7.1 ngz; nja;tq;fs - Educational Publications … G-8 T/cha 7...83,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf epRk;gd; vd;Dk; ,U mRuu;fs; Njtu;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW nfhLikfisr; nra;jhu;fs; mjdhy; Njtu;fs; Njtpaplk;

82,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

7.1 ngz; nja;tq;fs7.1 ngz; nja;tq;fs7.1 ngz; nja;tq;fs7.1 ngz; nja;tq;fs7.1 ngz; nja;tq;fs ;; ;; ;

fpuhkpa kf;fspd; tho;f;if vspikahdjhfTk; tptrhak;

njhlu;ghd ,aw;iff; $Wfis cs;slf;fpajhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,k;kf;fs; nja;tq;fs; gw;wpa ek;gpf;if cilatu;fshfTk; jq;fsJ

njhopYf;fhfTk; > tho ;Tf ;fhfTk; mj;jifa nja;tq;fis

topgLgtu;fshfTk; tpsffpdu;. ,j; nja;tq;fs; fpuhkpa nja;tq;fs;>

ehl;lhu; nja;tq;fs;> ehl;Lg;Gwj; nja;tq;fs; vd;w ngau;fshYk;

toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

ehl;lhu; nja;tq;fSf;Fupa Myaq;fs; fpuhkj;jpd; vy;iyg; Gwq;fs;

flw;fiuNahuq;fs; fpuhkj;jpd; kj;jpa Fsf;fiu> fhL> ney;tay;fs;>

re;jp Kjyhd ,lq;fspy; mike;Js;sd. mj; nja;tq;fSf;Ff; fy;ypdhy;

fl;lg;gLk; Myaq;fs; kpff; FiwT jbfs; nfhz;L rpwpa nfhl;lif

mikj;J mtw;iw Xiyahy; Nta;e;J #yk;> fy; Kjyhdtw;iw itj;J

topgLk; kuG fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ehl;lhu; nja;t topghl;by; rpw;gf;fiy>

tpf;fpuff;fiy Kjyhdtw;Wf;F ,lkpy;iy@ tpNrl ,irf;fUtpfs;

,irf;fg;gLtjpy;iy@ gpuhkz r%fj;ijr; rhuhj G+rfu;fs; mq;F

rlq;Ffis Mw;Wg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

ehl;lhu; nja;t topghl;by; ,lk;ngWk; ngz; nja;tq;fSs; fz;zfp>

jpnusgij Mfpa nja;tq;fs; gw;wp Kd;du; fw;Ws;sPu;fs;. fhsp> gplhup>

nfhj;jp> ehr;rpkhu; Kjyhd nja;tq;fs; gw;wp ,q;F fw;Nghk;.

,j;nja;tq;fspd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpAk; mtw;Wf;Fupa topghL gw;wpAk; gy;NtW

IjPfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

(m) fhsp mk;kd;(m) fhsp mk;kd;(m) fhsp mk;kd;(m) fhsp mk;kd;(m) fhsp mk;kd;

rf;jpapd; Njhw;wq;fspy; xd;W fhsp

mk;kd;. fhspia tPukhfhsp> gj;jpufhsp>

Rliyf;fhsp vd;Dk; ngau;fshy; mbahu;

Nghw;wp topgLfpd;wdu;.fhsp vd;gts; fupa

epwj;ij cilats; vd;gJ nghUs; fhsp

topghL kpfg; goik tha;e;jJ. jkpo;

kf;fsplk; NghUf;Fg; Gwg;gLtjw;F Kd;

tPuu;fs;> gyp nfhLj;J topgLk; tof;fk;

,Ue;jJ.

fhspapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp Guhzq;fspy;

gy;NtW IjPfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Rk;gd;>


epRk;gd; vd;Dk; ,U mRuu;fs; Njtu;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW nfhLikfisr;

nra;jhu;fs; mjdhy; Njtu;fs; Njtpaplk; ruzile;J jq;fSf;F Vw;gl;l

Jd;gq;fis Kiwapl;ldu;. Njtp> me;j mRuu;fis mopf;f jd; clk;gpy;

,Ue;J xU rf;jpiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhs;. mr;rf;jpNa fhsp vd;gJ Xh;

IjPfk;.

fhspapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa kw;nwhU fijAk; cz;L. KUfd;

jhUfhRuid mopf;f> Nghu; Gupe;jNghJ rpe;jpa ,uj;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J gy

mRuu;fs; Njhd;wpdu;;. mg;NghJ KUfd; jhd; jhahfpa cikia epide;J

tzq;fpdhu;. md;id jdJ mk;rk; nfhz;l fhspiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;J>

Nghu;f;fsk; mDg;gpdhu;.

fhsp kq;fyk; jUgts;@ Neha;fspy; ,Ue;J kf;fisg; ghJfhg;gts;.

jilfs;> Jd;gq;fis ePf;fp mbahu;fisf; fhg;gts;. giftu;fis

mopg;gts;. ,j;jifa ek;gpf;ifahy; kf;fs; fhspia topgl;L

mj;nja;tj;jpd; mUisg; ngWfpd;wdu;.

fhsp mk;kd; topghl;by; Neu;j;jp itj;jy;> nghq;fy;> gilay;

vd;gd ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. aho;g;ghzj;J kf;fs; Rfg;gputrk; Ntz;b>

fhspapd; gpujpepjpahfpa nfhj;jpia topgl> kl;lf;fsg;G kf;fs; mjw;fhf

fhspak;kid topgLk; kuG fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

fhsp mk;kd; topghL aho;g;ghzk;>

td ;d p > tTdpah> j pUNfhzkiy>

kl;lf;fsg;G> gJis> rpyhgk;> ePu;nfhOk;G>

nfhOk;G Kjyhd gpuNjrq;fspy; ,lk;

ngWfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpy; Mfk Kiwapy;

mike;j Myaq;fSk; mlq;Fk;.

jkpou; kj;jpapy; tpRtFy kf;fSf;Fk;

fhsp topghl;bw;Fk; kpf neUq;fpa njhlu;G

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kl;lf;fsg;G> aho;g;ghzk;>

jpUNfhzkiyg; Kjyhd ,lq;fspy;

,jid mtjhd pf ;fyhk ; . VwhT +u ;

gj;jpufhspak;kd; Myak;> NghujPT fhsp

Nfhapy ; > md;dkiy fhspNfhapy ;

vd;gtw;iw ,jw;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lhff;

Fwpg;gplyhk;.


ehr;rpahu;ehr;rpahu;ehr;rpahu;ehr;rpahu;ehr;rpahu;

ehl;lhu; nja;t topghl;by;

ehr;rpkhu; topghLk; xd;whFk;.

,j;nja;tk; mNfhuj;jd;ikaw;wJ.

~ehr;rpkhu;| vd;Dk; nrhy; ~eP|| vd;w

rq;fj nkhopapdpd;Wk; te;jjhFk;.

~eP| vd;gjw;F topfhl;Lgts;> jiytp

vd;Wk; nghUs; cz;L. vdNt>

~ehr;rp| vd;gjw;F topfhl;Lgts; vdg;

nghUs; nfhs;tu;. ehr;rpkhiu

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khjhthfTk ; kf ;fs ; Nghw ;w p

topgLfpd;wdu;.

ehr;rpkhu;> VO fd;dp ehr;rpkhu; vdTk; Nghw;wg;gLthu;. ,tUf;Fk;

rg;j fd;dpau; topghl;bw;Fk; njhlu;G cz;L. Nrhou; fhyf; fhl;^u;

fy;ntl;L rg;jkhju;fSf;Fj; jdpf;Nfhapy; mikf;fg;gl;l tuyhw;iwf;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rg;jkhju; topghL ehl;lhu; nja;tq;fs;

vd;w tifapy; topglg;gLfpd;wJ.

ehr;rpkhu; topghL gw;wp nrtp topf;fijfs; cs;sd. td;dp

muru;fspd; kidtpau; VONgUk;> muru;fs; Nghupy; ,we;j gpd; capu;

tho tpUk;gtpy;iy. mjdhy; capu; Jwe;jdu; me;j vOtiuAk;

nja;tg;ngz;fshf> ~~ehr;rpkhu;|| vd;W Nghw;wp topglg;gLtjhf

$wg;gLfpd;wJ.

ehr;rpkhu; gw;wpa kw;nwhU nrtptopf;fijAz;L. td;dpapy; tho;e;j

VO ehr;rpkhu;fs; Nghu;j;JNfaupd; ifg;gl;L fw;gpoe;jdu;. mtu;fs; capu;

tho tpUk;ghJ kbe;jdu; mtu;fsJ epidthfNt ehr;rpkhu; topghL

vOe;jJ vd;gu;.

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fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf> aho;g;ghzk;> jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G>

nty;yhntsp Mfpa ,lq;fspy; mike;Js;s Myaq;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

Gfo;ngw;w ehr;rpkhu; Nfhapy; Ky;iyj;jPT tl;Lthfypy; cs;sJ.

ehr;rpkhiu> rg;j fd;dpfshf mq;F topgLfpd;wdu;. mq;F nghq;fy;>

kil v;dgd itj;J G+rhupkhu; G+ir nra;J topgLk; kuG fhzg;gLfpwJ.

xl;Lr;Rl;lhDf;Fk; GJFbapUg;Gf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s kd;dhf;fz;ly; vd;Dk;


,lj;jpy; Guhjd ehr;rpkhu; Myak; xd;wpd; mopghLfs; rpije;J

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

fhq;Nfrd;Jiwapy; cs;s td;dpahu; tstpy; td;dp ehr;rpahu;

vd;w nja;t tzf;fk; cs;s mf;Nfhapypy; gbf;fg;gLk; Vl;Lf;Fk;>

td;dp ehl;L ehr;rpkhupd; tha;nkhop kuGf; fijfSf;Fk; ,ilapy;

njhlu;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;Fk; tl;Lthfypy; ,lk;ngWk; G+ir KiwNa

gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.

ehr;rpkhu; topghL njhlu;ghf vOe;j E}y;fspy; tl;Lthfy;

mUzhryf; ftpuhaupd; rg;j khjh Njhj;jpuk; Kf;fpakhdJ.

gplhup mk;kd;gplhup mk;kd;gplhup mk;kd;gplhup mk;kd;gplhup mk;kd;

ehl;lhu; nja;tq;fSs; xd;whd gplhup

mk;kd;> fhsp mk;kidg; Nghd;W gyp

vLf;Fk; nja;tkhFk;. ~gl;lhup| vd;w

rk];fpUjg; ngaNu ~gplhup| vd kUtp

te;Jtpl;lJ. gplhup mk;kid> Kg;gplhup

mk;kd; vdTk; jkpo; ehl;by; toq;Ftu;.

gplhup mk;kd;> fpuhkj;jpd; vy;iyapy;

,Ue ;J kf ;fisf ; fhj ;J tUtjhf

ek ; Gf pd ; wdu ; . ,e ; j ek ; g p f ;if

kpfg;goq;fhye;njhl;Nl kf;fsplk; epytp

tUfpd;wJ. kf;fis Neha;fspy; ,Ue;J

kPl;fTk;> gapu;fisAk;> fhy;eilfisAk;

fhg;gjw;Fk; gplhup mk;kd; topglg;gLfpd;whs;.

Mjyhy;> kf;fs; gplhup mk;kid> fhty;

nja;tkhfg; Nghw;wp topgLfpd;wdu;.

jkpo; ehl;by; jQ;ir khtl;lj;jpYk;> jpUr;rp khtl;lj;jpYk; gplhup

mk;kDf;Ff; Nfhapy; mikj;J topgLfpd;wdu;. mq;F gj;J ehs; tpohthf

nghq;fy; eilngWfpd;wJ. gplhup mk;kid> kz;zhy; rpiy mikj;Jk;

topgLfpd;wdu;. ,j;nja;tj;Jf;F ehd;F iffs; Kjy; vl;Lf;iffs; tiu

mikj;Js;sdu;.

<o ehl;bd; tlf;F> fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fspy; gplhup mk;kd; topghL

,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,q;Fk; fhty; nja;tkhfg; Nghw;Wk; kuG

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjdhy; ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; ~vy;iyg; gplhup| vdTk;


miof;fg;gLfpd;whs;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Mizf;Nfhl;il gplhup mk;kd;

Nfhapy; neLe;jPT Kjyhk; tl;lhuk; gplhup mk;kd; Nfhapy; vd;gd

gpurpj;jkhd gplhup mk;kd; Nfhapy;fshFk;.

,j;nja;tj;Jf;Fg; G+ir nra;gtu; gpuhkzu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;Dk; fl;Lg;ghby;iy. Myaj;ijj; jhgpj;jtu;fspd; re;jjpapdNuh my;yJ

kf;fshy; epakpf;fg;gl;ltNuh G+rfuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

nfhj ;j pnfhj ;j pnfhj ;j pnfhj ;j pnfhj ;j p

nfhj;jp vd;Dk; ngz; nja;tk;> jkpo; kf;fspd; topghl;by; ePz;l

fhykhf epiyj;J epw;fpd;whs;. ,j;nja;tk; rq;ffhy ghiy epyj;

nja;tkhd nfhw;witapd; k&c vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ~nfhj;jp| vd;gij

~nfhw;wp| vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLtu;. nfhj;jpiaj; nja;t czu;Tld; topgLtu;.

mNjNtis mts; nfh^ukhd gaq;fu czu;tpidj; jUgts; vdTk;

fUJfpd;wdu;. ,j;nja;tk; rpte;j fz;fisAk;> nfhba Njhw;wj;ijAk;

nfhz;lts;@ nfhj;jpg;Nga;> nfhj;jpahj;ij> nfhj;jpahu; vd;nwy;yhk;

miof;fg;gLgts;.

nfhj;jpj; nja;tj;ij kfg;Ngw;Wf;Fupa nja;tkhf tzq;Ffpd;wdu;.

nfhj;jpapd; tbtj;ij> kf;fs; #y tbtpd; %yk; topgLfpd;wdu;. neLe;jPT

kf;fs; ,j;nja;tj;Jf;F Neu;j;jp itj;J nghq;fypl;L topgLfpd;wdu;.

IjPff; fijIjPff; fijIjPff; fijIjPff; fijIjPff; fij

nfhj;jp topghl;Lld; njhlu;Gila fij xd;Wz;L. Kd;ndhU

fhyj;jpNy gy tifr; rf;jpfisg; ngw;wpUe;j ,uhl;rjd; xUtd; rpW

rpW nja;tq;fis tUjp mopj;J> kfpo;r;rp mile;jhd;. mtdhy; rpy

nja;tq;fs; mopTw;wd@ NtW rpy Mq;fhq;F kiwe;J xJq;fpd. rpy

kf;fsplk; nrd;W milf;fyk; ngw;wd. mt;thW milf;fyk; je;j

r%fq;fs; mj;nja;tq;fis jj;jk; nja;tq;fshff; nfhz;nlhOfyhapdu;.

~nfhj;jp| vd;Dk; nja;tk; gps;is ngWk; tPl;by; GFe;J milf;fykhdjhy;

mJ kUj;Jtr;rpapd; nja;tkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ.

topgLk; ,lq;fs;topgLk; ,lq;fs;topgLk; ,lq;fs;topgLk; ,lq;fs;topgLk; ,lq;fs;

aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpd; tlkuhl;rp> njd;kuhl;rp> jPtfk; Mfpa

,lq;fspYk; kl;lf;fsg;G Kjyhd ,lq;fspy; nfhj;jp topghL

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. neLe;jPT FUf;fs; klk; nfhj;jpahy; Nfhapy;> funtl;b


nfhj;jpahy; Nfhapy; vd;gd mtw;Ws; mlq;Fk;. kl;lf;fsg;G kz;Kid

gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s nfhj;jpahGiy vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; nfhj;jpahu; vd;w

nja;tj;Jf;Fr; rlq;F nra;J te;jjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

nfhj;jpapd; ciwtplk; MykukhFk;. mjdhy; mk;kuk;

~nfhj;jpahy;| vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ~nfhj;jpf;Fk; gilj;jy;| vd;Dk;

rlq;if Mykuk; cs;s ,lq;fspy; nra;thu;. ,J me;jpg; nghOjpy;

,lk;ngWk;. NrhW gytiff; fwpfs;> ntw;wpiy Kjyhdit mtw;wpy;

mlq;Fk;.

ehl;lhu; nja;tq;fSf;Fupa topghl;L Kiwfs; gpuNjrj;Jf;Fg;

gpuNjrk; NtWgl;L mikfpd;wd. mj;Jld; ,t;topghL gw;wp kf;fspilNa

kpFe;j ek;gpf;if fhzg;gLtjhy;> ,d;Wtiu epiyj;J epw;fpd;wJ.

ghlr; RUf;fk;ghlr; RUf;fk;ghlr; RUf;fk;ghlr; RUf;fk;ghlr; RUf;fk;

• ehl;lhu; nja;t topghL ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fSf;FupaJ.

• ehl;lhu; topghl;il> fpuhkpa topghL vy;iyg;Gw topghL> Fy

nja;t topghL vd;w ngau;fshYk; miog;gu;.

• ehl;lhu; topghl;bd; ngz;nja;tq;fSs; fhsp> gplhup> nfhj;jp>

ehr;rpkhu; vd;gd rpwe;j fhty; nja;tq;fshFk;.

• ,g;ngz; nja;tq;fs; ahTk; ,yq;ifapy; gue;Jgl;lstpy;

topglg;gLfpd;wd.

• xt;nthU ngz; nja;tq;fSf;Fk; xt;nthU Neha;fisf;

Fzg;gLj;Jtjhf fpuhkpa kf;fshy; topglg;gLfpd;wd.

gapw ;r pfsgapw ;r pfsgapw ;r pfsgapw ;r pfsgapw ;r pfs ;; ;; ;

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;Fr; RUf;fkhd tpil jUf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;Fr; RUf;fkhd tpil jUf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;Fr; RUf;fkhd tpil jUf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;Fr; RUf;fkhd tpil jUf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;Fr; RUf;fkhd tpil jUf.

1. ehl;lhu; topghL vd;why; vd;d?

2. ehl;lhu; nja;tq;fs; Fbnfhz;bUf;Fk; ,lq;fs; ahit?

3. fhsp topghl;lhy; ngwg;gLk; ed;ikfs; ,uz;L jUf.

4. ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; nfhj;jpahyak; xd;iwj; jUf.

5. ,yq;ifapy; Gfo; ngw;w ehr;rpkhu; Myak; xd;iwj; jUf.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL

ckJ gpuNjrj;jpy; topglg;gLfpd;w ehl;lhu; ngz; nja;tq;fisf;

$wp mtw;wpd; topghl;L Kiwfis ml;ltizg;gLj;jp

tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

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7.1 ngz; nja;tq;fs - Educational Publications … G-8 T/cha 7...83,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf epRk;gd; vd;Dk; ,U mRuu;fs; Njtu;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW nfhLikfisr; nra;jhu;fs; mjdhy; Njtu;fs; Njtpaplk;