55 陳冠博 62 陳夢蝶 指導老師 : 周淑娥 助教 : 徐永強.  Mental Deterioration/ Dementia  Age related= 10% at age 65, 35% at age 85  Symptoms:  Confusion

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Mental Deterioration/ DementiaAge related= 10% at age 65, 35% at age 85Symptoms:ConfusionMemory loss + cant acquire new memoriesLanguage breakdownUnable to recognize people> Suspicion + HostilityGradual loss of function (motor) > difficulty speaking, swallowing and walking

Hippocampus

Patients brain tissues have decreased number of neurons and synapse.Plaquesabnormal proteins that form between neuronstanglesirregular proteins that form within the neurons

APP andSecretase and SecretaseA40A42Easily dissociatePlaquesDifficult to dissociate

Microtubules disintegrate

Neuron deaths Shrinkage of tissue Hard to identify while alivePostmortem() finding can identify Alzheimers: 1. Amyloid plaque 2. Neurofibriallary tanglesCURES?No cure. Only drugs to relieve symptoms>anti-acetylcholiesteraseMemantine(Namenda)

Age related= 1% at age 65, 5% at age 85Motor DisorderSymptomsResting tremorBradykinesiaRigidity +Flexed posture-> postural instabilityShuffling gaitForward-flexed posture when walkingMask-like face, small handwriting

Cause:Neurons in the midbrain that normally release dopamine at synapse of basal nuclei and substantia nigra diedDetailed versionalpha-synuclein (SNCA) + ubiquitin= lewy bodies= accumulate

Cure?No cure. Attempts= brain surgery, deep-brain stimulation, L-dopa, and dopamine-secreting neuron implantation.

L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine)naturally-occurring dietary supplement and psychoactive drug found in certain kinds of food and herbssynthesized from L-tyrosine in the mammalian body and brain> enter CNS> converted to dopamineL-DOPA can cross blood-brain barrier, but dopamine cannot

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-DOPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewy_bodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease

Thank you for your attention

20%

APP -alpha, beta, and gamma-SecretaseAPP -- APP -40A40 APP -- APP -42A42Plaques

Tau TauopathyTau Microtubule Tau Tau Neurofibrillary Tangles () *Diagnoses:Alzheimers diseaseCT/PET/MRI/fMRI scan/ X-ray () Alzheimers DiseaseAlzheimers disease,

- Memantine(Namenda) ,, * (rigidity):(resting tremor):(postural instability): *(basal ganglia)(substantial nigra)dopamine Dopamine> acetylcholine>

Cause detail: parkinsons ()SNCA gene alpha-synuclein protein Lewy bodies((abnormal aggregates of protein that develop inside nerve cells). alpha-synucleinubiquitin.

parkinsons diseaseparkinsons? 15% of individuals with PD PD

dopamine-secreting neuron implantation= potential cure= midbrain or basal nuclei()> motor control recoverL-dopa, 'levodopa'L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine)() L-tyrosine

Dopamine blood-brain barrier, dopamineprecursor L-dopaL-dopa(CNS), DOPA decarboxylase(DDC)dopaminedopamineviatmin B6pyridoxine (viatmine B6)**