A Green Water Technology: Groundwater Quality … · 1422 1461.10 δ(CH2) in CH2OH group 1382 1378.20 δs(CH3) in NHCOCH 3 group 1262-1205 1236.40 complex vibrations of NHCO group

International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences

ISSN 0973-6077 Volume 12, Number 5 (2017), pp. 755-772

© Research India Publications

http://www.ripublication.com

A Green Water Technology: Groundwater Quality

Investigation - Treatment with Natural

Polyelectrolyte

Hemangi Desai1 and Hitesh Desai2

1Shree Ram Krishna Institute of Computer Education & Applied Sci., Surat,

Gujarat,India.

2Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology, Surat., Gujarat, India.

Abstract

The Freshly harvested Moringa Oleiferra seeds were collected from Ishwar

Farm, Surat to carry out this study. The seeds were then sun dried and grinded

mechanically. Then it was sieved with the molecular sieve of the particle size

250 µm. The Moringa Oleiferra seed powder was then used for treatment of

groundwater which was collected from Haria village, Valsad. The bore well is

situated in agriculture land and located in nearby Atul Industry, Par River and

Arabian Sea. Salt water intrusion may have been occurred .Therefore water

quality was not found suitable for drinking purpose and needed treatment for

purification. The water therefore was treated with freshly prepared Moringa

Oleiferra seed powder . 6 gm MOSP and two housr of time was found

reasonable contact period to accomplish the removal of excess constituent

present in bore well water(1 L). The treated raw bore well water was then

filtered through muslin cloth and was used for drinking purpose.

After treatment with MOSP the water pH came into alkaline range, which is

favorable for the human health as it has been proved as an anti carcinogenic and

anti acidic. The treated water quality was found suitable according to drinking

water standards prescribed by Indian Standard Specifications for Drinking

Water (IS: 10500-2012). All the tested water quality parameters i.e. Hardness,

Alkalinity, Chloride, TDS, TSS, TS, COD, EC, pH, Turbidity, Nitrite, Nitrate,

Phosphate, Iron, MPN, etc. were found reduced between 40-100%. All the

parameters were examined according to Standard Methods, APHA.

The seed is an organic natural polymer. The active ingredients are dimeric

proteins. Proteins are the amino acids and the MOSP contain the amino acids

756 Hemangi Desai and Hitesh Desai

like metheonine, cystene and the moringyne. The amino acids may contain

different functional groups. From the FTIR analysis of MOSP, functional

groups like carboxylic, hydroxyl, amines, alkane and alkene stretch, aromatic

stretch, ester, primary and secondary amide and amine, cyanide, -C-O have been

identified. Moringa oleifera is act as water purifier natural coagulant. The seed

have several water molecules and soluble proteins in aqueous solution carry a

positive charge, act in a same manner of positively charged polyelectrolytes.

When reacts with raw water bind with negatively charged particles (silt, clay,

bacteria, etc.).

Under adequate agitation these particles then grow in size to form flocs, which

can be solved by gravity or be removed by filtration. It has been described as an

adsorption and charge neutralization and inter particle bridging. The mechanism

that brings about the adsorption of positive ions forms a bridge among the

anionic polyelectrolyte. MOSP may also act directly upon microorganisms and

result in growth inhibition by disrupting the cell membrane or by inhibiting

essential enzymes. Coliform bacteria can be removed by settling in the same

manner as the removal of colloids in water. Flocculation by inter-particle

bridging is main characteristic of high molecular weight polyelectrolyte.

Moringa oleifera is green, cost-effective and energy saving water technology

for water treatment for people living in rural area and polluted area where water

quality is not up to the expectation from health point of view..

Keywords: MOSP , Poly Electrolyte, Natural Coagulant, Water Quality.

1. INTRODUCTION :

1.1 NEED OF THE STUDY:

Today the water pollution becomes a major problem in the whole world. There are very

few sources of drinking water one of them is ground water. The water which is stored

under the ground and below land surface and can be used as a safe drinking purpose.

But today the ground water become polluted which creates the drinking water crisis.

The main sources of pollution is leached percolation to the ground water table, there

are so many ghost connection of various industrial giving proper treatment directly in

to underground which was deteriorating the ground water quality. In many area, people

do not have proper sources of drinking water. If this water is used as drinking water

without any treatment it causes hazardous effect on the heath of people.

Now a day surface water resources are also become polluted by several way. All

industries discharged there effluent directly in to surfaces water resources without

giving any treatment this effluent contains large amount of hazardous material. People

also contaminate surfaces resource by discharging their domestic waste water in to

river. It contains some harmful microbial and other contaminant. These all materials of

A Green Water Technology: Groundwater Quality Investigation – Treatment… 757

contaminated water produces the darkness of water and gives badly smell in to surfaces

water which makes the surfaces water unfit for drinking purpose. Source waters

(surface water and groundwater) have become increasingly contaminated due to

increased urbanization, industrial and agricultural activity. The public has more

exacting in its demand. As populations, increases, the demand for water grows

accordingly and at a much more rapid rate so that there is need of alternative source of

the water. Due to above problems, there is need to find some new sources of drinking

water.

1.2 SODIUM ABSORPTION RATIO

High concentration of Sodium is undesirable in water because sodium adsorbs on the

soil cation exchange sites, causing soil aggregates to break down by the sealing pores

of soil and make it impermeable to water flow. The tendency for sodium to increase its

proportion on the cation exchange site at the expense of other type of cations is

estimated by the ratio of sodium content to the content of calcium plus magnesium in

the irrigation water, this is referred as SAR.

SAR = Na+

√ Ca+ + Mg2+/2

According to the classification given by Ayers and Wetcott, low Sodium water (S1)

presents the little danger of exchangeable Sodium, medium Sodium water (S2) can

present appreciable hazard, whereas high (S3) and very high (S4) Sodium water are

considered un satisfactory as they can cause harmful levels of exchangeable Sodium in

soils. 1

Table: 1.2 SAR Values of Ground Water Samples

Water class SAR value Remarks

S1 low hazard 0-10 Good

S2 medium hazard 10-18 Medium

S3 high hazard 18-26 Appreciable hazard

S4 very high hazard Greater than

26 High hazard


1.3: Moringa oleifera (LEAVES AND SEED)

Figure:1.3 Morphology of M.O and MOLP , MOSP

1.4: AIM OF THE STUDY

To analyze the quality of ground water sample of Haria at VALSAD by treatment

with freshly harvested Moringa oleifera seed powder (MOSP).

1.5: OBEJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

Quality analysis of ground water sample.

To find the eco friendly and cost beneficial alternative for ground water treatment

than that of costly chemical treatment.

To collect ground water sample i.e. collected from Haria, Valsad , Moringa

oleifera adsorbent was collected from Ishwar Farm, Surat.

To prepare the adsorbent from freshly harvested Moringa oleifera. The adsorbent

used in the powder form prepared form Moringa oleifera seed powder.


To analyze the quality (initial concentration of present parameter) ground water,

by standard methods before treatment.

To give the adsorbent dosage of 1000mg/l and 6000mg/L MOSP to Ground

water sample at pH 8 with 1 hour and 2 hours contact time

To analyze the water quality of sample ground water by standard method after

treatment.

To analyze and discuss the result obtained from analysis of ground water.

To compare the % removal of ground water.

To conclude the study i.e. .potential use of natural adsorbents MOSP for

treatment of ground water quality.

2. MATERIALS & METHODS

2.1 COLLECTION OF GROUND WATER SAMPLE:

Ground water sample was collected from bore well of Haria Farm at Valsad , near

Atul industrial area (2 Km), on the bank of River Par (100 m) and also located nearby

the Arabian Sea (4 Km).

2.2 NATURAL ADSORBENT PREPARATION

Good quality dried drumstick were harvested from Ishwar Farm, Surat. Moringa

oleifera seeds (MOS) were removed from Moringa oleifera sticks. Seed coats were

removed from seeds. Seeds were dried in an oven at 100o C till complete dryness. Fine

powder was prepared by using mortar pestle and Seed powder was sieved by molecular

sieve. The particle size is 250 µm, this Moringa oleifera seed powder (MOSP) was

directly used for water treatment. The water quality parameters were checked before

and after treatment. 2

Figure: 2.2 Dried Drum Sticks and Their Seeds and Their Fine Seed Powder


2.3 EXPERIMENTAL

GROUND WATER SAMPLE ANALYSIS

The water quality parameters were analyzed before and after treatment with MOSP as

per the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste water, 21st Edition,

(2005) 3 .

PARAMETERS ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES PARAMETERS ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

Total Hardness Ca

and Mg Hardness

EDTA complexometric

Titration

Sodium and

Potassium

Flame photometric

method

Chloride Argentometric

Precipitation Titration

130Spectrophotometric Method

(Spectrophotometer: Systronics, 104)

COD Open reflux Redox

Titration

Nitrite Diazotization

Iron Redox Titration Nitrate Cromotropic Acid

pH pH metry(pH Meter:

Systronics, 335)

Ammonia Phenate

EC EC meter Chromium Diphenyl carbazide

Turbidity Turbiditimeter Phosphate Vanado-molybdo

TSS and TDS Solvent Extraction;

Gravimetric (Drying)

method

Phenol Chloroform extraction

Silica Heteropoly blue

Fluoride SPAND

All chemicals were Analytical Grade Reagents and double distilled water was obtained

by Double Distillation Assembly.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 FTIR ANALYSIS OF MOSP

The results of FTIR analysis which shows different peaks of different functional groups

are given in following table 5.6.1.


Table 3.1: Results of FTIR Analysis of MOSP

Wave number. v cm-1 Vibration modes

Standard Experimental

3425 3320 V(NH2 ) assoc. in primary amines

V (OH) assoc. in pyranose ring

2923 2925.85 νas(CH2) in CH2OH group

1655-1627 1659.47 ν (C=O) in NHCOCH3 group, (Amide I band)

1559 1543.77 (Amide II band)

1422 1461.10 δ(CH2) in CH2OH group

1382 1378.20 δs(CH3) in NHCOCH3 group

1262-1205 1236.40 complex vibrations of NHCO group (Amide III

band)

1077 1057.91 νs(C-O-C) (glycosidic linkage)

897 878.36 pyranose ring skeletal vibrations

665 645.21 δ (NH) out of plane

605 591.40 δ (OH) out of plane

3150-3050 3004.85 Aromatic stretch

2850-2990 2854.46 -CH alkane stretch ( -CH3, -CH2, CH)

1740 1746.46 Ester

1000-1300 1161.83,

1117.60

OH, COOH, -O-, COOR

1000-690 721.72, 796.75 Alkane stretch

Figure: 3.1 FTIR Analysis of Moringa oleifera Seed Powder


3.2 PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF MOSP

Moringa Oleifea seed contains many proteins (amino acids). Some important

compounds are shown here in fig.3.2

Figure 3.2. Structures of selected phytochemicals from Moringa Oleifera Seed.:

(1) 4-(4'-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate,|

(2) 4-(-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate, (3) niazimicin,

(4)pterygospermin, (5)benzyl isothiocyanate and

(6) 4-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl glucosinolate .


3.3 GROUND WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS BEFORE AND AFTER

TREATMENT WITH MOSP

The ground water quality analysis before and after treatment with MOSP (1 gm/L- 1

Hour , 6 gm/L- 2 Hours) contact time is shown in Table 3.2.

No

Parameter

(mg/L)

Raw

GroundWater

Treated

Ground

Water

MOSP

(1gm/L)

% Removal

Treated

Ground

Water

MOSP

(6gm/L)

% Removal

IS 10500

Drinking

Water

Desirable

Limit

Undesirable Effect outside

the Desirable Limit

IS 10500

Drinking

Water

Permissible

Limit in the

Absence of

Alternate

source

Essential Characteristics:

1 pH 8.0 9.0

12.5 >

9.0

12.5 > 6.5 to 8.5

Beyond this range the

water will effect the

mucous membrane and /

or water supply system

No relaxation

2 D.O. 5.2 4.7

9.61

3.0

42.30 8

Below this value is not

good for drinking

Purpose.

3-4

2 Total

Hardness 840

750

10.71

160

80 300

Encrustation in water

supply structure and

adverse effects on

domestic use

600

3 Iron 0 0

-

0

-

0.30

Beyond this limit

taste/appearance are

affected, has adverse

effect on domestic uses

and water supply

structures, and promotes

iron bacteria.

1.0

4 Chloride 1000 150

85

100

90 250

Beyond this limit




and water supply

structures, and promotes

iron bacteria.

1000

5 Turbidity

(NTU) 1

0.5

50

0.1

90 5

Above 5 consumer

Acceptance decreases 10

Desirable Characteristics:

6 TDS 5000 4000

20

618

87.64 500

Beyond this palatability

decreases and may cause

gastro intentional

irritation

2000

7 TSS 4100 3200

21.95

615

85 100 - -

8 Ca +2 430 360

16.27

258

40 75

Encrustation in water

supply structure and

adverse effects on

domestic use

200

9 Mg +2 410 390

4.87

8.2

98 30 - 100


10 Mn +2 270 240

11.11

0.27

99.9 0.1

Beyond this limit




and water supply

structures

0.3

11 PO4 -3 50

20

60

2.5

95 5 -

12 SO4 -2 1500 1200

20

225

85 200

Beyond this causes

gastro intentional

irritation when

magnesium or sodium

are present

400

13 NO3 - 125 75

40

50

60 45

Beyond this

methanemoglobinemia

takes place

100

14 NO2 - 32 13

59.38

6.4

80 50

15 F- 68.3 29

57.54

0.683

99 1.0

Fluoride may be kept as

low as possible. High

fluoride may cause

fluorosis

1.5

16 Phenol 16 13

18.75

0.003

99.98 0.001

Beyond this, it may

cause objectionable taste

and odour

0.002

17 COD 3,84,000 3,20,000

16.66

38.4

99.99 10 - 10

18 Cr +6 8 2

75

0.07

99.12 0.05

May be carcinogenic

above this limit

No relaxation

19 Alkalinity 0 0

-

0

- 200

Beyond this limit taste

becomes unpleasant 600

20 EC (mS/cm) 1.451 1.451

-

0.29

85 0.75

Beyond this limit it may

cause metabolic

disorders

21 Na + 187 187

-

187

- 200


cause increase in Blood

Pressure

22 K + 6 19

216 >

19

216 > 12


cause increase in Blood

Pressure

23 NH 4 + 15.5 4

74.19

0.31

98 < 0.2

Blood pH may increase

above 7.4 0.3

24 Silica 81.4 38.3

52.94

8.14

90 14

Adverse effect on

digestion system

25 MPN 120 20

83.33

0

100 0

May cause Pathogenic

effect

26 SAR 9.13 9.65

5.69>

15.73

72.28 10 S1 - Low Hazards, Good 10


3.4 % REMOVAL FOR WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS BY

TREATMENT WITH MOSP

% Removal for Water Quality Parameters after treatment with MOSP(1gm/L) dosage,

1 Hour contact time is shown here in Fig.3.3.1

Fig: 3.4.1 % Removal for Water Quality Parameters after treatment with

MOSP(1gm/L) dosage, 1 Hour contact time.

From the Fig. 3.3.1 , it is concluded that MOSP is sufficient capable to remove pollution

from groundwater. % Removal observed here is 4.8 for Magnesium , 10.71 for Total

Hardness, 11.11 for Manganese, 16.27 for Calcium, 16.66 for COD, 18.75 for Phenol,

20 for TDS and Sulfate, 40 for Nitrate, 50 for Turbidity, 52.94 for Silica, 57.54 for

Flouride, 59.38 for Nitrite, 60 for Phosphate, 74.19 for Ammoniacal – Nitrogen, 75 for

Hexavalent Chromium, 83.33 for MPN and 85 for Chloride.

% REMOVAL FOR WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS BY TREATMENT

WITH MOSP

% Removal for Water Quality Parameters after treatment with MOSP(6 gm/L) dosage,

2 Hour contact time is shown here in Fig.3.3.2. % Removal for most of the parameters

are obtained between 80-100. All the parameters are meeting the IS standards’

Desirable Limit for Drinking Water.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

4.87 5.69

9.61 10.71 11.11

16.27 16.6618.75 20 20

40

5052.94

57.5459.38 60

74.19 75

83.3385


Fig: 3.4.2 % Removal for Water Quality Parameters after treatment with MOSP(6

gm/L) dosage, 2 Hour contact time.

3.5.WORKING MECHANISM OF Moringa oleifera:

It is believed that the MOSP is an organic natural polymer. From the FTIR analysis of

MOSP, functional groups like Carboxylic, Hydroxyl, Amines and Alkane, Alkene

stretch, Aromatic stretch, Ester, Primary and Secondary Amide and Amine, -C-O was

identified.

Mainly MOSP may contain major constituents namely 4-alpha -l rhamnoxyl butyl

isothiocyanate, 4-alpha-l rhamnoxyl butyl glucosinolate, mono-palmitic and di-oleic

triglyceride, niazimicin, 4(L-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl isothiocyanate, 3-O-(6′-O-oleoyl--

D-glucopyranosyl)-sitosterol, sitosterol-3-O-D-glucopyranoside, niazirin, -sitosterol

and glycerol-1-(9-octadecanoate), Roridin E, Veridiflorol, 9-octadecinoic acid, 4-

hydroxyphenylacetamide, glycerol 1-(9-octadecanoate), methionine, cysteine and

moringyne (all three are amino acids).

4042.3

60

80 8085 85

87.6490 90 90

9598 98 99 99.1299.999.9899.99100


The seed contain significant quantities of several water molecules and soluble protein

in solution carry a positive charge. Protein is considered to act in manner similar to

synthesis of positively charged polymer (primary amine, secondary amines , alcoholic

groups , glycosidic bond (protein) groups ) coagulants. When seed powder added to

raw water, positively charged protein predominantly bind with negatively charged

particles (anions). The seed contain several negatively charged functional group i.e.

Hydroxyl (–OH), Carbonyl group (CO) ,Sulphide group (C=S=C=S) , which will bind

with positively charged metal ion present in raw water. Under adequate agitation these

particles then grow in size to form flocks, which can be settled by gravity or be removed

by filtration. If any matter present in the suspended form , negatively charged colloidal

particles than they can adsorb on the surface of adsorbent. 4,5,6

The pH increased with increasing dosage of MOSP from 8 to 9. High dosages of MOSP(

1 gm/L) make water alkaline. It was reported that the action of MOSP as a coagulant

lies in the presence of water soluble cationic proteins in the seeds. This suggests that in

water, the basic amino acids present in the protein of MOSP would accept a proton from

water resulting in the release of a hydroxyl group making the solution basic. 7,8

After treatment with MOSP, the TSS and TDS showed decrease. MOSP is known to be

a natural cationic polyelectrolyte and flocculant with a chemical composition of basic

polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 6000 to 16,000 daltons, containing

amino acids of mainly cysteine, methionine. 7

As a polyelectrolyte, MOSP removes Hardness from water through adsorption and

inter-particle bridging. Secondly, slow-settling solids/flocks were formed, precipitation

reaction lead to the conversion of soluble Hardness-causing ions to insoluble

compounds would also be a good prediction of the reaction mechanism. 8

The MOSP contain Sodium (86.2 ± 4.9 ppm) and Potassium (732 ± 164ppm). 9This

may be the reason for increase in concentration of Potassium in ground water sample.

Treatment showed decrease in Phenol concentration of ground water with increased

dose of MOSP. As the concentration of MOSP increases, the adsorption rate of phenol

also increases. This can be explained by a greater availability of the exchangeable sites

or surface area at higher amount of adsorbents.10

The cationic polyelectrolyte or the Moringa oleifera cationic protein (MOCP) may be

responsible for removing anions Chloride, Flouride, Sulphate and Phosphate by

precipitation mechanism from ground water sample. 11

It has been shown that water clarification by Moringa seeds is due to primarily action

of seed proteins. The Moringa seed kernel contains about 37 % of proteins. The isolated

Moringa flocculants show that the basic polypeptides with molecular weights ranging

from 6000 to 16000 Daltons are the main causes of clarifiers. The functional groups in

the side chain amino acids of the Moringa seed proteins contribute to the water

clarification. The mechanism of coagulation with the seeds of Moringa oleifera consists

of adsorption and neutralization of the positive charges that attract the negatively

charged impurities ( colloidal Turbidity, COD- Organics)in water. At a pH below 10,


the Moringa oleifera seed proteins are positively charged and thus the seeds when

added to water samples bind to the negatively charged particles in the samples. 11

The antimicrobial agents in the MOSP are 4 alpha rhamnosyloxy-benzyl

isothiocyanate, at present it is known as glucosidic mustard oil and 4 alpha

rhamnosyloxy-benzyl glucosynolate. 8

3.6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING MORINGA

COAGULANT 12

Advantages:

1. Cheap and easy method for developing countries ( especially at household

level).

2. The efficiency is independent of raw water pH.

3. The processing doesn’t modify the pH of the water.

4. It doesn’t alter the water taste (unless a very high doses is added ).

5. The low volume of sludge precipitated is biodegradable and hence an

environmentally sound technology.

6. Due to highly nutrition values of M.O. it becomes beneficial to treat the ground

water.

7. Directly apply. No primary treatment is required before applying adsorbent to

the sample.

8. M.O can act both as coagulant and anti microbial agent, it removes the

pathogens up to 99%.used for ground water purification.

9. Ground water treated with MOSP can safe for drinking and also nutritive.

Disadvantages:

1. The treatment makes the water clear and drinkable but the purified water might

still carry some (very few ) pathogenic germs or micro organisms.

2. A secondary increase of the bacterial after the water coagulation could be

possible.

3. Coagulant is not available in pure form (should be prepared fresh ).

4. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study will give the alternative approach to ground sample were treated with

Moringa oleifera seed powder as low cost adsorbent. MOSP treatment will becomes

eco friendly and natural treatment will alternative to save the chemical cost and use of

high cost instrument. This is non hazardous to human health , environment and whole

eco systems. As Moringa oleifera seed powder is biodegradable in nature it will not

give harmful effect to the environment.


5. RECOMMANDATION

Preventive measures should be taken to minimize ground water pollution by bring to

an end the ghost connection which are in industrialized zone. Every industry must treat

its effluents at ETP level before discharge into water resources. The groundwater should

be recharged regularly in every monsoon season by rain water harvesting in industrial

area to improve water quality.

The main barrier to using Moringa oleifera seeds for producing potable water is that

the seeds may release other water-soluble proteins and organic matter, which increase

the concentration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the water. The presence of this

DOM supports the regrowth of pathogens in treated water, preventing its storage and

later use. A new strategy has been established for retaining the Moringa oleifera

cationic protein MOCP protein and its ability to clarify and disinfect water while

removing the excess organic matter. 15The MOCP is first adsorbed and immobilized

onto sand granules, followed by a rinsing step wherein the excess organic matter is

removed, thereby preventing later growth of bacteria in the purified water. This

treatment is applicable for the storage drinking water treatment.

However, freshly treated water by MOSP is recommended for drinking purpose.

6. CONCLUSION

It is believed that the MOSP is an organic natural polymer. From the FTIR analysis of

MOSP, functional groups like Carboxylic, Hydroxyl, Amines and Alkane, Alkene

stretch, Aromatic stretch, Ester, Primary and Secondary Amide and Amine, -C-O was

identified. 13Mainly MOSP may contain major constituents namely 4-alpha -l

rhamnoxyl butyl isothiocyanate, 4-alpha-l rhamnoxyl butyl glucosinolate, mono-

palmitic and di-oleic triglyceride, niazimicin, 4(L-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl

isothiocyanate, 3-O-(6′-O-oleoyl--D-glucopyranosyl)-sitosterol, sitosterol-3-O-D-

glucopyranoside, niazirin, -sitosterol and glycerol-1-(9-octadecanoate), Roridin E,

Veridiflorol, 9-octadecinoic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetamide, glycerol 1-(9-

octadecanoate), methionine, cysteine and moringyne (all three are amino acids). 14From all the experiments carried out in the study it is concluded that Moringa oleifera

is found natural phytoremedy for Ground Water Treatment. Ground Water Treatment

by Moringa oleifera seed powder as an adsorbent is ecofriendly, economic and energy

efficient water technology best suitable for people living in rural area and polluted area

where water quality is not up to the expectation from health point of view..


6.1 TREATMENT LAYOUT

Fig. 6.1 Treatment layout for the ground water by MOSP.

REFERENCES

[1] Desai H., Aanandwala T. and Desai H. H., Evaluation of Underground Water

Quality Of Surat City (India), Journal of Environmental Research and

Development, Volume 3 (1), 169-174, (2008).

[2] Patel Niyati., Desai Hemangi., Potential of Moringa oleifera Seeds,Leaves and

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Optimum Dosage

Moringa oleifera seed

powder (1 gm/l)

Optimum Dosage

Moringa oleifera seed

powder (6 gm/l)

Normal quality of ground

water (Residential area) keep

it for 1 hour contact time.

Worst quality ground water

(Industrial zone/Coastal belt)

at 50 rpm for 2.5 hours

contact time.

Filtration Filtration

Treated

water for

drinking

purpose

Recyclable

and

biodegradab

le adsorbent


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Documents

A Green Water Technology: Groundwater Quality … · 1422 1461.10 δ(CH2) in CH2OH group 1382 1378.20 δs(CH3) in NHCOCH 3 group 1262-1205 1236.40 complex vibrations of NHCO group