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Hierdie is ‘n poging om lig
te werp op insigte wat ek
deur die loop van jare oor
enkele aspekte van
beplanningsteorie geleer
het.
The next is my effort to
throw some light on
aspects of planning theory
that I learned through my
life.
NAMIBIA INSTITUTE OF TOWN AND REGIONAL PLANNER
SPRING SCHOOL – 21 SEPTEMBER 2016
A CHRISTIAN APPROACH TO PLANNING - PROF D. STEYN
Prof Wallace (1976-1995) Begin man-alleen departement:
Kon klasgee en inspireer – my tot verdere studie
Prof Wallace (1976-1995) Started department single handed
Could lecture and inspire – me to further studies
Wim Botha (1977- ) sluit aan as senior lektor by departement
Eerste graduandi in 1977
Wim Botha (1977- ) appointed as senior lecture at department
First graduates in 1977
Universiteit van Toronto, Kanada 1978/79
University of Toronto, Canada 1978/79
Nuwe insigte
New understanding
DAS STEYN : M. ARCH. (URBAN DESIGN)
1983 Navorsing /
Research
T.U.EINDHOVEN Prof. Henk Goudappel - Urbanistiek
Prof. J.H. van den Berg Metabletika
Prof. Egbert Schuurman
Filosofie/ Philosophy
Prof. Peter Nijkamp
Ekonomie/ Economy
Wat weet jy?
What do you know?
FALUDI (1973)
(18 ARTIKELS / ARTICLES)
Meyerson (1956) Building a Middle-range
Bridge for Comprehensive
Planning
Banfield (1959) Ends and Means in Planning
Lindblom (1959) The Science of “muddling
Through”
Davidoff & Reiner (1962) A choice theory in
Planning
Beckman (1964) The Planner as a
bureaucrat
Davidoff (1965) Advocacy and Pluralism in
Planning
Dienie Steenkamp (?) PRYSE / PRICES:
Eerste / First BTR = 1 x Faludi
Tweede / Second BTR = 2 x Faludi
1970 – 2015 ± 10 artikels/jaar / articles/year
30+ jaar van Beplanning is Ideologie, Teorie
en Praktyk, maar ook Geld en Mag /
30+ years of Planning is Ideology, Theory
and Practice, but also Money and Power
1914 – 1919 WO I / WW I
1929 – 1933 Depressie / Depression
1939 – 1945 WO II / WW II
• 1962 Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring”
1965 Burgerregtebeweging VSA / Civil Rights movement USA
1968/69 Studente-opstande / Student revolution
1973 Oliekrisis / Oil Crisis
1978+ Neo- liberaliste / Neo Liberalism
1985+Informasie-revolusie / Information Revolution
1989 – 1991 Inploffing Kommunisme / Collapse Communism
2007 – ?? Finansiële Skuld Krisis / Financial Debt Crisis
AFTREDE – JAN 2009 – RETIREMENT
WAT NOU? WHAT NOW?
BOEKE / BOOKS 2009 (S.A.) Hendrik M. Goudappel ‘Reader' over de Urbanistiek
2010 (S.A.) Hendrik M. Goudappel; Vroege geschriften over Verkeer, Vervoer, Mobiliteit en Infrastructuur
HENK GOUDAPPEL WORD TOT
RIDDER VAN DIE ORDE VAN
ORANJE NASSAU GESLAAN
HENK GOUDAPPEL KNIGHTED
AS A KNIGHT IN THE ORDER
OF ORANJE NASSAU
2011 (The Netherlands)
50 JAAR FEESBUNDEL/ 50 YEARS JUBILEE PUBLICATION:
HENDRIK M. GOUDAPPEL READER 1958 > NU MOBILITEIT EN RUIMTE
2015
Personal points of view of a Christian Afrikaner (Calvinist) from working class Persoonlike siening van ‘n Afrikaner-nasionalis (Calvinis) uit die werkersklas Book is bilingual – English and Afrikaans (two reasons) Boek is tweetalig – Engels en Afrikaans (twee redes)
In this way it becomes clear whether a problem is only at the level of infrastructure (and thus easy to solve); whether it is a superstructure problem (more advanced, but still capable of solution without too many problems, even in a diverse community); and whether it is a problem of ideostructure (and therefore fundamental in nature)
Figure 1.1: The thought framework (Goudappel, 1980:486)
The action framework (figure 1.2) is subdivided into three levels – those of examination, policy and planning (Goudappel, 1980:486).
Figure 1.2: The action framework (Goudappel, 1980:486) 77
Hiermee word dit duidelik of ’n probleem bloot op infrastruktuur-vlak lê (en dus eenvoudig is om op te los); of ’n superstruktuur-probleem is (al meer gevorderd, maar steeds moontlik om selfs in ’n diverse gemeenskap op te los sonder te veel probleme); en of dit ’n ideostruktuur-probleem (en dus fundamenteel van aard) is.
Figuur 1.1: Die denkkader (Goudappel, 1980:486)
Die handelingsraamwerk (figuur 1.2) word weer onderverdeel in die drie vlakke van ondersoek, beleid en beplanning (Goudappel, 1980:486).
Figuur 1.2: Die handelingskader (Goudappel, 1980:486) 78
Civilization is a human society with a well developed social organization (Cambridge Advanced Dictionary)
Civilisation is a human society with a well developed social organisation Beskawing is 'n samelewing in ‘n gevorderde toestand van die sosiale ontwikkeling
Modern world civilizations according to Huntington Moderne wêreld beskawings volgens Huntington
H 2 THE ROLE AND PLACE OF IDEOLOGY IN URBAN PLANNING THEORY AND ITS APPLICATION WITH THE HELP OF THE URBANISTICS CONCEPT DIE ROL EN PLEK VAN IDEOLOGIE IN STADSBE-PLANNINGS-TEORIE EN DIE TOEPASSING DAARVAN IN DIE PRAKTYK MET BEHULP VAN DIE URBANISTIEK-KONSEP
Rapoport (1977)
People look at the world through filters (glasses)
Mense kyk na die wêreld deur filters (bril)
With which pair of glasses do you look? Met watter bril kyk u na die lewe?
RATIONAL TRADITION COMES AFTER THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Isaac Newton was one of the greatest scientists and mathematicians that ever lived. He was born in England on December 25, 1643. RASIONELE TRADISIE KOM NA DIE WETENSKAPLIKE REVOLUSIE Isaac Newton was een van die grootste wetenskaplikes en wiskundiges wat ooit geleef het. Hy is in Engeland op 25 Desember 1643 gebore.
According to Klosterman (1978:37) modernist city planning in the USA and Britain was shaped by two important intellectual traditions dating from the previous era, these being the rational tradition and the reformist tradition.
Volgens Klosterman (1978:37) is die modernistiese stadsbeplanning in die VSA en Brittanje deur die twee belangrike intellektuele tradisies van die vorige era, naamlik die rasionele tradisie en die hervormingstradisie, gevorm.
Reformation (from Latin
reformatio, lit.
"restoration, renewal").
Protestant Reformation
saw worldly work as a
duty which benefits both
the individual and society
as a whole (Luther,
Calvin and Synod of
Dordrecht 1618–1619) –
the Protestant work
ethos
Hervorming (van Latyn
reformatio, let. “herstel,
vernuwe”)
Protestantse Hervorming
sien werk as ‘n plig tot
voordeel van die individu
en gemeenskap in
geheel (Luther, Calvyn
and Sinode van
Dordrecht 1618–1619) –
Protestantse werksetos.
The Reformation gave the West:
the notion of separation between Church and
State,
the principle of “sphere sovereignty”,
stress on educating the masses and
empowering women by the legalization of divorce
(p. 92)
Die Hervorming gee aan die Weste
die idee van skeiding tussen staat en kerk,
die beginsel van “soewereiniteit in eie kring”
beklemtoon die opvoeding van die bevolking en
bemagtiging van vroue deur die egskeiding toe te
laat (p.93))
• Social sciences
are built on ideas
and theories,
sometimes not
only unproven but
demonstratively
and obviously
false
• Yet aggressively
promoted by the
academy, followed
by the media and
the government
• Anyone who
openly denies
them are labelled
as political
incorrect and
socially
unacceptable
“The only thing
that can move the
real world is
knowledge”
• Sosiale
wetenskappe is
gebaseer op idees
en teorieë, soms
nie alleen
onbewese nie
maar onbewysbaar
en doelbewus vals
• Tog word dit
aggressief
bevorder deur die
akademie, gevolg
deur die media en
die regering
• Enige iemand wat
dit bevraagteken
word gebrandmerk
as polities onkorrek
en sosiaal
onaanvaarbaar
“Die enigste iets
wat die ware wêreld
tot beweging kan
bring is kennis”
Capitalism is based on the assumption
that in a competitive free market,
no participant is in the position to
dominate the market. Unfortunately
externalities influence
the markets.
In terms of responsibility it is : Every man
for himself, and the devil take the rest.
Kapitalisme is gebaseer op die aanname
dat in ‘n mededingende vrye mark geen
deelnemer instaat is om die mark te
domineer nie. Ongelukkig is daar baie
eksterne invloede wat die mark verwring.
In terme van verantwoordelikheid is dit: Elke
man vir homself en die duiwel vir die res.
Communism is built on sand. Karl Marx was a
hypocrite. His philosophy is based on the idea that
all people will do their best for the benefit of the
state but some people are lazy, liars, thieves and
others just parasites and won’t do it.
In terms of responsibility: It takes the responsibility
away from the individual and give it to the state that
must provide.
Communism believes what is yours, is mine, while
Christianity believes what is mine is yours.
Kommunisme is op sand gebou. Karl Marx was ’n
huigelaar. Sy filosofie is gebaseer op die idee dat
alle mense hul bes sal doen tot voordeel van die
gemeenskap, maar sommige is lui, leuenaars, diewe
en ander is net parasiete en sal nie iets doen nie.
Wat verantwoordelikheid betref: Kommunisme neem
individuele verantwoordelikheid weg en gee dit vir
die staat wat moet voorsien.
Kommunisme glo wat joune is, is myne terwyl
Christene glo dat wat myne is, is joue.
Urbanistic Concept
Urbanistiek Konsep
REFLEXTION/ DENKKADER: • Ideostructure/Ideostruktuur (ideology/ideologie) • Superstructure/Superstruktuur (theory/teorie) • Infrastructure/Infrastruktuur (practice/praktyk
HENK GOUDAPPEL
The thought framework
Die denkkader
The action framework
Die handelingskader
H3
GUIDELINES FOR
CHRISTIAN
PLANNING
Humanists belief that
man is born
essentially good
while Christianity
believes that man is
conceived in sin and
born in iniquity.
RIGLYNE VIR
CHRISTELIKE
BEPLANNING
Humanistiese siening
dat die mens in wese
goed gebore word
terwyl Christendom
glo dat die mens in
sonde ontvang en
gebore is.
The two children of humanism, namely capitalism or communism will
not solve South Africa’s problems through liberalism or radicalism.
Die twee kinders van humanisme, naamlik kapitalisme en
kommunisme gaan nie SA se problem oplos
deur liberalisme of radikalisme nie.
By accepting that
the Creator set
norms for human
society and laws
for nature,
rational thinking
can help to give
some guidelines
which may be
used in urban
planning to
practise the
profession from a
Christian
perspective.
Deur te aanvaar dat
die Skepper norme
vir die menslike
samelewing en wette
vir die natuur
daargestel het, kan
die rasionele mens
poog om riglyne daar
te stel wat in
stadsbeplanning
gebruik kan word om
die vakgebied vanuit
‘n Christelike
benadering te
beoefen.
H4
SUSTAINABILITY: AN ACCEPTABLE
WORLD-WIDE RELIGION WHICH FEW
PRACTISE
Becoming more human and more spiritual / Word meer menslik en meer spiritueel
Becoming less human and more animal-like / Word minder menslik en meer dierlik
VOLHOUBAARHEID: ’N WÊRELDWYD
AANVAARDE GELOOF WAT DEUR MIN
BEOEFEN WORD
Modern man’s vision is manipulated from the cradle to the grave by the
media (especially television) and this erodes his judgment.
Die modern mens se siening word gemanipuleer van die wieg tot die
graf deur die media (veral televisie) en dit vermurwe sy oordeel.
Driven by man’s drive to achieve a
better standard of living, particularly in
materialistic terms.
Here the answer to the question,
“When is a person rich?” is very simple
– “When one has enough.” The
problem in modern society is of course:
How much is enough?
Aangespoor deur die mens se drif na ‘n
beter lewensstandaard veral op
materialistiese gebied.
Hier is die antwoord op die vraag “wanneer
is ‘n mens ryk?” heel eenvoudig – Wanneer
jy genoeg het.” Die probleem in die
moderne samelewing is natuurlik: Wat is
genoeg?
H 5
PARTICIPATION WITHOUT INSIGHT
LEADS TO PRONOUNCEMENTS
WITHOUT PROSPECTS
The realization that man is incapable of
solving all problems in this world is part of
planning. Humanity’s most notorious case
of public say in a participatory process was
also its worst fiasco. Pilate asked the
public, “Whether if the twain will ye that I
release unto you? They said, Barrabas.”
(Matt.27:21). The same people who a few
days before had cried “Hosanna!” now
demanded, “Let Him be crucified.”
INSPRAAK SONDER INSIG IS
UITSPRAAK SONDER UITSIG
Die besef van die mens se onvermoë om
alle probleme in hierdie wêreld op te los, is
deel van beplanning. Die wêreld se
bekendste inspraakproses was ook sy
grootste “fiasko”. Pilatus het vir die volk
gevra: “Wie van die twee wil julle hê moet
ek vir julle loslaat? Hulle antwoord,
Barrabas.” (Mattheus27:21). Dieselfde
mense wat ’n paar dae tevore “Hosanna!”
uitgeroep het, skreeu nou “Kruisig Hom.”
TOTAL FREEDOM ABSOLUTE CONTROL
TOTALE VRYHEID ABSOLUTE MAG
CHAOS DICTATORSHIP/DIKTATUUR
CAPITALISM /KAPITALISME COMMUNISM/KOMMUNISME
(in theory/in teorie) (USSR-style/styl)
Individualism/e Communalism/gemeenskaplik
H 6
A NARRATIVE OF A
WHITE MALE
AFRIKANER AND HIS
FAMILY: THEIR
EXPERIENCE OF
COLONIALISM AND SO-
CALLED POST-
COLONIALISM IN
SOUTH AFRICAN
HISTORY AND
PLANNING
‘N VERTELLING VAN ‘N
WIT AFRIKANERMAN
EN SY FAMILIE: HULLE
BELEWENIS VAN
KOLONIALISME EN
SOGENAAMDE POST-
KOLONIALISME IN
SUID-AFRIKAANSE
GESKIEDENIS EN BEPLANNING.
My progenitor, Douw Gerbrand
Steijn, born in Leeuwarden, came to
Cape Town in 1668 in service of the
VOC to fill the position of master
builder of the Castle (Theal,
1897:95). (His name is to be seen
on the bronze plate at the entrance
to the Castle). He was not a
colonist, but just an ordinary worker
for a multi-national company
conducting business with the East.
With regard to the Steÿns, they had
taken a liking to the country and
when the contract with the VOC
was completed, Douw Gerbrand
Steijn and his family stayed in the Cape as free burghers. Douw Gerbrand Steijn, gebore in
Leeuwarden, het in 1668 as
ambagsman in diens van die VOC
na Kaapstad gekom waar hy die
meesterbouer van die Kasteel
geword het. (Theal, 1897:95). (Sy
naam verskyn op die brons plaatjie
by die ingang van die Kasteel). Hy
was geen kolonis nie, maar ‘n
doodgewone werker vir ‘n multi-
nasionale bedryf wat handel met die
Ooste gedryf het en hier ‘n
verversingstasie vir sy matrose wou
oprig. Die Steÿns het van die land
gehou en nadat die VOC-kontrak
verstryk het het Douw Gerbrand
Steijn en sy familie as Vryburgers in
die Kaap aangebly.
• Migration patterns, climate and war determined to a large extend the population distributions in South Africa
• San and the Khoi-khoi received the status of the first indigenous people of South Africa from the United Nations
• Migrasie patrone, klimaat en oorlog het tot ‘n groot mate die bevolkingverspreiding in Suid-Afrika bepaal
• Die San en die Khoi-Khoi het die status van die eerste inheemse bevolking in Suid-Afrika van die Verenigde Volke ontvang
The Afrikaners were the first nation in Africa to throw of the yoke of colonialism in
Africa. They might also be the first to people to fight for the group rights. This might
be the beginning of a free Africa on cultural rights, not on the boundaries of the old
colonial powers.
Die Afrikaner was die eerste volk in Afrika wat die juk van kolonialisme afgegooi het.
Hul mag ook die eerste volk wees wat veg vir groepsregte. Dit mag dan die begin
wees van ‘n vrye Afrika wat op kulturele regte gegrond is en nie op die grense van die
ou koloniale magte nie.
Each time a civilization
changes from one type of
living environment to
another can we bridge the
gap? Our society shows
serious signs of decay:
• community and family
• higher education
• science and technology
• governmental
representation
• self regulation of the
learned professions
Elke keer as ‘n beskawing
verandering ondervind van
een tipe lewensomgewing
na ‘n ander kan ons die
gaping oorbrug? Ons
same-lewing vertoon
ernstige tekens van verval :
• gemeenskap en familie
• hoër onderwys
• wetenskap en
tegnologie
• regerings
verteenwoordiging
• self regulering deur die
geleerde professies
H 7 CONCLUSION / SLOT
A look at the future
One must simply do one’s bit –
every one of us - and accept
responsibility for one’s own
actions. We may pray that
things improve but we must also
devise plans to change
circumstances. Creative thought
and creative action are required
to achieve new solutions for the
future.
Blik op die toekoms
Ons moet elkeen net sy deel
doen en verantwoordelikheid
aanvaar vir ons eie aksies. Ons
kan bid dat dinge ten goede
moet verander maar ons moet
ook planne maak om
omstandighede te verander.
Hier sal kreatief gedink en
gewerk moet word om nuwe
oplossings vir die toekoms te
realiseer.
If planning is aimed at arranging society, does it mean put in order, arrange, give guidance or is it programme, organize or control? Any answer that may be given concerning these possibilities claims to know what the origin and aim of man and space is.
As beplanning daarop gerig is om die maatskappy te orden, beteken dit in orde stel, rangskik, leiding gee, of is dit programmeer, organiseer of beheer? Enige antwoord wat op die moontlikhede gegee kan word, maak aanspraak om te weet wat die oorsprong en doel van mens en ruimte is.
IDEOLOGICAL RESPONSIBILITY:
IDEOLOGIESE VERWOORDELIKHEID:
• For the Humanist: Towards man (indvidual or group) /
Vir die Humanis: Teenoor mens (individu of groep)
• For the Rationalist: Towards science /
Vir die Rasionalis: Teenoor die Wetenskap
• For the Christian: Towards God /
Vir die Christen: Teenoor God
In a broken society, the Christian must consequently be
painfully aware of his inability to reach the ideal in the
sinful world /
In 'n gebroke samelewing moet die Christen pynlik bewus
wees van sy onvermoë om in ‘n sondige wêreld die ideaal
te kan bereik.
Planning should be aimed at creating the conditions for man and society to: • Feel called and be led to greater responsibility, • Greater freedom to develop as a unique being and to look for
possibilities, and • Allow a climate to develop in which man can develop, through
creativity, a rich variety of spatial uses that are in harmony.
Beplanning moet vir die mens en samelewing die voorwaardes te skep om: • Tot groter verantwoordelikheid geroep te voel en gelei te word, • Tot groter vryheid om na eie aard te ontwikkel en moontlikhede te
soek, en • 'n Klimaat te laat ontstaan waarin die mens deur kreatiwiteit 'n ryke
verskeidenheid van ruimtelike gebruike wat in harmonie verkeer, ontwikkel.
Christians have the consoling
thought that God is in ultimate
control and not the ANC or Zuma or
the world’s corporations. One must
accept responsibility for one’s own
actions. We may pray that things
improve but we must also devise
plans to change circumstances.
Creative thought and creative action
are required to achieve new
solutions for the future.
Christene het die troos dat God in
beheer is en nie die ANC of Zuma of
internasionale bedrywe nie. Ons
moet elkeen net sy deel doen en ver-
antwoordelikheid aanvaar vir ons eie
aksies. Ons kan bid dat dinge ten
goede moet verander maar ons moet
ook planne maak om omstandighede
te verander. Hier sal kreatief gedink
en gewerk moet word om nuwe
oplossings vir die toekoms te
realiseer
THE END IS THIS A CAPITALIST
TRICK CALLED
ADVERTISEMENT OR IS
IT SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY?
DIE EINDE IS DIT ‘N
KAPITALISTIESE
SLENTER OF IS DIT
SOSIALE VERANT-
WOORDELIKHEID?
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