744 Dinámica espacio-temporal de los ríos atmosféricos en el norte de Suramérica y posibles efectos del

cambio climático

Transporte promedio de humedad atmosférico (kgm -1s-1) a los 650hPa y 500hPa de presión obtenido con datos del Reanálisis ERA-I

para la temporada Septiembre - Octubre (SO).

Anexo C. Mapas de transporte de humedad atmosférico para cada nivel de presión obtenidos con la base de datos

del ERA-Interim separados por temporada

745

Transporte promedio de humedad atmosférico (kgm -1s-1) a los 350hPa y 200hPa de presión obtenido con datos del Reanálisis ERA-I

para la temporada Septiembre - Octubre (SO).

‘ (Andersson et al., 2005; Arraut et al., 2012; Arraut & Satyamurty, 2009; Barco et al., 2000; Bitz, Shell, & Gent, 2012; Blázquez & Nuñez, 2012; Brock, 1968; Brown, 1991; Carvalho et al., 2010; Cuartas & Poveda, 2002; D. P. Dee et al., 2011; D. Dee & Uppala, 2008; Dessler & Davis, 2010; douglas et al., 2003; Durran, 2010; Eva et al., 2004; Gates & Boyle, 1999; Gates, 1992; Gent et al., 2011; Goessling & Reick, 2011; Haltiner & Williams, 1980; Hastenrath, 1966; Herdies, da Silva, Silva Dias, & Nieto Ferreira, 2002; Kalnay et al., 1996; Kerr, 2006; V. V. Kharin, Boer, Merryfield, Scinocca, & Lee, 2012; Viatcheslav V. Kharin, Zwiers, Zhang, & Hegerl, 2007; Kim, Webster, & Curry, 2012; Kummerow et al., 1998; Kuznetso va, 1990; Langenbrunner & Neelin, 2013; Li & Le Treut, 1999; Lin & Chao, 1994; Liu, Allan, & Huffman, 2012; A. Makarieva & Gorshkov, 2007; Anastassia Makarieva et al., 2012; Anastassia Makarieva & Gorshkov, 2006, 2010; Mareng o, Sanchez, Cunningham, Camargo, & Nobre, 1999; McGuffie & Henderson, 2005; Mestas -Nuñez, Enfield, & Zhang, 2007; Mestas-Nuñez, Zhang, & Enfield, 2005; Mo, Chelliah, Carrera, Higgins, & Ebisuzaki, 2005; Mo & Higgins, 1996; Moss et al., 2010; Muñoz, Busalacchi, Nigam, & Ruiz-Barradas, 2008; Muñoz & Enfield, 2009; Nanjundiah, 2000; Newman, 2010; Nogués-Paegle & Mo, 1997; Peixoto & Oort, 1984; Po-Chedley & Fu, 2012; G. Poveda & Mesa, 2002, 1995; G Poveda, 2004; German Poveda, Gil, & Quiceno, 1998; Germán Poveda et al., 2014; Germán Poveda, Velez, & Mesa, 2002; Germán Poveda & Mesa, 2000; Poveda J., Jaramillo, Gil, Quiceno, & Mantilla, 2001; Poveda J. & Mesa, 1999; Ralph et al., 2006; Rasmusson, 1967, 1968; Reichler, 2009; Richter & Xie, 2009; Rind, Rosenzweig, & Stieglitz, 1997; Sakamoto, Ambrizzi, & Poveda, 2011; Seneviratne et al., 2010; Shen, Wang, Zhang, & Li, 2010; Sillmann, Khari n, Zwiers, Zhang, & Bronaugh, 2013; Soares & Marengo, 2008; Song, Qiao, Song, & Jiang, 2013; Stohl & James, 2005; Stone & Zuber, 2004; K. E. Taylor, Stouffer, & Meehl, 2012; K. Taylor, Stouff er, & Meehl, 2009; K. E. Trenberth & Guillemot, 1998; Kevin E. Trenberth, Fasullo, & Kiehl, 2009; Kevin E. Trenberth, Fasullo, & Mackaro, 2011; Kevin E. Trenberth, Smith, Qian, Dai, & Fasullo, 2007; Kevin E. Trenberth & Guillemot, 1994, 1995; Uppala et al., 2005; R. J. van der Ent & Savenije, 2011; Rudi J. van der Ent et al ., 2010; Villegas Salazar, 2011; Wallace & Hobbs, 2006; Wang, Zhang, & Lee, 2013; Wang, 2007; Waylen & Poveda, 2002; Yin, Fu, Shevliakova, & Dickinson, 2012; Zhu & Newell, 1998) (Kummerow et al., 1998)(D. P. Dee et al., 2011; D. Dee & Uppala, 2008)(Blázquez & Nuñez, 2012; Kim et al., 2012; Langenbrunner & Neelin, 2013; Liu et al., 2012; Sillmann et al., 2013; K. E. Taylor et al., 2012; K. Taylor et al., 2009; Yin et al., 2012) (Chapra & Canale, 2003) (Farlow, 1993)

Bibliografía

Acevedo Aristizábal, L. A. (2009, October 29). Estimación hidrológica bajo escenarios de cambio climático en Colombia. Retrieved from http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/2178/6/32205876.2009_6.pdf

Andersson, E., Bauer, P., Beljaars, A., Chevallier, F., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., … Tompkins, A. M. (2005). Assimilation and Modeling of the Atmospheric Hydrological Cycle in the ECMWF Forecasting System. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 86(3), 387–402. doi:10.1175/BAMS-86-3-387

Arraut, J. M., Nobre, C., Barbosa, H. M. J., Obregon, G., & Marengo, J. (2012). Aerial Rivers and Lakes: Looking at Large-Scale Moisture Transport and Its Relation to Amazonia and to Subtropical Rainfall in South America. Journal of Climate, 25(2), 543–556. doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4189.1

Arraut, J. M., & Satyamurty, P. (2009). Precipitation and Water Vapor Transport in the Southern Hemisphere with Emphasis on the South American Region. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 48(9), 1902–1912. doi:10.1175/2009JAMC2030.1

Barco, J., Cuartas, A., Mesa, O., Poveda, G., Vélez, J. I., Mantilla, R., … Montoya, M. (2000). Estimación de la evaporación en Colombia. Avances En Recursos Hidráulicos, (7), 43–51. Retrieved from http://biblat.unam.mx/es/revista/avances-en-recursos-hidraulicos/articulo/estimacion-de-la-evaporacion-en-colombia

Bitz, C., Shell, K., & Gent, P. (2012). Climate sensitivity of the community climate system model, Version 4. Journal of Climate, 25(9), 3053–3070. Retrieved from http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00290.1

Blázquez, J., & Nuñez, M. (2012). Cuantificación de incertidumbres en las proyecciones de precipitación sobre Sudamérica utilizando modelos del CMIP3 y CMIP5. In XI Congreso Argentino de Meteorología (CONGREMET XI) (p. 15). Retrieved from http://www.congremet.prmarg.org/upload/blazquezjosefina.pdf

Brock, E. B. (1968). Daily Divergence of water vapor transport.

Brown, R. A. (1991). Fluid Mechanics of the Atmosphere (p. 512). Academic Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.co/books/about/Fluid_Mechanics_of_the_Atmosphere.html?id=lpu09Wl5KdgC&pgis=1

748 Dinámica espacio-temporal de los ríos atmosféricos en el norte de

Suramérica y posibles efectos del cambio climático

Carvalho, L. M. V., Silva, A. E., Jones, C., Liebmann, B., Silva Dias, P. L., & Rocha, H. R. (2010). Moisture transport and intraseasonal variability in the South America monsoon system. Climate Dynamics, 36(9-10), 1865–1880. doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0806-2

Chapra, S. C., & Canale, R. P. (2003). Numerical Methods for Engineers: With Software and Programming Applications. McGraw-Hill Education. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.co/books/about/Numerical_Methods_for_Engineers.html?id=bl9YPgAACAAJ&pgis=1

Cuartas, L. A., & Poveda, G. (2002). Balance atmosférico de humedad y estimación de la precipitación reciclada en Colombia según el Reanálisis NCEP/NCAR. Meteorología Colombiana, 5(5), 57–65.

Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, a. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., … Vitart, F. (2011). The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 137(656), 553–597. doi:10.1002/qj.828

Dee, D., & Uppala, S. (2008). Variational bias correction in ERA-Interim. Retrieved from http://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds627.1/docs/IFS_documentation/ifs.2b.variational_bias_correction.pdf

Dessler, a. E., & Davis, S. M. (2010). Trends in tropospheric humidity from reanalysis systems. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(D19), D19127. doi:10.1029/2010JD014192

douglas, E. H., steven, B. A., Mario, D. M., Dario, D. B., Valerie, G., O., H., … S., F. (2003, March 7). A Land Cover Map of South America. Retrieved from http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/111111111/7646

Durran, D. R. (2010). Numerical Methods for Fluid Dynamics (Vol. 32). New York, NY: Springer New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6412-0

Eva, H. D., Belward, A. S., De Miranda, E. E., Di Bella, C. M., Gond, V., Huber, O., … Fritz, S. (2004). A land cover map of South America. Global Change Biology, 10(5), 731–744. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00774.x

Farlow, S. J. (1993). Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers (p. 414). Dover Publications. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.co/books/about/Partial_Differential_Equations_for_Scien.html?id=DLUYeSb49eAC&pgis=1

Gates, W. (1992). AMIP: The atmospheric model intercomparison project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 73, 1962–1970. Retrieved from http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0477(1992)0732.0.CO;2

Bibliografía 749

Gates, W., & Boyle, J. (1999). An overview of the results of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP I). Bulletin of the …, 80(1), 29–55. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1999)0802.0.CO;2

Gent, P. R., Danabasoglu, G., Donner, L. J., Holland, M. M., Hunke, E. C., Jayne, S. R., … Zhang, M. (2011). The Community Climate System Model Version 4. Journal of Climate, 24(19), 4973–4991. doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4083.1

Goessling, H. F., & Reick, C. H. (2011). What do moisture recycling estimates tell us? Exploring the extreme case of non-evaporating continents. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15(10), 3217–3235. doi:10.5194/hess-15-3217-2011

Haltiner, G. J., & Williams, R. T. (1980). Numerical prediction and dynamic meteorology (p. 477). Wiley. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.co/books/about/Numerical_prediction_and_dynamic_meteoro.html?id=YS9RAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1

Hastenrath, S. L. (1966). The Flux of atmospheric Water Vapor over the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 5, 778–788.

Herdies, D. L., da Silva, A., Silva Dias, M. A. F., & Nieto Ferreira, R. (2002). Moisture budget of the bimodal pattern of the summer circulation over South America. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(D20), 1–10. doi:10.1029/2001JD000997

IPCC, Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., … Miller, H. L. (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Basis Science. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge ., p. 996). New York, NY.

Jaramillo Moreno, L. (2012, August 29). Caracterización de la lluvia y eventos de precipitación durante 2003-2010 definidos por la misión para la medición de lluvias tropicales (TRMM) sobre Colombia y la Cuenca amazónica. Retrieved from http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/39927/33/1128271400.2012.Parte8.pdf

Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu., M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., … Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year Reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437–471.

Kerr, R. A. (2006). Rivers in the Sky Are Flooding The World With Tropical Waters. Science, 313(July), 435.

Kharin, V. V., Boer, G. J., Merryfield, W. J., Scinocca, J. F., & Lee, W.-S. (2012). Statistical adjustment of decadal predictions in a changing climate. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(19), n/a–n/a. doi:10.1029/2012GL052647

750 Dinámica espacio-temporal de los ríos atmosféricos en el norte de

Suramérica y posibles efectos del cambio climático

Kharin, V. V., Zwiers, F. W., Zhang, X., & Hegerl, G. C. (2007). Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Extremes in the IPCC Ensemble of Global Coupled Model Simulations. Journal of Climate, 20(8), 1419–1444. doi:10.1175/JCLI4066.1

Kim, H.-M., Webster, P. J., & Curry, J. a. (2012). Evaluation of short-term climate change prediction in multi-model CMIP5 decadal hindcasts. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(10), n/a–n/a. doi:10.1029/2012GL051644

Kummerow, C., Barnes, W., Kozu, T., Shiue, J., & Simpson, J. (1998). The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Sensor Package. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 15(3), 809–817. doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1998)0152.0.CO;2

Kuznetsova, L. P. (1990). Use of data on atmospheric moisture transport over continents and large river basins for the estimation of water balance and other purposes.

Langenbrunner, B., & Neelin, J. D. (2013). Analyzing ENSO Teleconnections in CMIP Models as a Measure of Model Fidelity in Simulating Precipitation. Journal of Climate, 26(13), 4431–4446. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00542.1

Li, Z. X., & Le Treut, H. (1999). Transient behavior of the meridional moisture transport across South America and its relation to atmospheric circulation patterns. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(10), 1409–1412. doi:10.1029/1999GL900274

Lin, S., & Chao, W. (1994). A class of the van Leer-type transport schemes and its application to the moisture transport in a general circulation model. Monthly Weather …, 122, 1575–1593. Retrieved from http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0493(1994)1222.0.CO;2

Liu, C., Allan, R., & Huffman, G. (2012). Co-variation of temperature and precipitation in CMIP5 models and satellite observations. Geophysical Research Letters. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012GL052093/full

Makarieva, A., & Gorshkov, V. G. (2006). Biotic pump of atmospheric moisture , its links to global atmospheric circulation and implications for conservation of the terrestrial water cycle.

Makarieva, A., & Gorshkov, V. G. (2007). Biotic pump of atmospheric moisture as driver of the hydrological cycle on land. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 11(2), 1013–1033. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1013-2007

Makarieva, A., & Gorshkov, V. G. (2010). The Biotic Pump: Condensation, atmospheric dynamics and climate. International Journal of Water, 5(4), 365. doi:10.1504/IJW.2010.038729

Bibliografía 751

Makarieva, A., Gorshkov, V. G., & Li, B.-L. (2012). Revisiting forest impact on atmospheric water vapor transport and precipitation. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 111(1-2), 79–96. doi:10.1007/s00704-012-0643-9

Marengo, J. A., Sanchez, M., Cunningham, C., Camargo, H., & Nobre, C. (1999). Characteristics and variability of the Atmospheric water balance in the Amazon basin. Chemistry & … (pp. 597–601). Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cbdv.200490137/abstract

McGuffie, K., & Henderson, A. (2005). A Climate Modelling Primer (Vol. 1, p. 287).

Mestas-Nuñez, A. M., Enfield, D. B., & Zhang, C. (2007). Water Vapor Fluxes over the Intra-Americas Sea: Seasonal and Interannual Variability and Associations with Rainfall. Journal of Climate, 20(9), 1910–1922. doi:10.1175/JCLI4096.1

Mestas-Nuñez, A. M., Zhang, C., & Enfield, D. B. (2005). Uncertainties in estimating moisture fluxes over the Intra-Americas Sea. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 6, 696–709. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=1525755X&AN=18829113&h=OPC5%2ByDypxzOfBE3YtFYK4Xkj9aa72Af9dFsZOtDt4kxnBSrugKE%2B6cCT8OA5f5DSsD%2BHZxOPNfcFnN9Jba%2BSQ%3D%3D&crl=c

Mo, K. C., Chelliah, M., Carrera, M. L., Higgins, R. W., & Ebisuzaki, W. (2005). Atmospheric Moisture Transport over the United States and Mexico as Evaluated in the NCEP Regional Reanalysis. Journal of Hidrometeorology, 6, 710–728.

Mo, K. C., & Higgins, R. W. (1996). Large Scale Atmospheric Moisture Transport as evaluated in the NCEP/NCAR and the NASA/DAO reanalyses. Journal of Climate, 9, 531–545.

Moss, R. H., Edmonds, J. A., Hibbard, K. A., Manning, M. R., Rose, S. K., van Vuuren, D. P., … Wilbanks, T. J. (2010). The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment. Nature, 463(7282), 747–56. doi:10.1038/nature08823

Muñoz, E., Busalacchi, A. J., Nigam, S., & Ruiz-Barradas, A. (2008). Winter and Summer Structure of the Caribbean Low-Level Jet. Journal of Climate, 21(6), 1260–1276. doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1855.1

Muñoz, E., & Enfield, D. (2009). The boreal spring variability of the Intra-Americas low-level jet and its relation with precipitation and tornadoes in the eastern United States. Climate Dynamics, 36(1-2), 247–259. doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0688-3

Nanjundiah, R. S. (2000). Impact of the moisture transport formulation on the simulated tropical rainfall in a general circulation model. Climate Dynamics, 16(4), 303–317. doi:10.1007/s003820050329

752 Dinámica espacio-temporal de los ríos atmosféricos en el norte de

Suramérica y posibles efectos del cambio climático

Newman, M. (2010). Diagnosing Time Scales of Atmospheric Moisture Transport.

Nogués-Paegle, J., & Mo, K. (1997). Alternating wet and dry conditions over South America during summer. Monthly Weather Review, 125(2), 279–291. Retrieved from http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0493(1997)1252.0.CO;2

Peixoto, J. P., & Oort, A. H. (1984). Physics of climate. Reviews of Modern Physics, 56(3), 365–429. Retrieved from http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.56.365

Po-Chedley, S., & Fu, Q. (2012). Discrepancies in tropical upper tropospheric warming between atmospheric circulation models and satellites. Environmental Research Letters, 7(4). doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044018

Poveda, G. (2004). La Hidroclimatología de Colombia: Una síntesis desde la escala interdecadal hasta la escala diurna. Revista Academia Colombiana de Ciencias, 28(10), 201–222.

Poveda, G., Gil, M. M., & Quiceno, N. (1998). El ciclo anual de la hidrología de Colombia en relación con el ENSO y la NAO. Bulletin Institute Fancaise dEtudes …, 27(3). Retrieved from http://www.ifeanet.org/publicaciones/boletines/27(3)/721.pdf

Poveda, G., Jaramillo, L., & Vallejo, L. F. (2014). Seasonal precipitation patterns along pathways of South American low-level jets and aerial rivers. Water Resources Research, 50(1), 98–118. doi:10.1002/2013WR014087

Poveda, G., & Mesa, O. (2002). Influencia de ENSO, oscilación Madden-Julian, ondas del Este, huracanes y fases de la Luna en el ciclo diurno de la precipitación en los Andes Tropicales de. Meteorología Colombiana, 5, 3–12. Retrieved from http://www.geociencias.unal.edu.co/unciencias/data-file/geociencias/revista_metereologia/METEOROLOGIA_COL_5.pdf

Poveda, G., & Mesa, O. J. (1995). The relationship between ENSO and the hydrology of tropical South America: The case of Colombia.

Poveda, G., & Mesa, O. J. (2000). On the existence of Lloró (the rainiest locality on Earth): Enhanced ocean-land-atmosphere interaction by a low-level jet. Geophysical Research Letters, 27(11), 1675–1678. doi:10.1029/1999GL006091

Poveda, G., Velez, J., & Mesa, O. (2002). Influencia de fenómenos macroclimáticos sobre el ciclo anual de la hidrología colombiana: cuantificación lineal, no lineal y percentiles probabilísticos. Meteorología Colombiana, 121–130. Retrieved from http://www.geociencias.unal.edu.co/unciencias/data-file/user_23/file/METEOROLOGIA/13Poveda Clima Nuevo.pdf

Bibliografía 753

Poveda J., G., Jaramillo, A., Gil, M. M., Quiceno, N., & Mantilla, R. I. (2001). Seasonality in ENSO-related precipitation, river discharges, soil moisture, and vegetation index in Colombia. Water Resources Research, 37(8), 2169–2178.

Poveda J., G., & Mesa, O. J. (1999). La Corriente de Chorro superficial del Oeste (“del Chocó”) y otras dos corrientes en chorro en Colombia: Climatología y variabilidad durante las fases del ENSO.pdf. Revista Academia Colombiana de Ciencias, 23, 517 – 528.

Ralph, F. M., Neiman, P. J., Wick, G. a., Gutman, S. I., Dettinger, M. D., Cayan, D. R., & White, A. B. (2006). Flooding on California’s Russian River: Role of atmospheric rivers. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(13), L13801. doi:10.1029/2006GL026689

Rasmusson, E. M. (1967). Atmospheric water vapor transport and the water balance of North America - Part I. Characeristics of the water vapor flux field. Monthly Weather Review, 95, 403–426.

Rasmusson, E. M. (1968). Atmospheric Water Vapor Transport and the Water Balance of North America. Monthly Weather Review, 96(10), 720–734. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1968)0962.0.CO;2

Reichler, T. (2009). Climate change - Observed impacts on planet Earth. Climate Change: Observed Impacts on Planet Earth (1st ed., pp. 145–164). Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53301-2.00007-5

Richter, I., & Xie, S.-P. (2009). Moisture transport from the Atlantic to the Pacific basin and its response to North Atlantic cooling and global warming. Climate Dynamics, 35(2-3), 551–566. doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0708-3

Rind, D., Rosenzweig, C., & Stieglitz, M. (1997). The role of moisture transport between ground and atmosphere in global change.

Sakamoto, M. S., Ambrizzi, T., & Poveda, G. (2011). Moisture Sources and Life Cycle of Convective Systems over Western Colombia. Advances in Meteorology, 2011, 1–11. doi:10.1155/2011/890759

Seneviratne, S. I., Corti, T., Davin, E. L., Hirschi, M., Jaeger, E. B., Lehner, I., … Teuling, A. J. (2010). Investigating soil moisture–climate interactions in a changing climate: A review. Earth-Science Reviews, 99(3-4), 125–161. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004

Shen, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, N., & Li, X. (2010). Roles of large-scale forcing, thermodynamics, and cloud microphysics in tropical precipitation processes. Atmospheric Research, 97(3), 371–384. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.04.014

Sillmann, J., Kharin, V. V., Zwiers, F. W., Zhang, X., & Bronaugh, D. (2013). Climate extremes indices in the CMIP5 multimodel ensemble: Part 2. Future climate

754 Dinámica espacio-temporal de los ríos atmosféricos en el norte de

Suramérica y posibles efectos del cambio climático

projections. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118(6), 2473–2493. doi:10.1002/jgrd.50188

Soares, W. R., & Marengo, J. A. (2008). Assessments of moisture fluxes east of the Andes in South America in a global warming scenario. International Journal of Climatology. doi:10.1002/joc

Song, Y., Qiao, F., Song, Z., & Jiang, C. (2013). Water vapor transport and cross-equatorial flow over the Asian-Australia monsoon region simulated by CMIP5 climate models. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 30(3), 726–738. doi:10.1007/s00376-012-2148-y

Stohl, A., & James, P. (2005). A Lagrangian Analysis of the Atmospheric Branch of the Global Water Cycle. Part II: Moisture Transports between Earth’s Ocean Basins and River Catchments. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 6(6), 961–984. doi:10.1175/JHM470.1

Stone, P. H., & Zuber, M. (2004). Modeling the Impact of Atmospheric Moisture Transport on Global Ice.

Taylor, K. E., Stouffer, R. J., & Meehl, G. a. (2012). An Overview of CMIP5 and the Experiment Design. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93(4), 485–498. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1

Taylor, K., Stouffer, R., & Meehl, G. (2009). A summary of the CMIP5 experiment design. WCRP, 1–33. Retrieved from http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:A+Summary+of+the+CMIP5+Experiment+Design#0

Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J. T., & Kiehl, J. (2009). Earth’s Global Energy Budget. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 90(3), 311–323. doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2634.1

Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J. T., & Mackaro, J. (2011). Atmospheric Moisture Transports from Ocean to Land and Global Energy Flows in Reanalyses. Journal of Climate, 24(18), 4907–4924. doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4171.1

Trenberth, K. E., & Guillemot, C. J. (1994). The Total Mass of the Atmosphere.pdf. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 079–088.

Trenberth, K. E., & Guillemot, C. J. (1995). Evaluation of the global atmospheric moisture Budget as seen from analyses. Journal of Climate, 8, 255–272.

Trenberth, K. E., & Guillemot, C. J. (1998). Evaluation of the atmospheric moisture and hydrological cycle in the NCEP/NCAR reanalyses. Climate Dynamics, 14(3), 213–231. doi:10.1007/s003820050219

Bibliografía 755

Trenberth, K. E., Smith, L., Qian, T., Dai, A., & Fasullo, J. (2007). Estimates of the Global Water Budget and Its Annual Cycle Using Observational and Model Data. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 8(4), 758–769. doi:10.1175/JHM600.1

Uppala, S. M., KÅllberg, P. W., Simmons, a. J., Andrae, U., Bechtold, V. D. C., Fiorino, M., … Woollen, J. (2005). The ERA-40 re-analysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 131(612), 2961–3012. doi:10.1256/qj.04.176

Van der Ent, R. J., & Savenije, H. H. G. (2011). Length and time scales of atmospheric moisture recycling. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11(5), 1853–1863. doi:10.5194/acp-11-1853-2011

Van der Ent, R. J., Savenije, H. H. G., Schaefli, B., & Steele-Dunne, S. C. (2010). Origin and fate of atmospheric moisture over continents. Water Resources Research, 46(9), 1–12. doi:10.1029/2010WR009127

Villegas Salazar, J. F. (2011). Regulación Biótica del Ciclo Hidrológico en Multiples Escalas.

Wallace, J. M., & Hobbs, P. V. (2006). Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey (p. 504). Academic Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=HZ2wNtDOU0oC&pgis=1

Wang, C. (2007). Variability of the Caribbean Low-Level Jet and its relations to climate. Climate Dynamics, 29(4), 411–422. doi:10.1007/s00382-007-0243-z

Wang, C., Zhang, L., & Lee, S.-K. (2013). Response of Freshwater Flux and Sea Surface Salinity to Variability of the Atlantic Warm Pool. Journal of Climate, 26(4), 1249–1267. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00284.1

Waylen, P., & Poveda, G. (2002). El Niño – Southern oscillation and aspects of western South American hydro-climatology. Hydrolo. doi:10.1002/hyp.1060

Yin, L., Fu, R., Shevliakova, E., & Dickinson, R. E. (2012). How well can CMIP5 simulate precipitation and its controlling processes over tropical South America? Climate Dynamics. doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1582-y

Zhu, Y., & Newell, R. (1998). A proposed algorithm for moisture fluxes from atmospheric rivers. Monthly Weather Review, (3), 725–735. Retrieved from http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0493(1998)1262.0.CO;2