A Research of Book-indexing Behavior

Lily & Sandy

HaizNatashaSShopping

&

ilya

Jerry

RGT

CWA- ATLAS.ti

RepIV

Abstrat

This study is a qualitative approach information behavior research. The

researcher used multiple methods to inquiry back-of-the-book indexers indexing

behavior. Data collected by interview and cases in literature. CWA,

Instance-proposition analysis, concept map technology were used to transcripts and

content analysis. RGT was used to draw the mental strategies of a indexer. ATLAS.ti

and RepIV are softwares for data analysis.

In this study, the researcher conceptualized the model of back-of-the-book

indexers indexing behavior. The explanation power of this model was examined by

Indexing Room Metaphor. This study proposes three arguments:

1. Back-of-the-book indexers depend on their term-selecting-project more than

simple term-selecting-judgement in entity selecton.

2. Back-of-the-book indexing behavior is a continuously projecting and deciding

activity.

3. The information resources used in back-of-the-book indexing are not merely

content itself, but involving social information resources and indexers personal

experience.

Finally, the researcher discussed some applicational and theortical issues in this

study.

We have systems that work. That is to say, these fortuitous mixtures of

professional know-how and technology called systems gather, operate on, and

provide information to an amazing array of people in every kind of imaginable

situation. (Taylor, R. S., 1986:2)

ii

........................................................................................................... 1

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.............................................................................. 30

RGT .............................................................................. 40

CWA .................................................................. 62

- ................................................................................. 70

....................................................................... 78

.............................................................................. 80

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................................................................... 99

.............................................. 116

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: ................................................................................. 202

........................................................................................ 204

-- (EXCEL ................................................................... 205

iv

1 ................................................................... 38

2 (CWA) ............................................................ 64

3 .................................... 65

4 WDA - ................................................. 69

5 ....................................................... 88

6 ....................................................... 90

7 ................................................ 93

8 ....................................................... 96

9 ..................................................................... 100

10 3-17 ........................................................... 102

11 ................................................ 102

12 ........................................................... 103

13 RGT ................................................................ 105

14 FOCUS ...................................................................... 107

15 PrinGrid ..................................................................... 112

16 ................................................... 117

17 ........................................................... 123

18 ................................................... 126

19 9-77 ........................................................... 127

20 ............................................ 129

21 (indexers indexing questions) .. 129

22 ........................................................... 131

23 .................................................................................. 141

24 Cindex ................................... 146

25 "Sky index" ......................... 146

26 TW-W Execl ........................................ 147

27 ........................................................... 154

28 ................................................................... 156

29 ................................................... 156

30 ................................................... 163

31 9-109 ........................................................ 163

32 ................................................................... 165

33 ....................................................... 169

vi

1 ........................................................... 20

2 .................................... 21

3 ........................................................................... 32

4 ................................................................... 32

5 ...................................................................................... 33

6 .................................................................................. 34

7 ................................................................... 39

8 ............................................................... 56

9 ........................................................... 57

10 ..................................................... 58

11 ..................................................................... 60

12 ............................................................................ 85

13 Cy DJ ............................... 104

14 ....................................................... 135

2

3M

67

American Society of

IndexersASI 1978 Wilson AwardF1F

/

1 http://www.asindexing.org/site/WilsonAward.shtml

3

/

Dervin Nilan

1986

(Dervin & Nilan,

1986)

R. S. Taylor(1982, 1986) Turing

(1950)Turing test

R. S. Taylor

R. S. Taylor 1982

Taylor (, 1994)

4

(R. S. Taylor,

1986)

Taylor

(value-added

spectrum) Taylor

Taylor

Taylor

Taylor

Taylor

Taylor

Taylor

()-(

)

5

Taylor

(Turing Test)

(information-processing)

(artificial intelligence)

(Turing test)

(Alan Turing)

(Turing machine)

(Harnad, 1992; Turing, 1950)

()

6

(Turing-indistinguishability)

(Chinese Room Argument)

John Searle (1980)(Chinese room

argument)Searle (Strong AI)

Searle AI

(1)(2)(2)

AI Searle Turing

s

Searle

Searle

7

( AI )

F2F

(Harnad, 2001)Searle

Searle

1980 20

Searle Searle

AI(axiom)

(Searle, 1984, 1990)

(A1)

(A2)

(A3)

Searle

-- Searle

(Searle-In-the-Room, SIR) Searle (Room-In-the-Searle,

RIS)--

2 (The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, BBS)BBS

(Open Peer Commentary)

1000

JCR 2005Impact factor(9.885)BBSSCI 6088

SSCI SCI

BBS

(Harnad, 2001)

8

Searle

-

10

RGT

back-of-the-book index

book index

(index)

14

(

)

(

, 1979)

(collection)(item)

() (ANSI

Z39.4-1968 F3

Index Indicare

Table

(, 1995)

Louis Shores 1737

Alexander Cruden (Concordance to the Bible)

1848 William F. Poole Index to

Subject Treated in the Review and other Periodicals 1802

1911 (, 1980, p. 1)

(CNS

13223, -)

3 (1994)

15

(Index)(, 1995)

(

, 1995)

()()

(,

http://edic.nict.gov.tw/tudic/start.htm)

a systematic guide to items contained in or concepts derived from a collection.

These items or concepts are represented by entries arranged in a searchable

order, such as alphabetical, chronological, or numerical. This order is normally

different from that of the items in or concepts in the collection itself. (ANSI

Z39.4-1984)

(elements)

()

16

(, 1980)

(

, 1993)

Diodato (1994)

(index)

17

-

Entry:

(, 1995)

(heading)(proper

name)(subject name)

(main heading)(subentry)

(locator)(reference)

(Cross-reference)

(1980)

(alphabetical) -

-

()

(category) -

(concordance) -

18

(fact-index) -

(1995)

19

Tagging

Folksonomy

--

(non-fiction)

(Knight, 1979)

--

20

(, 2005)

(1996) 846

(1994)

1454

1.2 (2004) 1064

2002~2003 33

3.1%

(2005)2004

1

1,286

532

386

368

328

310

294

252

238

219

(, 2005 38)

2005 12

2647 463 (

17.52%)

21

273 ( 10.33%

58.96%) 64

13.82%

2

273 64

100% 13.82%

463 273 N=273 58.96% 10.33%

20 90 Milstead (1994)

...

22

Diodato (1994)()

(sub heading)(line-by- line)

(run-on)

(letter by letter)(word by word)

(duplicate)(see)

Jorgensen & Liddy (1996)

(1)(name/title)(2)

/(see/see also)(3)

23

Knight(1969) Training in indexing

Langridge(1969)Subject heading

(1980)

1980

(2006)

Knight (1979)Indexing, the art of

Ward (1996)

24

Knight

(Art)

(, 1980) Diodato

& Gandt (1991)

Chan(1981) (1)

(2)(3)

25

Langridge(1989) (Subjcet analysis)

(summarizing)

Langridge (1)(2)

Shaw Fouchereaux(1993)(1)

(about)(2)

A. G. Taylor (1999)

(1)(2)

Sauperl (2002)

(a)(subject assessment)(b)(assignment)

P. Wilson(1968)

(purposive way)

Wilson

(figure-ground way)

26

Wilson

(constantly-referred-to method)

(appeal to unity)

Beghtol(1986)(aboutness)

(meanings)

(aboutness)

Beghtol Teun Van Dijk Walter

Kintsch

(1)

(2)(3)

(4)

Farrow (1991) Beghtol Teun Van Dijk Walter

Kintsch

(top-down / conceptual indexing)

(bottom-up / perceptual indexing)(scan)

27

in this paper we.

Farrow Beghtol Farrow

Beghtol

Albrechtsen (1993)

(simplistic conception)

(content-oriented conception)

(requirement-oriented conception)

(pragmatic)

Albrechtsen

Mai(2005)

Mai (document-

centered)(domain-centered)

(document-oriented)(subject matter)

(index term)(1)

(2)

28

Mai

Hjorland & Albrechtsen 1995 (domain

analysis)(Hjorland & Albrechtsen, 1995)

90

(naturalistic research)

(presupposisitions)

(Lofland & Lofland, 2005)

RGTCWA-

30

Denzin (Denzin, 2000)

(interviewee)(informant)

II Smith Kells (2005)Inside Indexing

Cy RGT

/

Cy, Lc, W

31

RGTXX X XX50 X

X XX- XX70X

32

11

13 3XCyRGT

3

Ch ,

Cy DJ CYB-Cy NLJ-Cy

F DJ

G

Hh

Hc , WY-Hc

Lc , CR-Lc DJ CJK-Lc

HN-Lc CJB-Lc SLEB-Lc

LJ-Lc

Lh

K II-K

P , RI-P IRT-P

S II-S

W , TW-W

Y

CyHcLcKPSW

4

Cy

Hc

33

Lc

K

ASI 1998

P

S ASI 90s

W

5X

DJ

RGTII

Inside Indexing

5

CR-Lc , Lc

CJK-Lc Lc

HN-Lc Lc

CJB-Lc Lc

SLEB-Lc Lc

LJ-Lc Lc

DJ-Cy Lc, F, Cy

DJ-Lc Lc, F, Cy

CYB-Cy Cy

NLJ-Cy Cy

TW-W W

WY-Hc Hc

RI-P P

34

IRT-P P

II-K K

II-S S

F4F (1)

(3)

6

TW-W CYB-Cy

Lh CR-Lc Ch

WY-Hc RI-P

IRT-P

DJ-Cy

DJ-Lc

II-K

II-S

4

35

12

3

CyLcW

36

ACFG

ABCGHI

AC

AC

A C

37

-

DJ-Cy

Miles & Huberman (1994)

Miles & Huberman

(reduction) (display)/(conclusion

drawing and verification)

38

data reduction

data displaying

/conclusion drawing/ verification

data collecting

= (analysis)

1


RGT

39

7

() (CWA)

(WDA)(AA)

() (WDA)

() (CWA)

-

RGT () (PCA),

-

ATLAS.ti

RGT ATLAS.ti

RGT

40

RGT

F5F(Repertory Grid Technique, RGT)

(construction of meaning)RGT

(Beail, 1985) RGT

()

RGT

RGT

RGT

RGT

RGT

X XX XX99 X

RGT George A. Kelly (1955)

RGT

5 Repertory Grid Technique RGT

RGT

41

RGT

(ontology)

RGT (construction) Kelly

Kelly (corollary)

(construction corollary)

(construct) Kelly

RGT

1. (elements)

2. (constructs)

3. (grid)

Kelly RGT (Role

repertroy grid test)

RGT

(role)

(Gammack & Robert A,

42

1994)

164B

165B

RGT

(Homogenous)

Easterby-Smith (1980)

43

(Representative coverage)

Beail (1985)

166B

RGT

RGT Beail (1985)

Gammack & Robert(1994) RGT

(stimuli)

(Constructs)

Kelly

44

Yorke (1985)

(sex)(acclimatize)

Kelly

/

(--)

(supply constructs)

Kelly

(Yorke, 1985)

(elicit constructs)(triad)

(dyadic)(card sorting)(laddering)

RGT

RGT

1. (Triad method) Kelly

(minimum context card)

45

2. (dyadic)

Yorke(1985) Kelly

Kelly

Yorke

3. (card sort)

4. (laddering)

(Why)

(how)(what)

grid (Easterby-Smith, 1980)

(difference)

(opposite)

46

Kelly 20-30

Easterby-Smith(1980)

10*10


(pre-emptive)

(constellatorial):

-//

(propostional)X / Y X / not XKelly

X / Y Yorke(1985) X / Y

/

(yes/no)5 7

Kelly RGT

Kelly

Kelly

/

Kelly Bannister(1960)

47

(ranking)

(rating)

Yorke(1985)

Likert-scale

Likert-scale Likert-scale

RGT

RGT

Yorke(1985)

RGT

1.

(laddering)2.

3.(

)

48

RGT

RGT

RGT

RGT


Easterby-Smith

(Principle Components Analysis, PCA) INGRID (Slater, 1977)

grid

PCA 80%

(Cluster Analysis) FOCUS (M. L. G. Shaw & Thomas, 1978)

()

RGT

49

RGT

RGT

RGT

RGT

RGT

RGT

RGT

50

DJ

DJ

RGT 10-15

15

15

540

15

51

167B

/

Gottlob

Frege (proper name)(common name)

()()

/

/

/

52

/

(1992)

(particular) F6F

98

(a) (the)/(a/an)

(the)

(a/an)

(/

)

/

(v)+(adj)+(n)(adj)+(n)

,

6(particular)

53

X192X

DJ 540

168B

169B

(proper nouns)(common

nouns)(abstract nouns)(collective nouns)

8 ( 56

(Digital

Stores)[c][u]

-

54

[u]:

133 24.63%

70%

[u.domain]: Content

AnalysisDigital Library

94 17.41%

[u_adj]: Educational

6 1.11%

[u+adj]: [u+adj]

Library without wall

116 21.48%

+n

[u]

++

[u]adj+noun

[u+adj]

[u+adj]

55

n+vadj+v

[u_sentence]:

12

2.22%

[u+and]: and,

15 2.78%

(grouped record

display)[u_sentence][u+adj]

[u+adj+and]: 2

0.37%

[c]:

(collective nouns)

(proper name)/

/

47 8.7

[c+adj]:

43 7.96%

[c.domain]:

OPAC Online Public Acess Catalog

OPAC

OPAC 70

12.96%

xx

DDCLCMARC

56

[c+and]: and,

2 0.37%

8

[c] 47 8.70% 14

[c.domain] 70 12.96% 21

[c+adj] 43 7.96% 13

[c+and] 2 0.37% 1

[u] 133 24.63% 39

[u.domain] 94 17.41% 28

[u_adj] 6 1.11% 2

[u_sentence] 12 2.22% 4

[u+adj] 116 21.48% 34

[u+and] 15 2.78% 5

[u+adj+and]

2 0.37% 1

540 100.00% 162

30

EXCEL CEILING

162

170B

-

540

162

57

-

-[t]

[p][s]

-[a]

[b][c]

[.obj][.sub]

[.iso][.cpx]

[.eng]

[.cons]

- 144

3x3x4x2x2 DJ 162

9

.eng .cons .iso .obj .sub .cpx

[a] 44 35 3 76 25 109 213 70.76%

[b] 2 4 34 8 7 1 50 16.61%

[c] 0 4 21 8 5 4 38 12.62%

.eng .eng .iso .obj .sub .cpx

[t] 46 35 38 85 28 108 259 86.05%

[p] 0 4 3 0 4 4 11 3.65%

[s]

0 4 17 7 5 2 31 10.30%

46 43 58 92 37 114 301

15.28% 14.29% 19.27% 30.56% 12.29% 37.87% 100.00%

162 301 - 1.82

70.76%-

86.05%

58

10

.eng .cons .iso .obj .sub .cpx

(a-t) 44 31 1 76 23 105

(a-p) 0 4 2 0 2 4

(a-s) 0 0 0 0 0 0

(b-t) 2 4 34 7 5 1

(b-p) 0 0 0 0 2 0

(b-s) 0 0 0 1 0 0

(c-t) 0 0 3 2 0 2

(c-p) 0 0 1 0 0 0

(c-s) 0 4 17 6 5 2

.eng:

.cons:

.iso:

.obj:

.sub:

.cpx:

171B

DJ 11 144

15 RGT

-

(4+2)

59

5 13

[.eng][.cons] 15

RGT 15

-

(c-s)(EXCEL)

-

-

172B

60

15 X 11

X

11

N

.cpx a-t [c.domain][u.domain] 26 10 417.2 p.121

.obj b-s [c] 1 1 409.1 p.105-107

.iso b-t [u.domain] 6 3 419.2 p.50

.iso b-t [u] 2 1 405.2 p.331

.iso c-p [u] 1 1 409.2 (in ) p.128-129

.sub b-p [u] 2 1 411.2 (in ) p.331-332

.cpx a-t [u] 5 4 405.1 (Affordability) p.27-28

.iso c-s [u][u+adj] 8 6 404.1 p.219-221

.sub a-p [u][u+adj] 1 1 404.1 (in ) p.22

.cpx a-t [u_adj][u+adj][u+and] 3 1 417.2 (ratcher-shaped) p.271

.iso c-t [u+adj] 2 2 421.2

(in

) p.13

* a-t [c+and] 5 5 422.1 / p.151(at.cons)

.cpx a-t [u.domain] 9 2 405.1 (Subject Heading) p.64

* a-t [c] 14 10 421.1 p.21(at.cpx)

.iso b-t [c][c.domain] 5 1 419.2 p.169(bt)

RGT

15 4x6

Centre for Person-Computer Studies RGT

RepIV

DJ Cy RGT

RGT

61

RepIV

62

CWA

(Cognitive work analysis, CWA) Rasmussen

(Rasmussen, Pejtersen, & Goodstein, 1994)

CWA Rasmussen 1960 Riso

(Sanderson, 2003)

Rasmussen

(cognitive systems engineering)

(Sanderson, 2003; Vicente, 1999)

(general system thinking)(adaptive control systems)Gibson

(Ecological Psychology)

Sanderson (2003)

63

OPAC()

(Fidel & Pejtersen, 2004)

(Pettigrew, Fidel, & Bruce, 2001)

(constraint)

(characteristics)

(Fidel & Pejtersen, 2004)

(Weinberg, 2003)

(Rasmussen, Pejtersen, & Schmidt, 1990)(Fidel & Pejtersen,

2004)

64

-

Dimensions of Cognitive Work Analysis

-

2 (CWA)

Fidel & Pejtersen(2004)

CWA

CWA

X 3XX65 X

CWA(Work Domain Analysis, WDA)

-(Means-End Analysis)-(Parts-Whole

Analysis)(Activity Analysis, AA)

65

, ,

-

1

2

3

4

5

5

7

6

3

Rasmussen et.al. (1990)

WDA

(Work domain analysis, WDA)WDA

(Rasmussen et al., 1994)

(reverse engineering)

(psycho-analysis)

66

(end)

(mean)-

-

delimitation of the work system

-the means-ends relations

-the part-whole relations

Pettigrew et. al. (2001)

(traditional or system-oriented

approach) Dervin & Nilan (1986)

67

(socio-technical)

()

-

WDA -WDA

-

WDA

1. Goals & constraints

68

2. Abstract functions & priorities

3. General work activities & functions

4. Physical processes

5. Physical configuration & anatomy

Rasmussen, J., Pejtersen, A. M., & Goodstein, L. P. (1994) CWA

-

Fidel

& Pejtersen (2004)

--

How

Why

-(end)

69

4 WDA -

Fidel & Pejtersen (2004)

-

WDA -

(zooming in)(zooming out)

--

-

-

70

-

Schutz (mutual knowledge) (Schutz & Wagner, 1970)

-

CWA

71

(instance)

(fact)(reality)

(reasonable)

72

(proposition)

(Strauss & Corbin, 1997, p.

70)

(abduction) Charles S. Peirce

(reasoning)Peirce

(logical

reasoning)

(deduction)

(abduction)

(induction)

(, 1999)

(fact)

73

-

(Strauss & Corbin, 1997,

pp. 91-95)

(axial coding)

74

ATLAS.ti network view

(node)

(concept map) Novak 1970 (Cornell

University)

Novak (1982)

David Ausubel

Ausubel (constructivism learning)

(prior knowledge)(framework)

(assimilation)

Novak

ATLAS.ti

(Muhr, 1991)--

ATLAS.ti

Muhr(1991)

75

ATLAS.ti Network view

Novak & Canas (2007)

1. (create context)

2. (construct a Focus Question)

3. (identify key concepts)Novak 15-25

(parking lot)

4. (construct a preliminary concept map)Novak

(Post-i)t IHMC CmapTools (Caas et al., 2004b,

http://cmap.ihmc.us)

5. (seek Cross-link)

(link words)

(sentences in the boxes)(string map)

6.

76

(Joseph D. Novak & Caas, 2006; Strauss & Corbin, 1997)

(Joseph D.

Novak & Caas, 2006)

(

)

ATLAS.ti network view

ATLAS.ti

ATLAS.ti

ATLAS.ti

77

ATLAS.ti Network view

ATLAS.ti

WDA --

(problem solving)

-(weakness

method)

(Gagne, Yekovich, & Yekovich, 1998) CWA

(end)

(mean)-

-

78


/

/(external validity/transferability/fittingness)//

(utilization/application/action orientation)

(objectivity)

(reliability)

(DJ)

(Cy) RGT

79

ATLAS.ti

(internal validity)

80

12 X X

85 X

I

81

(Flower & Hayes, 1981; Hayes, 1989)George Kelly

(Kelly, 1955)Kelly

(Role Construct Repertory Test)

(Repertory Grid Technique,

RGT)

X

XX X X40X

II

RGT

RGT

82

(Cognitive work analysis, CWA)

CWA(Rasmussen et al.,

1994; Vicente, 1999)

(Rasmussen et al., 1990)

(Fidel & Pejtersen, 2004, 2005)

(Sanderson, 1998, 2003)CWA

CWA

-

CWA

CWA

CWA

ATLAS.ti

(concept map ATLAS.ti Network view )

CWA

-

X XX X XX X-

X

83

(schema)

Inside indexing--

(think aloud)

Amazon

-

code

-(instance)

ATLAS.ti

ATLAS.ti

12

I

(2005.12-2006.06)

1.

2.

3.

1.(2005.11)

2.(2005.11)

3.(2005.12)

(2006.07-2006.10)

RGT

1.

2.

RGT

3. RGT

1.

Kelly

2.

3.

4.RGT

II

(2006.11-2007.04-)

RGT

1.CWA

2.-

3.ATLAS.ti

1. CWA(2006.11)

2. ATLAS.ti Network view

(2007.01)

3.

(2007.04)

(2007.04-)

1. Visio

CWA-WDA

CWA-AA

2.

1.inside indexing

(2007.05)

2.meeting

(2007.05-)

1.

2.

1.

(2007.05)

2. Weber, Schutz, Parsons,

Garfinkal, Giddens

(2007.06-09)

3.

(2007.08)

(2007.11-)

(WDA)

WDA

(ends)(depends)(activities)(tools)

(strategy)(approach)

88

Schutz(1967)(projet)

-

/ /

/

/

///////..

()// //

1

23

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

1415

16

5

-

(1)(2)

(3)

89

-

/

X 5X

90

-

-

()

(Activity Analysis Diagram)

6

91

Polanyi (1962)

X

X X 92 XX XX 95 X

92

Lc B

(2:69)

93

(gathering)

(re-phrasing)

(decide access

route)

(sorting entry)

7

DJ

... Cy

...

X

Cy

94

(3:17-18)

II-K

I create a main heading for NIMBY because it is an attitude that many people

are familiar with and I imagine this heading getting a lot of use.(9:108)

[ NIMBY

]

NIMBY Not In My Back Yard

NIMBY

Mulvany (1994)

(1)

(2)

95

/

X99X X118 X

(Schtuz, 1967)

96

8

X XX XX155 X

X XX X X138X

97

CWA

(goal)

(

)

X 8XX XX96X

X

X X118X

RT (8:13)

98

X101 X

TW

(3M Post-it)

Excel

WY-Hc

99

Lc

Lc-- B

(2:69)

Cy

c-p------()----

Cy...

...

[]...

(3:20)

Word

100

(WDA)

X 9

X

1

2 3

4

5 6

7

8

9

10

11

12 13 14

15 16

A

17

18

19 20

9

WDA

(17) (18)

WDA

()

()

101

(11) (A)

(page proof)

Microsoft Word Excel

(Notepad)

()

Cy...()...

c-p

()

() ()

Cy

...

X(3:17)

102

10 3-17

11

103

is a

is produced from

is cause of

is produced from

is property of is property of

is a

is property of

is a

is a

is produced from

is produced from

is end of

is property of

is cause of is cause of

is produced from is end of

is ais cause of is a

is a

is end of

is cause ofis a

is ais a

is property of

is a

is a

is property of

()

() (term-selectingschema)

()(scope)

()(planningentity selecting, create entity

selecting schema)

()(index scope)

(indexing planning)

(marking note)

12

x:

w:

x:

w:

x:

w:

x:

w: (6:7)

RT

104

(8:13)

RGT

CyDJ

12

13 Cy DJ

() vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

/ vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

vs.

12 Cy grid

rating 1-5

vs.

RGT

105

0 3

13 RGT

RGT Rep IV Focus

prinGrid

Focus

X Y (M.

L. G. Shaw & Thomas, 1978)Focus

PrinGrid (principle component

analysis)

106

PrinGrid

3

Focus

75 6

75 5

107

14 FOCUS

108

(ratcher-shaped)

(main heading)

109

()

Focus

(ratcher-shaped)

110

(double-post)

/

111

PrinGrid

PrinGrid

112

15 PrinGrid

113

(X ) 39.8

(Y ) 21.7

60

FOCUS PrinGrid

114

15 3

(Affordability)(ratcher-shaped)

(

)

-

//

-

/

116

Lancaster(1998)

(1)(2)

(derivative indexing, or extraction

indexing) (assignment indexing)

117

()

16

(A)

(13)

118

(12)

(17)(18)

(15)(19)(16)(20)

WDA -

(13)(12)

(13)[]()

Cy

Cy[OO]([])

([])

119

...

X[]

Cy.........()......

A B

A B A A B

A B

(3:16)

II-S

... or the cities and counties, I add the state to the main heading. Providing this

context helps the readers because they will need less time to understand the

entry. Closter, New Jersey and Montgomery County, Maryland are easier to

understand than Closter and Montgomery County. (9:28)

[

..]

120

Lancaster(1998)Translation

()

...

......

(3:13)

"the", "a/an"

growth cost, cost of growth

cost

121

RT

-

xx(8:10)

II-K

K in-migration

K

in-migration

Adding an in-migration entry for this passage illustrates how I sometimes

reveal relationships that arent overtly presented in the text itself. (9:105)

[

]

c

...

122

(3:18)

(a)(b)

(c)

///

(access point)

/

(double-post)

(AA)

123

17

c...

124

(3:18)

II-S

II-K II-S

(13)(12)(15) (19)

(16)(20)

126

(WDA)

18

()

127

(11)(12)(13)

(A)

(15)(16)

(17)

II-K

9:77 ( X 19 9-77X)II-K

19 9-77

128

-

A

B

CA

('d)

(d)B

AB

E

(projecting)(monitoring)

129

20

(indexers indexing questions)

9:77

is a

is a

is a

is a is a

is a

is a

is a

is a

is a

is a

is a

is a

is a

is a

(questionabout author's argument's

opposition)

(questionabout what is unique argument in

this book)

(question aboutauthor's argument's position)

(question aboutthe point of make someone buy

this book)

(question aboutwho will buy it)

(question aboutauthor's aboutness)

(indexers indexingquestions)

(questionabout the point of make someone

familiar this topic to buy this

book)

(reader-orientedindexing question)

(text-orientedindexing questions)

(author-intention-oriented question)

(question abouttext aboutness)

(question aboutrelated aboutness)

21 (indexers indexing questions)

(indexing problem condition)

II-S II-K

(1)

TW-W,

130

(2)

( DJ-Cy,WY-Hc, RT-P)

DJ-Cy RGT

(3)

( 9:77 )

(problem solving)

Rasmussen (1994)

()

know-how

X

XX XX166 X

131

X X X XX155X

(gathering)

(re-phrasing)

(sorting)

22

132

WY-HcDJ-CyTW-W

133

977

RT-P 2-3

-

(merge)

Excel

8:7

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

135

14

136

(Borko &

Bernier, 1978; Collison, 1959; Mulvany, 1994; , 1932; , 2006; ,

1973; , 1930) 14

135X

DJ-Cy

137

(habit)(custom)

DJ-Cy

TW-W

DJ-Cy

138

c

x...

c(3:22)

(custom)

(scope)

Cy

c:..

...

x

c

139

......(3:25)

c...

(3:30)

(approach)

(index card)

3"x5"

(index card holder)(index

140

card box)

(shoes box)

Mulvany(1994)Book indexing

1. (marking the page proof)

Mulvany

141

23

Mulvany (1994)

2. (creating entries on index cards)

142

3.

Book indexing"Getting Start"

()

(the depth of

indexing)

(Salton, 1988; Wellisch, 1991)

Mulvany

(Salton, 1988)

()

143

(Mulvany,1994:63)

Chicago Manual

13 7% 300

() 21

15 (Mulvany, 1994)

2-5 3-5

(

)

7-8 6-8

I (

)

10% 8-10

II (

)

15+ 10+

Mulvany

(Over-index strategy)

(Mulvany, 1994:50)

II-K WY-Hc

144

K: "I overindex during this step because I find it easier to whittle down a long

index than to inflate a short one. .... My tendency to overindex manifests itself

in my first draft in several ways."(9:51)

Hc: (7:3)

(two-passes

strategy)(iterative approach)

II-S(Sherry L. Smith)

(first pass)Smith

CIndexSmith

(aboutness)

Smith Smith

(flag)

X X X128X

(second pass)Smith

145

Smith Cindex

FIND ALLCindex DOS

Smith Cindex

Smith

Cindex

(computer-aid)

( II-S CINDEX II-K Sky Index)

( WY-Hc Word RT Excel)

()

Mulvany Book indexing

()

Excel

146

24 Cindex

25 "Sky index"

TW-W W EXCEL

TW-W

.

EXECL

()

147

()

26 TW-W Execl

Smith

FIND ALL

--

--

148

1. ()

(8:13)

x:

w:

(6:13)

2.

x:

w:

x:

w:

x:

w:

149

x:

w: (6:7)

3.

w:

x:

w: A

B (6:28)

150

WY

(Cy, F, Lh, P)

WY-Hc

/

(Hc[], Lh[

])

P 10

(over-index)

151

/

WY-Hc

/

(7:5)

WY

Hc

153

ATLAS.ti auto

coding

( :

154

27

(known)

(knowing)

156

[/]

28

XXX128X

29

157

(aboutness)

......

(3:13)

I decide what each discussion is about. Once I have identified the primary

aboutness,(9:24)

[]

I consider how the information answers potential questions of readers as well as

deciding what that section is about. In his book Lancaster provides terms I find

useful in describing a couple of different types of my analysis decisions:

conceptual analysis (deciding the aboutness) and translation (deciding what

terms to use when describing the aboutness for readers).(9:80)

[

Lancaster

]

158

(pattern)

Another of my editorial changes involves the in-migration discussion on pages

42-44. I originally created this main heading for discussions in other parts of the

book. While editing, I realize that in-migration is a concept that also applies

to page 43 even though there arent explicit mentions of in-migration in the

passage. (9:105)

[ 42-44 (in-migration)

43

]

159

in-migrationin-migration

in-margration

Lc

Lc

600 1000

160

X

Lc

X

Lc

L

X

Lc

(2:37)

1. (2:37)

2.

Lc

Lc(

)

X()

Lc

(2:10)

161

K

Translating passages for users is a very important aspect of my analysis process.

Because of this, my analysis is dependent on the assumptions Ive made about

Fodors audience and the kinds of information they need when turning to my

index. In a way, Im role-playing when I analyze a piece of text. I am wearing

their shoes and asking their questions. To do this effectively, I need to have a

clear and accurate understanding of my target audience and their

information-seeking behavior.(9:81)

[

Fodor

]

K

162

3.

(1) (see readers understanding about this topic,

domain knowledge)

(2) (identify reader term)

Ideally, my clients would provide character sketches of their target audience for

each book. In the real world, I usually define readers for myself. I like to have a

handle on a books audience before I start creating entries, although I often

adjust my impressions throughout my process.(9:61)

[

]

-

163

30

II-K

31 9-109

Deciding to provide access form quality of life to this passage makes a

significant impact on the structure of my index. Because this concept is implicit,

I want to make sure that I consistently analyze this and other unstated ideas

such as businesses, citizens, and ecology. This decision results in

increased time and energy that I spend reading between the lines, looking for

relationships between stated and unstated concepts, and determining whether

the unstated topics are pertinent and warrant entries being created for them.

(9:109)

[

164

]

()

Hc

165

(7:13)

(assumption)

(known)

auto-coding

32

ASSUME:=[anticipat*|assum*|imagine*|**|**|**|**]

166

......

II-S

(9:85)

167

(confirm)

II-S (9:22, 9:66)

II-K(9:155) K

2004

K

K

Cy

...

313

168

I create main headings for each myth using terms that I imagine readers will

look for. I dont create subheadings for each specific myth under the main

heading myths about growth. In thinking about the variety of readers

questions that are answered by this passage, I imagine questions like where is

the myth about subsidizing business to create good jobs? I cant see many

people looking under myths for answers to questions like this. I can see them

looking for specific topics addressed by each myth. (9:88)

[

(myths)

]

X 33

X

33

is

a

is

a

is

a

is

a

is

cau

se

of

is

a

is

a

is

a

is

en

d

of

is

cau

se

of

is

a

is

a

is

ass

oci

ate

d

wit

h

is

cau

se

of

is

ass

oci

ate

d

wit

h

is

a

is

en

d

of

is

a

is

en

d

of

is

cau

se

of

is

cau

se

of

is

cau

se

of

is

a

is

a

is

cau

se

of

is

a is

a

is

en

d

of

is

a

is

cau

se

of

is

a

is

a

is

cau

se

of

is

a

is

a

is

a

is

ass

oci

ate

d

wit

h

is

cau

se

of

is

a

is

a

is

a

is

a

is

cau

se

of

is

en

d

of

is

ass

oci

ate

d

wit

h

is

a

is

en

d

of

is

ais

ca

use

o

f

is

cau

se

of

is

cau

se

of

is

ass

oci

ate

d

wit

h

is

a

is

a

is

ass

oci

ate

d

wit

h

is

a

(ass

um

e re

ader

)(d

efin

ep

rim

ary

re

ad

er)

(ass

um

e re

ader

pe

rso

na

)

(i

den

tify

rea

der

pe

rso

na

)

(id

enti

fyre

ad

er

be

ha

vio

r a

nd

n

ee

d)

(i

den

tify

rea

de

r m

ost

u

sed

in

de

x e

lem

en

t)

(a

ssu

me

read

erb

eh

av

ior(

x)

an

d

ne

ed

(x))

(a

ssu

me

read

erse

arc

h

be

ha

vio

r)

(c

on

firm

rea

de

r in

form

ati

on

b

eh

av

ior

ne

ed

)

(ass

um

e)

(f

ind

-id

enti

fy-s

ee-k

no

w-u

nd

erst

an

d)

(id

enti

fy r

ead

er)

(id

enti

fyre

ad

er

qu

est

ion

)

(ass

um

e au

tho

rin

ten

tio

n)

(co

nfi

rm r

ead

era

ssu

mp

tio

n)

(co

nfi

rm a

uth

or

inte

nti

on

a

ssu

mti

on

)

(id

enti

fy a

uth

or

inte

nti

on

)

(ass

um

ein

de

xin

g

wo

rk)

,

(im

agin

ere

ad

ers

in

de

x u

sin

g)(

tho

ug

h

exp

eri

me

nt)

(c

om

firm

in

dex

ers

ass

um

pti

on

)

end

:

end

:

(

)

(k

no

wre

ad

ers

k

no

wle

dg

e

sta

tus)

(a

ssu

me

rea

de

r q

ue

stio

n)

(a

ssu

me

read

erk

no

wle

dg

e

sta

tus)

(a

ssu

me

rea

de

rs

cog

nit

ive

ch

an

ge

)

(id

enti

fy r

ead

er t

erm

)

(see

rea

der

su

nd

ers

tan

din

g

ab

ou

t th

is

top

ic,

do

ma

in

kn

ow

led

ge

)

(co

nfi

rm

th

e

ass

um

pti

on

o

f a

uth

or'

s

inte

nti

on

a

bo

ut

rea

de

rs)

(

assu

me

art

ho

rs

targ

et

rea

de

r)

(id

enti

tya

uth

or

inte

nti

on

al

targ

et

rea

de

rs)

(ass

um

e

rea

de

rs

rea

ctio

n

of

ind

exi

ng

de

cisi

on

)

172

Searle

Google PageRank

173

PageRank

(Brin & Page,

1998)

Taylor

PageRank

Polanyi (1958)

(trick-learning):

(sign-learning):

(latent learning):

(sensory field)

Polanyi Piaget

(reversibility)

-

174

Polanyi

16

A

- -B

C

/

A,B,C,D(D') D

17

A

- -B

C

A,B,C,D(D')

(A,B,C)

D

175

18

A

- -B

C

A,B,C,D(D')

(A,B,C)

D

-

Folksonomy Folksonomy

Tagging -

Folksonomy

176

Giddens

177

T. D. Wilson

(T. Wilson & Walsh, 1995; T. D. Wilson, 1981, 1997, 2000)T. D. Wilson

(T. D. Wilson, 2000)

T. D. Wilson

T. D. Wilson

(T. Wilson & Walsh,

1995; T. D. Wilson, 1997)

T. D. Wilson (1994)

178

T. D. Wilson

(seeking-centered)

Pettigrew, Fidel & Bruce (2001) 1980-2000

Godbold (2006)

Dervin-Wilson

(Gap)

(Krikelas 1983; Savolainen 1995; Williamson 1998)

(Krikelas 1983; Savolainen 1995;

Williamson 1998; Erdelez 2005)

(Krikelas 1983; Wilson 1994; Haythornthwaite 1996;

Williamson 1998; Pettigrew 1999; Rioux 2005)

(Krikelas 1983)

(Chatman 1996, 1999, 2000; Wilson 1997;

Solomon 2005)

179

(Schtuz, 1967; Weber,

1993)

Weber

Weber (behavior)(action)

Weber (1993[1956])

(Handeln, [v.] action):

(p.19)

(Soziales Handeln, social action):

(p.19)

Schutz (1967)

Weber-Schutz

180

(sense-making)

Taylor (R. S. Taylor, 1967)

Taylor

(R. S. Taylor, 1991)

Taylor

(R. S. Taylor, 1982, 1986)

(1993)

(elicitation)

Rosenbaum (1996)

Giddens (structuration) Taylor

(1991)

--

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A Research of Book-indexing Behavior