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BUKU PEGANGAN
Manahan, S.E., 2003,
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY,
8th Ed., Lewis Publ., Boca Raton
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ISTILAH TERKAIT
Environmental Science
Ecology
Environmental Chemistry
Toxicological Chemistry
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Environmental Science
Field of knowledge that studies of howhumans and other species interact with
one another and with the nonlivingenvironment. It is both a physical and
social science that integrates knowledgefrom a wide range of disciplines,
including physics, chemistry, biology,geology, geography, economics, political
science, sociology, psychology, and
philosophy.
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What is Ecology ?
Ecology isthe study of environmental factors
that affect organismsand how organisms interact
with these factorsand with each other
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Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a system wherepopulations of species group
together into communities and
interact with each other and the
abiotic environment.
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What is Environmental Chemistry ?
Environmental Chemistry may be
defined asThe study of the sources,
reactions, transport, effects,and fates of chemical species
in water, soil, air and livingenvironments and the effects of
technology thereon
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What is Toxicological Chemistry ?
Toxicological Chemistry isthe chemistry of toxic substances
with emphasis upon theirinteractions with biologic tissue
and living organisms
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ATMOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE
GEOSPHERE BIOSPHERE
ANTHROSPHERE
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Atmosphere The atmosphere is the vast gaseous
envelope of air that surrounds the Earth.
Its boundaries are not easily defined. The atmosphere contains a complex
system of gases and suspended particlesthat behave in many ways like fluids.
Many of its constituents are derived fromthe Earth by way of chemical and
biochemical reactions.
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The thin layer of gases that cover Earths
surface.
Reservoir of gases,
Moderates Earths temperature,
Absorbs energy and damaging ultravioletradiation from the sun,
Transports energy away from equatorialregions and
Serves as a pathway for vapor-phasemovement of water in the hydrolic cycle.
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Absorption (Atmospheric)
Atmospheric absorption is defined as a process in which solarradiation is retained by a substance and converted into heat
energy. The creation of heat energy also causes the substance to
emit its own radiation. In general, the absorption of solar radiation
by substances in the Earth's atmosphere results in temperatures
that get no higher than 1800 Celsius. According to Wien's Law,
bodies with temperatures at this level or lower would emit their
radiation in the longwave band.
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Wien's Law
This radiation law suggests that the wavelength of maximumemission of any body is inversely proportional to its absolute
temperature. The following equation mathematically describes this
law:
lmax = C/T
where lmax is the body's maximum emitted wavelength of
radiation in micrometers (m),
C is a constant equal to 0.2897,and T is the temperature of the body in Kelvins.
E h Pl
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Earth Planet
Bumi dan
Udara B
?
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Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere describes the waters of
the Earth. Water exists on the Earth invarious stores, including the: atmosphere,
oceans, lakes, rivers, glaciers,
snowfields and groundwater. Water
moves from one store to another by way of:
evaporation, condensation,precipitation, deposition, runoff,
infiltration, sublimation, transpiration,
and groundwater flow.
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Geosphere
Is the solid inorganicportion of the
Earth (composed of rocks, minerals,and elements).
It can be regarded as the outer surfaceand interior of the solid Earth.
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Hydrologic Cycle
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Cycle
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Evaporation
Evaporation can be defined as the process by which liquid water is
converted into a gaseous state. Evaporation can only occur when
water is available. It also requires that the humidity of the
atmospherebe less than the evaporating surface (at 100 % relative
humidity there is no more evaporation). The evaporation processrequires large amounts of energy. For example, the evaporation of
one gram of water at a temperature of 100 Celsius requires 540
calories of heat energy (600 calories at 0 Celsius).
Calorie
Quantity of energy. Equals the amount of heat required to raise 1gram of pure water from 14.5 to 15.5 Celsius at standard
atmospheric pressure.
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Transpiration
Transpiration is the process of water loss from plants through
stomata. Stomata are small openings found on the underside ofleaves that are connected to vascular plant tissues. Some dry
environment plants do have the ability to open and close their
stomata. Transpiration is a passive process largely controlled by thehumidity of the atmospheric and the moisture content of the soil. Of
the transpired water passing through a plant only 1 % is used in the
growth process. Transpiration also transports nutrients from the soil
into the roots and carries them to the various cells of the plant.
Evapotranspiration
Combined loss of water to the atmosphere via the processes of
evaporation and transpiration.
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Biosphere
Zone of the Earth where life is found. Thebiosphere consists of all living things,
plant and animal. This zone ischaracterized by life in profusion,
diversity, and ingenious complexity.Cycling of matter in this sphere involves
not only metabolic reactions inorganisms, but also many abiotic
chemical reactions. Also called
ecosphere.
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Anthrosphere
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