82274861 Musculoskeletal System Wawit

7/27/2019 82274861 Musculoskeletal System Wawit

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Musculoskeletal System

Wilfredo A. DelaCerna, RN



Introduction

The Musculoskeletal

system is made up of

two different systems.

It is important to know

how each system

works.



Three Types of Muscles

The three types of muscles tissues are:

– Smooth

– Skeletal

– Cardiac



Smooth Muscle

smooth (or visceral) muscle-

–

forms the muscle layers in the walls of thedigestive tract, bladder, various ducts, arteries

and veins, and other internal organs.

– Smooth- muscle cells are elongated and thin,

have only one nucleus, and form sheets rather

than bundles of muscles.

– Smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic

nervous system (ANS).

http://gened.emc.maricopa.edu/bio/bio181/biobk/BioBookNERV.html






Skeletal Muscle

skeletal (or voluntary/striated) muscle, is the most abundanttissue in the human body, it produces movement.

Each skeletal-muscle fiber is roughly cylindrical, contains manynuclei, and is crossed by alternating light and dark bands calledstr iat ions .

Fibers bind together, via connective tissue, into bundles; andthese bundles, in turn, bind together to form muscles.

Thus, skeletal muscles are composite structures composed of many muscle fibers, nerves, blood vessels, and connectivetissue.

Skeletal muscles are controlled by the somatic nervous system (SNS).

http://gened.emc.maricopa.edu/bio/bio181/biobk/BioBookglossC.html



http://gened.emc.maricopa.edu/bio/bio181/biobk/BioBookglossC.html



Cardiac Muscle

cardiac (or heart) muscle, a cross between

the smooth and striated muscles, makes upthe heart tissue.

Like smooth muscle, it is controlled by the

autonomic nervous system (ANS).





Skeletal System

Its 206 bones form a rigid

framework to which the

softer tissues and organsof the body are attached.

Vital organs are protected

by the skeletal system.

They also function to

move, support, producered and white blood cells

and store minerals.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell



The parts of the skeleton

The human skeleton

is divided into two

distinct parts:

– Axial

– Appendicular



Axial Skeleton

The axial skeleton consists of bones that

form the axis of the body and support andprotect the organs of the head, neck, and

trunk.

The Skull

The Sternum The Ribs

The Vertebral Column

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skull.html


http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/sternum/sternum.html

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/ribs/ribs.html

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/backbone/backbone.html

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/backbone/backbone.html

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/ribs/ribs.html

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/sternum/sternum.html





Appendicular Skeleton

The appendicular skeleton is composed

of bones that anchor the appendages tothe axial skeleton.

– The Upper Extremities

– The Lower Extremities

– The Shoulder Girdle – The Pelvic Girdle--(the sacrum and coccyx are

considered part of the vertebral column)

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/arm/arm.html

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/leg/leg.html

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/shoulder/shoulder.html

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/pelvic/pelvic.html

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/pelvic/pelvic.html

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/shoulder/shoulder.html

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/leg/leg.html

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/arm/arm.html



Composition of bones

Bone is not a uniformly

solid material, but

rather has somespaces between its

hard elements.

Two types of bone

tissue – Compact

– Spongy



Compact Bone

The hard outer layer of bones is composed

of compact bone tissue, so-called due to itsminimal gaps and spaces.

This tissue gives bones their smooth, white,

and solid appearance, and accounts for 80%

of the total bone mass of an adult skeleton.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_bone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_bone



Spongy Bone

Filling the interior of the organ is the trabecular bone

tissue (an open cell porous network also called

cancellous or spongy bone) which is composed of anetwork of rod- and plate-like elements that make

the overall organ lighter and allowing room for blood

vessels and marrow.

Trabecular bone accounts for the remaining 20% of total bone mass, but has nearly ten times the surface

area of compact bone.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancellous_bone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancellous_bone



Bone Cells

Osteoblasts: are mononucleate bone-formingcells. Osteoblasts also manufacturehormones, to act on the bone itself.

Osteocytes originate from osteoblasts. Their functions include formation of bone, matrixmaintenance and calcium homeostasis.

Osteoclasts are the cells responsible for bone resorption (remodeling of bone toreduce its volume).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoclast

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_resorption

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_resorption

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoclast

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone



Five different types of bones

Long (femur)

Short (carpus)

Flat (sternum)

Irregular (vertebrae)

Sesamoid (embedded

in tendon)





Tissues involved

There are 5 basic tissues comprising the

musculoskeletal system: – bones,

– ligaments (attaching bone to bone)

– cartilage (protective gel-like substance lining the

joints and intervertebral discs), – skeletal muscles

– tendons (attaching muscle to bone).

http://webschoolsolutions.com/patts/systems/skeleton.htm

http://www.innerbody.com/text/ligmov.html

http://www.innerbody.com/text/ligmov.html

http://webschoolsolutions.com/patts/systems/skeleton.htm



How do our muscles and bones work

together to cause locomotion?

Joint: where two bones

meet

2 types:

– Structural

– Functional





Functional Joints

Functional joints are

classified by the range

of movement theyprovide

– synarthroses

– amphiarthroses

– diarthrosis





Categories of moveable joints





How do muscles work to move joints?

Flexor Vs Abductor

– Flexor contracts

– Abductor extends



Homeostasis and muscles

Feedback loop

– Cold weather

– Reflex

Muscles help you

respond to changes in

your environment by

enabling you to move.

Documents

82274861 Musculoskeletal System Wawit