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    Activity-Based Product

    Costing & Activity-Based

    Management

    diringkas & dituturkan kembali oleh

    ALI TAFRIJI BISWAN- ALTAF -

    P

    ROGRAMS

    TUDID-IVAKUNTANSI

    4

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    2

    Temu ke- Pokok Bahasan Referensi

    4 Activity-based product costing & Activity-

    based managementHM Ch 4 & 5

    FokusBelajar

    Pentingnya informasi unit cost

    Penentuan unit cost dg 2 pdkt/dasar:

    functional-based: plantwide, departmental rate

    activity-based

    Informasi biayaABC: aktivitas & pemicunya, kamusaktivitas

    Pengembangan ABC ke ABM: model implementasiABM, faktor kegagalan

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    Pentingnya Informasi Unit Cost

    Unit cost = wh h

    Nb f , seandaikan BelRing

    memproduksi 100 telp, total biaya $6.000, maka cost per unit

    $6.000/100=$60 Product cost (=production costs): DM+DL+MOH

    Total production costs, meliputi cost measurement (in $/Rp) dan mengaitkanbiaya (atribusi biaya) ke unit yang diproduksi (cost assignment)

    Cost assignment: functional- dan activity-based approaches

    3

    butuh informasi

    UNIT COST

    bgm mengukur dan

    menentukannya?

    konteks bidding

    desain dan pengenalan

    produk baru keputusan membeli atau

    membuat sendiri;

    menerima/menolak order

    khusus;

    mempertahankan/menjual

    produk tertentu

    Actual costing

    (DM+DL+FOH)

    not good for timelybasis

    Normal costing

    (aktual DM+DL;

    +predetermined FOH)

    Predetermined overhead rate = Budgeted (estimated) cost/Estimated activity usage

    1

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    Tahapan Penentuan Biaya Produk berdasarkan

    Functional-Based Product Costing

    Tentukan biaya DM + DL direct tracing Tentukan biaya MOH driver tracing and allocation

    Secara spesifik: unit level activity drivers (faktor2 yag menyebabkan

    perubahan biaya jika unit yang diproduksi berubah), dalam hal ini

    units produced

    DL hours

    DL dollars machine hours

    DM dollars

    Ketahui kapasitas yang dipakai

    Tentukan tarif OH (OH rate)

    Jumlahkan biaya

    Tentukan unit cost

    4

    EXPECTED: output aktivitas mendatang yang akan dicapai

    NORMAL: rata-rata output aktivitas dalam jangka panjang

    THEORETICAL: output maksimum absolut yang

    direalisasikan dengan asumsi berjalan sempurna

    PRACTICAL: ouput maksiumum dapat direalisasi jika

    berjalan efisien

    2

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    Dua Penentuan Tarif OH dalam Konteks

    Functional-Based Product Costing

    Plantwide Rate Single rate, konteks unit-

    level (functional)

    Departmental Rates Multiple rates, konteks

    unit-level (functional)

    5

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    Contoh Functional-Based Product Costing:

    Plantwide Rate

    Data produk telp:

    budgeted OH $360.000; expected activity (in DL hours) 100.000; actual

    activity (in DL hours) 100.000; actual OH $380.000

    Predetermined OH Rate =Bg

    E =

    $.

    . = $3,6 per jam TK

    Applied OH = OH rate x actual activity = $3,6 x 100.000 jam TK = $360.000

    Aktual OH > applied OH $380.000 > $360.000 $20.000

    underapplied ditambahkan ke COGS

    Unit cost sbb.:

    6

    Items Cordless Regular TotalPrime costs 78.000 738.000 816.000

    OH costs:

    $3,6 x 10.000 36.000

    $3,6 x 90.000 324.000 360.000

    Total manufacturing costs 114.000 1.062.000 1.176.000

    Unit produced 10.000 100.000Unit cost (total costs/units) 11,40 10,62

    Apapun jenis biaya OH,

    alokasinya didasarkan

    hanya dg DL hours

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    Contoh Functional-Based Product Costing:

    Departmental Rate

    Data produk telp dikerjakan di dua departemen:

    Applied OH = ($6,30 x actual machine hours) + ($1,35 x actual DL hours) = ($6,30 x

    40.000) + ($1,35 x 80.000) = $252.000 + $108.000 = $360.000

    Unit cost:

    7

    Fabrication rate = Budgeted

    overhead/Expected machine hours =

    $252.000/40.000 = $6,30 per MHr

    Assembly rate = Budgeted

    overhead/Expected DL hours =

    $108.000/80.000 = $1,35 per DLH

    Apapun jenis biaya OH,

    alokasinya didasarkan

    dg DL hours & machine

    hours

    Items Cordless Regular Total

    Prime costs 78.000 738.000 816.000

    OH costs:

    ($6,3 x 4.000) + ($1,35 x 3.000) 29.250

    ($6,3 x 36.000) + ($1,35 x 77.000) 330.750 360.000

    Total manufacturing costs 107.250 1.068.750 1.176.000

    Unit produced 10.000 100.000

    Unit cost (total costs/units) 10,73 10,69

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    Kritik terhadap Functional-Based Product

    Costing, lalu muncul Activity-Based Product

    Costing Pemakaian tarif plantwide atau departmental mengasumsikan

    konsumsi produk atas OH dikaitkan secara tegas HANYAke unityang diproduksi Untuk aktivitas yang dijalankan tiap saat unit diproduksi, asumsi ini ok Fakta, banyak aktivitas tidak setiap saat terkait unit yang diproduksi

    Contoh termudah: setup mesin untuk kelompok produk (batch),satu batch bisa saja terdiri atas 1.000, bahkan 10.000 unit, biayasetup sama...sekali setup dijalankan, biaya setup meningkat Apa yang menentukan biaya setup? Jumlah unit KRG TEPAT, tapi

    jumlah setup adalah UKURAN yg lbh baik/akurat Kritik thd functional-based product costing sehingga penentuan

    biaya OH mjd kurang akurat terutama pada kondisi: proporsi biaya OH terkait non-unit level terhadap total OH sangat

    besar diversitas produk sangat banyak

    Survey: jika total biaya OH 15% total biaya manufaktur, penentuandengan functional-based product costing menjadi kurang akurat

    8

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    Leveling/Kategori Aktivitas seharusnya sdh mulaidiidentifikasi jenis aktivitas, tidak semata yg terkait langsung dg unit produksi

    9

    Unit-level: dijalankan tiap saat utk satu unit yang diproduksi,misal machining & assembly

    Batch-level: dijalankan tiap saat utk satu batch yang diproduksi(jml batch bervariasi, tapi unit dalam batch relatif tetap), misalsetups, inspeksi (non unit), skeduling produksi, material handling

    Product-level (sustaining): dilakukan untuk mendukungberagam produk yang dihasilkan (peningkatan biaya seiringdengan peningkatan jumlah produk), misal engineering changes,development of product-testing procedures, marketing , process

    engineering, expediting

    Facility-level: mendukung proses pabrikan secara menyeluruh

    Contoh kasus: perusahaan penerbangan, mana biaya terkait unit-,batch-, product-, dan facility-level...?

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    Contoh Activity-Based Product Costing

    10

    Items Cordless Regular Total

    Prime costs 78.000 738.000 816.000

    OH costs:Setups:

    $4.000 x 20 80.000

    $4.000 x 10 40.000 120.000

    Material handling:

    $666,67 x 60 40.000

    $666,67 x 30 20.000 60.000

    Machining:$2 x 5.000 10.000

    $2 x 45.000 90.000 100.000

    Testing:

    $0.80 x 10.000 8.000

    $0.80 x 90.000 72.000 80.000

    Total manufacturing costs 216.000 960.000 1.176.000

    Unit produced 10.000 100.000Unit cost (total costs/units) 21,60 9,60

    III. Unit cost:Identifikasi jenis aktivitas menjadi

    penting, tiap aktivitas ada pemicu

    biayanya

    Items: Cordless Regular Total

    Units produced 10.000 100.000 110.000

    Prime costs ($) 78.000 738.000 816.000

    Production runs 20 10 30Number of moves 60 30 90

    Machine hours 5.000 45.000 50.000

    DL hours 10.000 90.000 100.000

    I. Activity usage measures:

    Activity: Activity Cost ($) Activity Driver Amount Rate ($)

    Setups 120.000 Production runs 30 4.000

    Material handling 60.000 Number of moves 90 666,67

    Machining 100.000 Machine hours 50.000 2

    Testing 80.000 DL hours 100.000 0,8

    Total 360.000

    II. Activity cost data (OH activities):

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    Perbandingan OH- Plantwide & Departmental Rate vs OH-ABC

    11

    Items Cordless Regular Total

    Prime costs 78.000 738.000 816.000

    OH costs:

    $3,6 x 10.000 36.000

    $3,6 x 90.000 324.000 360.000

    Total manufacturing costs 114.000 1.062.000 1.176.000

    Unit produced 10.000 100.000

    Unit cost (total costs/units) 11,40 10,62

    Items Cordless Regular Total

    Prime costs 78.000 738.000 816.000OH costs:

    Setups:

    $4.000 x 20 80.000

    $4.000 x 10 40.000 120.000

    Material handling:

    $666,67 x 60 40.000

    $666,67 x 30 20.000 60.000

    Machining:

    $2 x 5.000 10.000

    $2 x 45.000 90.000 100.000

    Testing:

    $0.80 x 10.000 8.000

    $0.80 x 90.000 72.000 80.000

    Total manufacturing costs 216.000 960.000 1.176.000

    Unit produced 10.000 100.000Unit cost (total costs/units) 21,60 9,60

    Plantwide

    Departmental rate

    Functional-Based

    Product Costing

    ABC tidak mengubah

    total biaya OH

    $360.000 (maupuntotal costs), tapi ia

    memperbaiki dan

    mendorong akurasi

    informasi biaya OH

    Activity-Based

    Product Costs

    Items Cordless Regular Total

    Prime costs 78.000 738.000 816.000

    OH costs:

    ($6,3 x 4.000) + ($1,35 x 3.000) 29.250

    ($6,3 x 36.000) + ($1,35 x 77.000) 330.750 360.000

    Total manufacturing costs 107.250 1.068.750 1.176.000

    Unit produced 10.000 100.000

    Unit cost (total costs/units) 10,73 10,69

    Lihat & bandingkanUNIT COST!

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    Informasi BiayaABC : aktivitas & pemicunya,

    kamus aktivitas

    Bisa digali melalui wawancara, shg menghasilkan kamus aktvitas

    (activity dictionary); mendeskripsikan aktivitas penting dan

    atributnya baik finansial maupun nonfinansial, meliputi:

    Tipe SD yang dikonsumsi

    Jumlah (%) untuk waktu yang kerja

    Objek biaya

    Ukuran output (activity output (activity driver))

    Nama aktivitas

    12

    Biaya Aktivitas

    Pemicu

    Informasi aktivitas

    dan atributnya perlu

    digali/diidentifikasi

    Tentukan biayanyapada tiap

    aktivitas/kelom-

    pok aktivitas

    3ISU: bagaimana memperolehi informasiaktivitas, atribut, dan pemicunya (perlu effort

    mendeskripsikan aktivitas yang lebih baik/detail)

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    Contoh Pertanyaan/Wawancara

    Menggali Aktivitas

    How many employees are in your department? (Activities consume labor) Question 1 (labor resource): There are six employees, including me

    What do they do (please describe)? (Activities are people doing things for

    other people) Question 2 (activity identification): There are four major activities: supervising

    employees, processing credit card transactions, issuing customer statements, andanswering customer questions

    How much time do workers spend on each activity? By equipment?

    (Information needed to assign the cost of labor and equipment to

    activities) Question 7 (identifying resource drivers): I just completed a work survey and have the

    percentage of time calculated for each worker. All five clerks work on each of the threedepartmental activities. About 40 percent of their time is spent processing transactions,

    with the rest of their time split evenly between preparing statements and answering

    questions. Phone time is used only for answering client questions, and computer time is

    70 percent transaction processing, 20 percent statement preparation, and 10 percent

    answering questions. Furthermore, my own time and that of my computer are 100

    percent administrative

    13

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    Kamus Aktivitas Aktivitas primer: aktivitas yang digunakan/dilakukan oleh produk atau pelanggan

    Aktivitas sekunder: aktivitas ini digunakan oleh aktivitas primer, misal aktivitassupervisi digunakan oleh aktivitas memproses transaksi, menyiapkan laporan

    Untuk mengatasi kompleksitas, aktivitas yang hampir sama (mengkonsumsi SD

    sama), digabungkan dalam satu cost pool (tarif yang sama)

    14

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    LatihanABC

    4-10 product costing accuracy; consumption

    ratios

    4-13 resource drivers; activity-based costing;

    approximately relevant ABC assignments 4-15 activity classification

    4-23 approximately relevant ABC

    15

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    Pengembangan ABC ke ABM:

    model implementasi ABM

    Activity-Based Management (ABM): pendekatan sistem,

    terintegrasi, memfokuskan perhatian manajemen pada

    aktivitas yang meningkatkan nilai dan profit (customer value

    and profit)

    Dimensi biaya-proses:

    16

    Tujuan sistem ABM: (1) meningkatkan

    pengambilan keputusan dg penyediaan data

    biaya akurat ABC; (2) menurunkan biaya dg

    mendorong upaya continuous improvement

    process value analysis (PVA)

    4

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    Sistem perencanaan mencakup: tujuan

    sistem ABC, posisi kompetitif yangdiinginkan, proses bisnis & product

    mix, ketepatan waktu,

    pertanggungjawaban, dan kemampuan

    implementasi

    Pengembangan ABC ke ABM:

    model implementasi ABM

    process value analysis Sistem Activity-Based Kembangkan

    lingkungan

    perusahaan yang

    continuous

    improvement

    Lakukanpertanggungjawab

    an atas proses

    Gunakan ukuran

    kinerja finansial &

    nonfinansial

    Alat/tools untuk

    mencapai tujuan

    ABM

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    Pengembangan ABC ke ABM:

    model implementasi ABM

    18

    Planning system

    Identifikasi,

    desain, klasifikasi

    aktivitas

    Process value

    analysisABCReduce costs Improve decisions

    Increase

    profitability

    Assess value content of activities: aktivitas bernilai tambah (value

    added): aktivitas yang masih harus eksis, tidak melanggar aturan,

    diskresional (menghasilkan perubahan, tidak dicapai sebelumnya,

    mendorong lainnya untuk perform), tercapai efisiensi, eliminasi

    waste, dan menurunkan biaya

    Lawan: Non-value-added

    Upayamengurangi

    biaya atas

    produk dan

    proses saat ini

    ada

    Kaizen

    How to reduce

    costs?

    Elimination

    aktivitas, selectionaktivitas (pilih),

    reduction (mis.

    waktu), dan

    activity sharing

    1

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    Contoh Aktivitas Tidak Bernilai Tambah (Non-

    Value Added Activities)

    Reordering parts, expediting production, rework defective parts Warranty work, handling customer complaints, and reporting defects

    Scheduling: determining when different products have access to processes

    (or when and how many setups must be done) and how much will be

    produced

    Moving: moving materials, WIP, and FG from one department to another. Waiting: An activity in which materials or work in process use time and

    resources by waiting on the next process.

    Inspecting: ensuring that the product meets specifications.

    Storing: keeping a good or material is held in inventory.

    19

    Inspeksi, boleh jadi penting, tapi itu TDK dibutuhkan kalau produksi benar sejak awal,

    oleh karenanya inspeksi tidak menambah nilai bagi pelanggan. Tantangan analisis

    aktivitas untuk menemukan cara mengurangi aktivitas tak bernilai tambah tsb.

    Kunci: Aktivitas menyerap waktu, SD lain, tapi tidak menambah nilai bagi pelanggan

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    Activity Volume Variance; Unused Activity Capacity; Value- and

    Non-Value-Added Cost Reports; Kaizen Standards

    Formula

    Notice that the value-added standards (SQ) for rework and inspection call for their

    elimination; the value-added standard for setups calls for a zero setup time.

    20

    Trend reporting

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    Activity Volume Variance; Unused Activity

    Capacity; Value- and Non-Value-Added Cost

    Reports; Kaizen Standards Seandaikan, ada aktivitas inspeksi untuk batch silinder hidrolik, diskedulkan sebanyak 60

    batch (kapasitas diminta 60 batch). Tiap satu pengawas inspeksi 20 batch, @gaji $40,000

    budgeted cost of the activity capacity $120,000 (ini biaya SD (TK) pemakaian).

    Budgeted activity rate $2,000 per batch ($120,000/60). Asumsikan bahwa inspeksi adl

    non-value-added activity, SQ 0 adl value added standard. Penyelesaian aktual 40 batch

    Karena supply > demand, manajemen dapat mengurangi jumlah aktivitas yangdisediakan, maka unused capacity variance, beda activity availability (AQ) dan activity

    usage (AU) harus dipahami. Tujuannya: mengurangi permintaan aktivitas sampai unused

    capacity variance sama dengan activity volume variance

    21

    Value-added cost =

    SQ x SP

    Non-valued added

    cost = (AQSQ)SP

    Makin kecil biaya,

    makin bagus

    reduce cost (Kaizen)

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    Pengembangan ABC ke ABM:

    model implementasi ABM

    22

    Planning system

    Identifikasi,

    desain, klasifikasi

    aktivitas

    Process value

    analysisABCReduce costs Improve decisions

    Increase

    profitability

    Define root cause: pahami penyebab biaya dilihat dari faktor

    input dan output (hal mendasar)

    Establish performance measure: efisiensi (keterikatan input dan

    output); quality (kerjakan hal tepat pertama kali); dan time

    (waktu terpendek) Trend reporting, Kaizen, benchmarking

    (best practices), life-cycle (ABC-supplier costing) Search for improvement opportunities

    Upayamengurangi

    biaya atas

    produk dan

    proses saat ini

    ada

    How to reduce

    costs?

    Elimination

    aktivitas, selectionaktivitas (pilih),

    reduction (mis.

    waktu), dan

    activity sharing

    2 3 4

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    Faktor Kegagalan ABMSistem

    Pertanggungjawaban dan Pembenahan Proses

    Implementing ABM waspadai kegagalan akibat lack of support, gagalintegrasikan sistem baru

    ABM and Responsibility Accounting a fundamental tool of managerialcontrol, mencakup (1) assigning responsibility, (2) establishing performance

    measures or benchmarks, (3) evaluating performance, and (4) assigning rewards Tiga sistem akuntansi pertanggungjawaban:financial (functional)-based, activity-

    based, and strategic-based responsibility accounting

    23

    Process improvement: peningkatan

    inkremental, efisiensi dari proses

    yang sdh ada

    Process innovation (business

    reengineering): proses/cara baru

    secara radikal, peningkatan

    dramatik (waktu, kualitas, efisiensi)

    Process creation: pemasangan

    proses baru menyeluruh untuk

    memenuhi tujuan pelanggan dan

    keuangan

    Tiga pilihan

    perbaikan PROSESImplementing

    ABMimprove

    process

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    Activity-Based Customer & Supplier Costing

    By applying the approach of activity-based costing to customers andsuppliers, managers can identify & reduce true cost of theserelationships ABC shows comparative cost of larget & smaller customers, assuming

    same number of units sold

    Identifies costs other than price such as quality reliability delivery timeliness

    for management to consider when selecting suppliers

    24

    Large Customer 10 Smaller Customers

    Order-filling costs $ 4,000 $ 400,000

    Sales force costs 10,000 210,000

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    Tugas/LatihanABM

    5-14 activity analysis; activity drivers;

    driver analysis; and behavioral effects

    5-15 kaizen costing

    scenario (p. 165)

    25