Nowadays hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are becoming more popular because of higher fuel price and increasingly stringent emissions legislation. A conventional vehicle fitted with an integrated starter alternator (ISA) is a mild HEV. The ISA allows for reduction in fuel consumption and lower emissions without major modifications to conventional vehicles. Recent developments in electric machines technology, power electronics and control methods present new possibilities for using the induction machine, permanent magnet machines and switched reluctance machine in ISA applications.
