6]«8 olgog cfGbf]ngsf - bishnurimal.com.np … · /fi6« a}+s sd{rf/L ;+3sf] nflu k]h 2 df3 @), @)^# Patterson's Pyramid of wage: Global Wage model 300 workers Poverty wage 100 workers

$Page 1: 6]«8 olgog cfGbf]ngsf - bishnurimal.com.np … · /fi6« a}+s sd{rf/L ;+3sf] nflu k]h 2 df3 @), @)^# Patterson's Pyramid of wage: Global Wage model 300 workers Poverty wage 100 workers$
/fi6« a}+s sd{rf/L ;+3sf] nflu k]h 1 df3 @), @)^#

6]«8 o"lgog cfGbf]ngsf ljBdfg tyf ;[lht r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf s;/L<

s= ljZj:t/df b]lvPsf] /f]huf/ ;DaGw -Employment Pattern_ sf kl/jlt{t k|j[lQx?

ljZj >d zlQmsf] ;+Vof / ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g eO{ /x]sf] 5. ljZj >d zlQmsf] cTolws ;+Vof ljsfl;n b]zdf 5 . !% jif{ dflysf $ c/a ^) s/f]8 >lds dWo] # c/j eGbf al9 -*$ k|ltzt_ Plzof–k|zfGt If]q, clk|msf, n]l6g cd]l/sf tyf Sof/]ljog If]q / o'/f]ksf :jtGq /fHox?sf] ;+3 -l;cfOP;_ tyf blIf0f o'/f]kdf s]Gb|Lt 5g\ . of] >d zlQmsf] $) k|ltzt rLg / ef/tdf dfq} 5 .

/f]huf/Ldf dlxnf >dsf] cg'kft al9/x]sf] 5 . ljZj >d zlQmdf dlxnf ;xeflutf $) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . oBkL >d zlQm leq dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] cg'kft c;Gt'lnt b]lvG5, pgLxsf] cTolws ;+Vof 3/]n' sfd, :ofxf/ ;';f/ / s[lif h:tf cgf}krfl/s cy{tGqdf ;3g 5 .

dlxnfx?sf] sdfO{ k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf sd 5, / pgLx?sf] ;3gtf j[lt ljsf;sf] sd ;+efjgf ePsf] c;'/lIft /f]huf/Ldf 5 . a]/f]huf/ ;d'xdf klg dlxnfsf] ;+Vof Hofbf /x]sf] -& s/f]8 () nfv_ 5 .

pd]/ kfs]sf -j[4_ >d zlQmdf klg k'?ifsf] ;+Vof sd / dlxnfsf] ;+Vof Hofbf 5 .

>d zlQmdf o'jf ;xeflutf cf]/fnf] nfu]sf] 5 / o'jf a]/f]huf/ ;+Vof al9 /x]sf] 5 .

ljZj pTkfbg k|0ffnL ljsl;t / lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . h'g q]mtf cfwfl/t -jfo/ l8«eg_, pTkfbs cfwfl/t -k|f]8\o';/ l8«eg_, / !(() sf] bzs kl5 OG6/g]6 cfwfl/t - OG6/g]6 cf]l/oG6]8_ u/L # k|s[ltdf b]vf k/]sf] 5. t/ ;f/df ljsf;l;n b]zsf s'g} klg :yfgLo sDkgLx?n] ljsfl;t b]zsf] pTkfbs;+u ;fOgf] gu“f;L l6Sg} g;Sg] l:ylt k}bf ePsf] 5 .

ljZjsf] /f]huf/Ldf cf}Bf]lus >d cf]/fnf] nfUg] / ;]jf If]qsf] /f]huf/L lj:tf/ x'g] kl/b[Zo k/]sf] 5.

cGt/fli6«o ?kdf >dsf nflu cfk|jf;g a9L /x]sf] 5 . ;g\, @))) sf] tYof+s cg';f/ * s/f]8 ^) nfv cfk|jfl; >ldsx? dWo] # s/f]8 $) nfv ljsf;l;n If]qaf6 lyP . h;df cfwf dlxnf 5g\ .

cfk|jf;Ldf @ k|sf/ 5g\– pRr bIfM eg] h:tf] bfd / sfd kfpg] / cbIfM js{ k/ld6, le;f ;d]t gkfpg] / h:tf] ;'s} sfd–hlt ;'s}

ljZj pTkfbg

k|0ffnLdf jfo/

l8«eg, k|f]8\o';/

l8«eg / OG6/g]6

cf]l/oG6]8 u/L

tLgj6f k|s[lt

b]vf k/]sf] 5


Patterson's Pyramid of wage: Global Wage model

300 workers

Poverty wage

100 workers

Under-pay

10 workers

Fair wage

3 workers

Living wage

1 Worker

Luxurious

bfddf sfd ug]{ afWo x'g]. cfO{Pncf]sf] @))$ sf] tYof+sn] eG5 cfk|jfl; >lds dWo]sf @$ nfv %) xhf/ ank"j{s nufOPsf >ldsx? ljleGg k|s[ltsf lg:s[i6 k|s[ltsf] sfddf cf];f/ k;f/ ul/Psf 5g\, h;dWo] $# k|ltzt Joj;flos of}g zf]if0fsf] sfddf nufOPsf 5g\.

cfkm\gf] yft af; 5f]8]/ kmnbfoL /f]huf/Lsf] ck]Iffdf uf+p“af6 zx/, zx/af6 csf]{ d'n'slt/ ljb]lzg] k|a[lQ @) cf}+ ztfAbL s} xf] . of] hf/L 5, t/ ljsfl;t b]zsf] t'ngfdf ljsf;l;n b]zdf cem} klg u|fld0f k|s[lQsf] >d zlQm 7'nf] dfqfdf 5 . !(^) df ljZjJofkL ?kdf s[lifdf cfwfl/t >d %* k|ltzt lyof] . @))% df of] $)=! k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 . of] >d zlQmdf ljsl;t b]zdf l;+uf] /f]huf/Lsf] $ k|ltzt eGbf sd s[lifdf 5 eg] ljsl;t b]zdf of] $* k|ltzt 5 .

o;f] x'g'sf] sf/0f ufp+“af6 >dzlQmnfO{ zx/ k:g ul/jLn] afWo kfl//x]sf] 5 eg] kmnbflo sfd kfpg] ;kgfn] zx/lt/ cfslif{t ul//x]sf] 5 . cfk|jf;gn] u|fld0f >d zlQmsf] kfl/jfl/s hLjgnfO{ l5/nL lbPsf] 5 .

ljZjsf] ul/lj ;+If]kdf

b}lgs ! 8n/ eGbf sd cfDbfgLdf af“Rg]x?sf] ;+Vof � k"jL{ Plzof tyf k|zfGt If]q M 214 ldlnog � o'/f]k tyf dWo Plzof M 10 ldlnog � n]l6g cd]l/sf tyf Sofl/ljog If]q M 47 ldlnog � dWok"j{ tyf pQ/ clk|msf M 5 ldlnog � blIf0f Plzof M 437 ldlnog � ;a ;/fx clk|msf M 303 ldlnog hDdf M 1,016 ldlnog

ul/a dWo] #% k|ltzt ef/tdf dfq} 5g\ .

ljsf; kl5 k/]sf] If]qdf cgf}krfl/s cy{tGq al9/x]sf] 5 . cfO{Pncf]sf cg';f/ !((% kl5 u}/s[lif cgf}krfl/s cy{tGq pQ/ cd]l/sfdf $* k|ltzt, ;a–;/fx clk|msfdf &@ k|ltzt, n]l6g cd]l/sf %! k|ltzt / Plzofdf ^% k|ltzt 5 .

o;/L w]/} u/Lj >lds / ltgsf kl/jf/sf] hLjg wfGg] Psdfq dfWod cgf}krfl/s cy{tGq x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

cfd ?kdf ljZj :t/df >ldsx?sf] kfl/>lds u/LjLd} l;ldlt ug]{ k|a[ltsf] 5 . ljZjfsf] @ c/j *) nfv >ldsx?sf] Hofnf cd]l/sL 8n/ @ k|ltzt eGbf sd 5. l;+uf] ;+Vofdf %# s/f]8 %) nfv >ldsx?sf] b}lgs Hofnf cd]l/sL 8n/ ! eGbf tn 5 .

ljsfl;t b]zsf]

t'ngfdf

ljsf;l;n

b]zdf cem} klg

u|fld0f k|s[lQsf]

>d zlQm 7'nf]

dfqfdf 5


u/LjL / e]befj Pp6f b'Zrqmsf] ?kdf lj:j :t/d g} /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d'x jLrdf e]befj u/L >d zf]if0f ug]{ k|a[lt hf/L 5 . hflto, If]qLo, wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts cfwf/df >lds >lds ljrsf] e]befj oq tq kfOG5 .

olx cfwf/df sfdsf] cj:yfdf klg tLj| ljljwtf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . h:t}–

• >lds dfly nlrnf] >d ;dosf] nfuL bjfj 5, pBdLx? æcfk"mn] vr{ u/]sf] k"+hLsf] cg'kft eGbf Hofbf >d 306fdf sfd nufpg kfpgÆ lh2L ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] nflu l;km\6df jf af]nfpgf ;fy sfddf cfpg] jf cGo nlrnf] ;dosf] kIfdf pgLx? 5g\ .

• kf6{ 6fOd sfd s]xL cf}Bf]lus b]zx?df a9L/x]sf] 5 . of] k|j[lQ ljsl;t b]zdf >ldssf] dfusf] ?kdf klg cl3 a9L/x]sf] 5 eg] ljsfzLn b]zdf rflx of] cw{ a]/f]huf/Lsf] sf/0f agL/x]sf]5 .

Joj;flos b'3{6gf -x/]s jif{ @@ nfv >ldsx? o;sf] lzsf/ x'g] u5{g_, Joj;flos /f]u tyf HIV / AIDS n] >d ahf/ c;'/lIft x'b}5 .

ljZjsf w]/} b]zsf 6«]8 o"lgog s]Gb|x?df ;b:otf cf]/fn]f nflu/x]sf] 5. Psflt/ cfqmds k"lhklt, csf{lt/ lg:s[o ;b:o jLr æ;]jf k|bfoÆ ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljsl;t b]zx?sf 6«]8 o"lgogx? v'lDrg k'lu/x]sf 5g\ .

rf6{M! Ps ;o jif{df o'/f]ksf] 6«]8 o"lgog cfGbf]ngdf cfPsf] ptf/÷r8fp

;fn -;g\df_

:jL8]g

a]NhLod

a]not–O6fnL k=hd{gL g]b/Nof08 :k]g k|mfG;

o"lgogLs/0fsf] b/ %

Psflt/ cfqmds

k"lhklt,

csf{lt/ lg:s[o

;b:o jLr ;]jf

k|bfo ;+:yfsf]

?kdf ljsl;t

b]zx?sf 6«]8

o"lgogx?

v'lDrg k'u]sf

5g\


dflysf] rf6{df æO08li6«on l/n];g; Og o'/f]kÆ gfds k|sfzgdf

pNn]lvt ;g\ !*() b]lv !(() ;Dd Ps ;o jif{sf] o"lgog ;b:otfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g b]vfOPsf] 5. o;n] :jL8]g afx]s o'/f]ksf ljsl;t b]zx? h:t} j]nfot, j]lNhod, O6fnL, lgb/Nof08, k|mfG; / hd{gL ;a}df !(*) sf] bzsaf6 ;b:otfdf tLj| lu/fj6 cfPsf] atfp+5. cGt//fli6«o >d ;+u7gn] ;g\ !((& df u/]sf] ;j]{If0fn] klg oxL tYonfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] 5. gof“ k|hftflGqs b]zx? -k"jL{ o'/f]k / blIf0f clk|msf_ / PlzofnL d'n'sdf dfq o; cjlwdf ;b:otf a9]sf] cfOPncf]sf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt 5.

of] kl/l:yltn] …cjsf] 6«]8 o"lgog cfGbf]ngsf] lbzf stfÚ eGg] k|Zg klg v8f ePsf] 5 . !( cf}+ ztfJbLdf ljsl;t ePsf] 6«]8 o"lgog cfGbf]ngsf] df]8]ndf clxn] k'g/fjnf]sgsf] rsf]{ ax; z'? ePsf] 5 . xfn} :yflkt cGt//fli6«o 6«]8 o"lgog dxf;+3 -cfOl6o";L_ o;}sf] kl/0ffd xf] . km/flsnf] 3]/faf6 ;+ul7t ax'ntfdf cfwfl/t nf]stflGqs ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf/L 6«]8 o"lgog cfGbf]ngn] dfq ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;S5 eGg] lgisif{df cGt/f/li6«o 6]8 o"lgog cfGbf]ng k'Ub}5 .

;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf/L 6«]8 o"lgog ;DalGw cjwf/0ff

• ;a} k|sf/sf cfGbf]ng/t ;d"xnfO{ :jLsfb}{, ltlglx?nfO{ ;+ul7t tyf kl/rflnt ug]{ /0fgLlt lnPsf],

• >d ;DaGw :ki6 /x]sf] cf}krfl/s If]qsf] k/Dk/fut æ6«]8 o"lgogÆ sf] 3]/f leqdfq ;Lldt g/xL k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf >d ;DaGw /x]sf] ;a} >d If]qdf sfo{/tx?nfO{ ;d]6\g],

• Hofnf cfh{ssf] lgoldt >ldsnfO{ dfq geP/ ;a} k|sf/sf >ldsx?sf] :jfy{ /Iff ug]{, • k/Dk/fut 6«]8 o"lgog cfGbf]ngn] em}+ cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts ljifodfq cfk"mnfO{ ;Lldt gu/L

bdgsf/L cfly{s /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf] æ;fdflhs d"NoÆ -;f];n s:6_ nfO{ ;d]t ;Daf]wg ug]{ ul/ æ;fdflhsÆ cfGbf]ngdf ;+nUg /xg],

• >d cfGbf]ngsf] km/flsnf] bfof/fdf cfk"mnfO{ pEofO >d–;DaGwdf /x]sf] ljljwtf tyf hl6ntfnfO{ :jLsfg]{ / >ldssf :jfy{nfO{ km/flsnf] bfo/faf6 x]g]{ . >ldssf clwsf/sf ;a} kIfx? h:t}– cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs tyf ;f“:s[lts ;jfn / yfgLo–/fli6«o– ljZjJofkL ;a} txx?nfO{ kl/rflnt ug]{ ,

o:tf] 6«]8 o"lgog cfGbf]ng g} ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf/L 6«]8 o"lgog cfGbf]ng xf] . To;}n] ;fdlhs cfGbf]ngsf/L 6«]8 o"lgogsf] :jfy{ ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f jfx]s s]xL x'g} ;Sb}g.

v= g]kfnsf] 6«]8 o"lgog cfGbf]ng

g]kfnsf] 6]«8 o"lgog cfGbf]ng klg ljleGg k|s[ltsf] r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ub}{ cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . oL r'gf}tLx? dWo] sltko klxn] b]lv g} /x“b} cfPsf 5g\. sltko eg] nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf ;“u} ;[lht x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . o:tf r'gf}tLx?nfO{ a'“bfut ?kdf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5MM

!= /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts r'gf}tLx?

!( cf}+ ztfJbLdf

ljsl;t ePsf]

6«]8 o"lgog

cfGbf]ngsf]

df]8]ndf clxn]

k'g/fjnf]sgsf]

rsf]{ ax; z'?

ePsf] 5


� xfdL clxn] /fhgLlts ?kdf ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf 5f}+ . ;+qmd0fsfn eg]s} …k|ult pGd'v ;+efjgf / k|ltudgsf] vt/fÚsf] bf]af6f] xf] . Psflt/ >lds ju{df cGo gful/sdf e}+m pRr cfsf+Iff /x]sf] 5, csf{lt/ cg]k]lIft cfGbf]ng, l9nf ;':tL / sfg'g ljxLg l:yltsf sf/0f lg/fzf tyf lbSbf/Ln] klg qmdzM lk/f]Nb} 5 . tYon] eG5, k|ltlglw ;ef k'gM:yfkgf kl5sf] rf/ dlxgfdf em08} kf}g] rf/ dlxgf t l;+xb/jf/ 3]/fp tyf wgf{ gePsf lbg g} /x]gg\ . l:ylt cem} ;lUnPsf] 5}g . >d If]qdf c/fhstfsf] /fh 5 . o:tf] ;+qmd0fsfndf g]kfnL 6]«8 o"lgog cfGbf]ngn] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ /fhgLlts–cfly{s–;fdflhs tyf ;f“:s[lts ljifox? o:tf x'g ;S5g\ M

• /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf] clglZrt eljio

o ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf >ldssf Ph]08f -xfdL s;/L /fhgLltdfly >dsf] k|efj a9fpg ;S5f}+<_

o /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] ljlw, k'g;{+/rgfsf] :j?k tyf To:tf] /fHodf >lds ju{sf] :yfg -xfn} 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf cGt/lglxt åGåsf ljifox? h:t}– ;+3Lo /fHosf] cfwf/ hftLo, If]qLo jf s:tf] x'g] eGg] ljifo._

o nf]stflGqs g]kfnsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL -;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] dfu ub}{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] k|:tfj u/]sf] ldl>t k|0ffnLsf lj?4sf] hf/L lj/f]w_

o bfof“ jf jfof“lt/sf cltjfbL, ;j{;QfjfbL zlQmsf] eljio -ljz]if u/L /fhtGqsf] eljio_.

� ax'ntf / ljljwtfnfO{ ;d]6\g] sfdM ;fgf] g]kfndf /x]sf] If]qLo -t/fO{, kxf8, lxdfn_, hftLo -!)! hflt ;d"x, (@ efiff tyf af]nL_, wfld{s -!) j6f k|rlnt wd{_ / ln+uLo -cfwf–cfwL ;+Vof_ ljljwtf pNn]vgLo 5 . ljleGg /fhgLlts sfo{qmdx?df ! bzs nfdf] ljb|f]xsf] sf/0fsf] ?kdf c;Gt'lnt ljsf; of]hgf / c;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ rrf{ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] of] ;Gbe{df 6]«8 o"lgog cfGbf]ngn] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tL x'g\ M

o ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ljlw M s:tf] tl/sfaf6 ljBdfg ;fdflhs c;dfj]zLs/0f -hflt, hghflt, h]08/, If]q cfwfl/t_ nfO{ ;bfsf] nflu cGTo ug{ ;lsPnf <

o blnt >dsf] ljifo M g]kfndf klg hftsf] cfwf/df 5't–c5't, 7"nf]–;fgf] hflt egL dfgjLotfnfO{ k|b'lift kfg]{ c;fdflhs sfo{ hf/L 5 . blntx? >d zf]if0faf6 dfq} xf]Og, o:tf] cdfgjLo ;fdflhs pTkL8gaf6 klg kLl8t 5g\ . o;af6 blnt ;d'bfonfO{ d'Qm kfg{ s] ug'{ knf{ <

o cflbjf;L, hghflt / cNk;+Vossf] ljifo M >d / >lds ju{nfO{ hft, wd{, h]08/, hGd]sf] ynf] cflbsf] sf/0f ljefhg ug'{ >d zf]if0fnfO{ hf/L /fVg] sfdnfO{ dnhn ug'{ xf] . tyflk nf]stflGqs g]kfndf d"nwf/af6 kfvf kfl/Psf] dx;'; ug]{ ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d"xx? s'g} g s'g} ?kdf hghflt cfwfl/t 6]«8 o"lgog x'g' kg]{ ljrf/df 5g\ . of] r'gf}tLnfO{ lrQa'e\mbf] 9+un] ;Daf]wg ug{ s] ug'{ knf{ <

>d / >lds

ju{nfO{ hft,

wd{, h]08/,

hGd]sf] ynf]

cflbsf] sf/0f

ljefhg ug'{ >d

zf]if0fnfO{ hf/L

/fVg] sfdnfO{

dnhn ug'{ xf]


o dlxnf–k'?if ;dfgtfsf] ljifoM k'g:yf{lkt ;+;bn] 3f]if0ff u/] cg'?k ;a} txdf sDtLdf ## k|ltzt dlxnf ;xeflutf / dlxnf–k'?if lje]b cGTo ug{ s:tf] Pkm/d]l6e PS;g h?/L xf]nf <

• >d kIfw/tf sfod ug]{ ljifo M ;a}n] a'e]msf] s'/f xf] , k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} ;dfh >lds ju{ / 7fn' ju{sf] ?kdf ljeflht 5, / >d zf]if0f hf/L 5 . t/ ;dfhdf rsf]{ ;fdflhs pTkL8g sfod /lx /x“bf juL{o zf]if0f cf]e]mndf kg{ hf“bf] /x]5 . To;}n] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ul//x“bf >lds cfwfl/t ;dfh Joj:yf s;/L sfod ug]{ eGg] r'gf}tL xfd|f] 6]«8 o"lgog cfGbf]ngn] e]mNg' kg]{ 5 .

@= >dsf] ;+;f/df /x]sf r'gf}tLx?

• g]kfnL >d ahf/sf s]xL kIfx?M g]kfnL >d ahf/sf] cfag} ljz]iftfx? 5g\ . of] () k|ltzt cgf}krfl/s cy{tGq cfwfl/t 5, h;sf] 7'nf] lx:;f s[lifdf cfwfl/t 5 . >dsf] dfu / cfk"lt{ jLr 8/nfUbf] c;Gt'ng 5, o;sf] cy{ xf]– cfefjsf] jLr hu]8f >d Jofks x'g', h;n] j]/f]huf/L / cw{a]/f]huf/L -cfwf hg;+Vof_ nfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] 5. j}b]lzs /f]huf/L k|lt c:jefljs cfs{if0f 5, / cfk|jf;g tyf bIftf knfog hf/L 5 .

k|sf/ sfo{ynf]sfo{ynf]sfo{ynf]sfo{ynf] >ldssf] lgoGq0f -k|ltztdf_: 0 %....................................100 %

3/]n' pBf]u -;g\ !&)))_

-qmfa6 k|8S;g_

xft] ;Lkdf cwfl/t pTkfbg

• kfl/jfl/s Joj;fo

• 3/]n' pBf]u

• s]Gb|Ls[t sfo{ynf]

cf}Bf]lus qmflGt -;g\ !&%)_

jfkmaf6 rNg] sf/vfgf

7"nf] dfqfsf] pTkfbg

• cfw'lgs pBf]u

• ljh'nLaf6 ;+rflnt pBf]u

kmf]8{ / 6]n/sf] pTkfbg k|of]u

-;g\ !())–!(&)_ P;]DJnL nfO{g sf/vfgf

kmf]8{sf] pTkfbg k|of]u kl5 -;g\ !(&) / To;kl5_ sDKo'6/÷;"rgf cfwfl/t sf/vfgf

• ljZjJofkLs/0f, k"“hL / >d ;DaGwL ljifoM cfd ?kdf ljZjJofkLs/0fn] k"“hLnfO{ x/t/xsf] :jtGqtf lbPsf] 5 / >dsf] xsdf cg]s afwfx? v8f ul/lbPsf] 5 . >d nrstfsf] gfddf …ahf/ÚnfO{ >ldsnfO{ /f]huf/L lbg] ls glbg], Hofnf slt tf]Sg], s]–s] ;'ljwf lbg]–glbg], pgLx?sf cfwf/e"t clwsf/ dWo] s] s] df c+s'z nufpg] h:tf] ljifodf lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . pBdLx?n] cfhef]ln dfu ug]{ u/]sf] æ>lds hu]8f /x] sd Hofnfdf / >lds cefj x'“bf eg]sf] bfddf sfd nufpg] clwsf/Æ o;}sf] cfwf/df

? ? ?


ul/Psf] xf] . sfo{ynf]df lgoGq0f ug]{ Ifdtf ePsf >ldsx? ;b:o /x]sf] o"lgogn] dfq pgLx?sf] xs lxtsf] nflu k|efjsf/L cfGbf]ng xf“Sg ;S5 . t/ lj8Djgf 3/]n' -qmfk\m6_ pBf]usf] ;dodf sfo{ynf]df k"0f{tM lgoGq0f ug]{ >ldsx?sf] xfnsf] pBf]u Joj;fodf lgoGq0f lg/Gt/ sdhf]/ x'“b}5 . csf{lt/ pBdL eg] Joj;fodf x'g] cfsl:ds 3f6fsf] >ldsdflysf] nfutdf s6f}tL u/]/ eP klg Ifltk"lt{ c;'Ng ;Ifd ePsf] 5 . tnsf] tflnsfn] sfo{ynf]df >ldssf] lgoGq0f slt 5 eGg] lrq k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .

• /f]huf/Lsf] 9f“rfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] ;[hgf u/]sf] r'gf}tLM k"“hLsf] ultzLntf / k|ljlwdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] /f]huf/Lsf] 9f“rfdf dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 . r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf >lds cfGbf]ng gof“ gof“ zf]if0fd"ns >d cEof; Jof]xf]g{ afWo 5 . cfhLjg /f]huf/Lsf] 7fp“df clxn] c+zsfnLg -k\mn]S;L 6fOd_ /f]huf/L k|:tfj ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg lgDg k|s[ltsf >d zf]if0fsfcEof; ckgfpg] ul/Psf] kfOG5–

o lgo'lQm kq ->lds kl/ro kq ;d]t_ glbg], >dsf ;t{x? df}lvs ?kdf to ug]{ . ljjfbdf cfagf] >ldsnfO{ ;gfvt ;d]t gug]{ / sfdaf6 j]bvn ug]{ .

o Joj;fosf] cfo' e/L g} cfj:os kg]{ lgoldt sfddf klg clgoldt >d–s/f/ u/L >ldsnfO{ ;+rosf]if, tnjL ljbf, jf]g;, pkbfg h:tf Go"gtd nfeaf6 al~rt ug]{, cf]e/x]8 nfut 36fpg] .

o k|jf;L >ldsnfO{ 3/jf;L >ldssf] Hofnf s6f}tL ug]{ u/L k|of]u ug]{ .

o o"lgog ljlxg cj:yf ;[hgf ug{ dl/xQ] ug]{, >ldssf] ;fd"lxs cfjfh kG5fO{ sdhf]/ cj:yf / jfWotfaf6 gfkmf sdfpg] .

o hflto -blnt >d_, ln+luo / If]qLo lje]bdfkm{t >lds lj?4 >ldsnfO{ g} k|of]u u/L nfe lng] .

o ;a} If]qaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] >lds dflysf] nufgL s6f}tL u/L ekf{O{ ug]{, cflb -lj:t[t ljj/0fM cg';'lr # tflnsfdf x]g'{xf];\_

;g\ !((*÷(( df ul/Psf] /fli6«o >d zlQm ;j]{If0fsf cg';f/ klg g]kfnsf !%

nfv !& xhf/ /f]huf/Ldf /x]sf >ldsdf ^!=%) k|ltzt b}lgs Hofnfbf/L, kL;/]6, xKt] Hofnfbf/L / cGo k|sf/sf >d s/f/df af“lwPsf 5g\ . tnsf] tflnsfn] g]kfndf /x]sf] /f]huf/Lsf k|d'v 9f“rfnfO{ a'e\mg d2t ug{ ;S5 .

• /f]huf/Lsf] ;+/If0fsf] xssf lj?4 >d nrstfsf] sfg'gL k|0ffnLM clxn] …nrstfÚ–Joj;foL, cGt//fli6«o ljQLo ;+:yfx?, ;/sf/ tyf of]hgfljb\x?sf] lha|f]df e'ml08Psf] zAb xf] . nrstfsf] Pp6f d'Vo kIf eg]sf] >ldsnfO{ etL{ ug]{ / lgsfNg] lg/+s'z clwsf/ /f]huf/bftfnfO{ lbg' xf] . o;n] >dsf] …d"NoÚ tf]Sg] xs …ahf/Ú sf] lhDdfdf 5f]8\g' kg]{ dfu ub{5 . To;}n] cfhsf] Pp6f r'gf}tL eg]sf] ænrstf ls ;fdflhs ;'/IffÆ eGg] g} xf] . k"“hLn] ahf/sf] :jR5Gb zf;gsf] dfu ub{5 . 6]«8 o"lgogx? eg] sDtLdf klg sfo{ynf]df Go"gtd >d dfkb08 nfu" ug{ lg/Gt/ >d lgl/If0f k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ ;+3if{/t 5g\ .

k"“hLn] ahf/sf]

:jR5Gb zf;gsf]

dfu ub{5, 6]«8

o"lgogx? eg]

sDtLdf klg

sfo{ynf]df

Go"gtd >d

dfkb08 nfu"

ug{ ;+3if{/t 5g\


• kof{j/0fLo ljifoM jftfj/0f ldNbf] pTkfbgsf] ts{sf cfwf/df of] ljifon] lgof{td"ns pBf]udfly r'gf}tL ;[hgf u/]sf] 5 . h}ljs s[lif pTkfbg, xflgsf/ s]ldsn k|of]u gul/Psf un}+rf nufot sk8f, wfuf] hGo pTkfbgsf] laqmL h:tf ljifo o;;“u hf]l8Psf 5g\ .

@ r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf s;/L ug]{ <

• Psn o"lgog cfGbf]ng ;[hgfM xfdL jiff}{+ b]lv Psn o"lgogsf] k|j4{gdf lqmofzLn 5f}+. clk|ndf ePsf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng xf];\ jf To;eGbf cl3sf] gSsnL o"lgog lj?4sf] cleofg xf];\ of xfn}sf] Go"gtd Hofnf lgwf{/0fsf] ljifo xf];\, 6«]8 o"lgogx? aLrsf] ;xsfo{ / ;dembf/L l;+uf] >d If]qnfO{ cl3 a9fpg pkof]uL /x\of] . oxL cg'ejsf] cfwf/df klg Psn o"lgog lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ ult lbg' cfjZos 5. t/ of] ;“u hf]l8g] sltko ljifodf lj:t[t ?kdf Pp6} k|sf/sf] a'emfO x'g' h?/L 5 M o d"No, dfGotf / l;4fGtM Psn o"lgog u7gsf] cfwf/ s] x'g'k5{ <

o;sf] d"No, dfGotf / ;f+u7flgs l;4fGt s] x'g' k5{ < o ljrf/wf/f / /fhgLlt M o;n] af]Sg] vf; bz{g, ljrf/ jf

/fhgLlt s:tf] x'g' k5{< o bnLo ;+nUgtfM o:tf] o"lgogsf] bn jf bnx?;“usf] ;DaGw s:tf]

x'g' k5{ < o 9f“rfM o:tf] o"lgogsf] 9f“rf s:tf] x'g' k5{ <

• 6]«8 o"lgog cfGbf]ngk|lt sf] wf/0ffM o;nfO{ s;/L a'e\mg]< o;sf] cfofd s:tf] x'g'k5{< o s] of] ;fdflhs cfGbf]ng xf] < s] 6]«8 o"lgog cfGbf]ng Psn–

juL{o -l;+un Snf;_ ;+u7g xf] < -o;sf] ju{ kIfw/tf s] xf] <_ • …ju{ ;+3if{Hsf] ljifoM nf]stflGqs g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df …ju{ ;+3if{Ú nfO{

s;/L a'e\mg] < • cf}Bf]lus ;DaGwM casf] lbgdf s:tf] k|sf/sf] cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw

ckgfpg' knf{ < o ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLaf6 ;a} lrh lgwf{/0f ug]{, Go"gtd ljifo s]Gb|Lo

?kdf lglZrt u/L c? …ltg]{ IfdtfÚsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t :yfgLo ;f}bfjfhLnfO{ an k'¥ofpg], hd{gLsf] h:tf] sf]l86/ldg];g k|0ffnL cflb .

• >d clwsf/M >d clwsf/nfO{ s;/L a'e\mg] < >ldssf clwsf/ / 6]«8 o"lgog bfo/fsf] ;Ldf /]vf s] xf] <

• 6«]8 o"lgog s]lGb|t x'g' kg]{ 7f“pM casf] 6]«8 o"lgog cfGbf]ng sxf“ s]lGb|t x'g' k5{ < -ofb u/f}+, xfn ;Lldt If]qdf clt o"lgog 3gTj 5 eg] Jofks If]qdf km}lnPsf] s[lif, lgdf{0f, :6««L6 e]08/ h:tf If]qdf o"lgogsf] kx'“r sdhf]/ /x]sf] jf x'+b} gePsf] ts{sf] cfwf/df ljBdfg 6]«8 o"lgogx?n] g]kfnL >ldssf] k|ltlglwTj u5{g\ jf ub}{gg\ eGg] k|Zg p7fOg] ul/Psf] 5 ._

• o"lgog lj:tf/ / lgdf{0fM o"lgog lj:tf/ / lgdf{0fsf] ;f+u7flgs ljlw s] x'g ;S5 < -ofb u/f}+, cf}krfl/s If]qdf h:tf] Jx\jfQ uP/ >lds hDdf ug]{, dfukq tof/ u/]/ x8tfnsf] wDsL lbg], ;Demf}tf kl5

cf}krfl/s If]qdf

h:tf] Jx\jfQ

uP/ >lds

hDdf u/]/

x8tfnsf] wDsL

lb+b} o"lgog

:yfkgf u/]/

lx+8\g] ljlw

lj:tfl/t

cgf}krfl/s

If]qdf slt

nfebfoL xf]nf<


o"lgog :yfkgf u/]/ lx+8\g] ljlw lj:tfl/t cgf}krfl/s If]qdf slt nfebfoL xf]nf< ;'ljwf a9fP/ >ldsnfO{ o"lgog sld6Ldf hf]8L /fVg] ljlw ultzLn Psn o"lgog lgdf{0fdf slt ;xfos xf]nf <_

• …dof{lbtÚ >dsf] ljifoM >dhLjL ;d'bfosf] hLjgnfO{ s;/L …dof{lbtÚ ug]{ < dof{lbt >dsf] ;[hgf s;/L x'G5 < s] xf] dof{lbt >d eg]sf] <

1

• >d nrstfsf] …cf“wLÚ nfO{ s;/L e]mNg] < o xfdL lghLs/0fnfO{ s;/L x]5f}{+ -ofb u/f}+ slxn] cf]7] cfqmdstf t

slxn] …Jofkf/ rNb}gÚ eGb} ;dk{0fsf] gLltdf klg xfdL km;]sf 5f}+._ o ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] k'g;{+/rgfnfO{ s;/L lnG5f}+ < cfwf/e"t

pBf]u Joj;fosf] ;fdflhsLs/0f clxn]sf] ;Gbe{df prLt xf] sL cJojxfl/s<

• /fHosf] :j?kM s] xfdL sNof0fsf/L /fHo Joj:yfsf] kIfdf 5f}+ < 5f}+ eg] xfd|f] ;Gbe{df sNof0fsf/L /fHo s:tf] x'g'k5{ <

#= eljiosf] Psn o"lgog cfGbf]ng2

• xfdL s:tf] o"lgog xf}+ < o sltko pBf]u Joj;fodf xfd|f o"lgogx?n] lgoldt, :yfoL

>ldssf] kIfdf dfq sfd u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lk5l8Psf] tyf lgDg dWojtL{ tKsf– h'g ;+Vofdf Jofks / /f]huf/Lsf] lx;fan] sd cfo x'g] tyf c;+/lIft sfd 5, Tof] ;+ul7t cfGbf]ngaf6 ck]lIft dfqfdf nfeflGjt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . s:tf] cfGbf]ngn] k|0ffnLut ?kd} >ldssf g]tfx?nfO{ ultlxg / e|i6 agfp“5 < s] xfdL n]af]/ Pl/:6«f]qmf6 xf}+ <

o xfdL s:tf] o"lgog cfGbf]ngnfO{ k|j4{g ul//x]sf 5f}+< -kLt o"lgog÷ Pgfsf]{ l;lG8sfln:6÷ ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf/L÷ Jofkfl/s ÷ cy{jfbL<_

• xfd|f ;femf gLlt s] s] x'g' knf{ < ;femf gLlt s;/L lgdf{0f xf]nf< -ofb u/f}+, xfd|f] k|rng s] 5 eg]– ljleGg ;+u7gn] Pp6} ljifodf km/s km/s dfsf{sf lgaGw n]Vg]+, o:tf] sfo{qmddf jfrg ug]{+ / yGsfpg]_.

• xfdL s] s] ljifodf Psn cleofg ;+rfng ug{ tof/ 5f}+ < / pNn]lvt r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug]{ xfd|f] Psn ;+/rgf s:tf] x'g'k5{ <

lji0f' l/dfn pkfWoIf g]kfn 6«]8 o"lgog dxf;+3 -lhkmG6_

1 x]g'{xf];\, ;+nUg ;fdlu|M cg';"rL !–dof{lbt sfd ;DalGw cleofg

2 x]g'{xf];\, cg';"rL @M Psn o"lgog ;DalGw cjwf/0ff


cg';"rL !M dof{lbt sfd ;DalGw cjwf/0ff dof{lbt hLjgsf] nflu dof{lbt sfd

clxn] ;do cfPsf] 5, dof{lbt hLjgsf] nflu dof{lbt sfdsf] dfu ug]{ . ljZjsf]

k|ultzLn cfGbf]ngn] clxn] …dof{lbt hLjgsf] nflu dof{lbt sfdÚ sf] cleofg ;'? u/]sf] 5, hxf“ gj:yflkt cGt//fli6«o 6]«8 o"lgog dxf;+3 –OG6/g]zgn 6]«8 o"lgog sGk]m8]/]zg -cfO6Lo";L_ Unf]an k|f]u]|l;e kmf]/d, ;f]l;on cn6{ / ;f]ln8f/ gfds rf/ j6f cGt//fli6«o ;+:yfx?n] of] cleofgsf] ;+o'Qm ?kdf g]t[Tj ul//x]sf 5g\ . cleofgn] lgDg p2]Zox? cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5–

� k|d'v ;+:yfx?, gLlt lgdf{tf / gful/sx? aLr dof{lbt sfd ;DaGwL r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{

� ;fdflhs Pstf, nf]stGq lgdf{0f / lbuf] ?kdf ul/aL cGTo ug{sf] nflu …dof{lbt sfd cfwf/e"t s'/f xf]Ú eGg] a'emfpg]

� cGt//fli6«o, tyf /fli6«o txdf cfly{s, Jofkfl/s, ljQLo / ;fdflhs gLlt ljsf;df dof{lbt sfdnfO{ d'Vo ljifo agfpg nufpg]

To;f]eP s] n] sfdnfO{ dof{lbt agfp“5 < dof{lbt sfd eg]sf] Pp6f /0fgLlt xf], h;n] hgtfnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ lbuf] ljsf;sf]

kl/sNkgf ub{5 . dof{lbt sfd eg]sf] Gofof]lrt ;dtfd'vL / ;dfj]zL ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] nflu To:tf] d'Vo tTj xf], h'g /f]huf/L clej[l4, >ldssf] clwsf/, dlxnf k'?if aLrsf] ;dfgtf, ;fdflhs ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;Djfbsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5 .

To;}n] dof{lbt sfdsf] cy{ e]befj ljgf /f]huf/Ldf ;dfg kx'“r;“u ;DalGwt 5 . of] >lds / ltgsf kl/jf/nfO{ dof{lbt hLjg lhpg k'Ug] hLjgf]kof]uL kfl/>lds;“u ;DalGwt 5 . dof{lbt sfd la/fdL kbf{, ue{jtL x'“bf h:tf tkfO{+ xfd|f] hLjgdf b]vfkg]{ ljleGg ptf/ r9fjdf ;fdflhs ;+/If0f pknAw u/fpg] ljifo;“u ;DalGwt 5 . dof{lbt sfd eGgf;fy Tof] zf]if0faf6 k"0f{tM d'Qm x'g' kb{5 . o;n] ;fd"lxs xs lxtsf nflu 6]«8 o"lgog dfkm{t ;fdflhs ;Djfb ug{ >dhLjLju{nfO{ ;+u7g ug]{ clwsf/ pknAw u/fp“5 .

xfdLnfO{ dof{lbt sfd lsg rflxG5 t < cfly{s j[l4 dfq} kof{Kt x'“b}g, cGt//fli6«o Jofkf/ / cfly{s j[l4n] ul/aLnfO{ :jtM

pGd"ng ub}{g . w]/} b]zx?df s] b]lvG5 eg] ;DklQ hlt s]xL JolQmsf] xftdf y'k|b} uPsf] 5 . ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn b]zsf ;dfhx? lbgk/lbg c;dfg x'“b} uO/x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] dof{lbt sfd eg]sf] k|d'v ;+oGq xf], h;dfkm{t ;DklQsf] k'glj{t/0f ug{ ;lsG5 / ul/aLnfO{ cGTo ug{ ;lsG5 .

s] a'e\mg' k5{ eg] ;a} sfd c;n sfd x'“b}g . ljZjdf !=$ ljlnog dflg;x? sfd t u5{g\, t/ lbgsf] b'O{ cd]l/sL 8n/eGbf sd sdfp“5g\ . ltgLx?;“u of t sfd} 5}g jf pgLx? c;'/lIft sfd ug{ afWo 5g\ . h;/L ul/aL pGd"ngsf] nflu /f]huf/L k|d'v s'/f xf], To;}u/L dof{lbt sfd >ldsx?sf] clwsf/ k|flKt / dof{lbt hLjgsf] nflu d'Vo ljifo xf] .


dof{lbt sfd ul/aL pGd"ngsf] ;f“rf] xf] . ljZjel/sf dflg;x?– dlxnf x'g\ ls k'?if ljZjJofkLs/0fn] lbuf] / dof{lbt hLjg ofkg ug]{ tyf pgLx?sf afnaflnsfsf] pHHjn eljiosf] ;fdfGo rfxgf k"/f u/f];\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . /, of] dof{lbt sfddf hf]8 lbP/ dfq ;Dej 5 .

dof{lbt sfd ;[hgf ug{sf] nflu clxn] eGbf pko'Qm ;do slxNo} cfpg] 5}g .

x/]s jif{ – � dof{lbt sfdsf] nflu ;+3if{/t >ldsx? sfdaf6 lgsflnPsf 5g\, wDsL,

xtf]T;fxgsf] lzsf/ ePsf 5g\ jf dfl/Psf 5g\ . o;} jif{ klg ;o eGbf a9L o"lgogsdL{x? dfl/P, y'k}| xhf/ h]ndf sf]lrP, oftgf lbOP / cS;/ pgLx?nfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd y'Gg] k"hL{ yDofOPsf] 5 .

� ;of}+ xhf/ >ldsx? o"lgog agfpg vf]Hbf jf sfo{ynf]df 6]«8 o"lgog ultljlw ;~rfng ubf{ sfdaf6 xft w'g afWo ePsf 5g\ .

� @@ nfv eGbf a9L hgtf Joj;fohGo /f]u jf sfo{ynf]sf] b'3{6gfaf6 dfl/P, � % b]lv !$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf @) s/f]8 afnaflnsfx? :s"ndf xf]Og sfddf

hfg afWo 5g\ . � ! s/f]8 @# nfv hgtf ank"j{s nufOg] sfdsf] w/fkdf km;]sf 5g\ .

o;/L x/]s jif{ sfd ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] cefjdf c;'/lIft / cl:y/ aGb}5, csf{lt/ cfOPncf]sf] cle;lGw / >d sfg'gx? a9L nlrnf] agfpg bafa a9]sf] a9\o} 5 . o;sf] cy{ xf], rf/}lt/ dof{lbt sfdsf] cefj} cefj 5 .

o:tf] cj:yfn] ;a}eGbf a9L c;/ s;nfO{ unf{ t < o'jfx?– * s/f]8 %) nfv o'jfx? j]/f]huf/ 5g\ . Tof]eGbf klg a9L ;+Vofdf

cw{j]/f]huf/ cj:yfdf 5g\ . o'jfx?n] kfpg] sfd (# k|ltzt cgf}krfl/s If]qdf dfq 5, hals cgf}krfl/s If]qdf kfOg] Hofnf cf}krfl/s If]qsf] t'ngfdf $$ k|ltzt sd 5 . To;dfly klg ;fdflhs ;+/If0f / sfg'gL ?kdf kfOg] ;'ljwfx? z"Go 5 .

dlxnfx?sf] cfDbfgL– k'?ifsf] cfDbfgLsf] t'ngfdf b'O ltxfO sd 5 . dlxnfx?n] ljZjsf] kf6{ 6fOd sfdsf] d'Vo lx:;f -^) b]lv () k|ltzt_ cf]u6]sf 5g\ . o'/f]k]nL ;+3df kf6{6fOd sfd *# k|ltzt dlxnfx?n] u5{g\ .

To;}n] of] cleofgsf] p2]Zo xf], ljZjdf – � cfly{sj[l4 / dfgjLo dof{bf ;“u;“u} cl3 a9fpg] . � >ldsx?sf] clwsf/nfO{ cfly{s, ljQLo, Jofkfl/s / ;fdflhs gLltx?sf]

ljsf;df cfwf/ agfpg] . � dof{lbt sfdnfO{ wgL b]zx?sf] lhDdfdf 5f]8\g] xf]Og, o;nfO{ ljZjJofkL

?kdf lbuf] dfgjLo ljsf;sf] nflu cj;/sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ . � cfOPncf]sf] cfwf/e"t cle;lGwnfO{ x/]s b]zn] dfGg} kg]{ ljifo agfpg] . � /fli6«o tyf cGt//fli6«o :t/df dof{lbt sfdsf] /0fgLlt ljsf; ug]{ / nfu'

ug]{ .


� :yfgLo, /fli6«o / cGt//fli6«o txdf ul/g] lg0f{o ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;+nUg /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs 5nkmnaf6 ug]{ .

� k|lti7fgx?n] dof{lbt sfdnfO{ pgLx?sf] Jofj;flos /0fgLltsf] d'Vo ljifo agfpg] .

� ljsf;zLn / ljsl;t b]zx?df dof{lbt sfdnfO{ clwsf/s} ?kdf a'e\mg], 5nkmn ug]{ / bfjL ug]{ .


cg';"rL @M Psn o"lgog ;DalGw cjwf/0ff

gj:yflkt nf]stGqdf 6«]8 o"lgog cfGbf]ng

nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf;“u} g]kfnL ;dfhdf clxn] cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] gof“ dfxf}n ;[hgf ePsf] 5 . ;+qmd0fsfnLg of] cj:yfdf gj :yflkt nf]stGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ / cu|ufdL kl/jt{gsf] af6f]df cj/f]w ;[hgf ug]{;a} kIfnfO{ kfvf nufpg' nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf ;xofqLx?sf] tTsfnsf] sfo{ef/ aGg k'u]sf] 5 .

of] sfd l;+uf] ;dfhsf] nf]stflGqs/0faf6 dfq} ;+ej 5 . ;dfhsf] nf]stflGqs/0f eg]sf] ;Qf kl/jt{g dfq geP/ /fHo, bn tyf gful/s ;dfhsf ;Dk"0f{ ;+:yfx?sf] k'g;{+/rgf ug'{ xf] .

6]«8 o"lgog cfGbf]ng gful/s ;dfhsf] ;+u7gx? dWo] Jofks hgcfwfl/t cfGbf]ng xf] . of] ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] nflu ;a}eGbf cfwf/e"t ju{df cfwfl/t ;+:yfx?sf] cleofg klg xf] . To;}n] gj :yflkt nf]stGqdf 6]«8 o"lgog cfGbf]ngsf] ;fdflos ?kfGt/0f x'g clt h?/L 5 .

!= ljBdfg k/Dk/f / 6«]8 o"lgog cfGbf]ngsf km/s–km/s cEof;

ljeflht l:ylt g]kfnL 6]«8 o"lgog cfGbf]ngsf] jt{dfg oyfy{ xf] . of] ljefhgn] b'O{ j6f gsf/fTds c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . klxnf], ;'ud tyf k/Dk/fut ;+ul7t pBf]udf o"lgog ultljlwsf] ;3gtf, ax' o"lgogjfb / cfk;L c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ . bf];|f], j[xb tyf Jofks ;+Vofdf >ldsx? /x]sf] s[lif tyf u}/s[lif cgf}krfl/s If]qdf Hofb} sd o"lgogLs/0fsf] cj:yf . oxL jf:tljstfsf] sf/0f g]kfnL >dzlQm leqsf] sDtLdf klg $% nfvsf] ;+Vof /x]sf >dhLjLx?sf] cfjfh PsLs[t ?kdf k|ltWjlgt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

g]kfndf clxn] pBf]u–Joj;fo, ;]jf / s[lif u/L cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s b'j} If]qdf ljleGg k|s[ltsf >d ;+u7gx? lqmofzLn 5g\ . :jfldTjsf] lx;fadf ;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs, ;+o'Qm / lghL nufgLdf k|lti7fgx? lqmofzLn 5g\ eg] cEof;sf] lx;fadf 6]«8 o"lgog ;+u7gx?– æPs kf6L{– Ps o"lgogÆ, æljleGg kf6L{sf] df]rf{ ;+u7gÆ / æ/fhgLlt lg/k]If k]zfut ;d"xÆsf] ?kdf lqmofzLn 5g\ . oL k/Dk/fut cEof; cGtu{t cl:tTjdf /x]sf ;+u7gx? dWo] sltko …>d If]qsf] /fhgLlts ;d"xÚ sf] ?kdf dfq ;Lldt 5g\ .

tLg j6f 6]«8 o"lgog dxf;+3x?– lhkmG6, Pg6Lo';L / l8sf]G6 Pp6f k|s[ltsf] sfg'gL Joj:yfdf lqmofzLn 5g\ . nf]stGq / zflGtsf nflu k]zfut ;~hfn -kfk8_ leqsf ;+u7gx? csf]{ k|s[ltsf] sfg'gL Joj:yfdf ;+rflnt 5g\ . k]zfut dxf;+3–g]kfn -sf]g]k_ df cfa4 ;+:yfx? b'j} sfg'gL Jojf:yf leqsf 5g\ . /, hg cfGbf]ngsf] efu– b'O{sf] qmddf :yflkt nf]stflGqs 6]«8 o"lgog df]rf{ leqsf 36sx? /fhgLlts 6]«8 o"lgogsf] ?kdf lrlgPsf 5g\ . oL ;a} wf/faf6 k[ys Pp6f ;+u7g–clvn g]kfn 6«]8 o"lgog dxf;+3 …;z:q o'4Ú sf] ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ åf/f kl/rflnt 5 .

cg'ejn] atfp“5– …Ps kf6L{– Ps o"lgogÚ sf] cEof;n] ;f“3'/f] 3]/fdf o"lgog cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;Lldt u¥of] . sltko 6]«8 o"lgogx?n] k|fKt u/]sf cg's/0fLo pknlAwnfO{


bnLo cfu|x–k"jf{u|xn] 5fof“df kfl/lbof] . …Ps xf]cf}+Ú elgP tfklg o;n] Ps k|sf/n] >lds–>lds aLr :yfoL ljefhgsf] /]vf sf]l/lbof] .

ædf]rf{Æ ;+u7g :jfefljs ?kdf lbzfxLg /x\of] / >ldsx? o; leqsf] bnLo tyf u}/ /fhgLlts åGådf ;xof]uLsf ?kdf dfq k|:t't ul/P . k]zfut xs lxtsf gfddf cfk"m glhs /x]sf] bnsf] cf8df g]t[Tj k|fKt ug]{ v]nn] a9L k|>o kfof] . …/fhgLlts ;d"xÚ sf ?kdf lqmofzLnx? ;DalGwt bnsf] …s:d]l6s c+uÚ sf] x}l;otdf ;Lldt x'g k'u] .

;xL / ;zQm 6]«8 o"lgog cfGbf]ngsf] nflu gj :yflkt nf]stGqdf oL ;a} cEof;dfly k'g/fjnf]sg h?/L 5 . ljns'n gof“ hudf :yflkt, /fHo tyf cGt//fli6«o If]qn] ;d]t e/kg{ ;Sg] nf]stflGqs d"No–dfGotfdf cfwfl/t Psn 6]«8 o"lgog ;+u7gsf] dfu ;don] ul//x]sf] 5 .

@= gof“ Psn 6]«8 o"lgogsf] nIf, cfbz{ / d"No–dfGotf

gof“ hudf :yfkgf x'g] nf]stflGqs 6]«8 o"lgogsf] nIo– æeljiodf …Psn o"lgogÚ :yfkgf ug]{Æ x'g' k5{ . o;sf] cfbz{ ;fdflhs Gofo tyf ;dtfd'vL ;dfhsf] :yfkgf x'g' k5{, hxf“ >dsf] ;Ddfg x'g]5 / >dhLjL ju{ ;Ddflgt x'g] 5 . Tof] ;dfhdf …x'g] / gx'g]Ú, …sfd ug]{ / sfd u/fpg]Ú aLrsf] ;DklQsf] cGt/ …cfsfz–kftfnÚ h:tf] x'g] 5}g . gof“ ;+u7g– :jtGq, ultzLn / nf]stflGqs x'g]5, b]zsf] l;+uf] >d zlQmn] o;nfO{ cfk\mgf] …k|ltlglwÚ sf] ?kdf uj{sf ;fy :jLsfg]{ txsf] x'g]5 . of] To:tf] Psn nf]stflGqs o"lgog x'g] 5, hxf“ g t ljBdfg …7"nf o"lgogÚ sf] bjbjf x'g]5 / g t …;fgfÚ ;+:yfx?n] pk]lIft ePsf] dx;"; ug]{ 5g\ .

o;sf] cfwf/e"t d"No–dfGotf lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g\ –

s_ lbuf] zflGtsf]nflu nf]stGq / ;fdflhs Gofosf]nflu sNof0fsf/L /fHo Joj:yf -ax'ntfdf cfwfl/t ;dfhjfb_ d"n l;4fGtsf] ?kdf cjnDjg ug]{ .

v_ ax'njfb / nf]stGqdf ljZjf; ug]{ >lds kIfLo /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f k|lt k|ltj4 ;+3if{/t 6«]8 o"lgogx? ;lDdlnt ultlzn Pj+ j[xb\ Psn 6«]8 o"lgog dxf;+++3 dfkm{t ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] nflu lqmoflzn /xg] . g]kfnL ;fdfhsf] ?kfGt/0fsf] nflu lgDg s'/fdf hf]8 lbg]–

� dof{lbt sfddf ;a}sf] kx“'rsf] nflu ;dfgtf � ;xL cy{df hgtfn] 5fg]sf] ;/sf/ cGt/utsf] nf]stGqdf af“Rg], cfk\mgf]

clwsf/ pkef]u ug]{ tyf ;a} k|s[ltsf pTkL8g, zf]if0f / e]befjaf6 d'lQmsf] ;'lglZrttf

� ;fdflhs clwsf/ ;lxtsf] 6«]8 o"lgog -dfgj_ clwsf/ � cfwf/e"t ?kdf– ju{ cfwfl/t ;dfh / ;dfhsf ;a} If]qdf ln+uLo tyf hftLo

;dfgtf / If]qLo ;Gt'ngsf] k|a4{g � 4Gb ;dfwfgsf] dfWod o'4 geO{ ;+jfb / hgkl/rfng


� 6]«8 o"lgog cfGbf]ngsf] k|efj lj:tf/ ug{ /fHosf ;DalGwt c+ux?df æk/fdz{ bftfsf] ?kdfÆ dfq geO æ6]«8 o"lgogsf] clgjfo{ k|ltlglwTjÆ sf] lglZrttf

u_ 6«]8 o"lgog clwsf/ / df}lns dfgjflwsf/ k|lt k|ltj4 /xg] .

3_ ;dflhs ?kfGt/0fsf]nflu zflGtk"0f{ ;3if{sf] af6f] cjnDag ug]{, juL{o–k]zfut xslxtsfnflu ;fdflhs ;Djfb dfkm{t >dsf] ;+;f/df k|efjsf/L >d ;DaGw sfod ug{ ;+3if{/t /xg] .

ª_ cg]s 6'qmfdf >ldsnfO{ ljefhg u/L 6«]8 o"lgogdfly bnsf] lgoGq0f sfod ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] jbnfdf b]zsf] ;du| /fhgLltdf >dhLjLx?sf] k|efj :yflkt ug]{ u/L cfkm\gf] ultljlw ;+rfng ug]{5 . o;sf]nflu ;/sf/, pBf]uL–Joj;flo, cfly{s, wfld{s jf cGo s'g} klg k|s[ltsf] afx\o k|efjaf6 o;nfO{ k"0f{?kdf :jtGq /fVg] .

#= gof“ Psn o"lgogsf] ;+/rgf

gof“ Psn o"lgog b'O{ ljlwaf6 lgdf{0f x'g ;S5 . klxnf] ljlw, ljBdfg ;a} k|s[ltsf o"lgogx?nfO{ ufe]/ Pp6} o"lgog agfpg] . …Ps–o"lgogÚ lgdf{0f ug]{ eg]kl5 …h}ljsÚ ?kd} o"lgogx? cfk;df ljno x'g' pko'Qm xf] . t/ lqmoflzn ;+:yfx?df /x]sf] ljeflht dgl:yltn] Tolt cl3 a9\g] cg'dlt lbG5 eGg]df z+sf ug{ ;lsg] cfwf/ 5 . …Ps–cfk;d ljno u/L PsLs[t ug]{Ú sfd efjgfTds Pstf gx'“b} z'? ePdf o;n] gof“ ljkIfsf] nflu l/Qm :Yffg v8f ul/ lbg ;S5 . /, o:tf] >+[vnf lg/Gt/ rln/xg ;S5 . l5d]sL b]z hfkfgsf] 6]«8 o"lgog hfkfgL 6]«8 o"lgog sGk]m8]/]zg–/]Guf] em08} ! bh{g o"lgogx? ljno u/L ag]sf] …Psn o"lgogÚ xf], t/ of] k|lqmof k"/f ug{ em08} $) jif{ nfu]sf] pgLx?sf] cg'ej 5 . To;}n] of] af6f] xfd|f] tTsfnsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ Jofjxfl/s x'g] b]lv+b}g . /fhgLts txdf ;“u} …hLjg–d/0fÚsf] n8fO n8]sf ;ft bnsf] u7aGwgsf] xfnsf] Jofjxfl/s l:ylt x]bf{ klg …;xsfo{ / ;xdltÚ sf] ;+:s[lt ljsf; ug{ xfdLn] nfd} ofqf ;“u;“u} ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

To;}n] clxn] Psn o"lgog lgdf{0fsf] nflu Jofjxfl/s k|:yfg ljGb' eg]sf] bf];|f] ljlw cyf{t …;du|tfdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] gof“ ;+u7gÚsf] :yfkgf xf] . o;nfO{ ;b:otfsf] cfwf/df lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . cyf{t s]Gb|Lo txsf] ;+/rgf agfpg] sfd >ldsx?sf] /fli6«o lgjf{rgåf/f ;b:otf cfwf/ 7x/ u/]/ ug{ ;lsG5 . lgjf{rgdf k|fKt dt k|ltzt cg'?k s]Gb|Lo g]t[Tjdf :yfg lbg] ljlw Pp6f cfwf/ x'g ;S5 . To:t}, Psn o"lgogsf] 36s x'g sld6Ldf ! hgf ;b:o k|ltlglwTj ug{ k'Ug] dt k|ltzt clgjfo{ ug]{ dfkb08 /fv]df ;+u7g leq cgfjZos ;d"xut åGå ;d]t qmdzM cGTo x'g ;S5 . o:t}, k|lqmof If]q, c~rn, lhNnf jf :yfgLo txsf sld6Ldf ;Dd ckgfpg ;lsG5 .

g]kfnsf lzIfs ;+u7gx?n] em08} e08} o:t} k|s[ltsf] ljlw cg'?k ælzIfs o"lgog–g]kfnÆ :yfkgf ul/;s]sf 5g\ .

ljifout If]qdf klg oxL cg'?ksf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] ljifout ;+3 -O08:6«Lon jf k]zfut k]m8/];g_ u7g ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ o:tf ;+3sf] ;+Vof …w]/}Ú eGbf klg …7f];Ú x'g' pko'Qm x'G5 . cGt//fli6«o ljifout ;+3sf] cg'ejnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] o:tf ;+3 !) b]lv !@ j6f


;Dd aGg' Jojxfl/s x'g ;S5 . of] k'g;{+/rgf;“u} ljBdg dxf;+3x?sf ;b:o ;+3x?sf] k'g;{+of]hg ug'{ kb{5 .

k|lti7fg txdf clxn]s} Joj:yfnfO{ yf]/} kl/dfh{g ubf{ klg kof{Kt x'g ;S5 . k|lti7fg txsf] lgjf{rgaf6 cflwsfl/s o"lgog r'Gg], h'g Psn o"lgogsf] k|lti7fg :t/Lo 36s x'g]5 / bf];|f, t];|f jf cGo o"lgogx?n] kfPsf] dtsf] cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ePsf] >d ;DaGw sld6L u7g u/L ;a}sf] ;+nUgtf lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ :yfgLo txsf] æ>d ;+;bÆ / cfwlsfl/s o"lgognfO{ :yfgLo txsf] æ;/sf/Æsf] ?kdf j'e\mbf pko'Qm x'G5 .

kfk8df cfj4 ;+:yfx? dWo] s]xL gof“ /fli6«o s]Gb|sf] ;b:o aGg ;S5g\ . af}l4s ;d"xx? / 6]Sgf]q]m6\;x?nfO{ ;d]6\g] cGo s]xL Joj;flos ;+:yfx? / ljBdfg kfk8 ;~hfnsf ;b:ox?sf] leGg k|s[ltsf] ;+3 s[ofzLn /lx/xg ;Sb5 .

$= gof“ Psn o"lgogsf] /fhgLlt tyf bnLo ;+nUgtf

gof“ Psn o"lgog ju{ cfwfl/t nf]stflGqs 6]«8 o"lgog s]Gb| x'g]5 . o;n] d"ntM ;dfj]zL–;xeflutfd"ns nf]stGqsf] kIfkf]if0f ug]{5 . of] æ>ldsx?sf]– >ldsx?åf/f– >ldsx?sf nfluÆ :yflkt ;+u7g ePsf]n] o;sf] hu ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dtfd"ns ;dfh Joj:yf x'g]5 .

6]«8 o"lgog cfGbf]ng, tLg ;fdflhs ;xofqLx?– /fHo, /f]huf/bftf / >dhLjL ju{ dWo] Pssf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yf ePsf]n] gof“ Psn o"lgog ;f]xL cg'?ksf] dfGotf / x}l;ot ;lxt Jofkstfdf cfwfl/t ;+u7g x'g]5 .

Psn o"lgogn] bnx?;“u xfn cEof;df /x]sf] …e|ft[Ú jf …;+/Ifs–;+/lIftÚ jf …:yfoL ljkIfLÚsf] ;DaGwsf] ;§f c;n ;xofqLsf] ;DaGw /fVg]5 . bnx?sf] u'0fsf] cfwf/df ;dy{g tyf ;xof]u ug]{ / bf]ifsf] cfwf/df cfnf]rgf, r]tfjgL / lj/f]w ;Ddsf] Jojxf/ x'g]5 . o:tf] ;DaGw bnx? ;Qf jf ;Qf aflx/ hxf“ /x] klg lg/Gt/ /xg] 5 . Pp6f nIf af]s]sf] cfGbf]ngsf] ?kdf o;n] …;Qfdf hfg]sf] lj/f]w ug]{ / ljkIfdf /xg]sf] ;dy{g ug]{Ú jf …;Qfdf /x]sf;“u ldn]dtf] ug]{ / aflx/ /x]sfk|lt pbflzgtf b]vfpg]Ú h:tf sRrf Jojxf/ ug{] 5}g .

gof“ Psn o"lgogsf ;b:ox?nfO{ eg] cfk"mv'zL bn /f]Hg], ef]6 xfNg], ;dy{g jf cfnf]rgf ug]{ cIf'00f clwsf/ x'g]5 .

cGTodf,

zLt o'4sf] cGTo;“u} ljZjsf] 6]«8 o"lgog cfGbf]ng klg u7g k'gu{7gsf] gof“ r/0f z'? ePsf] 5 . k"“hLsf] ljZjJofkLs/0fn] >lds ju{ lj?4 l;h{gf u/]sf] gsf/fTds r'gf}tLnfO{ PsLs[t ?kdf ;fdgf / k/f:t ug{ cGt//fli6«o 6]«8 o"lgog cfGbf]ng gof“ prfOaf6 k'gu{l7t eO/x]sf] 5 . h];'s} k[i7e"ld jf dfGotfaf6 z'? ePsf x'g\, :jtGq ax'njfbL, ;fdflhs Gofo / ultzLntfsf] cfwf/df v8f x'g rfxg] cfO;LPkm6Lo" tyf 8An';LPndf cfa4 / lhkmG6 h:tf klxn] st} klg cfj4 g/lx c;+nUg /x]sf /fli6«o 6]«8 o"lgogx?sf] ;+o'Qm kxndf gf]e]Da/ !–#, @))^ df cli6«ofsf] leogfdf cfof]lht dxflwj]zgaf6 gof“ cGt//fli6«o s]Gb|– cGt/fli6«o 6«]8 o"lgog dxf;+3 -cfO l6 o" ;L_ u7g eO;sf] 5 . o;df ljZjsf !%# b]zsf


#)$ 6]«8 o"lgog s]Gb|x?df cfj4 !^ a/f]8 *) nfv >ldsx? ;+ul7t 5g\ . ca kfnf] xfd|f] cfPsf] 5 . xfdL ;a}n] rfx\of}+ eg] l;+uf] blIf0f Pl;ofs} gd"gf 6]«8 o"lgogsf] ;"qkft ug{ ;lsG5 . ;f]rf}+, dgg u/f}+ / s]xL g s]xL u/f}+ a


cg';'lr #

tflnsfdf g]kfnL >d If]qdf ljBdfg /f]huf/ 9f“rf

qm=;+ If]q 9f“rf kl/0ffd cgf}krfl/s cy{tGq

s[lif If]q

-;fd'lxs ;f}bfjfhLsf]

;+efjgf g/x]sf]_

b}lgs Hofnfbf/L-gub jf lhG;L b'j} df Hofnf e'QmfgL lbg] _

7]Ssf–s/f/ -gub jf lhG;L b'j}df Hofnf e'QmfgL _ • cf+lzs ;dosf] nflu • jflif{s jf Tof] eGbf klg nfdf]

;dosf] nflu

• P6]R8 n]jf]/ -l;Q}df >fd ug'{ kg]{

• af“wfkgdf v:g]

u}/–s[lif If]q

lgdf{0f If]q

• 7]Ssf–s/f/ -bnfn dfkm{t_ • s/f/ -sfdsf]_

• k]6L s/f/– ;d"x jf j]Unf j]Un} ul/g]

• b}lgs Hofnfbf/L • ;doj4 nfdf] ;dosf] sfd

• lqsf]0fTds >d ;+DaGw– sfdsf] vflhdf /x]sf j]/f]huf/nfO{ clu|d klZs lbO{ cgf}krfl/s >d ;DaGwdf af“Wg], slxn] sxL+ >lds tyf d'n /f]huf/bftf b'a} 7lug], bnfn ljgf sfdsf] sdfO{af6 df]6fpg]

• ;fd'lxs ;f}bfjfhLsf] ;+efjgf • kl/of]hgf jf ;fO{6sf] cfo'

;Dd sfd kfpg] t/ j'9];sfndf ;"Go jrt ;lxt dg]{

;8s cfwfl/t Joj;fo -l:6«6

e]08/_

• d"nt :j/f]huf/ ;d"x • gfª\nf] k;n] • @,$ xhf/ v]nfpg ;Sg] • yf]s ljqm]tfaf6 ;dfg

vl/b u/L v'b|f Jofkf/LnfO{ j]rL sldzg vfg]

• /fHo jf j]jf:tf ul/Psf ;d"x

3/ cfwfl/t >d

• :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{af6 kfl/jfl/s Joj;fo rnfpg]

• cfp6 ;f]l;{ª -lk;/]6df sfd ug]{_

• /fHo jf j]jf:tf ul/Psf ;d"x • >dsf] cgf}krfl/s/0fsf] nflu

k|]/s

oftfoft

• Go"g Hofnfdf lgoldt sfd ug]{ clgoldt ;t{sf >lds

• s/f/df sfd ug]{ -df]lvs_ • ;jf/L ;fwgsf] sf/0fn] dfq

jLdfaf6 ;+/lIft hf]lvddf sfd ug]{ >lds

• c;+/lIft, k|ToIf /f]huf/bftf–>lds jLr ;f}bfjfhL gx'g]


3/]n' >d • n's]sf, j]jf:tf ul/sf, cnu

ynu cj:yfdf /x]sf >ldsx?

• dlxnf tyf jfnaflnsf Hofbf ePsf]n] b'?kof]u tyf b'Jojxf/sf lzsf/, c+/lIft, jf“wf tyf ank"j{s nufO{g] k|s[ltsf] >d ug]{x?

cf}krfl/s >d If]q

lghfdtL ;]jf÷;fj{hlgs

;+:yfg

• lgoldt -:yfoL, c:yfoL, an]S;L 6fO{d tyf a|]s 8\o6L_

• clgoldt -b}lgs Hofnbf/L, s/f/, cfp6 ;f];{8,_

• t'ngfTds ?kdf ;+/lIft • c;+/lIft

lzIf0f If]q

;fd'bflos ljBfno

• lgoldt -:yfoL, c:yfoL_ • clgoldt -b}lgs Hofnbf/L,

s/f/, cfp6 ;f];{8_ • t'ngfTds ?kdf ;+/lIft

lghL ljBfno • lgoldt -:yfoL, c:yfoL_ • clgoldt -b}lgs Hofnbf/L,

s/f/_ • ;lhn} xfo/–kmfo/ x'g]

ljZj ljBfno • lgoldt -:yfoL_ • clgoldt -kf6{ 6fO{d, s/f/_

• t'ngfTds ?kdf ;+/lIft • c;+/lIft

cGo If]q

xf]6n tyf ko{6g If]q

• lgoldt -:yfoL, c:yfoL, an]S;L 6fO{d tyf a|]s 8\o6L_

• clgoldt -kf6{ 6fO{d, s/f/, cfp6 ;f];{8\, 306f cfwfl/t, _

• :yfoL cToGt Go"g ;+Vof • c;+/lIft

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6]«8 olgog cfGbf]ngsf - bishnurimal.com.np … · /fi6« a}+s sd{rf/L ;+3sf] nflu k]h 2 df3 @), @)^# Patterson's Pyramid of wage: Global Wage model 300 workers Poverty wage 100 workers