lower oceanic

supply of winter heat via the Gulf Stream/North Atlan c Dri . However, preliminary inves ga ons

of annual increment width varia on in the bivalve Arc ca islandica suggest that it may relate to the

winter incursion of cold con nental air in associa on with a ‘weak’ state of the winter North Atlan c

Oscilla on. This situa on remains to be shown for the mid-‐Piacenzian warm period, but is predicted by

modelling. If confirmed, it will provide a further demonstra on of the u lity of sclerochronological data

for model valida on.

55


The Santa Barbara basin fish assemblage in the last two millennia inferred from the fossil otolith record

Jones WA*1 and Checkley DM Jr1

1. Scripps Ins tu on of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-‐0203, USA

__________________


The Santa Barbara Basin (SBB) fish assemblage over the last two millennia was examined using otoliths

recovered from sediment cores. We use otoliths rather than other fish remains to reconstruct the fish

assemblage because otolith shape is species specific and the number of otoliths per fish is constant.

Otoliths were classified to the lowest taxonomic group possible using shape analysis and by direct

comparison with reference otoliths. Two Kasten cores extending back to approximately 33 AD were

processed and a total of 870 otoliths recovered. Classifica on results indicate that mesopelagic fish

dominate the forage fish assemblage in the SBB, consistent with recent (Koslow et al. 2011 Mar. Ecol.

Prog. Ser. 436, 207-‐218) and some past (Holmgren-‐Urba and Baumgartner 1993 CalCOFI Rep. 34, 60-‐

68) findings. Species from the two families Bathylagidae and Myctophidae are es mated to comprise

37% and 27% of all recovered otoliths, respec vely. Less abundant taxa include northern anchovy (8%),

Pacific hake (7%), and rockfish (4%). In contrast to fish scales deposited in the SBB (Baumgartner et

al. 1992 CalCOFI Rep. 33, 24-‐40), few sardine and anchovy otoliths were observed. These results have

implica ons for ecosystem-‐based fisheries management, for they challenge the assump on that pelagic

fish dominate the forage fish assemblage in this, and perhaps other, coastal upwelling systems. Future

work focuses on addi onal variables and classifiers to be er classify fossil otoliths. Comparisons of the

otolith deposi on rates will also be made with exis ng paleoproxies, including indicators of primary

produc vity and temperature, fish scale records, and tree-‐ring chronologies.

56


A new method for high-‐resolu on bivalve growth rate studies in deep-‐sea hydrothermal environments

Nedoncelle K1, Lartaud F1*, de Rafelis M2 and Le Bris N1

1 UPMC Univ Paris 06, Laboratoire d’Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques (LECOB), CNRS -‐ UPMC UMR8222, Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls, Avenue du Fontaulé, 66650 Banyuls-‐sur-‐Mer France.

2 UPMC Univ Paris 06, Laboratoire Biominéralisa ons et Environnements sédimentaires, ISTeP, CNRS-‐UPMC UMR 7193, 4 pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05 France.

__________________

*corresponding author: franck.lartaud@obs-‐banyuls.fr

Bathymodiolus species dominate the faunal assemblage of a variety of deep-‐sea reducing environments,

where these symbio c mussels are able to exploit different energy sources (H2S, CH4, H2

) and cope with

various physico-‐chemical constraints (temperature, acidity). Our knowledge of the environmental and

biological drivers of the establishment of mussel assemblages is however s ll limited. In par cular, the

temporal pa erns of se lement and growth need to be be er constrained if we are able to appreciate

their response to (natural or anthropogenic) disturbance.

To tackle these ques ons, we inves gated shell growth rate of deep-‐sea hydrothermal bivalves using

for the first me in situ chemical staining combined with high-‐resolu on microincrement analysis.

The staining chamber developed for this purpose allowed to characterize the growth rythmicity of

Bathymodiolus thermophilus mussels from the V-‐vent site at 9°50’N on the East-‐Pacific Rise (EPR), while

minimizing disturbance of the individuals in their habitat.

Bathymodiolus thermophilus revealed to grow according to a circalunidian rhythm, with one increment

formed each lunar day, and displayed de-‐related variability at the scale of a complete dal cycle (neap

and spring des). Growth rates range between 4.2 and 1.1 cm y-1 with ontogenesis. The von Bertalanffy

growth rate model built on these data allowed to ascribe an age of 10 years old for the largest shell

collected (20.5 cm) at V-‐vent where mussel colonies were preserved a er the 2005/2006 erup on.

This growth model is consistent with the observed temporal pa ern of recoloniza on of new habitats

a er the volcanic erup on at 9°50’N showing the rapid expansion of mussel popula ons between 2010

and 2012. The approach can be applied to other bivalve’s species as a suitable method for studying

popula on structure and recruitment in the deep-‐sea. These findings have relevance for studying

popula on structure and recruitment in my lid bivalves at deep-‐sea. Addi onally, the method can be

used to analyze growth rate changes in rela on to environmental constraints and energy limita on.

57


Boron isotopic composi on in Arc ca islandica shell: a poten al historical, prehistorical and geological seawater pH indicator

Liu Y-‐W1*, Aciego SM1 and Wanamaker AD Jr.2

1. Earth and Environmnetal Sciences, University of Michigan, 2534 CC Li le building, 1100 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA2. Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Room 12, Science I, Ames, IA 50011-‐3212, USA

__________________


Research on the ocean carbon cycle is vitally important due to the projected impacts of atmospheric CO2

on global temperatures and climate change, but also on ocean chemistry. The actual influence of this

CO2 rise on the pH of North Atlan c seawater is largely unknown because of the dearth of instrumental

records or reliable proxies. The long-‐lived bivalve mollusk A. islandica, common in the shelf seas of

the temperate to sub-‐polar North Atlan c, is an excellent high-‐resolu on marine archive with great

poten al for monitoring pH as well as other seawater proper es. Boron isotopic composi on (δ11B)

in aragonite biogenic carbonate has been suggested to trace ambient seawater pH because marine

carbonates will primarily incorporate B(OH)4- into the carbonate structure during growth, in which the

δ11B is pH dependent. Here we aim to develop a δ11B-‐pH transfer func on in A. islandica to reconstruct

mid to high la tude seawater pH record. An improved rapid throughput microsublima on technique

coupled with Total Evapora on NTIMS method was conducted so that < 1 ng boron could be measured.

Reproducibility of boron isotopic composi on of be er than ±0.3‰ (2 SE, n > 10) was achieved for a

variety of isotopic standards and natural samples. Based on this precision, a high-‐resolu on pH record

of surface seawater from A. islandica is possible. We analyzed boron isotopic composi on in the living

shells reared at the Darling Marine Center, Maine, USA in which seawater temperature, salinity and

pH were carefully monitored. During the experimental period (January 2010 to August 2010), the

temperature raised from 2 to 18 °C, with a 3 ppt salinity varia on and a 0.2 pH unit change. Our pilot

data suggest the boron isotopic ra o (δ11B) reflects the ambient seawater pH. Further results that

include the en re experimental period will be presented, highligh ng the the first δ11B-‐pH transfer

func on for A. islandica shell material. This study will form the basis for reconstruc ng seawater pH in

the mid to high la tudes of the Atlan c Ocean through the living and fossil history of A. islandica.

58


Coral skeletons record agricultural phosphorus runoff on the near-‐shore Great Barrier Reef

Mallela J*, 1, 2, Lewis SE5 and Croke B3, 4

1 Research School of Earth Sciences, 2 Research School of Biology, 3 Fenner School of Environment and Society, 4 Department of Mathema cs, The Australian Na onal University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.

5 Catchment to Reef Research Group, TropWATER, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia

__________________


Globally, increased catchment runoff (e.g. nutrients and sediment) is having detrimental effects on near-‐

shore coral reefs. However, the limited availability of historical data has hindered our understanding of

nutrient dynamics and subsequent reef development. In this study we used: 1) unique mul -‐year in-‐situ

phosphorus (P) me-‐series records from the Tully river; and 2) long-‐term catchment fer liser-‐P records

to validate the proxy development of skeletal P records (P/Ca) in coral cores. We then assessed the

rela onship between P and coral calcifica on.

P records in coral cores from near-‐shore on the Great Barrier Reef were examined using X-‐ray mapping

by electron-‐probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser abla on mass spectrometry (LA-‐ICP-‐MS). Results

were compared with unique historical data sets of fer liser-‐P and river water quality. Coral calcifica on

was then compared with contemporaneous P records.

Findings demonstrate that P is recorded down-‐core throughout the aragonite coral skeleton, and that

riverine par culate P and fer liser-‐P records are posi vely correlated with mul -‐decadal P records in

coral cores. We did not observe any significant change in coral calcifica on over the past three decades.

In conclusion, our contemporaneous LA-‐ICP-‐MS and EPMA findings support the con nued development

of this promising P archive. These findings also suggest that this approach has the poten al to provide

quan ta ve measures of long-‐term changes in P fluxes. Interes ngly, increased sediment and nutrient

inputs do not appear to be nega vely impac ng calcifica on of our Porites colonies at this site

sugges ng that sediment tolerant species may be compensa ng with other growth mechanisms.

59


Sclerochronology and bioenerge cs: a combina on to elucidate changes in growth environments at small temporal and spa al scales. Mann R1*, Munroe DM2, Powell EN3

, Hofmann EE4 and Klinck JM4

1 Virginia Ins tute of Marine Sciences, Gloucester Point, VA 23062-‐1346 USA2 Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Rutgers University, Port Norris, NJ 08349 USA3 Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA4 Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk VA 23529 USA

__________________


Sclerochronology in applica on to bivalve molluscs allows precise descrip on of growth trajectories

at the individual organism level, typically through a Von Bertalanffy growth fit of length versus age.

Current individual based bioenerge cs models that es mate scope for growth (SFG), allow inves ga on

of the rela onship between observed growth and the energy budget components of consump on

(C), produc on (P), respira on (R), defeca on (F) and excre on (U). The budget components have

allometric rate descriptors that are influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and

salinity. The data rich environments provided by current knowledge of bivalve growth and physiology

provide a means to hind cast local growth condi ons on fine temporal and spa al scales, in addi on

to posing ques ons on sources of nutri on for target organisms. We provide two examples of the

combina on of sclerochronology and bioenerge cs, both focusing on the surf clam Spisula solidissima

from the Mid Atlan c Shelf of the United States, to (a) clarify nutri on of this long lived and terminally

large species, and (b) record changes in local growth trajectories at the southern range limita on

associated with warming trends. We suggest that these combined techniques have poten al for

widespread applica on in examina on of benthic produc on in northern hemisphere con nental shelf

communi es suffering from the con nuing impacts of climate change.

60


Skeletal organic matrix markers and CaCO3 biomineraliza ons

Marin F1*, Marie B1,2, Le Roy N1, Ramos-‐Silva P1,3, Benhamada S1, Wolf S1 and Guichard N1

1 UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France2 Dpt. RDDM, UMR7245 CNRS, MNHN, Paris, France3 Sec on Computa onal Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

__________________

*corresponding author: frederic.marin@u-‐bourgogne.fr

Since the mid-‐seven es, there has been a considerable emphasis on the key-‐role played by organic

matrices that are occluded in CaCO3 skeletons. However, for a long me, these skeletal components

were considered “in bulk”. Nowadays, we know that skeletal matrices comprise a large set of

macromolecules -‐ mainly proteins and polysaccharides – that probably fulfil extremely diversified

func ons, most of which are puta ve and not tested experimentally. It is believed that some

macromolecules provide a par cular microenvironment where crystalliza on can occur, while others

compartmentalize this space in rela on to the future microstructure of the skeleton. Some serve as

template for mineral deposi on, promote nuclea on, favour crystal growth in privileged crystallographic

axes, or are able to stop crystal growth. Beside these “structural” aspects, strictly related to the

interac on with the mineral phase, some specific skeletal proteins work as enzymes, while others are

suspected to exert signalling ac vi es towards the epithelium that secretes the skeleton. In addi on, it

is likely that some skeletal proteins display other unsuspected func ons.

Since 2007, our lab has undertaken to obtain the en re set of skeletal proteins, for a limited number

of model organisms: the pearl oyster, the edible oyster, the mussel, the abalone, the owl limpet or the

staghorn coral. By combining proteomics to available transcriptomic data, we were able to iden fy a

considerable set of en rely new skeletal proteins of unknown func ons. Surprisingly, our data suggest

that, from model to model, the skeletal protein corteges are diversified and exhibit only limited

similari es. From an evolu onary viewpoint, this implies that these proteins are less constrained

than ini ally suspected. From molecular and func onal viewpoints, this means that different

‘macromolecular tools’ assemblages have been implemented for construc ng calcified skeletons. Our

fundamental approach provides the community of geochemists with biomineraliza on markers, the

equivalent of which can be retrieved in fossil or sub-‐fossil specimens. Furthermore, these markers can

be used for evalua ng the impact of environmental changes -‐ such as ocean acidifica on (OA) -‐ on the

calcifica on of marine skeleton-‐forming organisms.

61


Rela onship between plankton characteris cs and growth of the long-‐lived clam Arc ca islandica on the Faroe Shelf

Matras U1*, Steingrund P2 and Gaard E3

1 Faroe Marine Research Ins tute, Nóatún, P.O. Box 3051, FO-‐110 Tórshavn, Faroe Islands2 Faroe Marine Research Ins tute, Nóatún, P.O. Box 3051, FO-‐110 Tórshavn, Faroe Islands3 Faroe Marine Research Ins tute, Nóatún, P.O. Box 3051, FO-‐110 Tórshavn, Faroe Islands

__________________


Annual growth increments of 45 specimens of Arc ca islandica were compared with phytoplankton

and zooplankton characteris cs on the Faroe Shelf. A weak posi ve correla on was observed between

Arc ca growth and an index of phytoplankton produc on, covering the period of the spring bloom

in May-‐June. Arc ca growth was more strongly correlated with chlorophyll concentra ons covering

a period from mid-‐June to late August. A strong, nega ve, correla on was observed between annual

growth of Arc ca and zooplankton biomass in late June / early July. This allowed a century-‐long

reconstruc on of zooplankton biomass on the Faroe Shelf, which correlated well with Con nuous

Plankton Recorder data, as well as with the abundance of the zooplank vorous fish Norway pout.

62


Isotopic pa erns across growth layers in beluga teeth: dietary trends related to life history and ecosystem varia on

Ma hews CJD1* and Ferguson SH1,2

1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N22 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg MB R3T 2N6

__________________

*corresponding author: cory_ma [email protected]

Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) occur in several popula ons throughout the eastern Canadian

Arc c (ECA), where they forage opportunis cally on various fish and invertebrate prey. To be er

understand dietary trends related to life history (e.g., weaning and sexual maturity), as well as poten al

dietary shi s related to ecosystem varia on over me, we measured stable isotope ra os of nitrogen

(δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) in annual den nal growth layer groups (GLGs) of teeth from ~80 belugas from

three geographically separated popula ons in the ECA: Western Hudson Bay (WHB), Cumberland Sound

(CS), and Eastern High Arc c (EHA).

Age-‐related trends were obvious in both δ15N and δ13C. Most individuals showed a decrease in δ15N

of ~1‰ over the first three GLGs, which was interpreted as evidence of weaning. Individual δ15N

profiles suggested a majority (60%) of individuals were weaned by their third summer, 27% by their

second summer, and 13% by their fourth summer. δ13C increases were concurrent with δ15N decreases,

providing addi onal support for a weaning interpreta on since milk comprises high amounts of

δ13C-‐depleted lipids. δ15N in females remained rela vely stable post-‐weaning, while males showed a

gradual increase in δ15N ~0.5‰ higher than females from GLG 8 onward. Sex-‐related differences in δ15N

occurring around the age of sexual maturity indica ng males feed at a higher trophic level than females

could reflect known sexual segrega on in this species.

δ15N and δ13C trends were also apparent over the mespan represented by sampled GLGs (1960s to

2000s), although pa erns differed among popula ons. The CS popula on showed a gradual decrease

in δ15N of several per mil over the 40-‐yr period, while δ15N in the EHA popula on increased by a

similar amount over the same period. δ15N in the WHB popula on appeared to oscillate with a ~10-‐

15 yr period, but without any unidirec onal trend. δ13C gradually declined in both the EHA and WHB

popula ons, and while the decline in the EHA popula on (~1‰) is consistent with the Suess effect, that

of the WHB popula on (~2‰) is larger and may reflect other ecosystem processes. Observed long-‐term

isotopic varia on within these beluga popula ons may reflect dietary shi s in response to ecosystem

varia on (e.g., sea ice extent) throughout the ECA, although processes affec ng basal isotope values

cannot be ruled out.

63


Exploring the rela onships among atmospheric and hydrographic variability and Arc ca islandica shell growth and geochemistry in coastal northern Norway

Me e M1*, Wanamaker AD Jr1, Ambrose WG2, Retelle MJ2 and Carroll ML3

1 Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, 253 Science I, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-‐3213, USA2 Department of Geology, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine, USA3 Akvaplan-‐niva, Fram Center for Climate and Environment, N-‐9296 Tromsø, Norway

__________________

*corresponding author: mme [email protected]

Understanding of physical and chemical ocean/atmosphere dynamics in recent centuries is important

for refining global climate models and forecasts. Annually resolved, long-‐term records from

the extratropical oceans are largely absent in scien fic literature, contribu ng to an incomplete

understanding of Arc c and Antarc c marine climate change and interac ons. The development of

such records, especially from polar regions, is therefore cri cal to improving our understanding of large-‐

scale climate dynamics. The long-‐lived marine bivalve proxy, Arc ca islandica, was used to explore

climate variability and ocean/atmosphere interac ons within the Arc c (coastal northern Norway).

Approximately 60 shells were collected in 2009 from 10m water depth along the islands of Ingøy and

Rolvsøy, located at the boundary between the Barents and Norwegian Seas. A preliminary 65-‐year

master shell growth chronology (MSC) has been constructed from eight shells. An expressed popula on

signal of 0.88 (1968-‐2009) indicates a high degree of synchronous growth and facilitates comparisons of

the MSC with environmental records. All records, including the MSC, were smoothed with a 3-‐yr filter

before comparison.

A rela vely strong correla on, with a four-‐year lag, has been iden fied between the MSC and the

North Atlan c Oscilla on (r=0.63) and Arc c Oscilla on (r=0.67). Comparison of oxygen isotope data

(δ18Oshell) collected from subsampled annual increments of crossdated shells with monthly sea surface

temperatures (SST) recorded at Ingøy indicates the primary season of growth is July through November.

Regional annual and seasonal SSTs exhibit a me-‐stable inverse rela onship (e.g., r=-‐0.85) with the MSC,

demonstra ng the poten al to reconstruct SSTs for past centuries. Carbonate samples collected from

annual increments for intervals over the past 300 years and at ~1000 years BP indicate notable trends

in SST and/or δ18Owater which merit further inves ga on. Future work includes developing a deep-‐water

chronology near Ingøy/Rolvsøy to characterize the poten al influence of North Atlan c and Arc c inflow

to the area.

64


Evidence for dal cyclicity in Crassostrea growth lines from the Eggenburgian of the Central Paratethys

Németh A1* and Sztanó O2

1,2 Department of Applied and Environmental Geology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter str. 1/c, Budapest 1117, Hungary

__________________


In the Early Miocene (stage Eggenburgian) a de influenced environment on the eastern side of the

North Hungarian Palaeogene Basin, a northward widening embayment of the Central Paratethys,

is indicated by cyclic prograda on of large subaqueous dunes (Sztanó 1995 Palaeogeography,

Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 113, 173-‐187). Báldi, (1957 Földtani Közlöny. 88, 428-‐436) suggested

that “ dal flat facies” was present at the same me on the eastern side of the bay however those

beds do not crop out nowadays. As the sedimentary features are not conclusive concerning the dal

signature there, my aim was to check if dal pa erns are recognizable in the growth lines of certain

molluscs from the same forma on (i.e. sand accumula ng near the eastern coast) and to understand

the possible effect of the de in this environment.

Specimens of Crassostrea gryphoides (Schloth.) were collected from an outcrop most likely near Báldi’s

ones in south of Budapest. Shells were cut and their ligament areas were polished parallel to their

ventral plains. Coated with coal, these pieces were put under scanning electron microscope, where

their growth lines and growth increments were observed in 200-‐300x magnifica on. Cyclic varia on of

growth line strength and in thickness of growth increments were recognized in these shells. Groups of

six-‐eight lines are appearing five mes on the polished plain, always with the same distance. Pairs of

strong and dim growth lines are also visible the la er tends to disappear completely. On a larger scale,

cyclic varia on in growth rates was recognized. Petrographic thin sec ons were also made parallel to

the dorsal plains of other specimens and they showed similar results.

Based on this cyclic pa ern and hierarchy a semi-‐diurnal de with diurnal inequality is reflected by

the varia on of growth lines and growth increments on the backsca ered electron images. From the

extreme changes in the diurnal inequality it is suggested that the examined specimens lived in the lower

inter dal zone. Even the seasonal variability of their living condi ons is revealed: in winter lack of food

and cold, in summer anoxia could put back the growth rates of the shells. Accordingly the Budafok Bay

was effected by semi-‐diurnal de with diurnal inequality, it is surely effected siliciclas c deposi on and

le a clear signal on the biota living there.

65


Understanding the impact of metabolism on δ13C pa erns in bivalve shells and fish otoliths in the context of Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory

Pecquerie L1*, Fablet R2, Lorrain A1, Gillikin DP3, Dufour E4, Gerdeaux D5, Paulet YM6, Kooijman SALM7 and Nisbet RM8

1 Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin, UMR LEMAR 6539, Ins tut de Recherche pour le Développement, Technopôle de la Pointe du Diable, B.P.70, 29280 Plouzané -‐ France2 Telecom Bretagne/LabSTICC, Technopole Brest-‐Iroise, CS 83818, 29238 Brest, Cedex 3, France3 Department of Geology, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA4 Archéozoologie, Histoire des Sociétés Humaines et des Peuplements Animaux, UMR 5197, Museum Na onal d’Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 56, 75231 Paris cedex 5, France5 Sta on d’Hydrobiologie Lacustre, Ins tut Na onal de la Recherche Agronomique, 75 Avenue de Corzent, BP 511, 74203 Thonon Cedex, France6 Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin, UMR LEMAR 6539, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Technopôle de la Pointe du Diable, B.P.70, 29280 Plouzané -‐ France7 Department of Theore cal Biology, Vrije Universiteit, de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands8 Department of Ecology, Evolu on and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-‐9620, USA

__________________


Biogenic carbonates such as bivalve shells and fish otoliths contain isotopic clues about environmental

condi ons at the me of their forma on. Carbon isotopic composi on (δ13C) of shell and otolith

carbonates can yield useful informa on on past CO2 levels, upwelling events, mixing of waters and

produc vity. However, this proxy is not rou nely used as mechanisms underlying varia ons in the

rela ve contribu on of the two different carbon sources -‐ ambient Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) and

respired CO2 derived from food -‐ remain poorly understood.

To gain insights into these mechanisms, we first reviewed how δ13C values vary (i) through ontogeny,

(ii) at the season level and (iii) among species, both in bivalve shells and fish otoliths. Second, we used

a bioenerge c approach to test assump ons consistent with pa erns observed at these three different

scales. Bivalve and fish growth and respira on rates together with their respec ve biocarbonate

structure were simulated using a Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model (Fablet et al. 2011, PLoS ONE,

6, e27055; Pecquerie et al. 2012, MEPS, 447, 151-‐164) at the ontogene c, seasonal and inter-‐species

scales.

At the ontogene c level, both pa erns and underlying mechanisms discussed in the literature differ

between bivalves and fish. As respira on rate scales with body size in a similar way both in fish and

bivalves, we show that these discrepancies can be resolved by assuming that the input flux of DIC scales

differently with body size in these organisms. Two addi onal assump ons were also tested to reproduce

the observed pa erns at the seasonal level and at the inter-‐species level. (1) Temperature impacts

DIC input fluxes differently than metabolism processes; (2) fish with higher ac vity rates have higher

maintenance and assimila on rates. We discuss how these assump ons can be tested experimentally

and how this framework can be used in a compara ve approach to be er interpret δ13C pa erns across

taxa and biogenic carbonates.

66


Glycymeris bimaculata (Poli, 1795) – a new sclerochronological archive for the Mediterranean?

Peharda M1*, Bušelić I1, Reynolds DJ2, Butler PG2, Román González A2, Ezgeta-‐Balić D1, Vilibić I1, Grbec B1, Bukša F1, Hollyman P2, Scourse, JD2 and Richardson CA2

1Ins tute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croa a2School of Ocean Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, LL59 5AB, UK

__________________


Glycymeris bimaculata is one of the largest (up to ~110mm) bivalves in the Mediterranean Sea yet there

is a paucity of informa on about the growth of the species. The principal objec ves of this study were:

i) to assess the periodicity and ming of growth line forma on in G. bimaculata collected from Pag

Bay in the Adria c Sea using stable isotope analysis and a sta s cal cross-‐match between the growth

increment series (GIS) of individuals live-‐collected in 2008 and 2012, ii) to construct a sta s cally

robust sclerochronology from G. bimaculata growth increment series, iii) to inves gate changes in shell

growth in response to environmental factors, and iv) to es mate growth parameters and the maximum

longevity of the species.

The age of 55 shells (ranging in length between 49.1 and 109.5 mm), determined from acetate peel

replicas of polished and etched shell sec ons, ranged in age between 6 and 57 years. The reconstructed

seawater temperature records derived from oxygen isotope analysis of the growth increments and lines

demonstrate that the lines visible in shell cross sec on are deposited annually in late autumn. Further

confirma on of an annual periodicity of growth line forma on was obtained when GIS from shells

collected in 2008 and 2012 cross-‐matched sta s cally with a posi ve correla on at a 4 year offset. A

master chronology containing growth increment data for the period 1991 to 2007 derived from nine

individuals, ranging in age from 17 to 34 years, was constructed with a mean Expressed Popula on

Signal (EPS) of >0.85. The GIS of the analyzed specimens had pronounced inter-‐annual variability

with the period from 1997 to 1999 characterized by slower growth and the period from 2000 to 2005

by moderate growth, while growth increments deposited in the years 2006 and 2007 were widest.

Differences in growth between periods were related to temperature and salinity data. The growth of

G bimaculata is described by the von Bertalanffy growth equa on rela ng length Lt at me t: Lt = 90.85

(1-‐e-‐0.10 (t+3.13)).

67


Sea surface temperature records from stable isotope analysis of Phorcus (Osilinus) turbinatus shells: modern calibra on and applica on to the north African archaeological record (Haua Fteah, Libya)

Prendergast AL1*, O’Connell TC2, Barker G2, Hunt C3 and Stevens RE2

1Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK2McDonald Ins tute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK3Queens University Belfast, School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, 42 Fitzwilliam Street, Belfast, UK__________________


The marine topshell, Phorcus (Osilinus) turbinatus, is a common component of many archaeological

sites in the Mediterranean. This species has been successfully used as a Sea surface temperature (SST)

proxy in the western Mediterranean. To test whether δ18O from P. turbinatus shells can serve as a

reliable palaeothermometer for the eastern Mediterranean, we collected live P. turbinatus from the

northeast coast of Libya each month for a year. The δ18Oshell values of the outermost growth increments

of these live-‐collected shells ranged between -‐0.3 and +2.2 ‰ which corresponds to growing

temperatures calculated from shell edge δ18O of between 15°C and 25°C. These calculated shell SSTs

were highly correlated with instrumental records of sea surface temperature (R2 > 0.9), which reinforces

the palaeothermometry poten al of this species.

Sub-‐monthly resolu on δ18Oshell from archaeological P. turbinatus collected from the Haua Fteah, Libya

revealed contras ng SST seasonality regimes from the last interglacial to the Holocene. During MIS

5, SST was several degrees warmer than modern SST whilst during MIS 2, SST was several degrees

cooler, with reduced seasonality. This high-‐resolu on clima c framework coupled with the well-‐dated

record of cultural change from Haua Fteah, allows an examina on of human-‐environment interac ons

during cri cal periods of late Pleistocene to Holocene climate change in a region of North Africa with

compara vely few climate records.

68


A mul proxy reconstruc on of Hebridean Shelf Sea spring sea surface temperatures from 1805-‐2010

Reynolds DJ1*, Butler PG1, Williams SM1, Scourse JD1, Richardson CA1, Wanamaker AD Jr2,

Aus n WEN3, Cage AG4 and Sayer MDJ5

1School of Ocean Sciences, College of Natural Science, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK, LL59 5AB.2Department of Geological & Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, USA. 50011-‐3212.3School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK, KY16 9AL4School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, KeeleUniversity, Staffordshire, UK, ST5 5BG5NERC Na onal Facility for Scien fic Diving & Dunstaffnage Hyperbaric Unit Sco sh Associa on for Marine Science, Dunbeg, Oban, Argyll, UK, PA37 1QA,

__________________


We present a mul proxy reconstruc on of Hebridean shelf sea (Tiree Passage; NW Scotland) spring

sea surface temperatures (SSTs) for the period AD 1805-‐2010. The reconstruc on is based on growth

increment series from the first absolutely dated annually-‐resolved mul -‐centennial Glycymeris

glycymeris bivalve mollusc sclerochronology and is coupled with previously published stable oxygen

isotopes (δ18O) from benthic foraminifera sampled from a dated sediment core from nearby Loch

Sunart. The independent series contain significant correla ons with SSTs across complementary

frequency domains. The low frequency component of the sedimentary archive was combined

with the mid and high frequency components of the G. glycymeris chronology indices to create a

single mul proxy series. Split calibra on-‐verifica on sta s cs (reduc on of error, RE, coefficient

of efficiency, CE, and R2) indicate that the mul proxy record, calibrated to local instrumental sea

surface temperatures, contains significant precision and skill at reconstruc ng spring SSTs (RE=0.59,

CE=0.26, R2=0.54). These data demonstrate that bivalve sclerochronologies, when combined with

low frequency proxies such as sediment archives, can facilitate sta s cally robust reconstruc ons of

palaeoceanographic variability over the late Holocene for hydrographically-‐significant regions of the

temperate marine system previously void of annually-‐resolved archives. The reconstructed SSTs contain

a general warming trend of 0.60 ±0.14oC per century. Only four years in the reconstructed period (1999,

2000, 2002 and 2003) exceed temperatures greater than two standard devia ons higher than the

reconstructed mean SST (9.03oC), whilst just three years in the first half of the 19th century (1835, 1838

and 1840) fall more than 2σ below the reconstructed mean (6.80oC).

69


Sclerochronological and trace element inves ga ons in Bri any popula ons of the freshwater pearl mussel, Margari fera margari fera

Royer C1*, Thébault J1, Capoulade M2, Masquelier P3 and Chauvaud L1

1 Université de Brest, Ins tut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin (UMR6539 CNRS/IRD/UBO), rue Dumont d’Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France2 Bretagne Vivante – SEPNB, 186 rue Anatole France, BP 63121, 29231 Brest cedex 3, France3 Brest Métropole Océane, 24 rue de Coat Ar Gueven, 29200 Brest, France

__________________

*corresponding author: clemence.royer@univ-‐brest.fr

The freshwater pearl mussel, Margari fera margari fera (Linnaeus, 1758), is an European bivalve

mollusk species listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (current status: endangered).Many

efforts are dedicated to maintain or improve environmental condi ons in order to conserve, restore

and regenerate exis ng popula ons of this unionid mussel. To sustain these efforts, it is important to

get accurate informa ons about (1) some important life-‐history traits such as shell growth rate, and

(2) the environmental parameters that are cri cal to the pearl mussel growth. In this context, recent

inves ga ons have been carried out on several popula ons of M. margari fera located along different

watercourses in Bri any (western France), one of the last places in France where the species is s ll

present. Given the scarcity of pearl mussels and the risk of ex nc on of most popula ons, we did not

collect live specimens and worked only on recently dead shells found on riverbanks and on shells from

collec ons.

First, sclerochronological analyses were performed along the axis of minimum growth between the

hinge and the ventral margin. The number of shells used (n = 3 to 29) and the length of the chronology

(50 to 60 years) varied between popula ons. Second, high-‐resolu on trace element analyses were

carried out on a few shells using LA-‐ICP-‐MS. Elemental ra o me-‐series spanned the period 1948-‐2009.

Shell cross-‐sec ons exhibited growth lines and increments that were previously found to be formed on

an annual basis. Standardized Growth Increment (SGI) me-‐series in the different popula ons exhibited

different pa erns, sugges ng that depending on the popula ons sugges ng that environmental

parameters linked with the shell growth were not iden cal. These results could be very important

in the efforts to improve environmental condi ons and in a sustainable conserva on strategy of the

pearl mussel popula ons. Raw elemental data indicated that Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ra os displayed

cyclical varia ons with an annual periodicity. The determinism of these varia ons are s ll unclear

(temperature? stream produc vity?) and requires further inves ga ons.

70


Otolith chronologies from the southeastern Indian Ocean reveal the effects of temperature and current flow on the growth of fishes in a boundary current ecosystem.

Rountrey AR1,2*, Coulson PG1,2,3, Feng M4, Meekan M5, Meeuwig JJ1,2, Newman SJ6, Nguyen HM1,2, Waite AM2,7 and Wakefield CB6

1 Centre for Marine Futures, Oceans Ins tute, University of Western Australia, (M470), 35 S rling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia2 Oceans Ins tute , University of Western Australia (M470), 35 S rling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia 3 Centre for Fish and Fisheries Research, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia4 CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Underwood Avenue, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia5 Australian Ins tute of Marine Science, UWA Oceans Ins tute (MO 96), 35 S rling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia 6 Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Fisheries, Government of Western Australia, P.O. Box 20, North Beach, WA 6920, Australia7 School of Environmental Systems Engineering, University of Western Australia (MO 15), 35 S rling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

__________________


Climate change is having major effects on the world’s marine ecosystems, and it is predicted that the

severity of this problem will increase rapidly in coming years. For fishes, changes in temperature and

current regimes may lead to shi s in distribu ons and changes in growth rates. Ul mately, this will

have major implica ons for any fished species, since growth, produc vity, and sustainable yield of

popula ons are ghtly linked.

To understand how marine species might respond to climate change, we evaluated responses to past

environmental varia ons by applying dendrochronology methods to otolith growth records from three

long-‐lived (up to 70 years) fishes from the southwestern coast of Australia. The species set included

a shallow water (<100 m) carnivore (western blue grouper-‐ Achoerodus gouldii), a deep water (>250

m) carnivore (hapuku-‐ Polyprion oxygeneios), and an omnivore (sea sweep-‐ Scorpis aequipinnis). We

compared growth chronologies from these species to several instrumental records of the physical

oceanography of southwestern Australia to iden fy poten al drivers of growth. For western blue

groper, growth was posi vely correlated with sea surface temperature in the region of collec on.

However, growth records of hapuku and sea sweep exhibited posi ve, lagged (one-‐year) correla ons

with Fremantle sea level, a proxy for Leeuwin Current strength. We suggest that the lag reflects the

me required for the produc vity generated by the current system to propagate up trophic levels to

forage species (e.g., squid for hapuku). Given their different sensi vi es, future climate scenarios have

contras ng implica ons for these fishes. In the case of western blue groper along the south coast,

increases in temperature may lead to sizes-‐at-‐age that are 5% larger than in earlier records. However,

growth of sea sweep and hapuku could be reduced, given predic ons that the strength of the Leeuwin

Current will decline by approximately 15% by 2060. This work highlights the need for further studies of

historical environmental sensi vi es in fishes.

71


Stable isotopes in bivalve from early Eocene hyperthermal reveals enhanced tropical seasonality

Sarkar A1, Samanta A1 and Bera MK2

1 Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Ins tute of Technology,Kharagpur, West Bengal 721 302, India2 Indian Ins tute of Science Educa on and Research, Kolkata, India

__________________


Five dis nct transient warming (hyperthermal) events (Paleocene-‐Eocene thermal maximum [PETM],

H1/ETM2/ELMO, H2, I1, and I2), marked by nega ve carbon isotope excursions (CIEs) occurred between

late Paleocene and early Eocene (~56 to 52 Ma) interval. However, not many records of either the

PETM or defini ve early Eocene hyperthermals (EEHs) are yet available from terrestrial realm in the

tropics. Although clima c condi ons during these super-‐greenhouse globes are somewhat known

from mid-‐ and high la tudes, response of tropical belt to such extreme greenhouse condi on is not

well constrained. Here we report high resolu on microsampled stable oxygen and carbon isotope data

from mul ple marine bivalves from the ETM-‐2 (~52 Ma) level from a newly discovered PETM sec on

of western India (palaeola tude ~5oN). Our data shows that while the es mated mean winter ocean

temperature during this hyperthermal was nearly similar to today, the summer temperature was ~ 5oC

higher. The early Eocene hyperthermal also shows much enhanced seasonality (~ 5oC) compared to

today (merely ~1-‐2oC). Climate models predict that such enhanced seasonality in tropics would increase

convec ve precipita on and is consistent with observed occurrence of persistent tropical rain forest

vegeta on elements throughout these sec ons.

72


ENSO variability recorded in shells of bu er clams (Saxidomus gigantea) from Alaska

Schöne BR1* and Irvine GV2

1 Ins tute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany2 U.S. Geological Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

__________________

*corresponding author: schoeneb@uni-‐mainz.de

Age-‐detrended annual growth increment width chronologies of fourteen live-‐collected specimens of

the inter dal bivalve mollusk, Saxidomus gigantea, from southwestern Alaska were combined to a

composite chronology covering the me interval of 1946 to 2008. One specimen used in this study

a ained an ontogene c age of 55 years which significantly exceeds the maximum lifespan typically

assumed for this species (Quayle and Bourne 1972 Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulle n 179,

1-‐70). The good agreement between the individual me-‐series (EPS=0.90) suggests a strong external

influence on shell growth. Previous studies iden fied temperature and food availability as the major

control on shell growth (Hallmann et al. 2011 Palaios 26, 346-‐363). The composite chronology exhibited

a strong correla on (r=0.62, R2=0.39, p<0.001) to the NINO4 index, summer me SLP differences in the

North Pacific (r=-‐0.5 and 0.6) and a weaker link (r=0.3 to 0.4) to local summer precipita on and SST.

Con nuous wavelet analysis further substan ated the strong coupling of shell growth and El Niño-‐

Southern Oscilla on. Common spectral density was observed at periods of 3 to 7 and 9 years between

1950 and 2008. We hypothesize that shell growth was partly controlled by ENSO-‐coupled changes in

land-‐derived nutrient influx and re-‐suspended food par cles. According to our results, the bu er clam

from Alaska can serve as a suitable archive of ENSO teleconnec ons in coastal habitats of the Pacific

Northwest.

73


Dead shell talking: inves ga ng the impact of flow regula on on the endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margari fera margari fera) using conserva on palaeobiology and hydrology Thomas R*

1, Hoey TBH1, McGowan A1, Kennaway S1, Hamlin R1 and King S1

1 School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, East Quadrangle, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ

__________________


Stream ecology reflects the prevailing hydrological regime, and changes to this regime may induce

significant changes in species abundance and ecosystem structure. Here we combine hydrological

and sclerochronological analysis, applying the principle of conserva on palaeobiology, to examine the

impact of flow regula on on cri cally endangered freshwater pearl mussels (Margari fera margari fera

(L.). Flow regula on is generally considered to have detrimental effects on instream biota and habitats,

inducing reduced biodiversity and implying a reduc on in overall ecological status of regulated reaches.

However, the specific habitat requirements of some species, such as M. Margari fera, are sensi ve to

hydrological regime, and these requirements may be enhanced by flow regula on. The River Kerry in

NW Scotland, UK, has a heavily modified flow regime but is also home to a large func onal popula on

of M. margari fera. Hydrological data, discharge, flow dura on and flood frequency were analysed

with sclerochronological data from 6 shell samples that quan fy inter-‐annual variability in shell

growth. The combina on of annual growth pa ern, species longevity and environmental sensi vity

makes M. margari fera useful as a natural and con nuous datalogger of short-‐term environmental

change. Hydrological analysis indicates a reduc on in peak magnitude and frequency of flood events,

minimising bedload transpor ng events, and provision of a steady minimum flow throughout the

year, minimising extremely low flows. Such a regime appears to favour the mussel popula on.

Sclerochronology reveals a short-‐lived period of accelerated growth that approximately corresponds

to the period of HEP construc on and onset of flow regula on. This observa on warrants further

research, as it has implica ons for predic ng the response of aqua c communi es, to changes in flow

regime due to climate change. It also illustrates the complexity of interac ons between flow regime and

stream ecology, and suggests that while individuals may exhibit transient responses to environmental

disturbance, longer-‐term adjustment may benefit communi es.

74


Environmental and physiological influences on the trace element composi on of otoliths: results of a 1 year experiment with European plaice

Trueman CN1* Sturrock AM1,2, Hunter E3, EMIF4

1 Ocean and Earth Science, Na onal Oceanography Centre, Southampton, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, England2 Applied Sciences Branch, U.S. Bureau of Reclama on, 801 I Street, Suite 140, Sacramento, CA3 Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowesto , Suffolk NR330HT, England4 EMIF: Edinburgh Ion Microprobe Facility, Ion Microprobe Unit, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, Scotland

__________________


Otoliths and mollusc shells are extremely important repositories of ecological, biological and

environmental informa on, and a en on in focussing on chemical records of loca on, stock struc re

and migra on poten ally contained in otoliths. As with all sclerochronological chemical records,

interpreta on of measured ontogene c trace element pa erns depends on assump ons or knowlege

regrading physiological influences over uptake and par oning of trace elements between the

ambient environment and the mineralised ssue. Despite many years of study, directed experiments

inves ga ng the rela onship between trace element concentra ons in water, blood and otolith over

physiologically meaningful mescales are rela vely rare.

Here we report results from a tank-‐based experiment where plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) were

maintained in a tank with con nuously-‐flowing coastal seawater over a single year. Trace element

concentra ons were recorded periodically in water, blood and ul mately otoliths in male and female

fish throughout a reproduc ve cycle. Time was constrained within the otolith through SIMS-‐based

oxygen isotope analyses and reference to known temporal changes in temperature and salinity of the

ambient water.

All measured trace elements demonstarted some level of physiological control on frac ona on between

water and otolith. Stron um concentratrions in blood, in par cular were clearly strongly linked to

temperature and growth rate effects, while concentra ons of elements such as copper and zinc showed

strong sex-‐based differences in blood and otoliths that were clearly expressed during reproduc ve

matura on. Clearly these results have profound implica ons fort he use of trace elemenrts in otoliths as

records of the ambient environment. Where environmnetal fluctua ons are large (e.g. salt-‐freshwater)

physiological effects may be obscured, but in more subtle applica ons such as dis nguishing between

marine stocks, physiological effects on trace element frac ona on could obscure environmental

differences, or produce spurious results. We suggest that samples for trace element analyses should be

matched with respect to age, growth rate and sex.

75


Skeletochronology and beyond – reading fossil bones and teeth; histological and geochemical archives for life history

Tütken T*,

Steinmann Ins tute for Geology, Mineralogy and Palaeontology, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany

*corresponding author: Tuetken@uni-‐bonn.de

Phospha c hard ssues such as bones and teeth are important archives for the reconstruc on of life-‐

histories and the palaeobiology of fossil vertebrates because they integrate histological and chemical

informa on during the period of ssue forma on and growth. The microstructure in fossil bones and

teeth is usually preserved over geological me scales. It contains a growth record of several weeks up to

mul ple years, depending on the species and its life span, ssue apposi on and remodelling rate as well

as tooth or bone type. The microstructure of the hard ssues is usually studied in thin sec on using light

microscopy, although non-‐destruc ve synchrotron imaging techniques can also be used to obtain 3D

insights into the ssue histology at the submicron-‐scale.

Skeletochronology based on histological growth marks in skeletal ssues such as lines of arrested

growth (LAGs) is used for age and growth rate determina on of extant and ex nct vertebrates. LAGs

are interpreted as annual me markers reflec ng seasonal/cyclic bone growth and occur in many

vertebrates, especially in ectothermic rep les, but also in endothermic mammals and in dinosaurs.

Skeletochronology is increasingly applied in vertebrate palaeontology to determine the ontogene c

age and growth rates of ex nct vertebrates. Growth marks in dental ssues such as lines of Ebner or

striae of Retzius are used to infer the tooth forma on and replacement rates of rep les and mammals,

including hominids. Thus skeletal microstructure and growth marks yield important informa on about

the growth and life history of fossil vertebrates.

Incrementally growing ssues also record a con nuous me series of ingested element and

isotope composi ons from food and drinking water. If these original composi ons are preserved

in fossil vertebrate remains they enable reconstruc on of the palaeobiology, palaeoecology and

palaeoenvironment of ex nct taxa. Microanaly cal and microsampling techniques such as ionprobe,

Micromill and laser abla on ICP-‐MS are applied for high-‐spa al resolu on in situ element and

isotope analysis of skeletal ssues. Combined geochemical and histological analysis allows a refined,

quan ta ve reconstruc on of the life history, diet and mobility of extant and ex nct vertebrates.

Selected case studies will be presented to illustrate the poten al of skeletochronological and

geochemical analysis of vertebrate fossils to determine the ontogeny and palaeobiology of ex nct taxa.

76


Deriva on of a δ18Oshell-‐temperature calibra on equa on for Ostrea angasi, the Australian flat oyster.

Tynan S1*, Opdyke B1, Du on A2 and Eggins S1

1Research School of Earth Sciences, College of Physical and Mathema cal Sciences, 1 Mills Road, The Australian Na onal University, Canberra, 0200, Australia2Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 112120, Gainesville, Florida, 32611,USA

__________________


As the δ18O of biogenic carbonate is dependent upon the temperature and salinity of ambient water,

it is a commonly used proxy in paleoclimate inves ga ons. To inves gate the δ18Oshell-‐temperature

rela onship in the shell of the Australian flat oyster, Ostrea angasi, monitoring experiments were

conducted at two eastern Australian loca ons: Pambula Lake, New South Wales and Li le Swanport,

Tasmania. Specimens of O. angasi were cultured over a period of ~1 year at each loca on. Temperature

loggers were deployed with the oysters, and water samples were taken fortnightly. Temperatures

were reconstructed from the O. angasi δ18Oshell using two published paleotemperature equa ons: that

of Epstein et al. (1953 GSA Bull. 64, 1315-‐1326) and Kim and O’Neil (1997 Geochim. et Cosmochim.

Acta, 61, 3461-‐3475), as modified by Wanamaker et al. (2006 Geochem. Geophys. Geosys. 7, Q09011).

Notable offsets between these calculated temperatures and the instrumental temperature for the

monitoring periods were observed. From the results of this study, we developed a δ18Oshell-‐temperature

calibra on specific to O. angasi.

As the shell structure of O. angasi does not contain any iden fiable regular growth banding, a temporal

context was assigned to the shell via comparison of predicted (based on temperature, δ18Owater and

salinity data) and actual (measured) δ18Oshell using Analyseries so ware. The rescaled δ18Oshell datasets

for the four Pambula Lake and three Li le Swanport shells were then plo ed against the corresponding

temperatures, yielding the equa on:

T ºC = 13.97(±0.53) – 3.57(±0.85)(δ18Oshell – δ

18Owater) + 0.17(±0.53)(δ18Oshell – δ

18Owater)2

Both of the previously published equa ons lie almost within the upper limit of the 95 % confidence

interval on the O. angasi δ18Oshell-‐temperature equa on over the range of values used for the calibra on.

However, the consistent nega ve offset of the O. angasi equa on lends support to the validity of

construc ng an O. angasi-‐specific δ18O-‐temperature calibra on equa on. The O. angasi calibra on also

yields a root mean square error that amounts to a temperature error of ±2.5 ºC, owing to uncertain es

in the experimental data. Despite this, the O. angasi δ18Oshell-‐temperature calibra on offers a useful tool

for paleoenvironmental reconstruc ons from oyster calcite.

77


Fish otoliths record hot shelf temperatures at mid-‐la tudes during the early Eocene clima c op mum (EECO) interval Vanhove D1,2*, Bijl P3, Ivany L4, Speijer R1, Steurbaut E2 and Ghosh P5

1 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Leuven, Celes jnenlaan 200E, box 2410, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium2 Department of Paleontology, Royal Belgian Ins tute of Natural Sciences, Vau erstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium3 LPP Founda on, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, the Netherlands4 Department of Earth Sciences, Heroy Geology Laboratory, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-‐1070, USA5 Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Science & Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Ins tute of Science, Bangalore – 560012, India

__________________


The nature of mean annual temperature (MAT) variability throughout the early Eocene clima c

op mum interval (EECO), the warmest period of the Cenozoic, is a source of ongoing debate.

Proxy-‐derived temperatures from shallow marine regions at mid-‐la tudes considerably add to our

understanding of equator to pole and ocean to con nent temperature gradients. In this study,

simultaneous Δ47, δ18O and δ13C ra os of fossil fish otoliths were measured for the first me, to evaluate

MAT and δ18Ow variability during the EECO in the southern North Sea Basin (NSB). Well-‐preserved fish

otoliths from the ‘F1 level’ were sampled in the Belgian Ampe Sand Quarry and 14 were prepared for

clumped isotope analysis. Mean clumped temperatures of congrid and ophidiid otoliths of 31.2 and

30.4°C respec vely, reveal that the shallow waters of the semi-‐enclosed southern NSB (45°N) were

3-‐10°C warmer than previously thought, and several degrees warmer than for example the low-‐la tude

early Eocene Gulf Coast. A TEX86 derived temperature of 34.7°C from the same level is in agreement

with the prevalence of very warm temperatures at that me, yet this proxy may be biased towards the

temperature of the main growing season. Ra os of δ18O and δ13C agree well with published data for the

same level, and corroborate that inter-‐taxon differences are probably related to minor differences in

salinity preference.

Mean clumped values were used to calculate δ18Ow values for both taxa. This avoids the assump on of a

certain value, a common problem in oxygen isotope paleothermometry. Instead of arbitrarily choosing

one of the several δ18O-‐temperature frac ona on equa ons published for otoliths, we evaluated δ18O

and δ13C data of modern close rela ves against known temperature, salinity and δ18Ow data. Otoliths of

congrids and ophidiids caught offshore Donggang Harbour, Taiwan, were embedded in resin, grounded,

and bulk powders were generated by drilling into the sagi al plane. The results suggest that δ18O ra os

measured in these taxa are close to equilibrium, hence we apply the inorganic aragonite frac ona on

equa on of Kim et al. (2007). Es mates for δ18Ow range from +0.47‰ for ophidiids to -‐0.83‰ for

congrids, indica ng normal to elevated salinity and represen ng evidence for a significant connec on

of the NSB with the North Atlan c. Next, the resul ng δ18Ow values from the above framework are used

to reassess paleotemperatures derived from published otolith δ18O ra os from similar sedimentary

se ngs within the EECO interval in the southern NSB. All between 30-‐33°C, the data suggest that the

species studied successfully thrived in waters about 10-‐15°C warmer compared to their modern closest

rela ves.

78


Bivalve shell mineralogy as a high-‐resolu on environmentalproxy in the Arc c

Vihtakari M1,2,3*, Ambrose W G Jr2,4, Renaud P E2,5, Locke W4, Carroll M L2, Berge J1,5 , Co er F6

and Hop H3

1 Faculty of Arc c and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, N-‐9037 Tromsø, Norway2 Akvaplan-‐niva, Fram Centre, N-‐9296 Tromsø, Norway3 Norwegian Polar Ins tute, Fram Centre, N-‐9296 Tromsø, Norway4 Bates College, Lewiston, Maine 04240, USA5 University Centre in Svalbard, N-‐9171 Longyearbyen, Norway6 Sco sh Associa on for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratories, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK

__________________


The Arc c is changing, but monitoring the change in response to climate warming and ocean

acidifica on is difficult, as long me-‐series are rare in the Arc c. Trace-‐element ra os in biogenic

CaCO3, and bivalves in par cular, provide informa on that could be used to hind-‐cast local to regional

oceanographic and biological condi ons. This study represents the first experimental study on trace-‐

element incorpora on into biogenic CaCO3 matrix in Arc c bivalves.

We deployed calcein marked Serripes groenlandicus and Ciliatocardium ciliatum on moorings in two

oceanographically dis nct ords in Svalbard, Norwegian Arc c. Although bivalve shells are complex with

respect to element incorpora on into CaCO3 matrix, we found that barium and lithium to calcium ra os

show promise as useful proxies. Ba exhibited abrupt synchronous peaks with a mean increase of 2000%

over background values. These peaks were connected to the ming and amplitude of phytoplankton

bloom measured as fluorescence (R2 = 0.27, p = 0.002 and R2 = 0.44, p < 0.001, respec vely). Ba peaks,

however, are not likely direct proxies of produc vity, but rather connected to post-‐bloom processes

controlling pelagic Ba cycling. Although the cause of extreme Ba enrichments in seawater during spring

is s ll unclear, similar Ba pa erns have been reported from a wide range of bivalves, and it is known

that Ba is some mes incorporated in equilibrium with seawater. Li exhibited consistent pa erns across

individuals and treatments, sugges ng synchroniza on with environmental or physiological processes.

Li incorpora on is likely connected to the calcifica on rate of bivalves. Manganese demonstrated large

varia ons in magnitude and ming among replicate samples, making it unsuitable as environmental

proxy in studied shells. Molybdenum was characterized by rather consistent pa erns with a peak

during the growth check and may be a poten al environmental proxy. However, because the summer

growth season was characterized by steady levels of Mo, which is in contradic on to literature, the

interpreta on is difficult at this me. Magnesium and stron um data showed li le obvious pa ern or

difference between ords. These ra os are likely metabolically controlled and do not make suitable

environmental proxies in studied shells. Establishing a me scale instead of using a distance scale

along the cross-‐sec on is essen al in proxy studies. Although both species in this study are known to

deposit annual growth bands, the lack of knowledge on subannual growth pa erns in Serripes and

Ciliatocardium restricts the usage of these bivalves to an annual me scale.

79


Tracing slope water currents to the Gulf of Maine (northwestern Atlan c) using radiocarbon derived from a mul -‐century master shell chronology

Wanamaker AD Jr1*, Lower EE1, Griffin SM1, and Kreutz KJ2

1Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011-‐3212, USA 2School of Earth and Climate Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA

__________________


In order to document rela ve changes in slope water contribu ons (Labrador Current versus Gulf

Stream) in the Gulf of Maine and to assess the variability in the local marine radiocarbon reservoir

offset (∆R), we constructed a mul -‐century master shell chronology from the long-‐lived ocean quahog

(Arc ca islandica). The sta s cally robust and highly synchronous master shell chronology facilitated the

reconstruc on of a ∆R me series prior to the radiocarbon bomb-‐pulse of the 1950s, which revealed

a highly variable ∆R (mean = 91.4 ± 81; range = 319 years) from AD 1685 to AD 1900. These results

from the absolutely-‐dated master shell chronology indicate that using a constant ∆R value to constrain

marine sediment age/depth models via radiocarbon in the Gulf of Maine is invalid. Moreover, ∆R values

indicate rapid shi s, on the order of several years, in source waters to the Gulf of Maine. Since ~ AD

1800, the ∆R values are most consistent with a transi on from a mixture of Labrador and Gulf Stream

sources toward a dominant Labrador Current source. Ongoing work is underway to extend the master

shell chronology and the ∆R series throughout the last millennium to explore dynamical mechanisms

related to the evolu on of marine climate within the North Atlan c sector.

80


A 150-‐year coral record reveals intensifica on of oligotrophic Kuroshio transport to temperate North Pacific.

Yamazaki A1,2*, Watanabe T1, Tsunogai U3, Iwase F4 and Yamano H5

1. Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, N10W8, Kita-‐ku, Sapporo, 060-‐0810, Japan2. Present address: Atmosphere and Ocean Research Ins tute, The University of Tokyo, 5-‐1-‐5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-‐0882, Japan3. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-‐cho, Chikusa-‐ku, Nagoya, 464-‐8601, Japan4. Biological Ins tute on Kuroshio, Kuroshio Biological Research Founda on, 560 Nishidomari, Otsuki, Kochi 788-‐0333, Japan 5. Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, Na onal Ins tute for Environmental Studies, 16-‐2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-‐8506, Japan

__________________

*corresponding author: [email protected]‐tokyo.ac.jp

The atmosphere-‐ocean interac on is par cularly strong over western boundary currents, directly

influencing global climate variability. The Kuroshio Current is the strongest ocean current in the world,

driving the physical ocean-‐atmosphere system with heat transport from tropical to temperate in the

North Pacific Ocean. The global environment has drama cally changed over the past 100 years, and

the global sea surface temperature has increased by ~1° since the early 1900s. The response of the

Kuroshio to global warming is debatable, however, as the variability of the Kuroshio Current during the

past 100 years has not been well understood. In this paper, we describe the variability of the Kuroshio

transport over the past 150 years as reconstructed from the nitrogen isotope composi on of coral

skeletons (δ15Ncoral). Porites coral cores were collected from Tatsukushi Bay, on the Pacific coast of Japan

and located on the Kuroshio axis. δ15Ncoral was used as a proxy to record δ15N

values in a mixture of

Kuroshio water and temperate sea surface water. δ15Ncoral was nega vely correlated with observa ons

of the Kuroshio transport from 1973 to 2008, a rela onship that was used to reconstruct the Kuroshio

flux for a 151-‐year period. The reconstructed Kuroshio transport was correlated with the Pacific Decadal

Oscilla on (PDO), which is influenced by the intensity of the Aleu an Low. This synchronisa on between

the Kuroshio Current and the PDO has been enhanced since the 1940s, while the flux of the Kuroshio

has become stable, with weak periodicity, during the past 50 years. In this presenta on, we also discuss

that the rela onship between Kuroshio transport and ENSO. Our findings suggest that future global

warming will bring a strong and stable supply of low nutrient water, leading to lower primary produc on

in high-‐la tude regions in the northern Pacific.

81


Poster Presenta on Abstracts

Listed alphabe cally by presenter.

Presen ng author names appear in bold.

82


Fi ng the individual growth from otolith marks using a Bayesian non-‐linear mixed effect model in marine fish

Alós J*, Morales-‐Nin B and Palmer M

Josep Alós*, Beatriz Morales-‐Nin and Miquel Palmer

__________________


We used back-‐calculated lengths-‐at-‐age data from sagi al otoliths of Serranus scriba (a widely

distribute exploited fish) to describe the individual growth of this Serranid and its intra-‐popula on

variability by means of a Bayesian approach. The conven onal three-‐parameter based von Bertalanffy

model (i.e., which assumes that the growth rate parameter is constant along fish life) systema cally

biases individual growth. Here we propose an extension of the von Bertalanffy model that

accommodates for one change of growth rate at some moment of the life span (mo vated by the

matura on). This alterna ve five-‐parameter model (L∞, k0, k1, t0 and t1, i.e., size at infinite age, ini al

and final growth rate, age at size zero and age at the change of growth rate). Results showed how

the change in growth rate caused by the different alloca on of the energy to the soma c growth or

reproduc on prior-‐ and post-‐sexual maturity can be iden fied from he growth pa ern contained in the

otoliths. Regarding the rela onships between the Bayesian means of the individual growth parameters,

results showed different tendencies and contributed to understand the individual growth of this species.

Intra-‐popula on variability is no ceable and depicts a remarkable plas city of growth that usually

remains unreported. This novel individual growth model and its intra-‐popula on variability suggested

some interes ng rela onships with environmental cues that should guide future research.

83


Growth variability and shell mineralogy of the Freshwater Pearl Mussel (Margari fera margari fera) from Finnmark, Norway

Ambrose WG Jr1,2*, Carroll ML2, Locke WL1, LaRosa S1, Aspholm PE3, Christensen G2 and Larsen BM4

1Bates College, Department of Biology, Lewiston, Maine, 04240 USA2 Akvaplan-‐niva, Fram Centre for Climate and Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway 3Bioforsk, Svanhofd, Svanvik, Norway4 Norwegian Ins tute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway

__________________


The sequen al deposi on of carbonate structures by animals can record environmental condi ons

during its life. The freshwater pearl mussel Margari fera margari fera reaches ages of 150-‐200 years,

poten ally making it an excellent long-‐term proxy of environmental condi ons. Previous work in

Sweden has demonstrated that M. margari fera growth reflects summer air temperature. Margari fera

margari fera were collected from two sites in the Karpelva River, Finnmark Norway, (64° 40’N, 30° 23’E)

which drains a watershed directly downwind from the Pechenganickel smelters across the border in

Russia. Annual lines in shell cross sec on were used to determine ages and es mate growth rates from

one site. A 15 year spline was used to detrend growth data, with the residuals genera ng a Standard

Growth Index (SGI) for each year from 1865 to 2011. The SGI ranged from a low of -‐1.05 in 1892 to a

high of 1.19 in 1951. There was no significant rela onship between annual SGIs and regional climate

indices (North Atlan c Oscilla on, Arc c Oscilla on) or local environmental parameters (precipita on,

air temperature, snow depth, river discharge). While correla ons between the SGI and environmental

parameters were stronger before the Nickel smelter began opera on in 1946, there were s ll no

significant rela onships between interannual growth pa erns and environmental condi ons. Shell

material of 4 mussels from each site was analyzed for heavy metals with an ICP-‐Spectrometer a er

dissolu on in nitric acid and microwave diges on. Samples were from divided before and a er the

smelter began opera on. Metal to calcium ra os ranged from 1.14 x 10-‐7 to 3.73 x 10-‐5 with a few

individual measurements of Arsenic below detec on limits. Post-‐1946 samples had higher mean

metal to calcium ra os for Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, and Barium, and

a lower ra o for Arsenic than pre-‐1946 samples, but there were no sta s cally significant differences

in the metal to calcium ra os between me periods. A mul variate analysis of mineral ra os suggests

a difference between pre – and post-‐1946 samples at one site. These preliminary results from fresh

water pearl mussels from the Karpelva River do not reveal a strong sclerochronological proxy for

environmental condi ons even in the absence of pollu on. Shell mineralogy holds promise, however, as

a very long-‐term record of heavy metal concentra ons in the environment.

84


The Mg/Ca-‐temperature rela onship in brachiopod shells: a poten al palaeoseasonality proxy

Bailey TR1*, Butler S2,1, Lear CH2, Curry GB3, Cherns L2 and McDonald I2

1 Geology Department, Amgueddfa Cymru – Na onal Museum Wales, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CF10 3NP, UK2 School of Earth & Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK3 School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, Gregory Building, University of Glasgow, Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK

__________________


Mg/Ca-‐temperature calibra ons exist for a range of biogenic carbonates such as foraminifera,

ostracodes and bivalves, and have been applied in studies of Cenozoic palaeoclimate. The development

of Mg/Ca palaeothermometry using rhynchonelliformean brachiopods offers the poten al to

reconstruct palaeoclimate from many intervals of the Phanerozoic, due to the long ranging fossil

record and diagene cally robust nature of these calcite shells. In addi on, the 5 to 10 year lifespan

of brachiopods opens up a new opportunity to reconstruct past changes in seasonality. However, the

biomineralisa on of brachiopod calcite is rela vely complex, demanding inves ga on of intrashell

geochemical variability to determine its suitability as a palaeothermometer.

Here six valves from co-‐exis ng modern brachiopods, Terebratulina retusa, are used to inves gate the

influence of seasonal seawater temperature varia on on the Mg/Ca of the secondary layer of calcite,

formed during accre onary growth. The brachiopods studied were collected live from the Firth of Lorne,

Scotland, where the water has a known annual temperature range. Micro-‐drilled stable isotope and

laser abla on Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca data show that Mg/Ca in the juvenile por on of the shell is influenced

by growth rate, whereas Mg/Ca in the adult por on of the shell likely records a temperature signal. In

the la er, the seasonal ranges in Mg/Ca are consistent between all valves from three individuals.

A Mg/Ca profile from a complete ontogene c sec on of a valve shows that seasonal varia ons in shell

geochemistry may be used to es mate the animal’s lifespan.)

85


Late Quaternary clima c variability in northern Patagonia Argen na – informa on from modern and fossil shells of Amian s purpurata (Bivalvia, Veneridae) Bayer MS1, Brey T2*, Beierlein L2 and Gordillo S1

1: Centro de Inves gaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av Vélez Sarsfield 1611, CPX5016GCA Córdoba. Argen na.2: Alfred-‐Wegener-‐Ins tut, PO Box 120161, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany.

__________________


Amian s purpurata is a typical warm-‐temperate water species distributed from southern Brazil to

northern Patagonia, Argen na. Recent and well preserved fossil specimens were recovered from San

Ma as Gulf in northern Patagonia. Holocene (shell age 3630 ±100 years BP) and interglacial Pleistocene

(MIS 5, 100 ka years BP) marine sediments were used for a compara ve analysis of stable isotopic

profiles (δ18O; δ13C).

The values range of Pleistocene A. purpurata was from -‐0,93‰ to 0,85‰ for δ18O and from -‐1,02‰

to 1,9‰ for δ13C. Holocene shell was from -‐0,34‰ to 1,13‰ for δ18O and from 1,45‰ to 2,44‰ for

δ13C. And Recent shell was from -‐0,66‰ to 1,56‰ for δ18O and from 0,7‰ to 2,6‰ for δ13C. The δ18O

values indicate warmer waters in Pleistocene compared to Holocene and Recent. The intra-‐annual δ18O

shell temperature is higher today (Δδ18ORecent=2,22‰) compared to the Holocene (Δδ18OHolocene=1,47‰)

and the Pleistocene (Δδ18OPleistocene=1,76‰). Pleistocene δ13C range value was the widest

(Δδ13CPleistocene=2,92‰), but Holocene (Δδ13CHolocene=0,98‰) and Recent (Δδ13CRecent=1,9‰) values were

ghter and more posi ve than Pleistocene. This could be explained by changes in ocean circula on

since San Ma as Gulf would has been formed approaching 12 ka years BP (a er MIS 5, Ponce et al. 2011

Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 103, 363–379). These shells showed a clear marine environment but with a difference

in sea surface temperature and ocean circula on through geological me in northern Patagonia.

Our findings indicate that A. purpurata is a suitable candidate for detailed paleoenvironment

reconstruc ons in North Patagonia. Further analyses will show whether some notable events that

occurred during the Holocene, such as the Neoglacial (early Holocene), the Hypsithermal (Middle

Holocene) and the Li le Ice Age (Late Holocene) have been recorded in fossil A. purpurata shells.

86


Raman microscopy: a powerful non-‐impact tool to render hidden informa on visible in fossil bio-‐archives.

Beierlein L1*, Nehrke G1 and Brey T1

1 Alfred Wegener Ins tute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany

__________________


Throughout the last decades the anatomical and/or geochemical proper es of marine biogenic

hard-‐parts (e.g., mollusc shells, fish otoliths or coralline algae) became a valuable source for palaeo-‐

environmental informa on. Regular growth pa erns are an important characteris c of these bio-‐

archives, which allow proxy-‐informa on to be generated with dis nct and high temporal resolu on.

However, standard methods of growth pa ern visualiza on may fail in fossil bio-‐archives owing to

altera ons of the organic compounds within the biogenic materials with me.

We demonstrate that confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) can iden fy and visualize growth pa erns

of mollusc shells from different geological ages with high spa al resolu on (300 nm). In contrast to

standard staining techniques (e.g., Mutvei´s solu on) CRM has been be applied successfully to samples

in which the organic components are altered. Furthermore, CRM is ideal to iden fy mineral (and

organic) phases and poten al taphonomic altera ons (e.g., recrystalliza on from aragonite to calcite) in

marine biogenic carbonates. Checking for such altera ons should be a mandatory step prior to any kind

of biogeochemical analysis (e.g., stable isotopes or trace elemental ra os) of fossil samples. Therefore,

CRM can play an important role in the quality control of biogenic carbonate studies.

Here we use CRM to visualize growth structures in the umbonal and the ventral shell por on of the

marine bivalve Arc ca islandica at different spa al resolu ons (μm to mm). The reliability of the method

has been tested and proven by comparing the growth structures in Mutvei and CRM derived images of

the same modern A. islandica specimen. In addi on, CRM has been applied to fossil samples in which

staining techniques failed. Derived growth trends are shown and all CRM results are compared to

reflected light microscopy and staining methods in the same specimens.

87


Differen al growth responses of Sebastes melanops and Hexagrammos decagrammus to temperature across a la tudinal gradient in the northeast Pacific Ocean

von Biela VR1,2*, Zimmerman CE1, Kruse GH2, Mueter FJ2, Black BA3, Helser TE4 and Douglas DC1

1. U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA.2. University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, 17101 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, Alaska 99801, USA.3. University of Texas, Department of Marine Science, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, Texas 78373, USA.4. Na onal Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra on, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 7600 Sand Point Way, NE, Sea le, Washington 98115, USA.

__________________


Growth records stored in fish otoliths are analogous to tree rings in terrestrial systems and are quickly

becoming a valuable proxy for produc on in aqua c environments. Here, we captured fish across

25 degrees of la tude to examine temperature-‐growth rela onships between two oceanographically

dis nct current systems in northeast Pacific. Annual growth increments were measured in the otoliths

of pelagic black rockfish (Sebastes melanops) and benthic kelp greenling (Hexagrammos decagrammus)

captured from four sites in the California Current (upwelling system) and five sites in the Alaska

Coastal Current (downwelling system) between 2009 and 2011. Summer sea surface temperature

(SST) predicted growth in each species using mixed models. For pelagic black rockfish, the growth-‐SST

rela onship was posi ve in the cooler Alaska Coastal Current and nega ve in the warmer California

Current, so that growth was maximized at intermediate SSTs. These intermediate SSTs occur during

cool summers in the California Current and warm summers in Alaska. Benthic kelp greenling growth

was posi vely correlated with summer SST in both systems and the fastest growth was associated

with the warmest temperatures, observed only in the California Current. In agreement with these

rela onships, separate analyses indicate that black rockfish growth does not vary with la tude, while

kelp greenling growth does. Kelp greenling captured in the southern part of the study range (California

Current) grew more quickly than those captured in the northern part of the study range (Alaska Coastal

Current). La tudinal gradients in growth may result from observing a rela onship that is closely ed

to a physical driver. Global warming may disrupt temperature-‐driven rela onships. For instance, if the

kelp greenling SST-‐growth rela onship was actually dome shaped, con nued warming in the California

Current (beyond the range of historical observa on) could lead to reduced growth. Concurrently,

warmer future temperatures leading to faster growth in the Alaska Current would further diminish the

la tudinal varia on observed today. Establishing landscape-‐scale linkages between physical changes

and biological responses provides cri cal informa on from which to develop predic ve biophysical

models of ecosystem response to climate change.

88


Fish for dinner and more: insights from Micropogonias furnieri otoliths from Piaçaguera sambaqui, Santos Bay, south-‐east Brazil

Borges C1*, Dufour E1 and Grouard S1

1 Muséum na onal d‘Histoire naturelle, Département Ecologie et Ges on de la Biodiversité, USM 303/UMR 7209 du CNRS, « Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pra ques et Environnements », case postale 56, 55 rue Buffon, F-‐75231 Paris cedex 05, France.

__________________


Sambaquis are unique tes monies of the long-‐term interac ons between human groups and marine

environments in South America. These shell middens have been constructed by pre-‐Columbian fisher-‐

hunter-‐gatherer groups during the middle Holocene and occur along the south and south-‐east Brazilian

Atlan c coast. Fauna analysis provides the opportunity to document the level of mobility of human

groups, the fishing prac ces, the pa erns and seasonality of site occupa on.

The present work is part of a larger study on four sambaquis from São Paulo region, south-‐east Brazil. It

focuses on Piaçaguera sambaqui dated from dated from 4930 ±110 years BP and located in a mangrove

environment inside the Santos Bay (23°89’S, 46°42’W). Bony fish remains are abundant in all occupa on

phases and otoliths of Micropogonias furnieri (Sciaenidae, Demarest 1823) predominate. M. furnieri

is a demersal marine fish that frequents estuaries and has a large distribu on range. This species has

a rela vely well-‐known biology and ecology and thus was chosen for es ma ng the fish size and the

season of capture. Reconstructed fish length and mass from archaeological otoliths evidence a rela ve

homogeneity in fish captured and indicate the use of specialized tools like fishing nets. Thin sec ons

from four well preserved archaeological specimens and two modern specimens have been studied by a

sclerochronological and isotopic approach. All studied specimens show regular alterna on in transluced

and opaque growth marks. These marks match with the cyclical varia ons of profiles in δ18Ooto.

These preliminary results are very promising for determining the ming and periodicity of deposi on of

growth marks and the season of fishing. Further studies on M. furnieri otoliths will allow to ge ng more

insights into the mobility and economic strategies of Santos Bay human groups and to infer climate

varia ons during the middle Holocene in south-‐east Brazilian coast.

89


The bivalve Tawera gayi, a poten al archive of southern South America Holocene climate variability

Lomovasky B1, Gordillo S2, Alvarez G1 and Brey T3*

1: Ins tuto de Inves gaciones Marinas y Costeras, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC573 Correo Central, B7600WAG Mar del Plata, Argen na2: Centro de Inves gaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CPX5016GCA Córdoba, Argen na.3: Alfred-‐Wegener-‐Ins tute, PO Box 120161, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany.

__________________


The venerid Tawera gayi could be a suitable Holocene bioarchive for Southern South-‐America given that

it is found in a wide distribu on range from the Beagle Channel (54º 50´ S) to 33º S along the Pacific

coast, and to the North Patagonia (36°S) in the South Atlan c. In the Beagle Channel, both extant T. gayi

popula ons and shell beds of mid-‐Holocene origin can be found. On the other hand there is reliable

life history informa on in modern popula ons (Lomovasky et al. 2005 J. Appl. Ichthyol. 21, 64-‐69), i.e.

shell growth pa erns and the confirma on of the annual periodicity of the translucent bands. Finally,

the shells provide geochemical proxies, e.g., d18O for temperature reconstruc on. In order to inves gate

climate variability in the Beagle Channel, the individual age, growth increments and isotopes analyses of

modern and fossil shells of T. gayi were used.

The shell cuts of T. gayi showed a pa ern of alterna ng broad opaque and narrow translucent bands,

which were confirmed by acetate peels too. In general, the translucent bands showed a pink to purple

colour, similar to internal part of the shell. Both modern and fossil popula ons showed a maximum age of

13 years old. Radiocarbon da ng revealed ages ranging between ca 3800 to 4400 years b.p. in the fossil

shells corresponding to the Holocene Climate Op mum. The δ18O values obtained in fossil shells ranged

from 1.316‰ to –0.064‰ We correlated the most posi ve δ18O values with winter forming the translucent

bands and the most nega ve δ18O with summer. The comparison of the von Bertalanffy growth curve

showed no difference in the H∞ between modern (32.50 mm; Confidence Interval (CI)=31.07, 33.94) and

fossil (33.23 mm; CI=31.94, 34.51) popula ons, but higher values (p < 0.05) were observed in the growth

rate k and t0 in the modern (0.37 (0.31, 0.42) and 1.12 (0.98, 1.25) respec vely) than fossil shells (0.24

(0.21, 0.27) and 0.57 (0.44, 0.69) respec vely).

This study demonstrated that this species clearly exhibited annual cycles showing seasonality pa erns

from the mid-‐Holocene to the present with translucent bands corresponding to slow or halted growth

formed in fall/winter; the growth rate was lower during the past warm epochs than the present possible

related to a different produc vity in the Channel and/or a lower metabolic rate of the clams exposed to

a higher temperature.

90


Seasonally resolved records of the Last Interglacial surface ocean condi ons using southern Caribbean corals

Brocas W1*, Felis T1, Kölling M1, Scholz D2, Lohmann G3 and Scheffers S4

1MARUM-‐ Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany2Ins tute for Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany3Alfred Wegener Ins tute for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany4Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia

__________________


High resolu on climate reconstruc ons are required to supplement established knowledge of long

term clima c changes over the past, in order to provide a complete picture of the mechanisms behind

climate variability that might be experienced under scenarios of future climate change. Although not

completely analogous for these scenarios, the Last Interglacial (~125 years ago, Marine Isotope Stage 5)

is a period of me, warmer than today, from which high resolu on paleoceanographic archives such as

well-‐preserved fossil corals are available. Here we use geochemical varia ons in the aragoni c skeletons

of fossil shallow-‐water corals to reconstruct seasonality and interannual to decadal variability of sea

surface temperature and salinity in the southern Caribbean Sea during the Last Interglacial.

Fossil Diploria strigosa corals have been collected from an upli ed reef terrace on the island of Bonaire

(Netherlands An lles). This terrace is of last interglacial age, as inferred from a 230Th/U da ng of a

coral recovered in situ that gave an age of 118 ka. 21 coral colonies have been inves gated in detail

using X-‐radiography. C/T scanning has been applied to one colony. High average extension rates of

greater than 6 mm/year allow monthly records to be obtained during growth periods of 9 to 40 years,

poten ally represen ng various me windows across the Last Interglacial. 8 coral colonies were

selected for 230Th/U da ng and geochemical analyses, and are currently being inves gated for poten al

diagene c altera on of their skeleton using powder X-‐ray diffrac on and thin sec ons.

Ini al results indicate clear annual cycles in coral δ18O and Sr/Ca, which is consistent with the annual

density-‐banding pa ern detected by X-‐radiography. We will present coral δ18O records from 3 colonies

reflec ng me windows from 6 to 12 years. Coral δ18O is a proxy for changes in temperature and

the δ18O composi on of seawater, with the la er being related to salinity. In late Holocene coral

records from Bonaire, coral δ18O seasonality is mainly influenced by the annual cycle of sea surface

temperature, whereas an increased mid-‐Holocene coral δ18O seasonality has been a ributed to changes

in the hydrological balance at the sea surface (Giry et al., 2013 Clim. Past. 9, 841-‐858). Two of our Last

Interglacial coral δ18O records reveal seasonality similar to that of the late Holocene. Interes ngly, one

of these corals was collected a few metres from the colony that had been previously dated to the end

of the last interglacial (118 ka).However, another coral δ18O record shows a marked increase in δ18O

seasonality, even when compared to that of the mid Holocene. We are currently applying the Sr/Ca

temperature proxy to the Last Interglacial coral records, in order to decipher the combined influence

of temperature and seawater δ18O on the coral δ18O signal. Future work will involve comparing our

seasonally-‐resolved proxy records of Last Interglacial climate variability with climate model simula ons.

91


Extended chronology of Serripes groenlandicus from a high-‐Arc c ord in Svalbard, Norway

Carroll ML1*, Ambrose WG Jr1,2, Locke WL2 and Eller A2

1Akvaplan-‐niva, Fram Centre for Climate and Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway2 Bates College, Department of Biology, Lewiston, Maine, 04240 USA

__________________


Knowledge of how marine organisms are influenced by past climate may help us to be er understand

how they will respond to climate change. Climate change is occurring rapidly in the Arc c, so observing

the links between change and biological effects there can provide key informa on on the ecosystem

consequences of climate change in the world’s oceans. Analysis of shell-‐based records of mollusks

(sclerochronology) provides an approach to reconstruc ng environmental-‐ecological linkages. We

explored the rela onship between large-‐scale climate regimes, local environmental condi ons, and the

growth of the Greenland Cockle (Serripes groenlandicus) from Rijp orden, a high-‐arc c ord in Svalbard,

Norway (80°10’N, 22°15’E). Ambrose et al. (2006, Global Change Biology 12, 1595-‐1607) published a

22-‐year growth chronology, spanning 1981 through 2002, based on samples collected in 2003. Here

we extend the growth chronology through 2011 (based on samples collected in 2007, 2010, and 2012),

increase the sample size to 58 individuals, and examine the influence of environmental variables on

the extended 31-‐year chronology. Individuals ranged in age from 5-‐29 years, and raw shell increment

series were detrended with the von Bertalanffy growth func on to obtain a Standard Growth Index

(SGI) for all samples. SGI ranged from a low of 0.6 in 1988 to a high of 1.7 in 1994 with subsequent

smaller magnitude oscilla on cycles of 5-‐6 years. Temperature of the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC)

explained the most variability in growth (R2= 0.403), while the WSC, the Arc c Climate Regime Index

(ACRI) and maximum arc c-‐wide sea ice cover explained a total of 62% of the interannual growth

variability. There were lags between the environmental parameters and growth; a one year lag with the

WSC and ACRI and a two year lag with sea ice cover. The ACRI and sea ice cover were found as strongly

influen al variables in the ini al chronology, having posi ve and nega ve effects on growth respec vely

(Ambrose et al. 2006), and the con nued rela onships on the longer dataset suggest a consistency in

these environmental factors. The temperature of the WSC was not previously tested and has a posi ve

influence on growth. These results suggest that the Greenland Cockle is quite sensi ve to environmental

changes over annual to decadal scales and therefore can serve as a proxy of climate change effects on

ecosystem processes in the Arc c.

92


Elemental micro-‐chemical mapping of organism hard parts

Chenery SRN1*, Richardson CA2, Hollyman P2 and Marrio AL2

1 Analy cal Geochemical Laboratories, Bri sh Geological Survey, Keyworth, No ngham, NG12 5GG2 School of Ocean Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB

__________________


Elemental micro-‐chemical analysis of the hard parts from organisms such as shells, otoliths or corals

by laser abla on – induc vely coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-‐ICP-‐MS) is increasingly common.

Elements including Sr, Mg, Ba, Fe & Mn have been associated with seawater parameters such as

temperature, produc vity & redox or heavy metals including Cu, Zn & Pb as markers of contamina on.

Choice of sampling strategy invariably demands some compromises. Most analyses are based on either

single spots or line traverses. Single spots provide an assurance of localised analyses but line traverses

avoid the risk of missing any fine detail between spots at least in 1-‐D. Even these 1-‐D line traverses leave

the possibility of missing features or accidently hi ng cracks or occluded material producing difficult to

explain anomalous analyses. The ideal situa on would be full quan ta ve 2-‐D mapping of the areas of

interest.

Unfortunately, most LA-‐ICP-‐MS systems use sequen al detec on of the elements-‐isotopes of interest

and although they can scan very fast through the isotopes, to avoid artefacts and acquire sufficient

signal several MS scans must be averaged. Therefore a typical 50 micron spot analysis might run for

30s or a line scan might be made at 10 microns per second. These slow sampling/acquisi on rates

make mul -‐mm2 maps frequently imprac cal. We have recently coupled the new Spectro array

detector ICP-‐MS with a NewWave FX excimer laser abla on system for elemental mapping. This ICP-‐MS

simultaneously acquires data for all isotopes of interest, as a result, by fast firing the laser we sample

and analyse equivalent material to a sequen al 30s abla on in 2s or traverse the sample at 25-‐50

microns per second. The large amounts of raw data produced by this system can be readily handled,

processed and converted to maps using the open-‐source Iolite LA-‐ICP-‐MS so ware. If more detailed

image analysis is required, Iolite maps can be imported into open-‐source ImageJ so ware.

The presenta on will describe the significant features of our new methodology for these elemental

maps, using examples including micro-‐chemistry of Modiolus modiolus shells.

93


Li/Ca heterogeneity in calcite bivalve mollusc shells cultured in laboratory aquaria at constant seawater temperature: implica ons for Li/Ca palaeothermometry

Clarke LJ1, 2*, Kennedy H2 and Richardson CA2

1 Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK2 School of Ocean Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Askew Street, Menai Bridge, Isle of Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK

__________________


Previous studies have shown that Li/Ca exhibits an inverse exponen al rela onship with calcifica on

temperature for brachiopod shells (Delaney et al. 1989 Paleoceanography 4, 682-‐691), inorganic calcite

and coral aragonite (Marrio et al. 2004 EPSL 222, 615-‐624) and the benthonic foraminifera Uvigerina

(Marrio et al. 2004 Chem. Geol. 212, 5-‐15). Absolute Li/Ca and Li/Ca to seawater temperature

sensi vi es vary between these carbonate minerals. A strong effect of salinity on Li/Ca is seen for

inorganic calcite, although such a rela onship is not so apparent for inorganic aragonite (Marrio et al.

2004 Chem. Geol. 212, 5-‐15).

Despite exhibi ng seasonal cycles within the outer aragonite shell layer of field sampled juvenile Arc ca

islandica, Li/Ca in this species (determined by LA-‐ICP-‐MS) only shows a weak rela onship with δ18O-‐

derived seawater temperature, with calcifica on rate and riverine inputs of Li-‐rich silicate par cles

considered stronger controls on Li incorpora on (Thébault et al. 2009 G3 10, 2009GC002789). It has also

been argued that shell calcifica on rate likely is the main factor controlling Li/Ca in field sampled Pecten

maximus calcite (determined by solu on HR-‐ICP-‐MS), with discrete peaks in Li/Ca explained by diatom

blooms and dissolu on of Li-‐rich frustules of edible species in the scallop diges ve tract (Thébault et al.

2013 Palaeo3 373, 108-‐122).

The la er two studies contrast markedly with the lead author’s (in collabora on in Dr Al Wanamaker)

previous study that show a strong seawater temperature control on Li/Ca in the outer calcite shell layer

of aquarium-‐cultured My lus edulis, albeit with sca ered Li/Ca ra os at any one temperature likely

indica ng a secondary calcifica on rate control on Li incorpora on into this species. To inves gate

further such Li/Ca variability, new SIMS (secondary ionisa on mass spectrometry) Li/Ca data show

significant heterogeneity of Li incorpora on, between outer and inner shell surfaces, in sec oned shells

of different M. edulis and P. maximus specimens cultured at constant seawater temperature within

laboratory aquaria. These spa ally-‐resolved Li/Ca data are considered in rela on to intra-‐ and inter-‐

individual variability and seawater temperature, calcifica on rate, shell structure and species-‐specific

controls on Li incorpora on. Considera on then is made of the future poten al u lity of marine bivalve

shell Li/Ca as a seawater palaeotemperature proxy, par cularly in low seawater temperature (<10°C)

se ngs where inorganic precipita on experiments and brachiopod data have shown the temperature

sensi vity of Li incorpora on to be greatest.

94


Temperature variability reconstructed from Sr/Ca and δ18O varia ons in a brain coral (Diploria strigosa) from the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Cobb RM1, DeLong KL1*, Flannery JA2, Wanamaker AD Jr.3, Reich CD2 and Hudson JH4

1 Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, 227 Howe-‐Russell Geoscience Complex, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.2 U.S. Geological Survey, 600 4th Street South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.3 Department of Geological & Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.4 Reef Tech, Inc, Miami, FL, USA.__________________


Paleoclimatologists have produced sea-‐surface temperature (SST) reconstruc ons from coral

geochemistry yet they tend to avoid deeper colonies (>10 m water depth) due to thermal stra fica on

and possible growth effects in geochemistry in which coral growth is reduced with increasing depth.

The northernmost coral reefs in the Gulf of Mexico, the Flower Garden Banks, contain numerous

massive corals (1–2 m tall) with the reef top at 18 m from the surface. In 1979, the U.S. Geological

Survey recovered a core from a Diploria strigosa colony at ~21 m depth on the East Flower Garden Bank

(27°54‘N, 93°35‘W). The x-‐radiograph reveals annual density bands da ng the core from 1979–1939

with an average annual linear extension of 5.1 ± 1.10 mm (1σ). We extracted approximately monthly

samples (0.25 mm/sample) for stron um-‐to-‐calcium ra os (Sr/Ca) analysis from the dense solid corallite

wall following the growth axis. The Sr/Ca varia ons reveal clear seasonal cycles within the expected

values sugges ng that this coral is recording temperature varia ons. We suggest careful a en on must

be maintained during sampling since chips from different skeletal features may be introduced resul ng

in erroneous Sr/Ca values (i.e., higher and lower SST es mates) or a loss of the seasonal cycle in Sr/

Ca. The interval from 1968–1970 contains a 0.06 mmol/mol mean shi in Sr/Ca to colder values (~1.3–

1.9°C) with a similar shi in the oxygen isotopes; this corresponds to an interval of reduced annual

linear extension (3.0–3.5 mm/year). Higher resolu on sampling (0.10 mm/sample) produces a similar

shi in Sr/Ca; therefore, this shi is not a sampling ar fact. Similarly, the sec on from 1956–1957

contains a larger cold shi in the mean Sr/Ca (0.11 mmol/mol or ~2.2–3.3°C). Previous studies report

reduced linear extension in Montastrea annularis colonies located on the same reef for this interval

that one study suggests is related to a shi in the Pacific/North American Pa ern (PNA) (Slowey and

Crowley, 1995, Geophys. Res. Le . 22, 2345-‐2348). We find no reduc on in extension in D. strigosa for

this interval and no consistent correla on with PNA thus these discrepancies may be related to species

differences in seasonal growth or thermal tolerance. We conclude that brain corals from this reef show

promise for producing long temperature reconstruc ons (100-‐400 years) yet careful sampling and

further studies of growth effects with these deeper corals are needed.

95


Study of modern and archaeological otoliths by synchrotron X-‐ray absorp on and fluorescence micro-‐spectrometries: Contribu ons and constraints.

Cook PK1,2*, Dufour E3, Languille M-‐A1, Mocuta C2, Tombret O3 and Bertrand L1,2

1. IPANEMA, USR 3461 CNRS / Ministère de la Culture et de la Communica on, BP 48 Saint-‐Aubin, 91192 Gif-‐sur-‐Yve e, France2. Synchrotron SOLEIL, BP 48 Saint-‐Aubin, 91192 Gif-‐sur-‐Yve e, France3. Muséum na onal d’histoire naturelle -‐ CNRS, UMR 7209 Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: sociétés, pra ques et environnements, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France

__________________

*corresponding author: philip.cook@synchrotron-‐soleil.fr

The techniques available for geochemical and physical analysis of accre onal calcified structures such

as fish otoliths used in sclerochronology are substan al and growing. Synchrotron-‐based methods were

shown to allow measuring elemental ra os at a spa al resolu on of 20 µm (Limburg et al. 2007 X-‐Ray

Spectrometry 36, 336-‐342) and determining the atomic environment of elements within the carbonate

la ce in coral (Finch et al. 2003 Geochim. Cosmochim Acta 67, 1189-‐1194). Here, an improved temporal

resolu on is a ained to reconstruct fish paleoecology and palaeoenvironment from otolith study based

on combined synchrotron, light and electron microscopy experiments at a micrometric spa al resolu on

with adapted marking for high-‐resolu on sample reposi oning.

A set of modern and archaeological Sciaenid otoliths from South America has been selected for this

study. These are part of a larger study to document fishing prac ces and environments of the Païjan

hunter-‐gatherer-‐fisher groups that inhabited northern Peru in the early Holocene (11000–8000BP)

(Béarez et al. 2011 Peuplements et préhistoire en Amériques 233-‐246). Micro-‐X-‐ray absorp on

spectroscopy (µXAS) was used to inves gate the atomic environment of the stron um trace cons tuent

in archaeological specimens compared to modern ones to iden fy any post-‐mortem altera ons. µXAS

point analyses confirm that the stron um is subs tuted for calcium in the aragonite crystal la ce in

both modern and archaeological samples. µXAS imaging demonstrates the microscale homogeneity of

the stron um environment in aragonite across frac ons of mm. This suggests the palaeoenvironmental

informa on in the Sr signal within the otoliths is unaltered with me. µXRF mapping could be used

to measure the Sr/Ca varia ons across the chronological growth sequence recorded in the otoliths.

This non-‐destruc ve technique allowed measuring elemental composi on in otoliths at a 4-‐µm spa al

resolu on, over areas on the order of 0.4×0.4 mm2. These maps reveal no varia on within isochronous

growth layers in accordance with the usual condi on of homogeneity assumed for point analyses.

Although the choice of X-‐ray incident energy is cri cal with regard to the beam interac on volume in

the otolith, these measurements demonstrate synchrotron µXRF can be a suitable tool for elemental

sclerochronology studies revealing varia ons in Sr concentra on of as li le as 100 ppm with a spa al

resolu on of 4 µm.

96


Synchronized intra-‐ and interspecific pa erns of otolith growth in two co-‐occurring species of Platycephalidae and their rela onships with water temperature

Coulson PG1*, Black BA2, Po er IC1 and Hal NG1

1 Centre for Fish and Fisheries Research, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia2 Ha ield Marine Science Center, 2030 SE Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365, USA

__________________


A dendrochronological (tree-‐ring analysis) approach was used to develop chronologies from growth

increment widths in sagi al otoliths of rock flathead (Platycephalus laevigatus) and longhead flathead

(Leviprora inops) from three large, adjacent embayments in temperate south-‐western Australia.

Marginal increment trends on otoliths and crossda ng, using dendrochronological procedures, validated

that an opaque zone is laid down annually in both species. The corresponding increment widths in the

otoliths of individuals were synchronised in both P. laevigatus (maximum age 20 years) and L. inops

(maximum age 21 years) and the correla on between the master growth-‐increment chronologies, i.e.

mean standardised increment width for each year, of these two species was high. The master growth-‐

increment chronology for P. laevigatus and L. inops were posi vely correlated with mean sea surface

temperatures for 1 July to 30 June, which encompassed the austral summer when growth is typically

greatest. They were also posi vely correlated with sea surface temperature in each month between

September and March. The strength of the Leeuwin Current, which influences some bio c variables on

the south coast, does not influence the pa ern of otolith growth, presumably due to the embayments

from which the fish were collected being par ally enclosed. The strong posi ve correla on between

the otolith growth of each species and water temperature, as would be expected for soma c growth,

implies that such studies on other species on the southern coast of Australia would likewise be valuable

for predic ng the effects of climate change.

97


Calibra on of environmental variables with stable isotopes from the freshwater bivalve mollusk Lampsilis cardium: II. Carbon isotopes

Davidson MI1, Gillikin DP1, Goodwin DH2, Wa ers GT3 and Bouillon S4

1) Department of Geology, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA2) Department of Geosciences, Denison University, Granville, OH 43023, USA3) Department of Evolu on, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212, USA4) Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Freshwater bivalve shells record geochemical informa on at the me of aragonite precipita on. Most

carbon incorporated in the shell is precipitated from dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Therefore, shells

may record δ13CDIC values and provide an archive of biogeochemical cycles. However, metabolic C (CM)

incorporated into bivalve shells can obscure the δ13CDIC signature. To constrain the fidelity of freshwater

shells as δ13CDIC recorders, we monitored a plethora of environmental parameters, including δ13CDIC and

δ13CPOC weekly for one year at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium Freshwater Mussel Conserva on and

Research Center (O’Shaughnessy Reservoir, Columbus, Ohio). Lampsilis cardium that grew at this locality

were collected and shells and ssues were analyzed for C isotopes. We inves gated high-‐resolu on

varia ons in CM in two shells. Shells were serially sampled over one year of growth with a resolu on

of ~1 week. Shell δ13C values were more nega ve than predicted using either the temperature based

frac ona on from Grossman and Ku (1986; Chemical Geology 59: 59) or the more commonly used

temperature independent frac ona on from Romenek et al. (1992; GCA 56: 419). Es mates of CM

ranged from 12 to 42% and co-‐varied with environmental pH and dissolved oxygen. Addi onally, we

conducted an experiment to determine the δ13C value of respired carbon in this species; results suggest

that δ13C values from either ssues or POC can be used as a proxy of respired carbon δ13C values in this

system.

98


Growth of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Indian Ocean from tag-‐recapture data and otolith analysis

Davies CA1, 2, 3, *, Morize E 2, Dabas E2, Munaron J-‐M2 and Stockwell M1

1) MacAlister Ellio and Partners Ltd, 56 High Street, Lymington, Hampshire SO41 9AH, United Kingdom2) Laboratoire de Sclérochronologie des Animaux Aqua ques, IRD Brest, Technopole Brest Iroise BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France.3) Current address : Centre for Applied Marine Sciences, School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK

__________________


Accuracy of age assessment and growth was studied in tagged bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) from the

Indian Ocean. Tuna were tagged with oxytetracycline allowing a fluorescent mark to be observed on the

otoliths as part of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission Regional Tuna Tagging Program. The numbers of

microincrements observed were compared to the known days at liberty for each fish in the por on of

otolith from the fluorescent mark to the edge of the otolith. Valida on of daily increments produced

a sta s cally significant result (P<0.05) with 0.845 increments per day observed over a period of 1200

days (3.29 years) for 166 otolith prepara ons. The coefficient of variance for the valida on counts of

daily increments was 3.8%. Mean increment width from tagging to recapture ranged between 0.87 and

2.72μm, with a mean at approximately 1.40μm per increment.

Internal morphology of otolith was measured in rela on to overall body length. Otolith growth is shown

to consistently change direc on at 600mm otolith length (L1) appearing as a 60° bend in the transverse

sec on of the otolith. A change in otolith growth rate was observed in both the total and transverse

length of the otolith. The slowing of the growth rate occurred when the bigeye tuna obtained a body

length (LF) of approximately 60cm. Total increment counts were undertaken in 126 bigeye tunas with a

coefficient of variance of 5.0%. Growth from total counts versus fork length was compared to the (Von

Bertalanffy, 1938, Human Biology 10, 181-‐213) growth curve proposed by (Hallier et al., 2005, ICCAT Col.

Vol. Sci. Pap 57, 181-‐194) for Atlan c bigeye tuna and the two stanza growth model of (Paige Eveson

and Million, 2008, in IOTC Working Party on Tagging Data Analysis) for bigeye tunas from the Indian

Ocean. The two stanza model was deemed to be most representa ve of growth of bigeye tuna from the

Indian Ocean presented in this study. The change in growth rate occurs between 1 and 3 years old with

a fork length between 45 and 70cm, which is consistent with the observed change in growth rate in the

otolith.

Proposed further work includes ascertaining the reasons for the apparent change in growth rate such

as the onset of migra on or matura on. The rate of growth of different cohorts passing through the

fishery needs to be con nually monitored through ageing and growth studies to ensure that the best

data is available for the management of the fishery as a whole and iden fy poten al pressures such as

growth overfishing.

99


Structure and growth of the operculum of Bithynia tentaculata (gastropoda, bithyniidae)

Decrouy L1 and Vennemann TW1

1 Ins tute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015-‐Lausanne, Switzerland

__________________


Bithynia tentaculata is a wide-‐spread freshwater gastropod found in shallow waters and li oral zones of

lakes. The opercula of this species have dis nct concentric growth rings and are made of calcite and are,

therefore, of interest for palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclima c studies. Yet, the inner-‐structure and

growth of these opercula has not been described up to now and must be studied before geochemical

analyses are to be carried out.

Living specimens were hence sampled on a monthly basis during a one-‐year cycle at two sites of 2 and

5 m water depths in Lake Geneva. Size (length, width, thickness, and area), weight, and growth features

(number of rings, growth stage) were determined for each operculum. Sub-‐fossil samples were used for

examina on of thin and cross sec ons using op cal and electronic microscopes.

Visual inspec ons revealed three different growth stages. For Growth Stage 0, the inner-‐side of the

operculum presents a shiny circular band along the outer edge and a tarnished, punctuated, and ringed

central zone. This stage corresponds to a winter phase of inac ve growth. For Growth Stage 1, the

tarnished, punctuated and ringed central zone spread over the whole inner-‐side of the operculum. This

Growth Stage corresponds to two brief phases occurring: 1) just before the concentric growth of the

operculum and 2) during a phase of growth in thickness occurring at the end of the concentric growth.

Growth Stage 2 corresponds to the volumetrically important concentric growth of the operculum:

a newly formed disc is under-‐plated under the ‘old’ operculum and extends out beneath the la er,

genera ng a concentric, grooved growth ring on the external-‐side of the operculum.

Monthly sampling indicates that in Lake Geneva B. tentaculata resides at about 5 m water depth, but

migrates to shallower zones to lay eggs in May. Eggs must hatch between June and July. Individuals

belonging to Growth Stage 1 were found in April and in October while individuals belonging to Growth

Stage 2 were found from May to October. Hence, the growth of the opercula occurs during this period

of five to six months. From November onward, all specimens belong to Growth Stage 0. The study of

operculum morphology and its inner structure shows that the concentric growth occurs by under-‐

pla ng of micrometer-‐thick circular bands around the edge. Once the concentric growth has stopped,

the operculum undergoes a growth in thickness where micrometric-‐thick discs of the same shape and

size than the recently mineralised operculum are plated under the whole surface. This subsequent

growth thickens the whole operculum and shapes its edge so that it fits into the opening of the shell

allowing the animal to close its shell during winter.

100


Methods for reconstruc ng ENSO variability using Giant Clams (Tridacna sp)

Driscoll RE1*, Elliot ME2, Tudhope A1 and Welsh K3

1 School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, UK2 Laboratoire de Planetologie et Geodynamique, Université de Nantes, France3 School of Earth Sciences, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia

__________________


Giant clams (Tridacna sp) are aragonite secre ng bivalves which live in the tropical oceans. The oxygen

isotope profiles (δ18O) of Tridacna gigas at the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea have been shown to

record the ming and amplitude of seasonal and interannual varia ons in local sea surface temperature

and water isotopic composi on. Interannual varia ons in this area can be a ributed to varia ons in the

El Niño Southern Oscilla on (ENSO), and the δ18O profile of a modern Tridacna gigas has been shown

to accurately record all the El Niño and La Niña events between 1986-‐2002. These are marked by shi s

in the δ18O profile towards more nega ve (La Niña) or posi ve (El Niño) values (Welsh et al. 2011 Earth

Planet Sci. Le . 307, 266-‐270). Records from Tridacna sp. are typically in the order of 10-‐20 years long

and are thus significantly shorter than most corals. However, fossil Tridacna gigas samples are o en

more numerous and be er preserved than corals, offering a serious alterna ve archive to reconstruct

past ENSO variability. Due to the shorter dura on of the records it is essen al to assess accurately how

they can record ENSO.

We review the methods used to reconstruct ENSO variability from fossil bivalves. There are a number

of methods which can be used, including filters which remove variability outside the ENSO band (2-‐7

years), such as a bandpass filter (Tudhope et al. 2001 Science 291, 1511-‐1517), or a Hanning filter

(Corrège et al. 2000 Paleoceanography 15, 465-‐470). The departure from the mean via an anomaly

me series can also be calculated and used to es mate ENSO variability (McGregor and Gagan 2004

Geophys. Res. Le . 31, L11204; Carré et al. 2005 The Holocene 15, 42-‐47). Here we compare these

methods for reconstruc ng ENSO variability in fossil Tridacna sp. from the Huon Peninsula, and compare

ENSO variability in these fossil shells to a published modern record from a Tridacna gigas at the same

loca on.

Our results show that reconstructed ENSO variability can depend on the way in which the data is treated

and the method used for reconstruc on. We es mated the variance of each fossil shell compared to

the modern T. gigas using the different ENSO reconstruc on methods. The es mates of variability

obtained ranges, on average, by 40%, illustra ng how results will vary depending on the method used to

es mate ENSO variability, and that longer records give lower variability between methods.

101


Mn/Ca ra os in the shell calcite of the bivalve My lus edulis: Seawater Mn or physiological control?

Freitas PS1 2 a*, Clarke LJ2 b, Kennedy H2 and Richardson CA2

1 Unidade de Geologia Marinha, Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, 2610-‐999, Amadora, Portugal 2 School of Ocean Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, LL59 5AB, United Kingdom

current address:a Divisão de Geologia e Georecursos Marinhos, Ins tuto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. Brasília s/n, 1449-‐006 Lisboa, Portugal.b Division of AGES, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom

__________________


The Mn/Ca ra os of marine bivalve in the calcite have been suggested to reflect the dissolved and/

or par culate Mn concentra ons of seawater. However, a quan ta ve rela onship between seawater

Mn and shell Mn/Ca ra os and a clear understanding of which process(es) controls shell Mn/Ca ra os

are s ll lacking. The growth of mussels (My lus edulis) in the Menai Strait, U.K. was monitored to

inves gate the influence of seawater dissolved and par culate Mn on shell calcite Mn/Ca ra os.

A double-‐peak seasonal varia on of shell Mn/Ca, with maximum values during early spring and early

summer, could not be explained by either seawater dissolved or par culate Mn concentra ons:

dissolved Mn was low during the first maximum and par culate Mn was low during both maxima. The

varia on of shell Mn/Ca was remarkably similar to the seasonal varia on of shell growth rates, although

being the opposite of the expected inverse rela onship between precipita on rate and Mn par on

coefficient. Unless significant lags and/or thresholds occur in the incorpora on of seawater Mn into the

shell, the varia on of shell Mn/Ca likely reflected a physiological control of shell Mn content not related

to seawater Mn content.

The use of Mn content from marine bivalve shell calcite as a proxy for the dissolved and/or par culate

Mn concentra ons, and thus the biogeochemical processes that control them, is thus unlikely.

102


Preliminary results from the sclerochronological study of Glycymerisglycymeris in the coast of Portugal

Loureiro IM1, Freitas PS1*, Butler PG2, Gaspar M3, Richardson CA2, Reynolds DJ2 and Scourse JD2

1 Divisão de Geologia e Georecursos Marinhos, Ins tuto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. Brasília s/n, 1449-‐006 Lisboa, Portugal2 School of Ocean Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, LL59 5AB, United Kingdom3 Divisão de Modelação e Gestao de Recursos da Pesca, Ins tuto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. 5 de Outubro s/n, 8700-‐305 Olhão, Portugal

__________________


The use of bivalves in sclerochronological studies is an experimentally verified, reliable and valid

method to reconstruct past high frequency oceanographic and clima c variability in the North Atlan c

Ocean region during the last millennium. The seasonally variable western Iberia upwelling system, albeit

placed at a crucial clima c boundary posi on to record high frequency climate events, lacks well-‐dated

high-‐resolu on records of environmental variability, par cularly for the last millennium.

The long-‐lived (> 100 years) bivalve dog cockle Glycymeris glycymeris, can poten ally provide the

longest and most abundant annually resolved archive of changes in the environmental condi ons of the

Iberian upwelling system. The ini al sclerochronological work is under way on annually-‐resolved growth

increment series obtained from shells collected live in 2009, 2010, 2011 at 30 m water depth, offshore

of the Portuguese coast (la tudes 40° 30’ to 40° 50’).The aim of this ini al work is to verify longevity (<

60 years), the annual periodicity of growth line forma on, the expression of a common growth signal

between shells, and thus target cross-‐matching to construct a growth series chronology.

In the near future, the collec on of a large number of live and dead shells from further sites, the

comparison with instrumental environmental observa ons, and cross-‐matching with dead collected

shells, will eventually allow the construc on of a master chronology, developing G. glycymeris as a high-‐

resolu on archive of palaeoenvironmental condi ons in the western Iberia upwelling system.

This study was financed and conducted in the frame of the Portuguese FCT GLYCY Project (The

poten al of the dog cockle, Glycymeris glycymeris (bivalvia), as an annually resolved, mul -‐proxy,

paleoenvironmental proxy archive for changes in the upwelling system off Portugal, contract PTDC/AAC-‐

CLI/118003/2010).

103


Statoliths and statoconia diversity in Gastropoda.

Galante-‐Oliveira S1*, Marçal A1, Ribas F1, Machado J2 and Barroso CM1

1 CESAM & Biology Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de San ago, 3810-‐193 Aveiro, Portugal.2 Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Department of Aqua c Produc on, Ins tute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-‐313 Porto, Portugal.

__________________


Gravirecep on in gastropods occurs by the displacement of an iner al mass (statoconia or statoliths)

inside statocysts owing to changes in the animal posi on. An easy method for these structures

extrac on and processing is described and their diversity observed in 19 gastropod species collected in

Aveiro (NW Portugal), covering 4 subclasses and 13 different families. A flagrant dis nc on is evident

between subclasses Patellogastropoda, Ve gastropoda and Heterobranchia, altogether presen ng

statoconia, and the Caenogastropoda (all hypsogastropods) presen ng statoliths. All statoliths observed

present a hard translucent structure with several concentric layers delimited by well-‐marked growth

rings. Recently, some studies proved that these rings are annual and can be used to determine the age

of gastropods. This has been shown for just a couple of species so far but we show here that statoliths

could be virtually applied for age es ma on in many other caenogastropods, having thus great poten al

for sclerochronology. Well-‐marked statolith rings were clearer in species collected offshore (Ranella

olearium, Charonia lampas, Trivia monacha and Nassarius re culatus) as disturbance rings were found

in statoliths from species collected within the estuary (Crepidula fornicata, Li orina li orea, Peringia

ulvae, Trivia monacha, Nassarius re culatus, Nassarius incrassatus, Nucella lapillus, Ocenebra erinaceus

and Ocinebrina aciculata). Thus, further valida on to ensure that those are annual rings is required.

Considering the very scarce informa on available in the literature about gastropods statoliths, the

current study offers a general descrip on of their diversity and microstructure aiming to highlight their

poten al usefulness for diverse fields within gastropods research including taxonomy, age es ma on/

growth studies and environmental monitoring.

104


New method to study age and growth of Pinna nobilis using sclerochronology

Garcia-‐March JR1*, Marquez-‐Aliaga A2, Wang YG3, Surge D4 and Kers ng DK5

1 Ins tute of Environment and Marine Science Research (IMEDMAR). Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.2 Ins tuto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolu va, Departamento de Geología, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.3 Centre for Applica ons in Natural Resource Mathema cs, School of Mathema cs and Physics, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.4 Department of Geological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.5 Departament d’Ecologia. Universitat de Barcelona. Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona.

__________________


The bivalve Pinna nobilis is an endangered Mediterranean endemic that lives between 0.5 and 60 m

depth. It is emblema c because of its large size: shell length can reach more than a metre, fast growth:

more than 10 cm/year during the first years of life, and mode of life: the shell is par ally buried in the

sediment by its anterior part, a ached by byssus threads. The species was collected in the past to use

the shell as ornamenta on, to use the valuable filaments of the byssus threads to make up delicate and

expensive fabric, for food and souvenir. En re popula ons were destroyed by trawler fishing vessels

that could extract hundreds of specimens in a single day as bycatch. The deteriora on of the coastal

environment also has destroyed many popula ons and affected larvae survival. Recently, the popula on

ecology of this species has been focus of intense research, but the es ma on of age and growth has

remained controversial. In situ growth studies of P. nobilis require of repeated measures during many

years on a large number of individuals, making surveys expensive and constraining the widespread

study of many popula ons. An alterna ve has been using growth records of the posterior adductor

muscle scars (PAMS). This method can save a vast amount of resources. In the present work we will

show a new methodology to calculate age and growth of P. nobilis using sclerochronology. The method

is based in the iden fica on and measuring of the inner record of the PAMS, whose annual deposi on

is validated using stable isotopes. We will show how to iden fy growth records, decipher the mode and

periodicity of shell material deposi on, how to es mate the magnitude of shell erosion and growth

record destruc on in the oldest por on of the shell and how to iden fy the oldest records when the

animals were young, growth very fast and the records very subtle.

105


Growth of King George whi ng: an inves ga on of clima c influences on otolith growth Mazloumi N1, Fowler AJ2, Doubleday ZA1 and Gillanders BM1

*

1 Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia2 SARDI, Aqua c Sciences, PO Box 120, Henley Beach 5022, South Australia

__________________


Otoliths of fish can provide long-‐term chronologies of growth, but few such chronologies have been

developed for fish in the Southern Hemisphere. Differences in the width of the growth increments

of otoliths reflect both growth and environmental variability over the lifespan of the fish. Using King

George whi ng, a commercially and recrea onally important fish species, collected from Kangaroo

Island, South Australia, we developed an otolith chronology derived from growth increment widths.

Our growth chronology showed synchronous pa erns of growth among fish and spanned 22 years

(1980-‐2012). We then compared the otolith chronology to sea surface temperature. Future research will

examine whether similar rela ons are found for otolith chronologies of King George whi ng collected

from other regions. An understanding of the link between climate and growth of fish in temperate

regions may be used to predict future pa erns in produc vity and status of fish stocks under a changing

climate.

106


Yoldia eightsi (Courthouy, 1839) an Antarc c sclerochronological archive

González AR1*, Scourse JD1, Richardson CA1, Peck LS2, Bentley MJ3 and Butler PG1

1: School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, United Kingdom2: Bri sh Antarc c Survey Madingley Road, High Cross, Cambridge Cambridgeshire CB3 0ET United Kingdom3: Department of Geography, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom

__________________


The scarcity of long instrumental climate and environmental series from the Southern Ocean limits our

understanding of key feedbacks within the Antarc c system. We present a sclerochronology for an

Antarc c species, Yoldia eightsi, based on annually resolved growth increments from 12 live-‐collected

specimens collected from Factory Cove, Signy Island (South Orkney Islands). The chronology shows

consistent synchronous growth for a 16-‐year period (EPS≥0.85) and a nega ve correla on between the

chronology indices and the fast-‐ice dura on record over the same period (r= -‐0.402, d.f=39, P≤0.01).

Regional events such as the Weddell Polynya (1973 -‐1976) may be recorded in the chronology as a

slow growth rate in the popula on. An endogenous periodicity was found in the popula on ontogenic

growth pa ern (N=47) with cycles at 18, 27 and 36 ontogene c years. Spectral analysis determined a

significant cyclicity with a periodicity of 9.5 years (P≤0.05). Over 8 years a nega ve rela onship between

shell growth and surface produc vity (chlorophyll) is apparent which is likely influenced by the seasonal

deposi onal of organic phyto-‐detritus on the seabed following surface water phytoplankton blooms.

107


Calibra on of environmental variables with stable isotopes from the freshwater bivalve mollusk Lampsilis cardium: I. Oxygen Isotopes

Goodwin DH1*, Banker RB1, Gillikin DP2, Wa ers GT3 and Romanek CS4

1 Department of Geosciences, Denison University, Granville, Ohio 43023, USA2 Department of Geology , Union College, Schenectady, New York 12308, USA3 Department of Evolu on, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA4 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA

__________________


North American rivers are home to more than 300 species of freshwater mussels—the highest species

richness in the world. These animals func on as biological chart recorders and thus offer a unique

archive of past environmental condi ons from terrestrial ecosystems. Furthermore, because they

can produce up to several cen meters of shell carbonate in a single year they offer one of the highest

temporal resolu on environmental proxies available. Here we present stable oxygen isotopes from

shell carbonate (δ18OSHELL) with high-‐resolu on records of environmental variability to reconstruct intra-‐

annual growth rates. These findings are part of a much larger study designed to link high-‐resolu on

environmental variability with shell geochemistry.

Specimens of L. cardium from the same cohort (three years old) were grown for one complete

year (2010) in sediment-‐laden cages suspended from a dock at the Columbus Zoo & Aquarium

Freshwater Mussel Conserva on & Research Center (O’Shaughnessy Reservoir, Scioto River, 15 km

NW of Columbus, OH). Live specimens were collected in April, September and at the end of the

year (December). Water samples for oxygen isotope analysis (δ18OWATER) were collected weekly and

temperatures monitored hourly throughout the year.

Predicted shell carbonate oxygen isotope values (δ18OPREDICTED) agree with micromilled observed δ18OS

values and are consistent with previous finding that li le or no shell growth occurs at cold temperatures

(<12 °C). Surprisingly, shell deposi on in 2010 began in May when temperatures rose to approximately

20 °C. The cessa on of growth in 2010 occurred in mid-‐October when temperatures fell below 15 °C.

During the ho est months of the year, observed δ18OS values are higher than predicted values based

on average daily temperatures. Conversely, in the cooler autumn months, observed values are lower

than predicted. However, in each case observed δ18OS values were within the envelope defined by daily

maximum and minimum temperatures. This suggests these specimens preferen ally grow during the

coolest part of the day in the hot summer and vice versa in the autumn months. The fastest growth

occurred when water temperatures were ~25 °C. Individual samples from intervals of rapid growth

indicate shell deposi on rates approaching 250 micrometers per day and likely represent as li le as one

day of growth. These observa ons will facilitate calibra on of shell δ13CS values with high-‐resolu on

records of δ13CDIC and δ13CPOM to further understand the contribu on of variable metabolic carbon in the

shell.

108


Retrotapes exalbidus from southern South America: are fossil shells reliable proxy archives for Holocene climate changes? Gordillo S1

, Brey T2*, Beyer K2 and Lomovasky B3

1: Centro de Inves gaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av Vélez Sarsfield 1611, CPX5016GCA Córdoba. Argen na.2: Alfred-‐Wegener-‐Ins tut, PO Box 120161, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany.3 IIMyC, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, B7600WAG, Argen na

__________________


In southern South America li le is known about the bio c response of marine species to large scale

climate variability during the Holocene. Fossil shells of the aragoni c bivalve Retrotapes exalbidus

(previously called Eurhomalea) offer the possibility to inves gate climate variability in the Beagle

Channel and past seasonal dynamics of sea water temperature during the mid-‐to-‐late-‐Holocene. This

selec on is based on two reasons: extant R. exalbidus preserve annual increments in the outer shell

layer (Lomovasky et al., 2002 J. Sea Research 48, 209-‐216); and, although not very common as other

venerids, this species is well preserved in different Holocene marine outcrops along the channel.

Holocene fossil shells of R. exalbidus were sec oned, polished, photographed and measured, and a er

examina on three of them were selected for chemical sampling. In each case, one-‐half of the shell was

used to resolve the annual growth bands and the other half was used for stable isotopes sampling.

In addi on, a fragment of each shell was used to C-‐14 da ng performed in the Poznań Radiocarbon

Laboratory with the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) technique. Ontogene c ages were measured

by coun ng the annual growth increments under a stereo microscope. Our results show differences

between the three specimens. In the ontogene c oldest individual (14 years), which gave a calibrated

mean value age of 3839 BP, the δ18O values ranged from 1.53‰ to –1.16‰. The two other specimens

(8 years), with calibrated mean ages of 5190 BP and 431 BP, gave δ18O values from 1.55‰ to 0.44‰ in

the oldest specimen, and from 1.29‰ to 0.72‰, in the youngest one. Besides, we found varia ons in

annual growth increment widths at different radiocarbon ages, probably correlated with environmental

changes over the mid-‐to-‐late Holocene. We correlated the most posi ve δ18O values with winter and the

most nega ve δ18O with summer. In addi on, the summer values around 3800 yr BP are more nega ve

than around 5000 years or 500 years BP. These findings correlate well with an episode of cooling at ca.

5000 BP, followed by a period of amelioriza on (the Hypsithermal at ca. 4000 BP), and towards the end

of the Holocene, at ca. 500 years BP, a new cooling event was recorded.

This sclerochronological study of the growth pa erns and the oxygen isotope ra os in fossil R. exalbidus

shells demonstrated that this species clearly exhibited annual cycles showing seasonality pa erns

through the mid-‐to-‐late Holocene, providing an opportunity to analyze intra-‐seasonal me scales in the

fossil record. This study was supported jointly by the CONICET and the DAAD and was made as part of

the Scien fic Visit of SG to the AWI and the interna onal coopera on from MINCyT and BMBF to BL.

109


Spectral Luminescence Scanning of coral cores provide accurate long term records of river runoff and rainfall

Grove CA1*, Rodriguez-‐Ramirez A2, Merschel G1,3, Tjallingii R1, Zinke J4 and Brummer G-‐JA1

1NIOZ Royal Netherlands Ins tute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Geology, P.O. Box 59, NL-‐1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands2School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, Steele Building (#3), Staff House Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia3Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands4School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia and the UWA Oceans Ins tute, 35 S rling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia and the Australian Ins tute of Marine Science, 39 Fairway, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia

__________________


Rivers and their associated watersheds govern the erosion and transport of terrestrial material into

the marine environment. Luminescent proper es of giant coral skeletons can be employed to record

the impact of such terrestrial runoff on me-‐scales spanning mul ple centuries. Spectral luminescence

scanning (SLS) is a novel technique using a UV light source and line-‐scan camera to generate

photoluminescence images of carbonate materials, such as corals. The camera records luminescence

signals in three spectral domains of visual light, providing Red, Green and Blue (RGB) luminescence

intensity data. Spectral luminescence Green/Blue ra os (G/B) of coral skeletons generate long term

records of past river runoff. Prior G/B reconstruc ons have been formulated based on indirect runoff

rela onships (e.g. modelled discharge), as coral cores were drilled from regions where reliable

instrumental data were lacking, i.e. Madagascar. We now provide sound evidence that G/B is directly

related to runoff by comparing instrumental data with six coral cores from the Keppel islands, Australia;

a region where instrumental data is both reliable and plen ful. A six coral core G/B-‐composite record

was significantly correlated with precipita on, stream height level and stream discharge rate over a 90

year period. We found that coral luminescence effec vely captured seasonal and annual pa erns of

discharge and rainfall from the Fitzroy River catchment. Further, the composite luminescence record

was significantly linked to ENSO (El Niño-‐Southern Oscilla on) and PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscilla on)

states, which has large implica ons for future climate and river runoff scenarios in the southern Great

Barrier Reef.

110


Non-‐daily deposi on of striae in the Bay Scallop, Argopecten irradians (concentricus) in the laboratory Hollyman P1*, Luckenbach M 2 and Richardson CA 1

1 School of Ocean Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, U.K.2 Virginia Ins tute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062.

__________________


Small (~15mm) and large (~30mm) Calcein marked bay scallops Argopecten irradians held for 2 , 4

and six weeks in the laboratory under natural illumina on and condi ons of high and low flow rate

deposited significantly more striae on the surface of the le (dark) shell valve compared to the right

(light) shell valve. Small scallops deposited an average of 0.55 stria·∙day-1, 0.42 stria·∙day-1 and 0.34

stria·∙day-1 respec vely over the 2, 4 and 6 week experiments whereas large scallops had a lower

frequency of striae forma on (0.20 stria·∙day-1, 0.18 stria·∙day-1 and 0.17 stria·∙day-1, respec vely). Striae

deposi on and inter-‐striae distance were highly variable amongst small A. irradians. No rela onship

in inter-‐striae distance was obvious in A. irradians that deposited the same number of striae over a

period of six weeks (0.45 striae·∙day-1) and held under condi ons of high flow rate, indica ng that striae

forma on is not synchronous with changes in the environment. Our results demonstrate unequivocally

that in A. irradians, stria forma on is non-‐daily and is related to shell growth rate. The largest and

oldest scallops (~30mm and 1.4 years old) formed striae at the rate of 0.17 to 0.2 stria·∙day-1 whilst

smaller and younger fast growing A. irradians formed between 0.34 & 0.55 stria·∙day-1; clear evidence of

non-‐daily and non-‐rhythmic deposi on of striae in this pectenid species and thus that striae cannot be

used as a chronological marker to which environmental condi ons can be compared.

111


Age and season of harvest for Mesodesma donacium from the Nepeña Valley, Coastal Peru

Hood R1, DeLong KL1* and Chicoine D1

1 Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, 227 Howe-‐Russell Geoscience Complex, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.__________________

* corresponding author: [email protected]

Archaeologists who are excava ng the early urban center at Caylán (800–1 BC), Nepeña Valley in Peru

(9°11’27.83”S, 78°23’34.39”W), are inves ga ng the beginning of urbanism in coastal Peru including the

development and adap ve strategies of human subsistence pa erns in an unpredictable environment.

Coastal Peru, both in the past and present, is heavily influenced by El Niño events that can cause

collapses in marine resources; furthermore, paleoclimate data suggest the magnitude and frequency

of El Niño Southern Oscilla on (ENSO) events varies during the Holocene. Sclerochronology is not

widely u lized in archaeology as a determinant of human-‐environment interac ons and environmental

condi ons. Excava ons in 2010 at Caylán yielded large amounts of the inter dal mollusk Mesodesma

donacium from refuse deposits, middens, and floor sca ers, indica ng the importance of these bivalves.

We explore ancient pa erns of mari me exploita on through analysis of M. donacium to determine

intra-‐site size varia on, season of harvest, and seasonal amplitude as an indicator of ENSO events.

Our analysis finds that M. donacium is rela vely scarce in comparison to other bivalves (1.33% of total

shell remains) with the majority uncovered in dis nct caches associated with building renova ons at

Mound A, an important and centrally located architectural feature. Average height, length, and weight

of the 84 shells found within these caches are 30.21 mm (±2.16, 1 σ ), 58.76 mm (±3.90, 1σ), and 3.78

g (±0.72, 1σ), respec vely. Specimens uncovered in caches reveal significantly larger shells than those

found in floor sca ers in the same unit. We interpret these caches as dedicatory offerings and the larger

shells in these repositories reinforce the special nature of the offering context. Cross-‐sec ons of shells

are analyzed in order to determine more informa on on the context of M. donacium. Microscopic

observa ons reveal that one specimen found in the floor sca er of Mound A displayed 42 thick, dark

growth lines, interpreted as 1st order bands that develop fortnightly. A second specimen found one of

the renova on caches reveals 35 1st order bands. We measure δ18O along each cross-‐sec on to confirm

band-‐coun ng age, assess season of harvest, and determine seasonal amplitude in δ18O, as proxy

for ENSO variability. We will use these results in conjunc on with archaeological evidence to be er

understand the use of these mollusks and their environment.

112


Inves ga on of the inferred clima c varia ons in the pliocene shells of Glycymeris americana, North Carolina and Virginia

Hudley J1* and Surge D1

1. University of North Carolina, Department of Geological Sciences, 104 South Road, CB #3315,Chapel Hill, NC 27599-‐3315

__________________


Exis ng studies along the eastern North American coast (Pinecrest, Duplin, and Yorktown Forma ons)

suggest that during the Mid-‐Pliocene Warm Period (MPWP, 3.29-‐2.97 Ma) a more vigorous Florida

Current facilitated a northward extension of subtropical fauna past the modern biogeographic boundary

of Cape Ha eras (Ward et al., 1991; Williams et al., 2009). High-‐resolu on microsampling and stable

isotopic sclerochronologic studies of well-‐preserved Chesapecten and Mercenaria support assemblage

analyses sugges ng higher summer temperatures (Krantz, 1990; Jones and Allmon, 1995; Goewert and

Surge, 2008). However, these high-‐resolu on growth records from marine bivalves also es mate winter

temperatures cooler than assemblages indicate. One poten al reason for these dissimilar results is

that the bivalve proxies are capturing varia ons in the influence of warm Gulf Stream and cool Labrador

Current waters on shorter mescales assemblages are unable to resolve. Modern varia on in Gulf

Stream intensity occur on interannual to mul -‐decadal scales (Taylor and Stephens, 1998), and short-‐

live bivalve might have capture these cool varia ons.

This study presents growth increment data from long-‐lived Glycymeris spp. shells of the, Chowan River,

Duplin and Yorktown Forma ons of North Carolina and Virginia. The objec ves of this study were

to test the hypothesis that: (1) the growth index (GI) records from long-‐lived G. americana display

oscilla on pa erns; and (2) that these pa erns are comparable to modern seawater pa erns occurring

on shelf along the Mid-‐Atlan c coastal plain (MACP). Instrument records represen ng the modern

shelf included mean monthly temperature data records from coastal sta ons and buoys, the winter

NAO Index (1950-‐2010) and NAO Reconstruc on (1049-‐1995). Results indicate that spectral densi es

originated from detrended increment series and instrument SST data show structures at the periods

associated with the NAO: 20, 6-‐10, 4.8, and 2-‐3 years (Rogers, 1984; Hurrell and van Loon, 1997), but

with most below the 95% significance level rela ve to the es mated red noise background. A general

comparison of modern records to Pliocene GIs indicate that MACP seawater variability was likely similar.

Our findings indicate that the periodicity along the MACP remains rela vely unchanged since the Mid-‐

Pliocene. This is similar to a MTM spectral analysis of tree-‐ring and isotope records from Pliocene

Ellesmere Island (Ballantyne et al., 2006) and support model simula ons of mid-‐Pliocene climate

(Chandler et al., 1994; Haywood et al., 2000; Haywood & Valdes, 2004; Haywood et al., 2008).

113


Otolith increment chronologies of estuarine and non-‐estuarine popula ons of South Australian mulloway

Izzo C1*, Barnes TC1, Ferguson GJ2, Doubleday ZA1 and Gillanders BM1

1Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, DX650 418, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia2South Australian Research and Development Ins tute of Aqua c Sciences, PO Box 120, Henley Beach, SA 5022, Australia

__________________


Estuarine habitats are important for aqua c fauna, with the abundances of several estuarine-‐associated

species of fish correlated with environmental flows of freshwater. The River Murray estuary and

adjacent coastal waters off South Australia provide habitat for the greatest abundances and supports

the largest catches of mulloway in Australia. The mulloway popula on in this region are estuarine

associated and show strong year classes that correlate with freshwater inflows into this system.

Mulloway also occur on the far west coast of South Australia, where there are no estuaries with

substan al freshwater inflow. We developed chronologies of growth from otolith increments for both

popula ons and correlated these with local environmental condi ons. Our results show varia on

in growth between popula ons, indica ng that mulloway are sensi ve to localised environmental

fluctua ons. These findings also suggest that these popula ons are spa ally discrete, which is consistent

with assessments of stock structure of the species. Otolith chronologies from these contras ng sub-‐

popula ons of mulloway (i.e. estuarine versus non-‐estuarine associated) provide a unique opportunity

to make inferences about the rela ve effects of environment and demography on pa erns of otolith

increment forma on. In addi on, these modern day chronologies can be broadly compared to

chronologies developed from indigenous midden otoliths to determine if pa erns of growth seen today

are similar to the past.

114


Varia on in size and growth of the Great Scallop Pecten maximus along a la tudinal gradient

Chauvaud L1, Patry Y1, Jolivet A1*, Cam E2,3, Le Goff C4, Strand Ø5, Thébault J1, Lazure P4 and

Clavier J1

1 Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin (UMR CNRS 6539), IUEM, UBO, Technopole Brest Iroise, Place Nicolas Copernic, 29280, Plouzané, France2 Biométrie et Biologie des Popula ons (UMR CNRS 5175), Centre d’Ecologie Fonc onnelle et Evolu ve, 1919 route de mEnde, 34293 Cedex 05, Montpellier, France3 Laboratoire Evolu on et diversité Biologique, (UMR CNRS 5174), Université Paul Saba er, Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France4 Laboratoires d’océanographie spa ale (LOS) et de physique hydrodynamique et sédimentaire (PHYSED), IFREMER, CEntre de Brest, BP70, 29280 Plouzané, France5 Ins tute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway

__________________


Understanding the rela onship between growth and temperature will aid in the evalua on of thermal

stress and threats to ectotherms in the context of an cipated climate changes. Most Pecten maximus

scallops living at high la tudes in the northern hemisphere have a larger maximum body size than

individuals further south, a common pa ern among many ectotherms. We inves gated differences

in daily shell growth among scallop popula ons along the Northeast Atlan c coast from Spain to

Norway. This study design allowed us to address precisely whether the asympto c size observed along

a la tudinal gradient, mainly defined by a temperature gradient, results from differences in annual

or daily growth rates, or a difference in the length of the growing season. We found that low annual

growth rates in northern popula ons are not due to low daily growth values, but to the smaller number

of days available each year to achieve growth compared to the south. We documented a decrease in

the annual number of growth days with age regardless of la tude. However, despite ini ally lower

annual growth performances in terms of growing season length and growth rate, differences in

asympto c size as a func on of la tude resulted from persistent annual growth performances in the

north and sharp declines in the south. Our measurements of daily growth rates throughout life in a

long-‐lived ectothermic species provide new insight into spa o-‐temporal varia ons in growth dynamics

and growing season length that cannot be accounted for by classical growth models that only address

asympto c size and annual growth rate.

115


The ormer (Halio s tuberculata): a new and promising paleoclima c tool.

Jolivet A1*, Huche e S2, Le Goff C3, Thébault J1, Roussel S1, Nasreddine K4, Clavier J1, Schöne BR5

and Chauvaud L1

1 Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin (UMR CNRS 6539), IUEM, UBO, Technopôle Brest Iroise, Place Nicolas Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France2 France Halio s, Kerazan Lilia, 29880 Plouguerneau, France3 Laboratoire d’Océanographie Spa ale, IFREMER Centre Brest, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France4 LabSTICC (UMR CNRS 3192), ENIB, Technopôle Brest Iroise, CS 73862, 29238 Brest cedex 3, France5 Ins tute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Johann-‐Joachim-‐Becher-‐Weg 21, 55128 Mainz, Germany

__________________


The environmental controls on oxygen isotope ra os in the shells of abalone Halio s tuberculata

collected alive in North-‐West Bri any (France) were inves gated. Seasonal δ18O profiles at the surface of

the shell of three abalones, collected in 2002, were compared to in situ measurements of temperature

and salinity. H. tuberculata δ18O values accurately track seasonal varia ons in water temperature.

Temperature es ma ons from paleotemperature equa ons previously published indicate that the Kim

and O’Neil (1997 Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 3461-‐3475) equa on, established from abiogenic

calcite precipita on, and the Grossman and Ku (1986 Chem. Geol. Isot. Geosci. 59, 59-‐74) equa on,

established from aragonite biocarbonates, provide inaccurate temperature es mates for H. tuberculata.

The most commonly used paleotemperature equa on for biogenic calcite (Epstein et al. 1963 Bull.

Geol. Soc. Am. 64, 1315-‐1326 modified by O’Neil et al. 1969 J. Chem. Phys. 51, 5547-‐5558) provides

in contrary close predic ons of the in situ temperature and was thus adapted to analyze ormer shells

δ18O profiles in this study. We proposed thus a paleotemperature equa on validated on three abalones

collected in 2012 and tested on one paleo-‐abalone. The worldwide distribu on of both live and fossil

abalone, biological and ecological studies conducted on Halio ds and the results of the present study

make the genus a promising paleoclima c tool.

116


New insight into in situ growth of cold-‐water corals: temporal changes in the growth of the reef-‐building species Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata

Lartaud F1*, Pareige S1, de Rafelis M2 and Le Bris N1

1 UPMC Univ Paris 06, Laboratoire d’Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques (LECOB), CNRS -‐ UPMC UMR8222, Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls, Avenue du Fontaulé, 66650 Banyuls-‐sur-‐Mer France.2 UPMC Univ Paris 06, Laboratoire Biominéralisa ons et Environnements sédimentaires, ISTeP, CNRS-‐UPMC, UMR 7193, 4 pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05 France.

__________________

*corresponding author: franck.lartaud@obs-‐banyuls.fr

Cold-‐water corals (CWCs) have key role in deep-‐sea ecosystems, forming reefs and structures that

provide niches and nursery grounds for a variety of species, including commercial fish and decapod

species. But research on the biology and ecology of CWCs is s ll in its infancy. On par cular the growth

pa erns of CWCs in their natural environments are poorly known. Growth rate inves ga ons on

these deep-‐sea reef builder species are needed to predict recovery mes for these ecosystems when

damaged, and to determine the impact of environmental changes on the growth performances.

This study inves gates a new approach for analyzing the growth rate of CWCs, suitable for in situ

applica on. Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata, the main engineer CWC species, were collected

from the Lacaze-‐Duthiers canyon in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (520 m depth). Coral

fragments were marked with calcein or manganese and redeployed in situ for 6 months in winter

(November-‐May), 4 months in summer (May-‐September) and 10 months (November-‐September).

For comparison, aquaria experiments were conducted on coral colonies maintained at a constant

temperature of 13°C, corresponding to their habitat condi ons.

Between the two different types of staining used at different exposure mes, only calcein was efficient

(rapid incorpora on and easy detec on). While no significant differences were reported between

growth rates in aquaria and in situ, the budding rates (the rate of new polyp addi on per polyp and

per year) were reduced in mesocosm compared to in situ, sugges ng the limit in the extrapola on of

aquaria experiments to the field. In the canyon, budding rates are similar between the two species in

winter, but fall significantly in summer for M. oculata. New polyps grow significantly faster than older

ones, and new L. pertusa polyps grow faster during winter although new M. oculata polyps grow faster

during summer.

Those seasonal trends could be relied to specific responses to storm and dense water shelf cascading

events, which occur during the winter period in the Lacaze-‐Duthiers canyon and provide decrease

in temperature, high current veloci es and supply of large amounts of coarse sediment and organic

ma er.

117


Growth of Pecten maximus in the Bay of Brest and along a European la tudinal gradient

Le Goff C1*, Jolivet A2, Chauvaud L2, Cam E3, Strand O4 and Clavier J2

1 IFREMER Laboratoire d’Ecologie Benthique DYNECO EB centre de Brest Plouzane , France2 Université de Bretagne Occidentale; Ins tut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des Sciences de L’Environnement Marin (UMR CNRS 6539), Technopôle Brest Iroise,3 Laboratoire Évolu on et Diversité Biologique, UMR CNRS 5174, Université Paul Saba er, Toulouse III. Bâ ment 4R3, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France. 4 Ins tute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway

__________________


Understanding growth of bivalve’s shells could lead to precious informa on in a context of climate

change because growth is certainly strongly linked with environment. In this study, two data sets of

growth records of Pecten maximus have been used: the first collected during more than 20 years in

the Bay of Brest and the second one from 12 different sta ons located in the European Atlan c coast

from Spain to Norway. A systema c record of in situ environmental parameters has been performed

in the Bay of Brest to understand possible rela onships with the shell growth. Remote sensing data

have been used for the other sta ons. In every site, growth stops during winter but the asympto c

size and the strategy to achieve it differs strongly among scallops living in the south and in the north.

Along la tudinal gradient, and during the second year of life (class I) although the daily growth rate is

quite constant, the length of the growing season changes dras cally. Indeed, the growing season of

the shells of the southern popula on corresponds to almost a full year during the second year of life

and decreases significantly with the la tude. During the third year of life the growing season decreases

dras cally in the south and keeps constant in the north. Length of the growing season become nearly

constant from the south to the north although the mean daily growth rate stays high in the north and

decreases in the south. This report repeats next years and leads to a common pa ern observed in

many ectotherms: organisms living at high la tudes in northern hemisphere have a larger adult body

size than individuals further south. In this work we will first show that growth takes place following the

varia ons of light intensity instead the varia ons of temperature thanks to the big amount of growth

data collected in Brest and we will extend this result to other european sta ons (shallows waters). In a

second part, by comparing the strategy of growth between individuals in the north and in the south we

will argue a major adapta ons to the environment simultaneously to the passage of the second to the

third year of life.

118


Growth and distribu on of the Great scallop Pecten maximus in the English Channel: a modelling approach

Le Goff C1*, Lavaud R2, Cugier P 1, Jean F2 and Fly Sainte Marie J2

1 IFREMER Laboratoire d’Ecologie Benthique DYNECO EB centre de Brest Plouzane , France. 2 Université de Bretagne Occidentale , Ins tut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin (UMR CNRS 6539) Tecnopôle Brest Iroise, Plouzané , France

__________________


The great scallop Pecten maximus is currently the most important species in landings (as well in tons as in value) for the French inshore fleet of the English Channel. A French scientific program “COMANCHE” funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR) was conducted to improve our knowledge on the great scallop within its ecosystem, in an integrated way and over the whole area of the English Channel. In that context, the aim of this study is to better understand the determinism of the growth and distribution of the great scallop in the English Channel, integrating both physical and trophic constraints through a modelling approach. The used method is based on the coupling of a 3D hydrodynamical model (MARS3D developed at Ifremer) providing environmental conditions, a physiological model of scallop individuals and a population model of this species.

The bioenergetic model of the individual growth of scallop is based on the dynamic energetic budget (DEB)(Kooijman,1986 J. Theor. Biol. 121, 269–282). There are two environmental forcing variables: the bottom temperature and the food, described as chlorophyll a or as suspended organic/inorganic matter, which were provided by a 3D biogeochemical model of the English Channel (ECOMARS3D). The coupled model allows to calculate the potential of growth in each part of the English channel . Then the best locations for growth are deduced and compare with in-situ data. Moreover this approach let us know where the environmental parameters are favorable enough to allow the survival of P.Maximus.

The popula on model for the scallop, spa alized over the English Channel area, described the whole life

cycle (planktonic and benthic) using a mechanis c approach (Savina, M. & Ménesguen, A. 2008 Journal

of Marine Systems 70 63-‐76). It is structured in age classes and described the dynamics of the density

of each age class. Dispersion of larvae and recruitments of adults are conducted by hydrodynamics. Up

to now, mortality, fecundity and growth are not linked with environment but are func on of parameters

respec ve to this species. The steady state is reached a er approximately 30 years and some features

of the P.Maximus distribu on are reproduced and compared with in-‐situ data.The results of these

two approaches contribute to the understanding of the biogeographical distribu on and especially

enlightened the respec ve role of biological or hydrodynamical factors in the establishment of P.

Maximus in the English Channel.

119


A sclerochronological analysis of the bivalve Arc ca islandica from northeastern Iceland

Marali S1* and Schöne BR1

1 Department of Applied and Analy cal Paleontology, INCREMENTS Research Group, Ins tute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Johann-‐Joachim-‐Becher-‐Weg 21, 55128 Mainz, Germany

__________________

*corresponding author: marali@uni-‐mainz.de

The Ocean Quahog, Arc ca islandica, is one of the most promising marine high-‐resolu on climate

archives. The shells of this bivalve mollusk are reliable recorders of biological and physical oceanic

parameters such as seawater temperature and food supply. These parameters are in turn driven

by major climate modes (NAO, AMO etc.). For the present study, modern and subfossil specimens

of A. islandica were obtained by dredging from 6 to 25 m water depth as well as from beaches in

northeast Iceland. A total of 73 shells have been processed for further sclerochronological analyses

in order to construct a composite chronology based on the increment width me-‐series. As indicated

by preliminary results, shell growth of contemporaneous specimens is significantly correlated to SST

during the 1979-‐2012 calibra on period (r = 0.5; p < 0.05). Ongoing analysis focuses on the geochemical

variability of the shells including stable carbon isotopes, oxygen isotopes as well as Sr, Mg and Pb. The

goal of this study is to complement increment width based climate reconstruc ons with annually and

be er resolved me-‐series of geochemical proxy data.

120


The use of otolith elemental fingerprints to iden fy river of origin in brown trout (Salmo tru a L.) parr Marrio AL1*, Trueman C2, Armstrong M3, Chenery SRN4, Richardson CA1 and McCarthy ID1

1School of Ocean Sciences, Collage of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, LL59 5AB.2School of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Na onal Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH.3Cefas, Pakefield Road, Lowesto , Suffolk, NR33 0HT.4Analy cal Geochemistry Group, Bri sh Geological Survey, Keyworth, No ngham, NG12 5GG.

__________________


Varia ons observed in the elemental composi on of fish otoliths has enabled discrimina on between

fish which reside in water bodies which differ in their chemical composi on. By analysing the differences

in these elemental “tags”, valuable informa on on movement pa erns and natal rivers of origin of fish

can be obtained. This approach has been used to create biogeochemical base-‐lines and to examine the

assignment success of fish used to create the baseline back to their known river of origin. However, to

our knowledge this approach has not been used to assign fish with unknown origin to an established

baseline.

Twenty five brown trout parr (Salmo tru a L.) were collected from each of 36 rivers draining into the

Irish Sea (NW England, Wales, Isle of Man, SW Scotland and the east coast of Ireland) during 2010.

Otoliths were removed from 20 parr from each river and analysed using solu on-‐based induc vely-‐

coupled plasma mass spectrometry (sb-‐ICP-‐MS) to determine elemental: Ca ra os of Mg, Mn, Ba and Sr

and to establish a biogeochemical baseline for the 36 rivers. Subsequently, the otoliths from a further

39 parr, selected at random from the 36 rivers, were run “blind” and were assigned to puta ve river of

origin using the established baseline.

Significant differences in elemental:Ca ra os were observed between all baseline rivers (MANOVA,

F 140, 2495 = 72.003 P < 0.001). Quadra c discriminant func on analysis (QDFA) was used to assign

baseline trout parr to their natal river of origin with a classifica on accuracy of 84% (560/665 correctly

classified). Cross-‐valida on results reduced the percentage trout parr correctly assigned to their natal

river (74%) with 490 parr samples correctly classified. Using the established baseline 27/39 (69%) of

the “blind” parr samples were correctly iden fied to their natal river with a probability > 90% correct

classifica on to those rivers.

121


Measurement of trace element profiles across den nal growth layers to assess seasonal diet of beluga whales

Ma hews CJD1*, Yang P2, Halden N2 and Ferguson SH1,3

1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N22Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N23Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg MB R3T 2N6

__________________

*corresponding author: cory_ma [email protected]

Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) occur throughout the eastern Canadian Arc c (ECA), where

they undertake migra ons between deep-‐water offshore areas in winter and shallow river estuaries in

summer. To be er understand diet varia on with respect to seasonal movements across their annual

range, we measured profiles of 15 trace elements across annual growth layer groups (GLGs) of 180 ECA

beluga whales using laser abla on induc vely coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-‐ICP-‐MS). The

same suite of elements were measured in the teeth of two cap ve beluga whales fed constant diets to

assess differences with wild individuals. Analysis of a subset of 21 teeth indicated regular oscilla ons in

seven elements: stron um (Sr), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), barium (Ba),

and lithium (Li). Oscilla ons were associated with repea ng GLG structure, but were not pronounced in

the teeth of cap ve whales, sugges ng trace element profiles in wild beluga reflect seasonal diet and/

or habitat pa erns. Classical discriminant analysis using all elements as predictors correctly classified

individuals belonging to one of three geographically separated popula ons (western Hudson Bay [WHB],

Cumberland Sound [CS], and Eastern High Arc c-‐Baffin Bay [EHA-‐BB]). Separa on among popula ons

was largely based on Zn, Sr, Li, Mn, Cu, Zn, and lead (Pb) concentra ons, providing further evidence

that concentra ons of these elements in teeth reflect that of beluga diet and/or habitat. Further

characteriza on of element oscilla ons with light (deposited in summer) and dark (deposited over

winter) bands within the GLG structure therefore offers poten al for clarifying seasonal dietary pa erns

in ECA beluga.

122


Stable isotope sclerochronology of Callovian (Jurassic) Gryphaea and Cylindroteuthis from the Oxford Clay (Cambridgeshire, England): evidence of palaeoclimate, water depth and belemnite behaviour. Me am C1*, Johnson ALA1, Nunn EV2 and Schöne BR2

1 Geographical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK.2 Department of Applied and Analy cal Paleontology (INCREMENTS), University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany.

__________________

*corresponding author: C.Me [email protected]

Stable isotope signals from belemnite rostra are o en u lized in studies of Mesozoic marine

environments, but evidence here suggests that for much of ontogeny they were not reliable

palaeothermometers for the collec on locality. Incrementally extracted oxygen isotope (δ18O)

signals from well-‐preserved Callovian (Middle Jurassic) specimens of Cylindroteuthis puzosiana from

Peterborough (UK) are compared with signals from co-‐occurring examples of the bivalve Gryphaea

(Bilobissa) dilobotes. The data from Gryphaea is interpreted as faithfully recording benthic temperature

fluctua ons with mean temperatures of c. 15°C and a seasonal range of c. 3°C. A depth es mate is

based upon comparisons with a modern analogue, the Gulf of Tunis, where mean annual surface

temperatures match those established for UK Callovian waters in earlier studies (Anderson et al., 1994

J. Geol. Soc. 151, 125-‐138; Hudson, 1978 Sedimentology 25, 339-‐370) and temperatures at 50m are

comparable to those obtained from Gryphaea in this study.

Cylindroteuthis records cooler average temperatures of c. 13°C and such unexpected values from

belemnites have been interpreted elsewhere as being due to occupa on of local deep water niches.

Incrementally based data reveals temperatures comparable to Gryphaea in late ontogeny, lower by

2-‐3°C than the winter minimum recorded by Gryphaea for much of earlier ontogeny, and total ranges

between c. 3°C and c. 5.4°C. Comparison with modern oceans reveals that in order for depth of habitat

to explain these cool temperatures, where surface temperatures matched those established for the

Callovian, these specimens of Cylindroteuthis would have had to dive to c. 1000m. This is unlikely

as published es mates of the maximum tolerable depths for belemnites are in the order of 250 m

(Wierzbowski, 2004 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimateology, Palaeoecology 203, 153-‐168), whilst the

depth of the Callovian sea in the UK was probably nowhere more than 100m.

Given these considera ons the most likely cause of cool δ18O signals from Cylindroteuthis is a

cosmopolitan lifestyle including migra on to waters substan ally to the north of the locality where

death occurred. This finding reveals the inadequacy of previous a empts to characterise marine

condi ons from spot or homogenised samples of belemnite rostra. Only a sclerochronological approach

can define condi ons at the loca on of death and show whether different condi ons were experienced

elsewhere during life.

123


Valida on in sclerochronology: fish applica ons

Morales-‐Nin B1* and Geffen AJ2

1 IMEDEA (CSIC/UIB), Miquel Marques 21, 07190 Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain 2 Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norwayn

__________________

*corresponding author: [email protected]‐csic.es

The broad range of otolith research and applica ons being carried out in recent years, points to an

ac ve field of science with increasingly diverse applica ons beyond tradi onal age determina on: larval

dri and connec vity, popula on dynamics, fish physiology, popula on tracking and environmental

reconstruc on. The main informa on encoded in the otoliths is based on the growth increments and in

the geochemistry tags.

The necessity to validate the temporal significanceof observed growth increments (i.e. periodicity of

forma on) was recognized early in the 1980’s (Beamish & McFarlane 1983). The recogni on that ageing

errors are important has s mulated interest in the valida on of age es ma on methods. Valida on

means proving that a technique is accurate and should be an obligatory step in all sclerochronological

studies, and should include the evalua on of both accuracy and precision (Wright et al 2002).

Valida on is also an impera ve in microchemistry studies where methodology is cri cal to the

results, mostly because the heterogeneity of the samples and the low concentra ons of many of its

cons tuents. In addi on, the suppor ng matrix of calcium carbonate, which makes up the majority

of the mineralized por on of the otolith, causes interference and presents par cular problems

for analy cal determina on. With the recent increase in the number of studies based on otolith

microchemistry, it is increasingly important that methods are standardized so that results from different

laboratories can be compared across distances and years. Valida on and standardiza on should include

postmortem contamina on of otoliths (i.e. handling and storage methods, cleaning procedures; otolith

prepara on (i.e. coring and pulverizing; to detec on limits and accuracy and precision of the hardware

(Geffen et al. 2013).

In the present communica on we aim to review the methodological valida on techniques for two main

otolith applica ons, to iden fy future challenges and ways to be er link otolith Applica ons to other

research fields.

124


Temporal calibra on of the cold water coral Lophelia pertusa: constraints from microstructures

Mouchi V1*, Crowley QG1, McDermo F2, Sevastopulo GD1 and Jackson AL3

1 Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland2 School of Geological Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland3 Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland

__________________


Biominerals represent an important asset in palaeoenvironmental reconstruc on. Geochemical

signatures preserved during accre on of biomineralised hard parts may provide a con nuous record

of local physicochemical parameters throughout the life of an organism. Recogni on of high-‐resolu on

geochemical signals is possible down to seasonal mescales; however interpreta on of geochemical

signals may be problema c as a result of disturbance due to vital effects. In par cular, some metabolic

ac vi es can cause medium-‐term fluctua ons in geochemical signatures that can be incorrectly

a ributed to being seasonal in origin.

Here we present a new protocol for examining microstructures in the cold water coral Lophelia pertusa.

We suggest, based on differences in the preserved microstructures, that an infra-‐annual me calibra on

along a transect can iden fy seasonal fluctua ons in growth rates. The thicknesses of these layers are

processed by segmented regression to isolate por ons of a con nuous transect in regards to growth

rate fluctua ons caused by fluxes in nutrient supply. This technique provides a valuable method to

assess growth pa erns prior to geochemical analyses.

125


δ18O records of ca ish otoliths (Arius heudelo i) and their poten al for paleoclimatological reconstruc ons of NW Africa

Müller P1*, Klicpera A1, Correa ML2, Vernet R3, Tous P4 and Westphal H1

1) Leibniz-‐Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6-‐8, 28359 Bremen, Germany2) GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Universität Erlangen-‐Nürnberg, Loewenichstraße 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany3) Ins tut mauritanien de recherche scien fique, Nouakcho , Mauritanie4) Sub-‐Regional Fishery Commission (CSRP), Dakar, Senegal

__________________

*corresponding author: peter.mueller@zmt-‐bremen.de

Over the last decades, analyses of incrementally banded calcium carbonate hard parts of marine

organisms (e.g. bivalves or corals) have unveiled an important source of paleoclimate and

paleoceanographical informa on (Schöne & Gillikin 2013 Paleogeogr. Paleocl. Paleoecol. 373, 1-‐5).

However, fish otoliths are s ll an underes mated paleoenvironmental archive. Today and during the

Holocene, excep onal high fish abundances off Mauritania are sustained by a persistent upwelling

system which causes a high marine primary produc on. Extensive Neolithic fishery ac vity led to the

accumula on of shell middens near Neolithic se lements along the Mauritanian coastline (Barusseau

et al. 2010 Geomorphology 121, 358-‐369). Detailed sclerochronological analysis of these environmental

archives can contribute to a be er understanding of the Holocene climate evolu on of NW Africa

(Andrus, 2011 Quat. Sci. Rev. 30, 2892-‐2905).

Here we present δ18O-‐records from recent and archeological otoliths of Arius heudelo i (Valenciennes

1840) from the Banc d´Arguin, Mauritania. The archeological otoliths where collected from shell

middens at two Neolithic se lements dated around 3.2 and 5.4 cal. ka BP. The otolith sub-‐sampling

was carried out using a Micromill, and the resul ng carbonate powders were dissolved on a Gasbench

and measured with a Delta V+ Mass-‐Spectrometer for stable isotopes. Seasonal growth increments

are observable and corresponding oxygen isotope pa ern suggest sub-‐seasonal resolu on for paleo-‐

environmental reconstruc ons. Since A. heudelo i has been described preferring marine-‐estuary

environments, this ca ish species might be a suitable candidate for assessing paleo-‐freshwater runoff

using the stable oxygen isotope record of their otoliths.

Our study represents a first sclerochronological approach in es ma ng mid-‐ to late-‐Holocene (5.4 ka

BP to the present) monsoon precipita on in the NW African hinterland based on sub-‐seasonal oxygen

isotope records in fish otoliths.

126


Environmental reconstruc on in cold-‐water corals using light stable isotope ra os in the context of high-‐resolu on trace element mapping

Oppelt A1*, Rocha C1 and Knoeller K 2

1) Biogeochemistry Research Group, Department of Geography, School of Natural Sciences,Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland(2) Water Department of Isotope Hydrology, UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany

__________________


Deep-‐sea coral reefs are known to host diverse and complex ecosystems in the otherwise sparse

environments several hundred meters below sea level. The intersec on of these reefs, however, with

the global carbon cycle s ll holds many ques ons. The cold-‐water corals calcify their aragoni c skeleton

from the ambient water which makes them vulnerable to a shoaling of the aragonite satura on horizon

due to progressing ocean acidifica on (e.g. Form & Riebesell 2012 Glob. Change Biol. 18, 843-‐853).

During the last decades Lophelia pertusa, the most abundant cold-‐water coral (CWC) in the majority of

North Atlan c deep-‐sea reef habitats has been in the focus of many studies aiming at es ma ng the

impact of ocean acidifica on on them. To evaluate the poten al danger, however, biomineraliza on

mechanisms in the corals must be understood. L. pertusa is well suited for studies on biomineraliza on

as the coral skeleton shows growth pa erns comparable to tree rings. Each corallite is precipitated

along a linear growth axis which represents the primary growth direc on with the highest growth

rate. Addi onally it expands by precipita on of new layers on top of the exis ng ones and producing

alterna ng white and beige layers that are o en visible with the bare eye. Analysis of stable oxygen

and carbon isotope ra os along those layers individually produced repea ng cycles in δ13C. In order

to iden fy the trigger for reoccurring peaks within the ra os, high-‐resolu on laser abla on ICP-‐MS

was employed to study the area. The rates of trace and minor elements that are incorporated during

skeleton precipita on provide an addi onal record of environmental condi ons for this point in me

and give indica ons of pa erns of growth through me. Varia ons within elemental ra os are used to

establish a map of connected environmental signals that underpin the stable isotope ra os. Anagnostou

et al. (2011 Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac. 75, 2529-‐2543), for instance, suggest a combina on of P/Ca and

Ba/Ca as a nutrient proxy in connec on with CWC. The data will be analyzed in search for the degree of

metabolic frac ona on and its varia ons for different mes of calcifica on. On this basis the concepts

of coral growth (direc on, rate) will be reevaluated and further discussed.

127


Age and growth of the Mediterranean inter dal limpet Patella rus ca Linnaeus, 1758

Prusina I1, Peharda M2*, Ezgeta-‐Balić D2, Puljas S3 and Glamuzina B1

1Departement of Aquaculture, University of Dubrovnik, Ćira Carića 4, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croa a 2Ins tute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croa a3Faculty of Science, University of Split, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Croa a

__________________


Mediterranean limpet Patella rus ca, collected in eastern Adria c Sea, was inves gated in order to

determine its age and growth. Shells were embedded in resin, sec oned from the apex to the margin

and acetate peel replicas of shell sec ons were prepared. An annual periodicity of line forma on was

validated using marginal increment analysis on 60 smaller individuals (14.4 ± 1.6 mm, mean length ±

S.D) collected from July 2011 to June 2012, out of which 6 (18%) were omi ed from analysis due to

poor visibility of growth lines. Following valida on, analysis of inner growth lines were performed on

acetate peel replicas of 120 individuals (ranging from 8.1 to 33.6 mm) randomly collected in September

2011. Noteworthy was the loss of pa ern defini on of the older parts of the shell which had been

heavily infested with endoliths, resul ng in difficul es in determining the posi on of first growth line.

Based on histological study conducted simultaneously in the same period, the birth date of P. rus ca

was set as December 1st and this was taken into account in age es ma on. Overall, 90.8 % of limpets

were < 4 years old, with a mean age of 2.9 ± 1.4 years, belonging to the third age class. Only two (1.6%)

individuals were more than 6 years old (6.75 and 7.75 years). Von Bertalanffy growth func on was

calculated and es mated VBG coefficients were L∞ = 40.86 mm for length, W∞ = 33.02 mm for width

and H∞ = 14.07 mm for height, while values of growth constant (k) were 0.23, 0.24 and 0.21 year-1,

respec vely. In conclusion, age and growth data suggest that P. rus ca invest its energy into growth

a er reproduc on season, in winter months, when foraging is facilitated with waves, making the food

more accessible and resul ng in faster growth rate.

128


Growth and longevity of the ‘living fossil’ Congeria kusceri (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from the subterranean Dinaric karst of Croa a

Puljas M1*, Peharda M2, Morton B3, Štambuk Giljanović N4 and Jurić I2

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Teslina 12/III, 21000 Split, Croa a 2Ins tute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croa a3Life Science, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K.4Ins tute for Public Health, Split, University of Split Medical School, Vukovarska 46, 21000 Split, Croa a

__________________


The present study analysed growth and longevity of the endemic and endangered cave dwelling

bivalve Congeria kusceri from the pit Jama u Predolcu, Croa a. A water temperature of 13-‐14ºC has

been iden fied as the lower limit for both the ini a on and cessa on of shell growth and reproduc ve

maturity of C. kusceri. Obtained hydrological data also indicated that enhanced calcium uptake by C.

kusceri during its summer growth and reproduc ve phases coincided with a decrease in alkalinity of

the pit water. Results of the marginal increment analysis showed that growth lines are formed annually,

during the period when water temperature begins to increase, that is, from May to June. An analysis of

shell growth rings in C. kusceri has iden fied an impressive longevity of 53 years. Calcula ons of growth

rate suggested maximum theore cal shell lengths (L∞) of 16.7 mm for males and 18.7 mm for females

and a growth constant of 0.04 year-1 for both sexes. Congeria kusceri can, however, grow to a shell

length of >24 mm, sugges ng that longevity could be greater than that iden fied in this study. Among

the Dreissenidae, C. kusceri is the only species that displays extreme longevity, presumably because of

its subterranean habitat and adapta ons that uniquely fit it and recently iden fied congeners for such

a troglody c life style. This study of Congeria kusceri provides insights into a unique life history trait

that facilitated occupa on 5 million years ago of the subterranean environment of Croa a’s and the

region’s Dinaric karst. In evolu onary terms, the species has survived occupa on of underground kars c

waters by reducing the effects and consequences of physiological ageing thereby nullifying reproduc ve

senescence. The conserva on of the unique Dinaric karst species and the rich diversity of habitats they

occupy are essen al and should be a ma er of na onal as well as interna onal priority.

129


Calibra on of coral Sr/Ca and δ18O using high-‐resolu on in situ temperature data: A case study from the Cayman Islands, Caribbean Sea

v. Reumont J1*, Hetzinger S1, Garbe-‐Schönberg D2, Manfrino C3,4, Grove CA5 and Dullo W-‐Chr1

1GEOMAR Helmholtz-‐Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-‐3, 24148 Kiel, Germany2IfG, Ins tute of Geosciences, Chris an-‐Albrechts-‐University, Ludewig-‐Meyn-‐Str. 10-‐14, 24118 Kiel, Germany3Department of Geology and Meteorology, Kean University, 1000 Morris Ave., Union, NJ 07083, USA4Central Caribbean Marine Ins tute, PO Box 1461, Princeton, NJ 08542, USA5Department of Marine Geology, Royal Netherlands Ins tute for Sea Research (NIOZ),P.O. Box 59, NL-‐1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands

__________________


Decadal scale sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the Atlan c Basin affects climate and ocean

changes across much of the Northern Hemisphere. However, li le is known about climate variability

on interannual to mul decadal me scales, and more specifically, how anthropogenic pressure has

influenced natural variability. The short length of instrumental records and proxy data hampers

inves ga ons of climate variability, especially on these me scales. Thus, the development of century-‐

scale marine proxy-‐based SST reconstruc ons is crucial.

Here we present the first seasonally resolved records of δ18O and Sr/Ca from colonies of massive

growing corals from the Cayman Islands, Caribbean Sea. Due to its isolated loca on, approx. 150 km

from the next major landmass, and its flat topography the study area resembles open ocean condi ons

and is thus an ideal site for the study of large scale SST variability.

High-‐resolu on microsampling of coral cores provides the technical basis for the development of

seasonal scale temperature reconstruc ons, extending beyond available observa on-‐based SST records.

Annual density bands on radiographic images were used to establish a preliminary chronology. With an

average growth rate of 0.7 cm yr-1, the longest example from a set of cores allows for the reconstruc on

of approx. 200 years of past clima c condi ons. For the first me geochemical proxies in Diploria

sp. corals are calibrated against high resolu on in situ SST, monitored over the past three years, and

satellite data. We show calibra ons for two selected cores from a fore reef and a lagoonal se ng,

based on the uppermost 30 years of each record. Previous studies have commonly used only one coral

record per site, although the need to improve chronological accuracy and signal to noise ra o of proxy

records by means of replica on has been emphasized. Here we use several cores to allow for replica on

of geochemical records enabling the refinement of chronologies and the valida on of geochemical

varia ons between cores.

130


Annually resolved Iron and Manganese concentra ons in shells of the dog cockle Glycymeris glycymeris, from the southern Irish Sea: a proxy for surface produc vity and seafloor hypoxia events

Richardson CA1*, Hollyman P1, Chenery SRN2, Brocas WM3 and Hartley JP4

1 School of Ocean Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB2 Analy cal Geochemical Laboratories, Bri sh Geological Survey, keyworth, No ngham, NG12 5GG3 University of Bremen, MARUM building, Leobener Strasse, D-‐28359, Bremen4 Hartley Anderson Ltd, Blackstone, Dudwick, Ellon, Aberdeenshire, AB41 8ER

__________________


Shells of the long-‐lived dog cockle Glycymeris glycymeris, collected from areas of the seafloor beneath

the seasonally stra fied waters of the Cel c Sea were analysed geochemically using laser abla on

induc vely coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-‐ICP-‐MS). Sequences of thirty five annually-‐resolved

and cross-‐matched increments revealed pa erns of Iron and Manganese concentra ons that likely

relate to periods of hypoxic seafloor condi ons arising from decomposi on of surface derived phyto-‐

detritus and organic ma er. This decomposi on results in reducing condi ons and the seasonal release

of Iron and Manganese ions in sediment pore water and sediment-‐surface boundary layer water and

these ions are incorporated into the matrix of the mineralising shell. The annually-‐resolved pa erns in

shells collected from four sites in the area of the seasonally established Cel c Sea front and influenced

seasonally by stra fied water contained Iron (50-‐250 mMol/Mol) and Manganese (40-‐140 mMol/

Mol) indica ng that similar environmental controls of shell mineralisa on and element incorpora on

operate over distances up to 10Km. Increment concentra ons of Iron and Manganese were sta s cally

lower (<20 mMol/Mol) during the periods 1966-‐1969 and 1991-‐2001 than the intervening period

1970 to 1990 when Fe (~300 mMol/Mol) and Mn (~60-‐100 mMol/Mol) were significantly elevated. We

hypothesise that Fe and Mn are proxies for surface produc vity and that the infaunal G. glycymeris

records changes in environmental condi ons in its shell related to hypoxic condi ons resul ng from the

seasonal transfer of organic ma er from the surface to the seafloor.

131


Timing of growth line forma on in horse mussel (Modiolus modiolus) shells from the North Sea: evidence from structural and geochemical analyses

Richardson CA1*, Hollyman P1, Chenery SRN2, Jones NE1 and Hartley JP3

1 School of Ocean Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB2 Analy cal Geochemical Laboratories, Bri sh Geological Survey, keyworth, No ngham, NG12 5GG3 Hartley Anderson Ltd, Blackstone, Dudwick, Ellon, Aberdeenshire, AB41 8ER__________________


Horse Mussels Modiolus modiolus, live epifaunally at depths of 65m on the sea floor in the North

Sea in an area where the overlying seawater becomes seasonally stra fied during the summer (June

to August). In autumn (September) the thermocline breaks down and downwelling occurs in which

nutrient rich warm surface seawater mixes with cooler bo om water. We inves gated the ming and

forma on of the alternate dark and light growth lines present in acetate peels and sec oned horse

mussel shells. In peels the pa ern of narrow dark coloured growth lines alternate with wider light

growth increments of variable width whereas in shell sec ons the narrow lines and wider growth

increments appear light and dark in coloura on respec vely.

Using whole shells and thin shell sec ons the rela onship between the organic matrix, the elemental

composi on and reconstructed seawater temperature during growth line and increment forma on

was inves gated to determine the environmental controls on shell deposi on. Thin 5µm sec ons of

decalcified, (supersaturated EDTA for 3 days), shells embedded in plas c resin and stained with Toluidine

Blue demonstrated the shells had a high organic content; the lines stained blue indica ng they were

more organic rich than the increments. Elemental analysis of lines and increments using Laser Abla on

Induc vely Coupled Plasma Mass spectrometry (LA-‐ICP-‐MS) demonstrated the forma on of the organic

rich line coincided with elevated levels of Barium (~0.05mMol.Mol-1) in the shell matrix. Reconstructed

seawater temperatures obtained from the stable isotopic composi on of the calcite shell demonstrated

that line forma on occurred when bo om sea water temperatures increased from 9-‐13.5°C and

cessa on of deposi on of the organic rich line occurred abruptly when seawater temperatures declined.

We interpret the forma on of the organically rich growth line as occurring following the breakdown

of the thermocline at the end of summer (September) corresponding with a rise in seafloor seawater

temperature and a concomitant increase in Barium following down welling of surface derived organic

phyto-‐detritus to the seafloor.

132


Poten al use of the dog cockle Glycymeris glycymeris as temperature archive

Royer C1, Thébault J1*, Chauvaud L1 and Olivier F2

1 Université de Brest, Ins tut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin (UMR6539 CNRS/IRD/UBO), rue Dumont d’Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France2 Muséum Na onal d’Histoire Naturelle, Département Milieux et Peuplements Aqua ques, UMR7208 BOREA MNHN/CNRS/P6/IRD, ISMER/UQAR, 310 allée des Ursulines, CP 3300 Rimouski (Québec), Canada G5L 3A1

__________________

*corresponding author: clemence.royer@univ-‐brest.fr

To compensate for the lack of high resolu on data on varia on in environmental parameters before

the establishment of monitoring networks, we evaluated the poten al of dog cockle shells (Glycymeris

glycymeris, Linnaeus, 1758) as archives for seawater temperature. The dog cockle is a long-‐lived bivalve

mollusk species with a broad biogeographic distribu on on the Northeastern Atlan c con nental shelf

(Cape Verde to Norway). Shell cross-‐sec ons present dis nct and easily iden fiable growth increments.

In order (1) to confirm the annual periodicity of increment forma on, and (2) to assess the poten al of

this species as reliable archives for seawater temperature, we analyzed the oxygen isotope composi on

in the outer shell layer of specimens collected alive in the Bay of Brest and in Chausey Islands

(northwest France).

In the Bay of Brest, a high-‐frequency monitoring network has been implemented since 1998. Seawater

temperature data supplied by this monitoring network and oxygen isotope composi ons of young G.

glycymeris aragoni c shells from the Bay of Brest were used (1) to calibrate and then validate a new

paleotemperature equa on, and (2) to confirm the annual periodicity of increment forma on.

Moreover, oxygen isotopic composi on of G. glycymeris shells from the Chausey Islands allowed the

reconstruc on of seawater temperature back to 1965. This study highlighted that G. glycymeris shells

can be used as reliable archives for seawater temperature in areas where instrumental data are not

available. Given the important accumula ons of dead shells in some G. glycymeris beds from northwest

France, this species could be used to build very long master-‐chronologies extending back to hundreds

of years. It may therefore be a subtropical-‐to-‐temperate equivalent to the long-‐lived northern quahog,

Arc ca islandica.

133


Sclerochronology in Scotland using Arc ca islandica – what can it tell us?

Sto K J1,2*, Aus n W E N2, Wilson R J S2

1. Keele University, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment. 2. The University of St Andrews, School of Geography and Geosicences

__________________

*corresponding author: k.j.sto @keele.ac.uk

Along the coast of NW Scotland there are mul ple sites where the long-‐lived marine bivalve Arc ca

islandica has been found to date. The research presented here uses samples collected by the Natural

Environmental Research Council (NERC) SCUBA divers from six sites in two Sco sh sea lochs – E ve and

Creran. All six sites have shallow water depths, but a variety of other site condi ons are present – in

par cular sediment grain size, organic carbon (OC) content and sediment water content at each site has

been analysed to inves gate site variability.

Results from a shallow water site (11 to 17 m deep) located just outside Loch Creran have already been

presented in Sto et al. (2010. QSR. 29, 1602-‐1613) and indicate that shell growth rates at this site have

a rela vely low inter-‐series correla on, while comparisons between the master growth chronology and

instrumental temperature data indicated a lack of me stability between the two series. Therefore,

addi onal sites have been inves gated in the same way to determine if this is a site-‐specific issue and

down to site condi ons, or whether this is a wider issue.

This paper compares the results of the master chronology – temperature dataset analyses from all six

sites to determine how the Lynn of Lorn results compare to those from other local ordic sites.

134


Season of annual growth line forma on in limpet shells (Patella vulgata) from warm-‐ and cold-‐temperate zones, eastern North Atlan c

Surge D1*, Wang T1, Gu érrez-‐Zugas I2, and Kelley PH3

1 University of North Carolina, Department of Geological Sciences, 104 South Road, CB #3315, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-‐3315, USA2 University of York, Department of Archaeology, BioArCh, Biology S-‐Block, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, England, UK3 University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Geography and Geology, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-‐5944, USA

__________________


Shells of the hard clam, Mercenaria spp., from the western North Atlan c and Gulf of Mexico record

changes in the seasonal ming of slow versus fast incremental growth with la tude. It is unknown,

however, if pa erns similar to those found in Mercenaria spp. exist in the eastern North Atlan c.

Patella vulgata, the European limpet, is abundant in rocky shore communi es and archaeological

deposits along the eastern North Atlan c making it a poten ally valuable archive for paleoclimate and

archaeological research. We used isotope sclerochronology to iden fy the seasonal ming of annual

growth line forma on in shells from the cold-‐ and warm-‐temperate zones and at the boundary between

these zones. Four shells from the cold-‐temperate zone (United Kingdom and Norway), five shells from

the warm-‐temperate zone (Spain), and six shells from the boundary (near the English Channel) were

analyzed. Cold-‐temperate shells formed annual lines in winter, and warm-‐temperate shells produced

annual lines in summer. A mixed pa ern was found at the boundary. This pa ern in the seasonal ming

of slowed growth across a la tudinal gradient is similar to that shown in studies of Mercenaria studies

in the western North Atlan c. Thermal tolerance is the most likely mechanism for the observed changes

in the ming of annual growth line forma on with la tude.

135


The meaning of the carbon isotopic composi on of coral skeletons

Swart PK*

Division of Marine Geology and Geophysics, RSMAS, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami Fl 33149

__________________


Most of the work which has u lized the geochemical informa on in coral skeletons has concentrated

on δ18O and Sr/Ca ra os for the purposes of the reconstruc on of temperature and the salinity of the

oceans. Even though the companion δ13C data is an integral part of the δ18O analy cal procedure,

many of these data are missing from the NOAA database. The carbon isotopic composi on (δ13C) in

the skeletons of modern photosymbiont bearing coral skeletons shows annual pa erns of increase

and decrease classically believed to be primarily related to varia ons of the photosynthesis of

the endosymbionts. The mechanism involved is believed to arise because during mes of high

photosynthe c ac vity, photosynthesis preferen ally u lizes the 12CO2, leaving the pool from which

calcifica on takes place isotopically enriched in 13C (T. J. Goreau, 3rd Coral Reef Symposium pp. 395-‐

401.). This has been the preferred model u lized by majority of workers whom have measured

δ13C records in coral skeletons leading some to suggest that the δ13C value could be u lize to provide

informa on on insola on. However, there are many other variables in the coral reef environment which

contribute to variability in the δ13C signal, leading many workers to ignore the δ13C signal. Perhaps the

most important of these is the δ13C of the dissolved inorganic carbon water in the environment. This is

influence by the C-‐13 Suess effect (P. K. Swart et al., Geophys. Res. Le . 37), runoff from adjacent land

masses (R. P. Moyer, A. G. Gro oli, Coral Reefs 30, 791), and the overall metabolism of the community

(P. K. Swart et al., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69, 1495). Other phenomena which are probably also

important in controlling skeletal δ13C include but are not limited to (i) seasonal changes in the δ13C

of the coral ssues and perhaps the ra o of lipids to other biochemical components, (ii) seasonal

changes in the rates of metabolism rela ve to temperature, (iii) changes related to the concentra ons

of nutrients which alter the effec veness of the symbiosis and (iv) changes related to different skeletal

architecture of the skeleton. All these parameters contribute to skeletal δ13C variability and the

confusion as to how to interpret the observed signals. Frequently these parameters conspire to prevent

the applica on of simple rela onships to explain the observed pa erns.

136


Valve gaping rhythms in bivalve shells: a chronobiology study on Anodonta cygnea using me-‐lapse digital monitoring.

Radermacher P1, Thébault J1,2*, Peinl M1 and Schöne BR1

1 Johannes Gutenberg University, Ins tute of Geosciences, Department of Applied and Analy cal Paleontology, INCREMENTS Research Group, Johann-‐Joachim-‐Becher-‐Weg 21, 55128 Mainz, Germany.2 Université de Brest, Ins tut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin (UMR6539 CNRS/IRD/UBO), rue Dumont d’Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.

__________________


Over the past decade, an increasing number of studies have dealt with reconstruc on of past

environments using stable isotopes or minor and trace elements entrapped in the calcium carbonate

matrix of bivalve mollusc shells. These studies rely on an accurate, o en empirical, calibra on between

varia ons of these geochemical signals and environmental parameters. However, many of these

parameters, e.g. water temperature, can vary greatly over day-‐night or dal cycles. It is therefore of

utmost importance to improve our knowledge of the ac vity pa erns and the calcifica on periods of

bivalve shells to enhance the accuracy of proxy calibra on studies.

Here, we focused on the swan mussel, Anodonta cygnea, a freshwater bivalve species that can be

easily adjusted to a tank environment for chronobiology inves ga ons. A small and a large specimen

of A. cygnea were collected on 16 January 2008 in an 80-‐ha natural pond near Muxall, Germany, and

kept in a 60 L tank at the University of Mainz. Right valve of a small specimen and le valve of a large

specimen were glued in horizontal posi on on a Plexiglas frame (dorso-‐ventral axis perpendicular to the

bo om of the tank). The remaining valve of each specimen was able to move freely. A er a 3.5 month

acclima on period, shell gaping was monitored for 64 days by means of a webcam (Res.: 352 x 288 px).

Pictures were taken every 20 seconds. During this 8-‐week monitoring period, the photoperiod was kept

constant (daylight between 7:00 and 17:00). Temperature was kept around 22°C. Bivalves were fed daily

with a mixture of phytoplankton (ShellfishDiet1800), although at irregular intervals in order to prevent

entrainment of biological rhythms. In-‐house tailor-‐made computer so ware was then used to translate

the picture record into a con nuous me series in order to examine the frequency pa erns in gaping

variability.

Frequency analysis indicated circadian and also weekly periodici es. Also, highest magnitudes in

gaping were found par cularly during the night when the lights in the tank environment were turned

off. In spite of no shell material being formed throughout the en re experiment, our results imply

that understanding bio-‐rhythms in freshwater molluscs could be of importance, since improving

our knowledge of the ming of shell deposi on can refine our understanding about the temporal

correspondence of proxy-‐informa on archived in mollusc shells.

137


Li/Ca enrichments in great scallop shells (Pecten maximus) and their rela onship with phytoplankton blooms.

Thébault J1*, Jolivet A1, Richard M2, Bassoullet C2 and Chauvaud L1

1 Université de Brest, Ins tut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin (UMR6539 CNRS/IRD/UBO), rue Dumont d’Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.2 Université de Brest, Ins tut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire Domaines Océaniques (UMR6538 UBO/CNRS), rue Dumont d’Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.

__________________


Phytoplankton dynamics in coastal oceans is a major component of the global biogeochemical carbon

cycle, and is currently affected by global change through modifica ons in levels of primary produc vity

and composi on of phytoplankton communi es. Despite many a empts, no straigh orward

geochemical proxy has been found yet in marine biogenic carbonates for reconstruc on of past

phytoplankton dynamics with high temporal resolu on. Here, we report on sub-‐weekly varia ons of

lithium-‐to-‐calcium ra os (Li/Cashell) along the axis of maximum growth of great scallop shells (Pecten

maximus) collected alive between 1999 and 2007 in the bay of Brest, northwest France. Inter-‐individual

variability of Li/Cashell me series was very low, sugges ng an environmental control on the incorpora on

of Li within shells. Conversely, inter-‐annual variability of Li/Cashell was high, with limited seasonal Li/Cashell

varia ons in 2001 and 2007, and the presence of Li enrichments from May to July in 1999 and 2004.

Comparison of these results with shell growth measurements (increment width) and environmental

parameters suggests (i) that shell calcifica on rate is likely the main factor controlling incorpora on of Li

in Pecten maximus shell calcite, (ii) that seawater temperature has only a weak posi ve influence on Li/

Cashell of this species over the range 8-‐18°C, and (iii) that during diatom blooms, addi onal amounts of

Li may be trapped in the shell following dissolu on of Li-‐rich frustules of edible species in the diges ve

tract of scallops, being responsible for Li/Cashell peaks. Therefore, we suggest that Li/Cashell ra o may be a

novel proxy for ming and magnitude of diatom blooms in coastal ecosystems. Analysis of ancient shells

may thus provide useful informa on on past phytoplankton dynamics and on the importance of recent

shi s observed from diatoms to non-‐siliceous phytoplankton in coastal areas affected by anthropogenic

ac vi es.

138


Stable isotope composi on of bagre (Galeichthys peruvianus) otoliths from the Huaca Prieta site, Peru: insight into mid-‐Holocene mean clima c condi ons

Tombret O1*, Dufour E1, Béarez P1 and Dillehay TD2

1 Muséum na onal d’Histoire naturelle-‐CNRS, UMR7209, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés, Pra ques et environnements, 55 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, FRANCE. 2 Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, 124 Garland Hall, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.

__________________


Today, the eastern side of the tropical Pacific is a desert bathed by cool waters of the Humboldt

current system. Periodically, the Peruvian upwelling ac vity weakens and anomalies in sea surface

temperature (SST) are observed during El Niño events. The reverse situa on is observed during La

Niña events. Documen ng the response of the Eastern Pacific to the mid-‐Holocene clima c op mum

requires quan fica on of past coastal SST varia ons. Isotope analysis of shells and otoliths represents

an alterna ve for reconstruc ng palaeoclima c condi ons because of the scarcity of proxies such as

corals in cold waters. Shell and otolith isotopic records lead to contradictory reconstruc ons of mid-‐

Holocene SST in Peru. The discovery of sea ca ish (bagre Galeichthys peruvianus) otoliths during the

recent excava ons at the Huaca Prieta site (7°55’S) in levels dated from 6641±49 BP to 3547±40 BP

provides the opportunity to extend SST reconstruc ons for the north coast. SEM observa on and XRD

analysis revealed the quality of preserva on of bagre otoliths. Intra-‐individual isotopic profiles in δ18O

and δ13C values were generated from birth to death for seven specimens by microdrilling (Micromill)

and mass spectrometry analysis. Otoliths from four modern specimens origina ng from Ilo (17°40‘S),

Lima (12°0‘S), and Salaverry (8° 14‘ S) were also analysed. Isotopic profiles of both archaeological

and modern specimens exhibited ontogene c and cyclical varia ons. As shown previously (Andrus

et al. 2002 Paleoceanography 17, 5-‐1–5-‐8), δ18O mean values of modern bagre otolith record mean

SST. However, observa on (transmi ed and reflected photonic light, UV light) of growth marks in thin

sec ons and on a larger sample of whole modern otoliths (n = 32) failed to reveal a clear pa ern of

alterna on of translucent and opaque zones. This lack of independent sclerochronological me frame in

bagre otoliths limits the reconstruc on of SST at the seasonal scale. Es mated temperatures from mean

δ18O values of modern and archaeological otoliths suggest cooler condi ons over the mid-‐Holocene.

This is in contradic on with higher SST previously reconstructed at Siches (6450 ±110 BP; 4°40’S) and

Ostra (6010 ± 90 BP, 8°55’S) (Andrus et al. 2002 Science 295, 1508-‐1511) but in accordance with studies

performed on Mesodesma donacium shells (Carré et al. 2012 Quat. Int. 253, 55-‐66) that indicate an

increase of the coastal upwelling ac vity and support La Niña like condi ons during the mid-‐Holocene.

139


A compara ve analysis of coastal environmental condi ons in the eastern Norwegian Sea and southern Barents Sea by means of Arc ca islandica growth records.

Trofimova T1, Beierlein L2*, Basova L1, Sukho n A3 and Brey T2

1 Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.2 Alfred Wegener Ins tute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.3 Zoological Ins tute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.

__________________


Since the 1970s tremendous changes have been observed in the Arc c region. As such, the surface

air temperature within this region has increased twice the global average and according to exis ng

climate model predic ons, this trend will con nue in the future (IPCC, 2007). However, interpreta on

of such transforma on, which results from greenhouse warming, is s ll difficult. This is due to a lack of

knowledge about the influence of mul -‐annual to decadal climate varia ons and the fact that clima c

data from this region are usually temporally and spa ally biased. Therefore, a be er understanding and

further research on the effects and predictability of climate variability is needed.

We examined the growth variability in shells of the bivalve Arc ca islandica which is affected by

environmental factors, mainly temperature or food supply. We compare shells from two sampling sites,

the northern Norwegian coast and Kola Peninsula coast (SW Barents Sea). Both locali es are in the

realm of the Norwegian Coastal Current (a er crossing the border to Russia it is called the Murman

Coastal Current). For the inves ga on of the annual and inter-‐annual growth variability all collected

shells were cut parallel to the line of strongest growth (LSG) and 3 mm thick-‐sec ons were a ached to

a glass slide. A er grinding and polishing, the cross-‐sec ons were stained in Mutvei´s solu on. Annual

growth bands were iden fied and measured. Samples for the stable oxygen isotope (δ18O) analysis and

the seasonality approach were taken using a hand drill and the milling technique.

As our prime objec ve we compared the shell growth of the Norwegian and the Russian popula ons

and determined the external factors controlling the annual shell growth variability in A. islandica.

Furthermore, the shells from both popula ons have been checked for decadal oscilla ons (NAO?

ACRI?). Finally, stable oxygen isotope ra o (δ18O) profiles have been measured to iden fy seasonal

signals and to reconstruct regional water temperature variability at a sub-‐annual level.

140


Stable isotope analyses in archived fish scales reveal stock-‐specific migra ons and decadal-‐scale influences on climate on ecosystem dynamics

Trueman C N1* and MacKenzie K M1

1: Ocean and Earth Science, Na onal Oceanography Centre, Southampton, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, England

__________________


Fish scales are rou nely collected from many commercial fish species as they are incrementally grown

structures and are used in age determina on. Fish scales are composed of collagen and apa te, and

several experimental studies have determined the rela onship between the isotopic composi on of

carbon and nitrogen in scale collagen and diet. In many fisheries laboratories, mul -‐decadal archives of

fish scales exist poten ally providing a record of behavioural response to climate varia on.

We measured the isotopic composi on of C and N in archived scales of of Atlan c salmon (Salmo salar)

sampled from three separate UK popula ons during the return homeward migra on between 1970-‐

2001. We show clear dietary separa on between age classes of fish in most years, with larger, older

fish occupying higher mean trophic levels, and between age classes from different river popula ons.

The isotopic composi on of carbon in marine ecossytems ul mately depends on phytoplankton, and

in plankton, carbon isotopes vary largely with temperature. We then used the rela onship between

measured me series of carbon isotopes derived from salmon scales and sea surface temperature to

predict likely feeding areas on a popula on and cohort specific scale. Predicted areas are consistent with

current fisheries knowledge and with growing gene c and tag data.

Temporal pa erns in carbon isotopes preserved in archived scales also reveal long term trends in

phytoplankton response to climate. On broad ocean-‐basin scales, carbon isotopes show a nega ve

rela onship with la tude, but locally, carbon isotopes show a nega ve rela onship with temperature.

This can only be explained by a trend towards smaller phytoplankton cells with increasing temperature,

a pa ern that has been iden fied in the North Atlan c and poten ally has implica ons for rates of

carbon burial, nutrient supply and climate regula on.

141


Mg/Ca-‐temperature rela onship in the shell of the Sydney Rock Oyster (Saccostrea glomerata)

Tynan S1*, Opdyke B1, Du on A2 and Eggins S1

1Research School of Earth Sciences, College of Physical and Mathema cal Sciences, 1 Mills Road, The Australian Na onal University, Canberra, 0200, Australia2Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 112120, Gainesville, Florida, 32611,USA

__________________


There is a correla ve rela onship observed between the Mg/Ca ra os in the shells of many calcareous

organisms and temperature, of poten al use to paleoenvironmental and archeological reconstruc ons.

However, the sensi vity of the trace metal ra os to changes in temperature, as well as the robustness

of the correla on, vary from organism to organism. Here we inves gate the Mg/Ca of the shell of the

Sydney Rock Oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) a species na ve to eastern Australia.

S. glomerata were grown at two loca ons on the east coast of Australia, Pambula Lake, New South

Wales, and Moreton Bay, Queensland for a period of ~1 year. The two sites were chosen because of

their different environmental and temperature regimes. Pambula Lake is a dal lake/estuarine system,

while the oysters in Moreton Bay were located in open water. Temperature loggers were deployed with

the oysters and water samples were taken fortnightly. Water temperature in Pambula Lake ranged from

11–25°C during the experiment period. Moreton Bay water temperature ranged from 11–30°C.

The Mg/Ca within the shell of the oysters from each loca on showed a sta s cally significant

correla on with temperature over the experiment period, with higher Mg/Ca indica ve of warmer

temperatures, indica ng that this species, common in Holocene archaeological midden sites along the

eastern coast of Australia, has poten al as a paleoenvironmental proxy. However, while the slopes of

the two calibra on equa ons derived for the Mg/Ca-‐temperature rela onships for S. glomerata at each

loca on are iden cal within error, the y-‐intercepts are markedly different, indica ng that the rate of Mg

incorpora on with an increase in temperature is the same at both sites, but there is a difference in the

base levels of shell Mg.

Mean shell Mg/Ca reflects this, with a lower mean Mg/Ca of 11.62 mmol/mol in the Pambula Lake

shells, while that of the Moreton Bay shells is 17.79 mmol/mol. Pambula Lake is subject to large influxes

of fresh water from increased river discharge during rainfall events. The consequent fluctua ons in

salinity within the lake can lead to interrup ons in shell growth. The salinity of the Moreton Bay site

remains compara vely constant. We a ribute the offset in shell Mg/Ca to the different underlying

environmental dynamics between the estuarine and open water environments, although the exact

mechanism/s remain unclear.

142


Tes ng the robustness of isotopic palaeotemperatures from Pliocene bivalves of the southern North Sea Basin

Valen ne A*1, Johnson ALA1, Leng MJ2,3

1 Geographical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK2 Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK3NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, Keyworth, No ngham NG12 5GG, UK

__________________

*corresponding author: a.valen [email protected]

Since the Pliocene world generally exhibited a warmer global mean surface temperature than present-‐

day by ~2-‐3 °C it is used as test-‐bed for assessing the accuracy of Global Circula on Model (GCM)

retrodic ons of past climate. This technique provides an assessment for the accuracy of the same GCM

predic ons of future climate change. Pliocene inves ga ons have implied anomalies between GCM and

proxy-‐based reconstruc ons of sea-‐surface temperatures in the North Atlan c Basin (Haywood et al.

2007; Dowse et al. 2009).

Oxygen isotope thermometry results of Pliocene southern North Sea Basin (SNSB) Aequipecten

opercularis from the Coralline Crag Forma on in Suffolk, UK, repeatedly reveal evidence of cool summer

(~16.6 °C) and winter (~6.5 °C) benthic palaeotemperatures, which are equivalent to a cold-‐temperate

climate regime. By Contrast other biological proxies record a warm-‐temperate regime (Johnson et

al. 2009; Knowles et al. 2009; Williams et al. 2009). The anomalous benthic summer Pliocene SNSB

palaeotemperatures may be explained by the occurrence of seasonal stra fica on leading too cooler

summer benthic palaeotemperatures es mates, when compared to summer sea-‐surface temperatures

(Johnson et al. 2009; Valen ne et al. 2011). However, it is important to test an alterna ve hypothesis,

whereby in actuality the Pliocene SNSB benthic temperatures were much higher but these temperatures

were not being recorded by A. opercularis.

This test was achieved by establishing if shell material from modern A. opercularis collected from

a shallow warm ocean region (the modern Mediterranean) records the instrumentally expected

absolute summer sea temperatures of 21-‐24 ºC. This valida on study used a single live-‐collected

ar culated A. opercularis from Malaga; Spain. Both Valves gave isotopic summer temperatures of 25

°C, which shows that A. opercularis shell material can record temperatures that are associated with a

warm-‐temperate climate regime. Therefore, this study refutes the hypothesis that the cooler benthic

palaeotemperatures recorded by Pliocene SNSB A. opercularis resulted from a vital effect, and confirms

the robustness of absolute isotopic palaeotemperatures obtained from fossil SNSB A. opercularis, under

the assump on of correct δ18Ow es mates (derived from modelling).

143


Temperature and salinity variability on a shallow shelf: a mul species case study of Ypresian fish otoliths from the southern North Sea Basin

Vanhove D1,2*, Speijer R1, Steurbaut E2 and Ivany L3

1 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Leuven, Celes jnenlaan 200E, box 2410, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium2 Department of Paleontology, Royal Belgian Ins tute of Natural Sciences, Vau erstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium3 Department of Earth Sciences, Heroy Geology Laboratory, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-‐1070, USA

__________________


Shallow shelf se ngs comprise invaluable informa on about the impact of paleoenvironmental change

on the marine ecosystem. We measured δ18O and δ13C ra os in fossil fish otoliths to assess temperature

and salinity variability in the early Eocene southern North Sea Basin (NSB). About 85 otoliths were

sampled from the NHM (London) collec on for bulk analysis, represen ng 10 stra graphic levels within

the London Clay, Harwich and Blackheath Forma ons. Thirteen species were selected, of which 8

belong to demersal fishes, such as ophidiids, bythi ds and congrids; the others were benthopelagic to

pelagic and probably migratory. To evaluate seasonality, 10 otoliths were sampled from an equivalent

of the London Clay Forma on in the Belgian part of the NSB. Powders for bulk and incremental analyses

were generated by microdrilling the sagi al plane of embedded and grounded otoliths. Results reveal

consistency in δ18O values among different taxa, while δ13C shows discrepancies at the family level,

which can be a ributed to differences in metabolism or food sources. Mean δ18O per species/level from

the London Clay varies between -‐1.8 and 3.4 ‰, which translates in mean annual temperatures of 21-‐

30°C. By contrast, δ18O values from the marginal marine Harwich and Blackheath forma ons are very

nega ve, ranging from -‐5 to -‐7 ‰, indica ng substan al mixing with low-‐salinity waters reduced by at

least 2-‐3 ‰. Restricted connec on of the southern NSB with the North Atlan c, and intensifica on of

the global water cycle both may explain these results. Coeval incremental δ18O and δ13C pa erns show

in most cases sinusoidal pa erns ranging between 1.5-‐3 ‰ in δ18O, likely represen ng seasonality.

Dinoflagellate assemblages comprise a very low number of freshwater-‐tolerant cysts. Therefore, this

range probably represents a temperature seasonality of about 15°C, comparable to modern day-‐

seasonality.

144


Earthworm-‐secreted calcite: a new palaeoenvironmental proxy

Versteegh EAA1*, Hodson ME2, Black S3 and Can MG4

1Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights P.O. Box 233, Reading RG6 6DW, UK.2Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.3Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Whiteknights P.O. Box 227, Reading RG6 6AB, UK.4English Heritage, Centre for Archaeology, Fort Cumberland, Fort Cumberland Road, Portsmouth PO4 9LD, UK.__________________


Although they do not form skeletons, many earthworm species are true biomineralisers, secre ng

granules of intricately zoned calcium carbonate. These granules are frequently found in archaeological

finds and buried soils. We inves gated the u lity of stable isotope composi ons of earthworm secreted

calcite granules for reconstruc ng past environments.

Experiments were designed in which individual earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) were kept in bags of

soil for two months. Two different types of soil were used, which were air-‐dried and then moistened

with three isotopically different types of mineral water. The experiment was performed at five different

temperatures. δ13C and δ18O values were measured for the soil organic ma er, soil pore water, food

(manure), soil air, earthworm ssues and CaCO3 granules.

We present a newly developed palaeotemperature equa on for this species, showing a systema c

enrichment of earthworm calcite by ~1.5 ‰ in comparison to inorganically precipitated calcite.

Preliminary data on δ13C values appear to point to soil organic ma er / food as the main carbon source

for granule calcite. In combina on with ongoing U-‐Th series da ng, the stable isotope composi on of

earthworm secreted calcite granules enables the reconstruc on of past temperatures, and probably

vegeta on and soil organic ma er composi on. We present the first temperature reconstruc ons, using

granules origina ng from archaeological finds and buried soils from interglacials up to ~2 Ma years old

(Gelasien).

145


Elemental to calcium ra os on bivalves – which ones are most useful as environmental proxies?

Vihtakari M1,2,3*

1 Faculty of Arc c and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, N-‐9037 Tromsø, Norway2 Akvaplan-‐niva, Fram Centre, N-‐9296 Tromsø, Norway3 Norwegian Polar Ins tute, Fram Centre, N-‐9296 Tromsø, Norway

__________________


Environmental history can be interpreted based on skeletal structures of calcifying marine organisms.

Trace elements incorporated into the CaCO3 matrix of calcifying organisms have been used to obtain

informa on about ecosystem-‐relevant parameters, such as temperature, sediment flux, primary

produc on, ocean circula on and upwelling. Calcareous proxy records vary in me-‐span and resolu on.

In general, corals and calcareous coralline algae (CCA) have been considered most useful calcareous

proxies for long-‐term reconstruc ons because of their long skeleton record and calcifica on mechanism,

which results in element par oning from seawater that is not par cularly complex. Whereas corals

and CCA occur mostly in the pho c zone, bivalves inhabit a wider range of habitats and depths, and

offer a poten al to reconstruct environmental histories with a daily to weekly temporal resolu on.

However, the element incorpora on into bivalve shells is more complex than in corals as calcifica on

occurs in a metabolically controlled extra-‐pallial cavity.

I present results of an evalua on of Lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), stron um (Sr),

molybdenum (Mo) and barium (Ba) ra os to calcium (Ca) ra os in bivalve calcium carbonate, based on

57 ar cles published between 1965 and 2013. The results of the survey are presented in an alterna ve

visual format in order to structure our understanding on element to calcium ra os, and led to the

following conclusions: although Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca have been suggested as alterna ve temperature

proxies to oxygen isotopes, biological controls in bivalve extra-‐pallial fluid (e.g. vital effects) seem to

complicate the incorpora on of these elements such that they are rarely useful temperature proxies.

Instead, they could some mes be used as proxies of growth rate. Ba profiles are characterized by abrupt

transient peaks, and are o en connected to primary produc on, but the exact environmental cause of

Ba peaks is s ll debated. Mn has also been related to primary produc on, although the mechanisms

of Mn incorpora on may be more complicated than Ba. Fewer Mo and Li studies are available, and

both ra os have been suggested as proxies of primary produc on. Mo has also been connected with

phytoplankton nitrate uptake, whereas Li shows promising results as a proxy of growth rate of bivalves.

Even through elemental ra os in bivalve shells are complicated proxies, they offer a great poten al for

environmental reconstruc ons. More experimental studies especially on Ba, Mn, Mo and Li are needed

to examine their rela onships with environmental parameters, such as elemental concentra on in

water, phytoplankton blooms, temperature and salinity.

146


Ap an (Cretaceous) seawater surface temperatures recorded in the shell of a Polyconites (Bivalve, Rudist) from Basque Country, Spain.

Walliser EOa*, Rogríquez-‐Mar nez Mb, Reitner Jc

a,*Department of Applied and Analy cal Paleontology, Earth System Science Research Center, Ins tute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Johann-‐Joachim-‐Becher-‐Weg 21, 55128 Mainz, Germanyb Departamento de Estra gra a, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/ José Antonio Novais 12, 28041 Madrid, Spainc Department of Geobiology/Courant Research Center, Geoscience Center, Georg-‐August-‐University of Gö ngen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37073 Gö ngen Germany __________________


Rudists are large-‐sized bivalves inhabi ng marine coastal communi es worldwide from the Jurassic up

to their final ex nc on in the Cretaceous. By the end of the Mesozoic, rudists achieved a role as the

major carbonate producer in tropical shallow water carbonate pla orms. Rudist shells are conspicuously

asymmetrical and bi-‐mineral, with an internal nacreous aragoni c and an external low Mg-‐calci c layer.

Their life habits, abundance and suitable shell structure enable these bivalves to be reliable archives for

unraveling past surface seawater temperature (SST) of the peri-‐Tethyan realm.

Here we discuss the δ18O-‐signal recorded in a Polyconites shell from the Urgonian pla orm limestone

of Ereño, near Guernica in the Basque Country (Spain). In par cular, our goal is to reconstruct the

seawater palaeotemperature of an Ap an tropical lagoon and its varia on on a short-‐term period.

The preserva on of the original shell material and the possible occurrence and types of diagene c

overprints were evaluated visually and chemically, followed by the accurate reconstruc on of the

cement stra graphy. Therefore, it was possible to iden fy the well preserved early marine stages and

the burial cements. Proper por ons of the shell were selected for the analysis of their stable oxygen

isotope signatures. Sampling was then performed using a computer-‐controlled drill bit for a total of 40

samples collected on (i) a 3.5 cm long outer shell por on, (ii) the surrounding micri c sedimenent, (iii)

early diagene c and (iv) burial cements.

In order to calculate the SST paleotemperature (Anderson and Arthur, 1980, SEPM, SC, 10, 1-‐150), it

has been assumed a scenario characterized by normal salinity and a δ18O[SMOW] of -‐0.66‰ composi on,

in agreement with Steuber et al. (2005,Nat.,437, 1341-‐1344). The resul ng paleotemperatures

are constrained within a range of about 5°C, between 24.9°C (-‐2.7‰) and 30.1°C (-‐3.8‰), with

a mean seawater temperature recorded in the marine cement of 27.5°C (-‐2.9‰). The obtained

paleotemperatures from the Polyconites shell and marine cement from Ereño are about 5°C higher if

compared with proposed mean global Ap an SST suggested for coeval tropical shallow environments

(Rauch, 2005, PhD. Thesis, Bonn, unpublished). Nevertheless, they plot well inside the SST-‐range at

comparable la tudes (about 30° N) proposed by Steuber (2005,Nat.,437, 1341-‐1344).

147


Methodological insights into the sequen al banding of modern and archaeological Donax sp. from the North Coast of Peru

Warner JP1, DeLong KL1*, Chicoine D1

1 Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, 227 Howe-‐Russell Geoscience Complex, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.__________________

corresponding author: [email protected]

Sclerochronological studies of bivalves provide informa on on past clima c change as well as human-‐

environmental interac ons of interest to archaeologists. Most studies focus on long-‐lived bivalves (50+

years) such as Arc ca islandica to develop long chronologies, whereas short-‐lived bivalves (1–5 years)

remain to be fully exploited. Peruvian marine resources are affected by seasonal El Niño events with the

ensuing environmental disrup ons influencing the diet and culture of human popula ons. Such events

are not recorded in low-‐resolu on chronologies thus crea ng the need for seasonal proxy recorders

such as short-‐lived bivalves. Peruvian Donax survive and flourish a er El Niño events and they are food

resource in modern and prehistoric cultures. Here we use the short-‐lived and rela vely small Peruvian

clam Donax sp. to develop a sclerochronology methodology to inves gate human-‐marine resources

interac ons and prehistoric El Niño variability.

Donax shells are abundant in refuse deposits at Caylán (800–1 BC), a coastal site in northern Peru,

sugges ng that this marine resource played a key role in subsistence strategies. Modern samples

were collected from the adjacent Vesique Beach and processed to establish a sclerochronological

methodology. Shell measurements from seventeen modern samples (average 15.48 mm width x

24.68 mm length) suggest a lifespan between 12 and 16 months based on shell size to age studies.

Archaeological samples are larger (average 19.1 mm width x 30.62 mm length) implying a longer

lifespan possibly due to different environmental condi ons (decreased pollu on, lower seawater

temperature, etc.) or reduced subsistence pressure. We cut thin sec ons from the modern shells along

the axis of maximum width then ground and polished the sec ons following standard methodology

making adjustments for these small shells. Two sec ons out of 14 were completed intact a er

embedding in epoxy. Magnifica on reveals 38 pairs of dark bands consis ng of finer bands but not

along the en re cross-‐sec on. These dark bands (~0.3 mm) represent fortnightly bundles and fine bands

(~0.04 mm) represent dal cycles as Donax inhabit the inter dal zone on sandy beaches. The umbos

have the clearest banding of fortnighly bundles whereas the edges contain clearer fine bands. The thin

bands in the cross-‐sec ons are not conducive to micro-‐mill sampling for geochemcial analysis yet other

techniques may be used to extract seasonal signals from Donax.

148


High la tude coral records in Japan:Implica on for climate changes and coral adapta on

Watanabe T1, Yamazaki A1,2, Kawamura T1,3, Isasa J1, Nakamura T1,4, Sowa K1, Iwase F5, Nomura K6, Sugihara K7, Abe O8, Sakamoto T9, Murayama M10 and Yamano H7

1Faculty of Science, Hokkaido Univ., 2Atmosphere and Ocean Research Ins tute, The University of Tokyo, 3Menuma-‐Nishi Junior high School, 4Graduate School of Informa on Science and Engineering,Tokyo Ins tute of Technology, 5Biological Ins tute on Kuroshio, Kuroshio Biological research Funda on, 6Kushimoto Marine Park, 7Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, 8Na onal Ins tute for Environmental Studies, 8Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya Univ., 9Ins tute of Biogeosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-‐Earth Science and Technology, 10Center for Advanced Marine Core Research, Kouchi Univ.

__________________


Experimental and model studies suggest that recent global warming and ocean acidifica on have

drama cally influenced on the calcifica on processes of marine organisms. Coral cores from massive

corals (most commonly Porites coral) could provide long-‐term growth histories in their skeletons with

annual bands as well as marine environments during their growth periods up to several hundreds years.

Large massive Porites corals (from 1 to 3 m in height) have been recently recognized at the mid-‐la tude

coastal regions in Japan. We collected the coral cores from two sites at Koshiki island (P. heronesis: 31°N

129°E) and Fukue island (P. heronesis:32°N 128°E) in Eastern China Sea side and from two at Tatsukishi

(P. lutea: 32°N 132°E) and Kushimoto (P. lutea: 33°N 135°E) in Pacific Ocean side of Japan, respec vely.

Marine environments of these sites in temperate coastal regions are characterized as low temperature,

high nutrient, and low aragonite satura on rate rela vely to tropical and sub-‐tropical regions.

To address the rela onship between coral growth characteris cs and environmental changes for coral

survival at high la tude area, we reconstructed environmental changes using geochemical proxies

(Δ18O, SST and SSS, Δ13C: sunlight availability and atmospheric CO2, and Δ15N: Nutrients) and physical

parameters (skeletal density, extension rate, and calcifica on rate) using x-‐ray densitometry. In the

presenta on, we will discuss the possible linkage of regional and global climate/environmental changes

and coral growth in temperate religions and how corals could adapt and survive in marginal and

extreme condi ons during last 100 years.

149


Seasonal growth in Ensis directus, field data in combina on with sclerochronological records.

Witbaard R1*, Cardoso JFMF1,2, Duineveld GCA1 and Bergman M1

1NIOZ; Netherlands Ins tute for Sea Research PO box 59, 1790 AB den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands.; 2; bCIIMAR/CIMAR -‐ Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-‐123 Porto, Portugal

__________________


Ensis directus is a introduced bivalve species which nowadays dominates the benthic fauna in the

Dutch coastal zone. Now 30 year a er its introduc on the species has become an important food

source for higher trophic levels such as fish and diving sea ducks. As such the species now fulfills an

important ecological role. Concern about nega ve effects of human impacts in this coastal zone on this

popula on ini ated a 3 year las ng research program aiming at a be er understanding of its growth

and produc on and popula on dynamics.

Between the end of 2009 and the end of 2012, we followed a natural popula on of Ensis directus in the

near coastal zone at 10 meter depth off the coast of Egmond. Densi es, ssue growth and shell growth

were followed at 3-‐6 week intervals in combina on with con nuous monitoring of field condi ons

such as temperature, salinity, currents, and turbidity and chlorophyll content. This work is compared to

earlier work which aimed at the verifica on of growth temperatures and annual deposi on of internal

growth lines.

The field data show a marked seasonal order in ssue and shell growth with significant shell growth only

taking place at temperatures above 14 degrees . Tissue growth and condi on are largely determined by

the availability of food as well as its quality.

150


Calibra on on short-‐lived bivalve shells (Paphia undulata) and its poten al implica on on monsoonal wind-‐driven upwelling

Yan L1,2, Schöne BR1*, Li S2, Yan Y3

1. Earth Science System Research Center, Department of Applied and Analy cal Paleontology, Ins tute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Germany 2. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, China 3. South China Sea Ins tute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

__________________

*corresponding author: schoeneb@uni-‐mainz.de

Climate of the northern South China Sea realm is dominated by the East Asian monsoon (EAM)

system. The southwest monsoon prevails during the warm and wet season from May to October

and the northeast monsoon in the cool and dry season of November to April of the following year. In

order to test and verify numerical models capable of predic ng possible future climates in monsoon-‐

affected areas, it is essen al to understand the temporal and spa al variability of the EAM in the

anthropogenically less disturbed past. Although exis ng paleoclimate reconstruc ons offered an

excellent insight into longer-‐term varia ons of the EAM, rela vely li le is known on short-‐term

extremes. In fact, the number of erra c monsoons, i.e. individual years of excessive or strongly reduced

rainfall, appears to have increased recently and may con nue to do so in a warmer world (Schewe

and Levermann. 2012 Environ. Res. Le . 7). Due to a lack of appropriate paleoclimate data it remains

unclear if and how o en such EAM extremes occurred during other mes of the Holocene. To establish

a poten al proxy archive that is capable of providing the necessary temporal resolu on, we have carried

out a high-‐resolu on calibra on study u lizing live-‐collected bivalve shells, Paphia undulata. Based

on observa ons, this species is known to be very short-‐lived (less than two years; Winckworth. 1931

Proc. Malacol. Soc. 19, 171-‐174), but it has a broad biogeographic distribu on in Indo-‐West Pacific,

including the South China Sea (SCS), and is frequently found as fossils in sedimentary strata. Stable

oxygen isotope values determined to analyze if the shells were deposited in isotopic equilibrium with

the ambient environment and to resolve how fast the shells were growing during different seasons.

Results indicate that P. undulata captured most of seasonal SSTs from early March to mid November.

Shell growth ceased between late fall and winter. Fastest growth occurred between March and May.

Shell δ18O values reliably recorded ambient SST except for several occasions in summer, which are

significant underes ma ons of the instrumental data. Since the average reconstructed summer SST

(29.1 to 29.7°C, no calcula on of these underes mated values), highly agrees with the observed SST of

29.4 °C, we a ribute the large temperature discrepancy to the monsoonal wind-‐driven upwelling of cold

water in summer. This study demonstrates that shells of P. undulata can be used to infer the seasonal

and year-‐to-‐year variability in a monsoon-‐affected region.

151


Author IndexBold numbers indicate presen ng authors

Author PagesAbe O 148Aciego SM 57Adey WH 49Aldridge A 51Alós J 82Alvarez G 89Ambrose W G Jr 27, 35, 63, 78, 83, 91

Andersson C 34Andrus CFT 28Archambault P 42Arguelles J 29Arkhipkin A 29Armstrong M 120Aspholm PE 83Asplin L 53Aus n WEN 68, 133Bailey TR 84Banker RB 107Barker G 67Barnes TC 113Barroso CM 103Basova L 139Bassoullet C 137Bayer MS 85Béarez P 138Beierlein L 30, 85, 86, 139Bélanger S 42Benhamada S 60Bentley MJ 106Bera MK 71Berge J 78Bergman M 149Bertrand L 95Beyer K 108Bigelow GF 27Bijl P 77Black BA 31, 37, 87, 96Black S 144Bograd S 31Borges C 88Bougeois L 32Bouillon S 44, 97Brey T 30, 33, 34, 85, 86, 89,

108, 139

Brocas W 90, 130

Brummer G-‐JA 109Bukša F 66Bušelić I 66Butler PG 34, 66, 68, 102, 106

Butler S 84Cage AG 68

Cam E 114, 117Can MG 144Capoulade M 69Cardoso JFMF 149Carroll M 34, 35, 63, 78, 83, 91Chan P 37Chauvaud L 42, 53, 69, 114 , 115, 117, 132, 137Checkley Jr DM 55Chenery SRN 92, 120, 130, 131

Cherns L 84Chicoine D 111, 147Christensen G 83Clark N 36Clarke LJ 93, 101

Clavier J 114, 115, 117Cobb RM 94Cook PK 95Co er F 78Coulson PG 70, 96Croke B 58Crowley QG 124Cugier P 118Curry GB 84Dabas E 98Davidson MI 97Davies CA 98Davis-‐Foust SL 37de Nooijer L 32de Rafelis M 32, 56, 116Decrouy L 99DeLong KL 38, 94, 111, 147Dillehay TD 138Doubleday ZA 105, 113Douglas DC 87Driscoll R 40Driscoll RE 100Dufour E 39, 65, 88, 95, 138Duineveld GCA 149Dujon ATLE 53Dull W-‐Chr 129Dumont D 42Dupont-‐Nivet G 32Du on A 76, 141Eggins S 76, 141Eller A 91Elliot ME 40, 100

Ellis M 36Endo K 51Esper J 50Ezgeta-‐Balić D 66, 127Fablet R 65

152


Felis T 90Feng M 70Ferguson GJ 113Ferguson SH 62, 121Finlayson A 54Flannery JA 38, 94Fly-‐Sainte-‐Marie J 118Fowler AJ 105Frank D 31Freitas P 34, 101, 102Füllenbach CS 41Gaard E 61Gaillard B 42Galante-‐Oliveira S 103Gallagher TL 37Garbe-‐Schönberg D 129Garcia-‐March JR 104García-‐Reyes M 31Gaspar M 102Geffen AJ 43, 123

Gerdeaux D 65Ghosh P 77Gillanders BM 37, 45, 47, 105 , 113

Gillikin DP 44, 65, 97, 107Glamuzina B 127Goepfert N 39Goodwin DH 46, 97, 107Gordillo S 85, 89, 108Gosselin M 42Grammer GL 47Grbec B 66Griffin D 31Griffin SM 79Grossman EL 48Grouard S 88Grove CA 109, 129

Guichard N 60Gu érrez-‐Zugas I 134Hal NG 96Halden N 121Halfar J 49Hamlin R 73Harper EM 54Hartley JP 130, 131Hawthorne PJ 47Helser TE 87Hetzinger S 49, 129

Hodson ME 144Hoey TBH 73Hofmann EE 59Holland HA 50Hollyman P 66, 92, 110, 130, 131

Hood R 111Hop H 78Huche e S 115

Hudley J 112Hudson JH 94Hunt C 67Hunter E 74Irvine GV 72Isasa J 148Ivany L 52, 77, 143Iwase F 80, 148Izzo C 47, 113Jackson AL 124Jacob DE 49Jean F 118Jeffries TE 51Johnson ALA 54, 122, 142Johnson BJ 35Johnston AE 27Jolivet A 44, 53, 114, 115, 117, 137Jones NE 131Jones WA 37, 55Jurić I 128Kawamura T 148Kelley PH 134Kennaway S 73Kennedy H 93, 101Kers ng DK 104King S 73Klicpera A 125Klinck JM 59Knoeller K 126Knowles T 54Kölling M 90Kooijman SALM 65Kreutz KJ 79Kruse GH 87Kunz BE 49Languille M-‐A 95LaRosa S 83Larsen BM 83Lartaud F 56, 116Lavaud R 118Lazure P 114Le Bris N 56, 116Le Goff C 53, 114, 115, 117, 118Le Roy N 60Lear CH 84Leng MJ 36, 54, 142Lewis SE 58Li S 150Lin K 38Lipowsky C 50Liu Y-‐W 57Locke WL 27, 78, 35, 83, 91Lohmann G 90Lomovasky B 89, 108López-‐Correa M 125

153


Lorrain A 44, 65Loureiro IM 102Lower EE 79Luckenbach M 110Machado J 103MacKenzie KM 140Mallela J 58Manfrino C 129Mann R 59Marali S 119Marçal A 103Marie B 60Marin F 60Marquez-‐Aliaga A 104Marrio AL 92, 120Martel A 42Masquelier P 69Matras U 61Ma hews CJD 37, 62, 121Maupin CR 38Mazloumi N 105McCarthy ID 120McDermo F 124McDonald I 84McGowan A 73Mecking JV 49Meekan M 70Meeuwig JJ 70Merschel G 109Me am C 122Me e M 63Méziane T 42Mocuta C 95Morales-‐Nin B 43, 82, 123Morize E 98Morton B 128Mouchi V 124Mueter FJ 87Müller P 125Munaron J-‐M 98Munroe DM 59Murayama M 148Nakamura T 148Nasreddine K 115Nedoncelle K 56Nehrke G 86Németh A 64Newman SJ 70Nguyen HM 70Nicollin F 32Nisbet RM 65Nomura K 148Nunn EV 122O’Connell TC 67O’Dea A 48

Olivier F 42, 132Opdyke B 76, 141Oppelt A 126Palmer M 82Pareige S 116Patry Y 114Paulet YM 65Peck LS 106Pecquerie L 65Peharda M 34, 66, 127, 128

Peinl M 136Pérez-‐Huerta A 51Poore RZ 38Po er IC 96Powell EN 59Prendergast AL 67Prusina I 127Puljas S 127, 128Quilty P 36Quinn TM 38Radermacher P 136Ramos-‐Silva P 60Reich CD 94Reichart G-‐J 32Reitner J 146Renaud PE 78Retelle MJ 63Reynolds DJ 66, 68, 102

Ribas F 103Richard M 137Richardson CA 66, 68, 92, 93, 101, 102, 106, 110, 120, 130, 131Robbins JA 48Rocha C 126Rodriguez-‐Ramirez A 109Rogríquez-‐Mar nez M 146Román-‐González A 66, 106Romanek CS 107Rountrey AR 70Roussel S 115Royer C 69, 132Ryan SK 35Rykaczewski R 31Sakamoto T 148Salvigsen O 30Samanta A 71Sarkar A 71Sayer MDJ 68Scheffers S 90Scholz D 90Schöne BR 34, 41, 54, 72, 115, 119, 122, 136, 150Scourse JD 34, 66, 68, 102, 106Sevastopulo GD 124Shcherbich Z 29

154


Shen C-‐C 38Smellie J 36Sowa K 148Speijer R 77, 143Stahle D 31Štambuk-‐Giljanović N 128Steingrund P 61Steurbaut E 77, 143Stevens RE 67Stockwell M 98Sto KJ 133Strand Ø 53, 114, 117Sturrock A M 74Sugihara K 148Sukho n A 139Surge D 104, 112, 134Swart PK 135Sydeman WJ 31Sztanó O 64Tao K 48Thébault J 34, 42, 69, 114 , 115, 132, 136, 137Thomas R 73Tjallingii R 109Tombret O 95, 138Tous P 125Tremblay R 42Trofimova T 139Trueman CN 74, 120, 140Tsunogai U 80Tudhope A 100Tütken T 75Tynan S 76, 141Valen ne A 54, 142Vanhove D 77, 143Vennemann TW 99Vernet R 125Versteegh EAA 144Vihtakari M 78, 145Vilibić I 66von Biela VR 87von Reumont J 129Waite AM 70Wakefield CB 70Walliser EO 146Wanamaker AD 34, 57, 63, 68, 79, 94Wang T 134Wang YG 104Warner JP 147Watanabe T 80, 148Wa ers GT 97, 107Welsh K 40, 100Westphal H 125Williams M 36, 54Williams SM 68

Wilson RJS 133Witbaard R 34, 149Wolf S 60Yamano H 80, 148Yamashiro C 29Yamazaki A 80, 148Yan L 150Yan Y 150Yang P 121Zack T 49Zalaziewicz J 36Zimmerman CE 87Zinke J 109Zorita E 34

155


notes

156


notes

157


158


OE

A

La

bo

ra

torie

s

Ltd

, b

ase

d

in

Co

rn

wa

ll,

ma

nu

factu

re

a

nd

se

ll

hig

h

qu

ali

ty

pro

du

cts f

or e

lem

en

tal a

na

lyse

r a

nd

ele

me

nta

l a

na

lyse

r –

iso

to

pe

rao mass spectrom

etry users w

orldwide. O

ur ded

icated

produ

con

facility is staffe

d by highly traine

d technical staff to en

sure you

receive

the be

st advan

ced materials available.

OEA

labo

ratories also run a specialist contract ana

lycal lab

oratory an

d

provide a rang

e of ana

lycal services covering

the

spe

ctrum of isotop

e

rao mass spectrom

etry and

elemen

tal a

nalysis. W

e off

er a quick and

reliable service to our customers an

d draw

on over 50 years of com

bine

d

analy

cal experience in th

e fie

ld.

Plea

se visit ou

r web

site fo

r more de

tails www.oea

labs.com

C M Y CM MY

CY CMY

K

ISC2

013_

inne

r_ba

ck_c

over

.pdf

07

/05/

2013

10

:32:

58

Documents

3rd International Sclerochronology Conference 2013 Caernarfon