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A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following for m: m m m m n n n n b x b x b x b a x a x a x a x Q x P 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 ) ( ) ( where m and n are nonnegative integers, n a a a , , , 1 0 and m b b b , , , 1 0 are real numbersand 0 0 a 0 0 b . §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

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Page 1: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

A rational function is by definition the quotient of

two polynomial functions, which has the following form:

mmmm

nnnn

bxbxbxbaxaxaxa

xQxP

11

10

11

10

)()(

where m and n are nonnegative integers,

naaa ,,, 10 and mbbb ,,, 10 are real numbers,

and 00 a , 00 b .

§4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Page 2: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

(1) ,While n m

the rational function is an proper fraction ;(2) ,While n m

the rational function is an improper fraction.

If there is no common factor between numerator and denominator

Using the polynomial division, the improper fraction can change to the sum of a polynomial and proper fraction.

Eg.1

12

5

x

xx.

1

122

3

x

xxx

Page 3: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Difficulty:

Chang the proper fraction to the sum of fractions.

General rules for changing the proper fraction to the sum of fractions :

( 1 ) If the denominator has a factor ,

then disassemble

kax )(

,)()( 1

21

axA

axA

axA k

kk

Where kAAA ,,, 21 are constants.

Especially : ,1k disassemble as ;ax

A

Page 4: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

( 2 ) If the denominator has a factor ,kqpxx )( 2

, then disassemble 2 4 0where p q

qpxxNxM

qpxxNxM

qpxxNxM kk

kk

21222

211

)()(

Where ii NM , are constants ),,2,1( ki .

Especially :,1k disassemble as ;2 qpxx

NMx

Page 5: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Change the proper fraction to the sum of fractions – unknown coefficient( 待定系数法 )

653

2

xxx

)3)(2(3

xxx

,32

x

Bx

A

),2()3(3 xBxAx

),23()(3 BAxBAx

,3)23(

,1

BA

BA,

6

5

B

A

653

2

xx

x.

36

25

xx

Eg.1

Page 6: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

2)1(1xx

,1)1( 2

xC

xB

xA

21 ( 1) ( 1)A x Bx Cx x

Using the certain value to get CBA ,,

let ,0x 1 A let ,1x 1 B

let ,2x using A, B’s value 1 C

.1

1)1(

112

xxx2)1(

1

xx

Eg.2

Page 7: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Eg.3

.1

51

52

2154

2x

x

x

)1)(21(1

2xx

),21)(()1(1 2 xCBxxA

,)2()2(1 2 ACxCBxBA

,1

,02

,02

CA

CB

BA

,51

,52

,54

CBA

,121 2x

CBxx

A

)1)(21(1

2xx

get

Page 8: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Eg.4 Evaluate .)1(

12dx

xx

dxxx 2)1(

1dx

xxx

11

)1(11

2

dxx

dxx

dxx

1

1)1(

112

.1ln1

1ln Cx

xx

Sol.

Page 9: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Eg.5 Evaluate

Sol.

.)1)(21(

12

dxxx

dxx

xdx

x

21

51

52

2154

dx

xx )1)(21(1

2

dxx

dxx

xxd

x

22 1

1

5

1

1

2

5

1)21(

21

1

5

2

.arctan5

1)1ln(

5

121ln

5

2 2 Cxxx

Page 10: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Eg.5 Evaluate

Sol.

.

1

1

632

dx

eeexxx

let 6x

et ,ln6 tx ,6

dtt

dx

dx

eeexxx

6321

1dt

tttt6

11

23

dtttt

)1)(1(

16 2 dt

tt

tt

2133

136

Page 11: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Ctttt arctan3)1ln(23

)1ln(3ln6 2

dtt

ttt

2133

136

.)arctan(3)1ln(23

)1ln(3 636 Ceeexxxx

23

)1ln(3ln6 tt dttt

td

22

2

11

31

)1(

Page 12: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

dxxx

x

32

52

)32ln(2

1 2 xx ;2

1arctan22 C

x

Eg.7

32

)32(

2

12

2

xx

xxd

dxx 2)1(

42

Eg.8

dxxx

x22 )32(

5

22

2

)32(

)32(

2

1

xx

xxd dx

x 22 ]2)1[(

4

Page 13: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

uduu

24

sec2sec4

4

1 2 tanLet x u

duu)2cos1(2

2

Cuuu )cossin(2

2

Cxx

xx

)32

)1(2

2

1(arctan

2

22

32

1

2

12

xx

原式

dx

x 22 ]2)1[(

4

udu2cos2

Cu

u )2

2sin(

2

2

Page 14: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Eg.9 Evaluate

Sol. 原式 x

xd

14)1( 2 x )1( 2 x

21

1

d4x

x

2arctan

221 1

xx

21

221

ln21 xx

21 xxC

xx

x

x d1

21

2

2

12

1

x

xx

x d1

21

2

2

12

1

2)(21

21xx

)d( 1xx

2)(21

21xx

)d( 1xx

注意本题技巧

本题用常规方法解很繁

Page 15: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Def.of trigonometric function rational expression:

2cos

2sin2sin

xxx

2sec

2tan2

2 x

x

,

2tan1

2tan2

2 x

x

,2

sin2

coscos 22 xxx

二、 The indefinite integral of trigonometric function rational expression

the finite number of operations of constantand trigonometric function,write as (sin ,cos )R x x

Page 16: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

2sec

2tan1

cos2

2

x

x

x

,

2tan1

2tan1

2

2

x

x

let2

tanx

u

,1

2sin 2u

ux

,

1

1cos 2

2

u

ux

ux arctan2

duu

dx 212

dxxxR )cos,(sin .1

211

,1

222

2

2 duuu

uuu

R

(万能置换公式)

Page 17: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Eg.10 Evaluate .cossin1

sin

dxxx

x

Sol. ,1

2sin 2u

ux

2

2

11

cosuu

x

,1

22 du

udx

From the formula

dx

xxx

cossin1sin

duuu

u

)1)(1(

22

duuu

uuu

)1)(1(112

2

22

Page 18: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

duuu

uu

)1)(1()1()1(

2

22

duuu

211

duu

1

1

uarctan )1ln(21 2u Cu |1|ln

2tan

xu

2x

|2

sec|lnx

.|2

tan1|ln Cx

Page 19: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Sol.( 二 ) dx

xx

x

cossin1

sin

dxxx

xxx

cossin2

]1)cos[(sinsin

dxxx )sec1(tan2

1

Cxxxx ]tanseclnsec[ln2

1

Cxx )]sin1ln([2

1

Page 20: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Eg.11 Evaluate .sin

14 dx

x

Sol. (一) ,2

tanx

u ,1

2sin 2u

ux

,

12

2 duu

dx

dxx4sin

1du

uuuu

4

642

8331

Cu

uuu

]3

33

31

[81 3

3

.2

tan241

2tan

83

2tan8

3

2tan24

13

3 Cxx

xx

Page 21: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Sol. (二)

dxx4sin

1dx

x

x 4

4

tan

sec

.cotcot31 3 Cxx

)(tantan

tan14

2

xdx

x

Page 22: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Sol. (三)

dxx4sin

1dxxx )cot1(csc 22

xdxxxdx 222 csccotcsc )(cot xd

.cot31

cot 3 Cxx

Tips Comparing the upper methods, you’ll realize the formula method is not the optimization, using other method first, if you can not evaluate the indefinite integral, then think about the formula method.

Page 23: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Eg.12 Evaluate .sin3sin

sin1

dx

xxx

Sol.2

cos2

sin2sinsinBABA

BA

dxxx

xsin3sin

sin1

dx

xxx

cos2sin2sin1

dxxx

x2cossin4

sin1

dxxx 2cossin

141

dxx2cos

141

Page 24: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

dxxx

xx2

22

cossincossin

41

dxx2cos

141

dxx

dxx

xsin

141

cossin

41

2 dxx2cos

141

xdxxdx

csc4

1)(cos

cos

1

4

12 xdx2sec

4

1

xcos41

xx cotcscln4

1 .tan

41

Cx

Page 25: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Type: ),,( n baxxR ),,( n

ecxbax

xR

Methods: Get rid of the radical expression.

Eg.13 Evaluate

dxx

xx

11

Sol. Let tx

x

1,

1 2tx

x

三、 The indefinite integral of simple irrational function

Page 26: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

,1

12

t

x ,1

222

t

tdtdx

dxx

xx

11 dtt

ttt

22

2

1

21

1

2 2

2

tdtt

dtt

11

12 2C

t

tt

1

1ln2

.11

ln1

2

2

Cx

xx

x

x

Page 27: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Eg.14 Evaluate .11

13

dxxx

Sol. Let 16 xt ,6 5 dxdtt

dx

xx 3 111

dtttt

523 6

1

dttt

16

3

Ctttt |1|ln6632 23

.)11ln(6131312 663 Cxxxx

Tips by using the least common multiple of the root exponent to get rid of the radical expression.

Page 28: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

Eg.15 Evaluate .1213

dxxx

x

Sol. First rationalize the denominator

dxxxxx

xxx)1213)(1213(

)1213(

dxxx )1213(

)13(1331

xdx )12(1221

xdx

.)12(31

)13(92 2

323

Cxx

.1213

dxxx

x

Page 29: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

1. 可积函数的特殊类型

有理函数分解

多项式及部分分式之和

三角函数有理式万能代换

简单无理函数

三角代换根式代换

2. 特殊类型的积分按上述方法虽然可以积出 ,但不

要注意综合使用基本积分法 ,简便计算 .一定简便 ,

内容小结

Page 30: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

一、 填空题:

1、

dxxx

CBx

x

Adx

x 111

323 ,其 A ____,

B ________ , C __________;

2、

dx

x

C

x

B

x

Adx

xx

x

11111

122

2

,

其中 A _____, B _____, C _______;

3、计算 ,

sin2 x

dx可用万能代换 xsin ___________,

dx _____________;

4、计算 ,

mbax

dx令 t ___, x ___, dx ____ .

练习题

Page 31: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

5、 有 理 函 数 的 原 函 数 都 是 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

二 、 求 下 列 不 定 积 分 :

1、 321 xxxxdx

; 2、 xxxdx

22 1;

3、 dx

x 411

; 4、 xdx

2sin3;

5、 5cossin2 xxdx

; 6、

dxxx

1111

7、

xdx

xx

11

; 8、 3 42 )1()1( xx

dx .

Page 32: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

三 、 求 下 列 不 定 积 分 ( 用 以 前 学 过 的 方 法 ):

1 、 dx

x

x31

; 2 、

dxxxx

sincos1

3 、 24 1 xx

dx; 4 、 dx

xx

3

2

cossin

5 、 dx

xx

28

3

)1(; 6 、 dx

xx

sin1sin

7 、 dx

xxxx

)( 3

3

; 8 、 dx

exe

x

x

2)1(;

9 、 dxxx 22 )]1[ln( ; 1 0 、 xdxx arcsin1 2 ;

1 1 、 dxxx

xx cossin

cossin; 1 2 、 ))(( xbax

dx.

Page 33: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

二 、 1 、 Cxx

x

3

4

)3)(1(

)2(ln

2

1;

2 、 Cxxx

x

arctan

2

1

)1()1(ln

4

122

4

3 、 )12arctan(4

2

12

12ln

8

22

2

xxx

xx

C )12arctan(4

2;

一、1、2,1,1; 2、-1,2

1,2

1;3、 221

2,

1

2

u

du

u

u

4、bax,a

bt2,dta

t2; 5、初等函数 .

练习题答案

Page 34: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

4、 Cx

3

tan2arctan

32

1;

5、 C

x

5

12

tan3arctan

5

1;

6、 Cxxx )11ln(414 ;

7、xx

xx

11

11ln C

x

x

1

1arctan2 , 或

Cxx

x

arcsin

11ln

2

8、 Cx

x

3

1

1

2

3.

Page 35: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

三 、 1 、 Cxx

1

1

)1(2

12 ;

2 、 Cxx )sinln( ;

3 、 Cx

x

x

x

2

3

32 1

3

)1(;

4 、 Cxxx

x )tanln(sec

2

1

cos2

sin2 ;

5 、 Cxx

x

4

8

4

arctan8

1

)1(8;

6 、 Cxx

2tan1

2, 或 Cxxx tansec ;

Page 36: A rational function is by definition the quotient of two polynomial functions, which has the following form: §4 有理函数的积分 Integration of Rational Function

7 、 Cx

x

66 )1(ln ;

8 、 Cee

xe xx

x

)1ln(1

9 、 Cxxxx

xxx

2)1ln(12

)]1[ln22

22

1 0 、 xxxx

arcsin124

)(arcsin 22

Cx

4

2

1 1 、 Cx

xxx

sin21

cos21ln

22

1)cos(sin

2

1;

1 2 、 Cxb

ax

arctan2 .