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àH$aU 5

A§{V_ {ZîH$f©

D$hmnmoh

lmÕ `m Ym{_©H$ {dYr_Yrb XmZ g§H$ënZoMm Aä`mg Am{U gm_m{OH$ d n`m©daUr` àíZ

gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMo Cn`moOZ m Ame`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMr _m§S>Ur gXa à~§YmV Mma Q>ßß`m§_Ü o _m§S>Ê`mMm

à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho

A) Aä`mg

~) Ñï>rH$moZ g_OyZ KoUo

H$) MMm©, A§{V_ {ZîH$f©, ^mdr g§emoYZmMr {Xem

S>) Cn`moOZ

A) Aä`mg - gXa {df`mMr _m§S>Ur H$arV AgVmZm àmMrZ Y_©emór` J«§Wm§_Yrb g§X^mªMm {dMma

Ho$bm Amho. (gd© {ZdS>H$ d Aä`mgmbm nyaH$ g§X^©M g_m{dï>)

1.1) d¡{XH$ gm{hË` - g§{hVm, ~«m÷Uo

1.2) B{Vhmg - am_mÙ, _hm^maV

1.3) ñ_¥{VJ«§W Am{U nwamUo

`m J«§WmVrb g§X^mª_YyZ ì`º$ hmoUmè`m Ame`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ lmÕ d XmZ{df`H$ H$mhr n¡by§Mm

{dMma àmMrZ Y_©emóH$mam§Zr H$gm Ho$bm Amho ho àW_ Aä`mgÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. Ë`mMr MMm©

nwT>rbà_mUo -

1) lmÕm_mJrb Ym{_©H$ n¡by -

1.1) d¡{XH$ gm{hË` - _¥V Pmboë`m ì`º$s~ÔbMr H¥$VkVm hm VËH$mbrZ d¡{XH$m§À`m AmñWoMm {df`

Amho. {Xd§JVmMo eara AMoVZ Pmbobo Agbo VargwÕm Ë`mbm H$moUVmhr Ìmg hmoD$ Z o Aem Ame`mÀ`m

^mdZm _§Ìm§_YyZ ì`º$ Pmboë`m {XgyZ oVmV. {Xd§JV {nVam§{df`r H¥$VkVm ì`º$ H$aÊ`mMo _mÜ`_ `m

AWm©Zo Ym{_©H$ H¥$Ë`m§Zm _hÎd {Xbo Jobo Amho. (F$. 10.15.5, 10.153) `m Ym{_©H$ AmMmam§Mr dmT>

(98)

hmoV hmoV {nVam§gmR>r EH$m ñdV§Ì Ym{_©H$ CnMma nÕVrMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr Amho d {Vbm "lmÕ' Ago Zmd

XoÊ`mV Ambo Agmdo. (EoVao` ~«m÷U 3.3.13, H¥$. Ow. 1.8.5.9 H$mÊd eVnW ~«m÷U 1.3.3.3)

1.2) B{Vhmg - am_mÙ d _hm^maVm_Üò {Xd§JV nyd©Om§gmR>rMm lmÕ{dYr {dH${gV d àM{bV Pmbobm

{XgyZ òVmo. ì`º$sÀ`m {ZYZmnmgyZÀ`m {dYtgh, lmÕ{dYrMo AmMaU H$go Ho$bo Jobo `mMo dU©Z `m

_hmH$mì`m§_YyZ AmT>iyZ oVo. (dmë_r{H$ am_mÙ, A`moÜ`mH$m§S> 77.1-3, 76.3, 76.18, _hm^maV

AZwemgZ nd© 87.3, 91.15) Ym{_©H$ H¥$Ë`mV Amdí`H$ Jmoï>r ghO CnbãY Z Pmë`mg Amnë`mH$S>o

Oo CnbãY Amho Ë`mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo {Xd§JVmMo ñ_aU H$aUo eŠ` Amho hm {dMmahr am_mÙmVyZ àH$Q>

hmoVmo. dZdmgmV AgVmZm lram_mZo XeaWamOmMo Ho$bobo lmÕ ho `mMo AmXe© CXmhaU åhUVm òB©b.

(dmë_r{H$ am_mÙ, A`moÜ`mH$m§S> 103.29-30) _hm^maV H$mimV lmÕmbm pñWaVm {_imbr AgyZ

VÎH$mbrZ Y_©doÎ`m§Zr lmÕ{dYr H$aUo ê$T> Ho$bo Ago {Z{_ F$ftZr Ho$boë`m lmÕmÀ`m g§X^m©Zwgma

åhUVm oD$ eHo$b. (_hm^maV AZwemgZ nd© 92.1-3)

1.3) ñ_¥Vr d nwamUo - ñ_¥{VJ«§W, gyÌJ«§W, nwamUm§Zr lmÕ{dYrMo _hÎd {deofËdmZo _m§Sy>Z g_mOOrdZmV

lmÕmMo Ym{_©H$ _hÎd àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. lmÕ{dYr_Ü o ~«m÷U ^moOZ, {d{dY XmZo

`m§Mr â KmVbr Jobr Amho. {deofV… Jê$S> nwamUmZo ñdV§ÌnUo ì`º$sÀ`m {ZYZmnmgyZ Vo lmÕmn ªVMm

12-13 {Xdgm§_Yrb Ym{_©H$ AmMmam§Mr ì`dñWm gm§{JVbr Amho.

(_Zwñ_¥Vr 3.82,122,125,214-227, namea ñ_¥Vr 3.12, Xodb ñ_¥Vr 11.1265, JéS> nwamU

àoVH$ën AÜ`m` 210)

J¥hñWmZo Amnë`m Ym{_©H$ H$V©ì`mMo {ZXe©H$ åhUyZ X¡Z§{XZ H¥$Ë`mVhr {Xd§JV nyd©Om§Mo ñ_aU

Adí` H$amdo Ago J«§WH$mam§Zr Z_yX Ho$bo Amho.

1) lmÕmÀ`m XmZm§_mJrb Ym{_©H$ n¡by -

1.1) d¡{XH$ gm{hË` - g§{hVm§_Ü o Á`m XmZm§Mo C„oI AmT>iVmV Vr XmZo {d{dY km§À`m dm Y_©H¥$Ë`m§À`m

àg§Jr F$ftZm {Xbr OmV AgV. (F$½doX 5.27.1,5.61.10) ~«m÷UJ«§Wm§Zr {nVam§gmR>r gwM{dbobo

qnS>XmZ ho lmÕ{dYrMo EH$ _hÎdmMo A§J Amho nU F$fr dm ~«m÷Umbm {Xboë`m Ðì` dm dñVyê$n XmZmgmaIo

(99)

"qnS>XmZ' ho XmZ Zmhr ho hr bjmV ¿`m`bm hdo. Cn{ZfXm§Zr H$moUVohr XmZ XoVmZm Vo lÕoZo H$amdo Ago

gwM{dbo Amho. (V¡{Îmar` Cn{ZfX 11.7.12) nwT>rb H$mimV lmÕ{dYr_Üò {Xd§JVmÀ`m g§VmofmW© {Xë`m

OmUmè`m XmZm§gmaIr g§H$ënZm d¡{XH$ gm{hË`mV AmT>iyZ oV Zmhr.

1.2) B{Vhmg - am_mÙ d _hm^maVmV lmÕmÀ`m Ym{_©H$ {dYrMo EH$ _hÎdmMo A§J m AWu {Xd§JVmàrË`W©

~«m÷Um§Zm, JaOy§Zm XmZo XoÊ`mg gwédmV Pmë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. (_hm^maV AZwemgZ nd© 61.13-14,

H$U©nd© 8.23.35 eë`nd© 9.27.4)

1.3) ñ_¥Vr d nwamUo - ñ_¥{VJ«§W d nwamUm§Zr lmÕàg§Jr ~«m÷Um§Zm {d{dY XmZo ÚmdrV Ago gm§J{Vbo

Amho; VWm{n Aem ~«m÷Um§Mr JwU-d¡{eîQ>ço {dMmamV KoD$Z gËnmÌr XmZ H$amdo Agohr ñ_¥{VH$ma AmdOy©Z

gm§JVmV. (g§dV© ñ_¥Vr 10.49, _Zwñ_¥Vr 2.213) eŠ`Vm Agbr Var lmÕmÀ`m Ym{_©H$ H¥$Ë`m§Mm

AZmdí`H$ {dñVma H$ê$ Z o Agohr ñ_¥{VH$ma gm§JVmV. (_Zwñ_¥Vr 3.125)

Jê$S> nwamUmZo {ZYZmZ§Va 10 Vo 12 {Xdgm§Ü o H$moUVr XmZo ~«m÷Umbm Úmdr `mMr ñdV§ÌnUo

_m§S>Ur Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo.

(JéS> nwamU àoVH$ën 25.36, 8.22, MVwd©J©qMVm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën)

2) lmÕm_mJrb _mZ{gH$ n¡by -

2.1) d¡{XH$ gm{hË` - {Xd§JV ì`º$s{df`r Ë`mÀ`m d§eOm§Zm dmQ>Umao ào_, AmñWm, AmXa `m ^mdZm

d¡{XH$ gm{hË`mVyZ _m§S>bm Joë`m AmhoV. {Xd§JV nyd©Om§Zr d§eOm§da H¥$nmÑï>r R>odmdr Aer ^mdZmhr {XgyZ

oVo. (F$½doX 10.18.2, AWd©doX 4.61)

XodVm§gmR>r Á`mà_mUo {d{dY Ym{_©H$ H¥$Ë`m§Mr `moOZm `kàg§Jr Ho$br Amho Ë`mM nÕVrZo

{Xd§JV {nVam§gmR>rhr ñdV§ÌnUo Ym{_©H$ {dYtMr {Z{_©Vr hmoÊ`m_mJo {nVam§{df`rMo ào_, AmñWm, H¥$VkVm

`m mdZm {XgyZ oVmV. (JmonW ~«m÷U 1.4, 1.24, V¡{Îmar` ~«m÷U 1.3.10)

2.2) B{Vhmg - am_mÙ d _hm^maVmV {Xd§JV nyd©Om§~ÔbMr AmñWm d ào_ {XgyZ òVo. Amnë`m

JmoÌmVrb nyd©Om§Mo ñ_aU hmoUo, Ë`m§Mo Amerdm©X {_i{dUo `mH$S>o VËH$mbrZ Y_©doÎ`m§Mm H$b {XgyZ

òVmo. (_hm^maV AZwemgZ nd© 91.15, am_mÙ A`moÜ`m H$m§S> 103.26.27)

(100)

2.3) ñ_¥Vr d nwamUo - {Xd§JV nyd©Om§Mo ñ_aU hr mdZm ñ_¥{VH$ma, gyÌH$ma d nwamUH$mam§Zrhr ñdrH$mabobr

{XgVo. lÕoÀ`m OmoS>rZoM H$V©ì`mMr OmUrdhr lmÕmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$ê$Z {Xbr Jobr Amho Ago {XgyZ

oVo. (_Zwñ_¥Vr 3.82, _ñ_¥Vr 8.1 Xodbñ_¥Vr 12.13)

nwamUm§_Ü o {deofV… Jê$S> nwamUmZo {Xd§JVmbm `_bmoH$mV hmoUmè`m Ìmgm§Mo AmdOy©Z dU©Z H$ê$Z

d§eOm§À`m {Xd§JVm~ÔbÀ`m öÚ ^mdZm§ZmM WoQ> ñne© Ho$bm Amho d `m mdZoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {d{dY XmZo

H$aÊ`mg gwM{dbo Amho. (JéS> nwamU AÜ`m` 210,211)

2) lmÕmÀ`m XmZm§_mJrb _mZ{gH$ n¡by -

2.1) d¡{XH$ gm{hË` - d¡{XH$ gm{hË`mV gm§{JVbr Jobobr XmZo ho Ë`mJmMo àVrH$ Amho. {d{dY Ym{_©H$

H¥$Ë`m§À`m, `km§À`m {Z{_ÎmmZo hr XmZo XoÊ`mMr ^mdZm {XgyZ oVo. qhXy-Y_© g§ñH¥$VrV {Zanoj Ë`mJmbm

{deof _hÎd {Xbo Jobo Amho d Vr _mZ{gH$Vm d¡{XH$ gm{hË`mVyZ S>moH$mdVo. lmÕàg§Jr {Xbr OmUmar XmZo

d¡{XH$ gm{hË`mV AmT>iyZ òV ZmhrV.

2.2) B{Vhmg - am_mÙ d _hm^maVmV {Xd§JVmàrË`W© Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m ñdV§Ì XmZm§Mr `moOZm {XgyZ

òVo. hr XmZo H$aVmZm àOmV§ÌmMm à_wI Agboë`m amOmZo, g_mOmàVr Agboë`m H$V©ì`~wÕrZo Aer XmZo

H$amdrV Agm md àm_w»`mZo {XgyZ oVmo. (_hm^maV H$U©nd© 8.23 2, 29)

2.3) ñ_¥{V d nwamUo - ñ_¥{VJ«§W d nwamUo `m_Üò gwM{dbobr XmZo {Xd§JVmàrË`W© AmhoV. Ë`mÛmao

{Xd§JVmbm {_iUmao gwI hr ^mdZm {deofËdmZo _m§S>br Jobr Amho. na§naoZwgma Ho$br OmUmar XmZo nwT>rb

H$mimVhr Mmby ahm`bm hdrV Aem ^mdZoVyZhr hr XmZo {Xbr OmÊ`mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ {Xbo Jobo Amho.

(`mkdëŠ` ñ_¥Vr 198-99, Xodbñ_¥Vr 5.2185)

Jê$S> nwamUmZo {Xd§JVmbm `_bmoH$mV hmoUmè`m nrS>m§Mo {dñV¥V dU©Z H$ê$Z Ë`m nrS>m§nmgyZ _wº$

hmoÊ`mgmR>r XmZm§Mr `moOZm Ho$bobr {XgVo. (JéS> nwamU CÎmamY© 21.2-3,8.22,25.36)

lÕm, H¥$VkVm, Ë`mJ, ào_, H$V©ì`~wÕr Aem {d{dY _mZ{gH$Vm lmÕr XmZmer OmoS>ë`m

Joë`m AmhoV.

(101)

3) lmÕm_mJrb gm_m{OH$ n¡by -

3.1) d¡{XH$ gm{hË` - {Xd§JV nyd©Om§Mr àmW©Zm Ë`m§Mo Amerdm©X àmá H$aUo `mgma»`m ^mdZm H$m¡Qw>§{~H$

EoŠ` dmT>{dÊ`mg ghmæ` H$aVmV. `m àmW©Zm§_YyZ ""Amåhm§ gdmªMo H$ë`mU'' Agm hoVy {XgyZ òVmo.

¹${MV² àg§Jr eÌynmgyZ ajUmMr àmW©Zm {nVam§Zm Ho$bobr {XgVo- ho VmËH$m{bH$ gm_m{OH$ pñWVrMo

{ZXe©Z åhUVm oB©b. (F$½doX 10.14.6, AWd©doX 2.12.5) d§eOm§Zr Á`mà_mUo EH$ÌnUo amhUo

Ano{jV Amho Ë`mà_mUo {Xd§JV {nVam§Zrhr Amnë`m g§KmV EH${ÌVnUo AgÊ`mMr Anojm {XgyZ oVo;

`m_Ü o g§KQ>Z d EoŠ` OmUdVo. (F$½doX 10.15.1, AWd©doX 18.1.52)

3.2) B{Vhmg - am_mÙ d _hm^maVmV amOmMo H$V©ì` {deofËdmZo _m§S>bo Jobo Amho. lmÕmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZohr

amOmZo ho H$V©ì` nyU© H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr ¿`md`mMr Amho. AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ, Ym{_©H$ H¥$Ë o mÛmao g_mOmMo

ñW¡ © {Q>H$dyZ R>odUmao F$fr, ~«m÷U `m§Mr H$miOr KoUo ho amOmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ H$V©ì`mMo {ZXe©Z Amho.

(dmë_r{H$ am_mÙ A`moÜ`mH$m§S> 77.1-3)

3.3) ñ_¥{V, nwamUo - ñ_¥{V, gyÌo d nwamUm§Zr Ym{_©H$ H¥$Ë`mÀ`m OmoS>rZo lmÕmH$S>o gm_m{OH$ AmñWoZhr

nm{hbo Amho. ~«m÷U, `Vr, ~«÷Mmar `m§Zm lmÕmgmR>r ~mob{dUo `mda â {Xbm Jobm Amho. {Xd§JV

nyd©Om§ì`{V[aº$ kmV-AkmV, d¥j, ney-njr `m§Mohr lmÕmàg§Jr ñ_aU ìhmdo `m {dMmamVyZ gm_m{OH$

EH$Vm d ~§YwVm ì`º$ hmoVo Ago åhUVm òB©b. Amem¡M g§H$ënZoVyZ g_mOmMo Amamo½`, ñdÀN>Vm `mMr

H$miOr KoVbr Jobr Amho. (Jm¡V_ Y_©gyÌ 14.5, Amídbm`Z J¥øgyÌ 44.14-18, namea ñ_¥Vr

3.11.22-23 JéS> nwamU, CÎmamY© 210.11)

lmÕ{dYrÀ`m {d{dY Q>ßß`m§da ì`º$s d g_mO `m Xmohm|À`m ñW¡ m©Mm {dMma {XgyZ òVmo. àmMrZ

Y_©emóH$mam§Zr Ym{_©H$ {dYrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gm_m{OH$ ~m§YUrMm Ho$bobm {dMma lmÕ{dYrÀ`mÛmao

ì`º$ hmoVmo.

3) lmÕmÀ`m XmZm§_mJrb gm_m{OH$ n¡by -

3.1) d¡{XH$ gm{hË` - {d{dY Ym{_©H$ H¥$Ë`àg§Jr d `kàg§Jr Ho$br OmUmar XmZo hr àm_w»`mZo

bmoH${hVmgmR>r Ho$bobr {XgyZ oVmV. YZdmZm§Zr JaOy§Zm CnH$mamÀ`m mdZoZo H$mhr XoD$ Z o Va Ë`mJmÀ`m,

(102)

H$V©ì`~wÕrÀ`m ^mdZoZo Úmdo Agm hoVy `m_Üò {XgyZ òVmo. d¡{XH$ gm{hË`mV {Xd§JVmàrË`W© XmZm§Mr

`moOZm Zgbr Var gm_m{OH$ ~m§YrbH$sÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ XmZ H$aUo hr g§H$ënZm {ZpíMVM _m§S>br

Jobr Amho. (F$½doX 5.27.1-2)

3.2) B{Vhmg - am_mÙ d _hm^maVmVrb XmZ g§H$ënZm VËH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrZwgma gwM{dbr

Jobr Amho. lmÕàg§Jr XmZo {Xbr OmV AgVmZm XmZ ñdrH$maUmè`m ì`º$sbm Amdí`H$ Agboë`m gw{dYm

`mo½` nÕVrZo CnbãY ìhmì`mV `mMr `moOZm {XgyZ oVo. (_hm^maV AZwemgZ nd© 61.13-14,

H$U©nd© 8.23.27)

3.3) ñ_¥{V d nwamUo - ñ_¥{V d nwamUo `m§Zr lmÕàg§Jr Or XmZo gwM{dbr Ë`m_Üò g_mOmMm {dMma

_moR>çm à_mUmda Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. lmÕmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo {Xd§JVmÀ`m d§eOm§H$Sy>Z A{YH$m{YH$ à_mUmV

g_mOmon`moJr XmZ ìhmdo Ago {dMmamV KoVbo Jobo Amho. J¥hñWmZo ~«m÷Um§Zm, `VtZm, ~«÷Mmè`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m

X¡Z§{XZ JaOm nyU© H$aUmar XmZo XoÊ`mg AmdOy©Z gm§{JVbo Amho. J¥hñWml_ hm AÝ` VrZ Aml_m§Mm d

g_mOmMm AmYma Agë`mZo Ë`mZo Aem àH$maMr XmZo Adí` ÚmdrV Aer `moOZm Ho$bobr {XgVo.

(`mkdëŠ` ñ_¥Vr 209-10, g§dV© ñ_¥Vr 10.49-50, _Zwñ_¥Vr 3.218, dm`w nwamU AZw.

nmX 80.31-32)

4) lmÕm_Yrb Am{W©H$ n¡by -

4.1) d¡{XH$ gm{hË` - gXa à~§Ym_Üò Z_yX Ho$boë`m g§X^mªdê$Z bjmV oVo H$s d¡{XH$ gm{hË`mV

lmÕmMm ñdV§Ì {dYr d Ë`mÀ`mer g§~§{YV Am{W©H$ aMZm Aer ñdV§Ì _m§S>Ur AmdOy©Z Ho$bobr Zmhr.

`kàg§Jr, qnS>{nV¥`kmgma»`m {dYrÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo {Z_§{ÌV F$ftZm X{jUm d XmZo {Xbr OmV AgV. nU

Ë`m_mJo Ym{_©H$ "H¥$Ë`m~ÔbMo _mZYZ' d AmXa ì`º$ H$aUo EdT>mM hoVy Agmdm.

4.2) B{Vhmg - am_mÙ - _hm^maVmVrb CÕ¥V g§X^mªdê$Z {XgyZ oVo H$s YZdmZmZo, Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm

g§nÞ amOmZo lmÕ H$amdo d Ë`mÛmao g_mOmVrb d§{MVm§Zm, JaOy§Zm XmZ H$ê$Z Amnë`m g§nÎmrMm {d{Z`moJ

H$amdm. (_hm^maV AZwemgZ nd© 87.3, dmë_r{H$ am_mÙ, A`moÜ`mH$m§S> 77.1-3)

(103)

4.3) ñ_¥{V d nwamUo - ñ_¥{VH$ma, gyÌH$ma d nwamUH$mam§Zr lmÕmÀ`m {dYrMo {dH${gV ñdê$n _m§S>bo

Amho. Ë`m_Ü o H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV a nS>bobr Amho; Ë`m_wio AWm©VM² A{YH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMm, OQ>rb lmÕ{dYr

H$aÊ`mgmR>r hmoUmè`m Am{W©H$ Jw§VdUyH$sV dmT> Pmbr Amho Ago OmUdVo. eŠ`Vm Agbr Var lmÕmMm

{dñVma H$ê$ Z o Ago _Zwñ_¥VrV gm§{JVbo Amho Ë`m_wio AW©H$maUmdahr {Z`§ÌUmMr `moOZm Zm|X{dbr

Joë`mMo {XgVo. (_Zwñ_¥Vr 3.125)

Ym{_©H$, _mZ{gH$, gm_m{OH$ n¡by§Mm {dMma lmÕ d XmZmÀ`m J«m§{WH$ g§X^mªÀ`m eãXmWm©VyZ,

^mdmWm©VyZ WoQ> àH$Q> hmoV {XgyZ oV Zmhr- Ame`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Aä`mgmÛmao Vmo CH$bmdm bmJVmo

Ago òWo AmdOy©Z Z_yX H$amdogo dmQ>Vo.

4) lmÕmÀ`m XmZm§_mJrb Am{W©H$ n¡by -

4.1) d¡{XH$ gm{hË` - qhXy Y_© - g§ñH¥$VrMo A{d^mÁ` A§J Agbobr XmZ g§H$ënZm Am{W©H$ n¡byer

g§~§{YV Amho Ago ImÌrnyd©H$ {XgyZ oVo. VËH$mbrZ g_mOmV Ho$di Ðì`ê$nmVrb g§nÎmrbm _hÎd ZgyZ,

gmoZo, Mm§Xr ho _m¡ë`dmZ YmVy, Jm`-~¡b `m§gmaIo ney `m§Zmhr "g§nÎmr' g_Obo OmV Ago. Ë`m_wio

XmZm§_Ü o Ë`m§Mmhr AmdOy©Z g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho. (F$½doX 5.27.1-2, 5.61.10)

4.2) B{Vhmg - gXa à~§YmV Zm|X{dboë`m g§X^mªdê$Z {XgyZ oVo H$s _m¡ë`dmZ aËZo, ney- njr, Xmg-

Xmgr, ^y_r, Ka `m§Mmhr g_mdoe amOmÀ`m g§nÎmr_Üò J¥hrV Yabm Amho d lmÕàg§Jr Ë`m§Mohr XmZ

H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo Amho. (dmë_r{H$ am_mÙ A`moÜ`m H$m§S> 77.1-3)

4.3) ñ_¥{V, nwamUo - ~«m÷U, `Vr, ~«÷Mmar `m§À`m CXa{Zdm©hmMr O~m~Xmar J¥hñWmda gmondyZ

Y_©emóH$mam§Zr Am{W©H$ {d^mJUrÛmao g_mOmVrb g§nÎmrMm {d{Z`moJ g_mOmVrb gdmªgmR>rM mo½` nÕVrZo

ìhmdm Agm {dMma Ho$bm Amho. (namea ñ_¥Vr 1.62-63, _Zwñ_¥Vr 4.233, Zaqgh nwamU- M. d. {M.)

XmZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ XmZ§ g§{d^mJ… Ÿ& Agm {dMma gdmªn ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mMm {dMma J«§Wm§_Üò

{XgyZ òVmo. VWm{n `m {R>H$mUrhr Ago Zm|Xdmdogo dmQ>Vo H$s Am{W©H$ n¡byMm {dMma ñnï>nUo C„oI H$ê$Z

_m§S>bm Jobm Zgbm Var XmZ g§H$ënZoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AàË`jnUo Vmo nmohmoM{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmbm Amho.

(104)

5) lmÕm_mJrb n`m©daUr` n¡by -

5.1) d¡{XH$ gm{hË` - lmÕmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo n`m©daU {dMma ñdV§ÌnUo _m§S>bm Jobm Amho Ago gXa

à~§YmV Z_yX Ho$boë`m g§X^mªdê$Z ñnï>nUmZo bjmV oV Zmhr. VWm{n X^m©gma»`m Z¡g{J©H$ Jmoï>tMm dmna

qnS>{nV¥`kmV Ho$bobm {XgVmo. (H$mÊd eVnW ~«m÷U 2.6.1)

5.2) B{Vhmg - lmÕmgmR>r dmnabobr gm_J«r, lmÕmMo {R>H$mU, ZXr {H$Zmam B. _YyZ n`m©daUmer g§b¾

hmoÊ`mMm {dMma {XgyZ òVmo. Jm`, ~¡b B. àmÊ`m§À`m XmZmMo C„oI `m g§X^m©V Zm|X{dbo Jobo AmhoV. na§Vw

lmÕ d n`m©daU Aer gm§JS> KmbyZ Ho$bobr _m§S>Ur AmT>iyZ oV Zmhr. (~m¡Ym`Z lm¡VgyÌ 3.10-11,

~m¡Ym`Z Y_©gyÌ 2.8.14)

5.3) ñ_¥{V, nwamUo - Amnmnë`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n«XoemV Oo {ZgJm©V ghO CnbãY Amho Ë`mMm dmna

lmÕm_Üò H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo Amho. XodnyOZ d {nV¥nyOZ `m XmoÝhrgmR>r bmJUmao gm{hË` CXm. \w$bo,

nmZo, AÞnXmW© ho {ZgJm©H$Sy>ZM {_imbobo AgVo. na§Vw XodVm§gmR>r d {nVam§gmR>r bmJUmè`m gm{hË`mMm

{dMma gd©W¡d ñdV§ÌnUo Ho$bobm {XgVmo. CXm. XodVm§Zm a§JrV \w$bo, Vwig, ~ob B. An©U Ho$bo OmVo Va

{nVam§Zm Ho$di nm§T>ar \w$bo, _mH$m B. An©U H$aÊ`mMo g§Ho$V `m J«§Wm§Zr ê$T> Ho$bo AmhoV. (_Zwñ_¥Vr

3.214-227, JéS> nwamU àoVH$ën 210, 211)

VrW©lmÕo, ZXr{H$Zmar XmhH$_© d lmÕ g§nÞ H$aUo mÛmao {ZgJm©À`m gm{ÞÜ`mMm {dMma n`m©daU

ajUmMm {dMma àmMrZ Y_©emóH$mam§Zr Zm|X{dbm Amho; na§Vw - lmÕmer g§~§{YV `m g§H$ënZm n`m©daU

{hVmW© Zm|X{dë`m AmhoV Ago àË`j Z_yX Ho$bobo {XgyZ òV Zmhr. g§X^mªÀ`m Aä`mgmVyZM hm hoVy

g_OyZ KoD$Z Ë`mMr CH$b H$amdr bmJVo.

(am_mÙ A`moÜ`mH$m§S> 103.26-27)

(MVwd©J©qMVm_{U AÜ`m` 9, lmÕH$ën)

5) lmÕmÀ`m XmZm§_mJrb n`m©daUr` n¡by -

5.1) d¡{XH$ gm{hË` - d¡{XH$ gm{hË`mV Jm`, ~¡b, Aíd, ~H$ao m§Mo XmZ H$aÊ`mg gwM{dbo Amho ho XmZ

àm_w»`mZo `kàg§Jr {Xbo OmB©. lmÕàg§Jr Aer XmZo d¡{XH$ gm{hË`mV AmT>iyZ oV ZmhrV. (F$½doX

5.27.1-2, F$½doX 5.61.10)

(105)

5.2) B{Vhmg - am_mÙ d _hm^maVmV eoVr, newnmbZ mg§X^m©V XmZo XoÊ`mg gm§{JVbo Amho. (_hm^maV

eë`nd© 9.27.4 H$U©nd© 8.23.35)

5.3) ñ_¥{V, nwamUo - Jm`, ~¡b, KmoS>o `m§Mo XmZ H$aUo, d¥fmoËgJm©À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ geº$ ~¡bmÀ`m

g§nH$m©VyZ nwï> g§VVr {Z_m©U hmoUo, Ë`m àOoMm eoVrgmR>r Cn`moJ hmoUo Ago hoVy {XgyZ oVmV. òWohr

J«§Wm§_Üò Ho$di d¥fmoËgJ© gm§{JVbm Amho. Ë`mMm Z¡g{J©H$ d n`m©daUr` hoVy Ame` g_OyZ KoD$Z

ñdrH$mamdm bmJVmo. (_Zwñ_¥Vr 4.321, 233, A¾rnwamU 209.23, ~«÷m§S> nwamU 2.3.16)

nwamUJ«§Wm§Zr n`m©daUmon`moJr XmZo AmdO©yZ Zm|X{dbr AmhoV. d¥jmamonU, Obme`-CÚmZo {Z{_©Vr,

dZo V`ma H$aUo, eoVO_rZ XmZ XoUo, `mÛmao n`m©daU {dMma gwM{dbm Amho. VrW©joÌr OmD$Z lmÕ

H$aÊ`mMo bm^hr AmdOy©Z Zm|X{dbo AmhoV. hr VrW©joÌ n`m©daU g_¥Õ Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`m oQ>rMm {dMma

Zm|X{dbm Jobm Amho. CXm. Ho$XmajoÌr g_¥Õ ~mJ bmdë`mg {nVam§Mm CÕma hmoVmo -

(_Ëñ` nwamU 18.14, Zrb_V nwamU 735-36) (M. d. {M, AÜ`m` 9, lmÕH$ën)

Aä`mgmMm gmam§e

J«m§{WH$ g§X^mªÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ lmÕ d XmZ g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Oo g§X © gXa à~§YmV

Z_yX Ho$bo AmhoV Ë`m§À`m Aä`mgmVyZ {XgyZ oVo H$s-

1) lmÕ d XmZ `m Ho$di na§naoZo AmMamd`mÀ`m Ym{_©H$ g§H$ënZm ZgyZ Ë`m_mJo g_mOmMo H$ë`mU d

n`m©daUmMo ajU `m XmoÝhr hoVy§Mm g_mdoe Amho.

2) Y_©emóH$mam§Zr Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$, _mZ{gH$, Am{W©H$, n`m©daUr` Aem {d{dY n¡by§Mm {dMma

H$ê$Z lmÕ d XmZm§Mr `moOZm Ho$br Amho. Ë`m§Zr àË`jnUo ho hoVy Z_yX Ho$bobo AmhoVM Ago Zmhr. VWm{n

gXa Aä`mgmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ho hoVy g_OyZ KoD$Z Vo gdmªn`ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ m à~§YmÛmao

Ho$bm Amho.

(106)

~) Ñï>rH$moZ g_OyZ KoUo (gd©ojUmYmao)

* àíZmdbr, _wbmIVr `m gXamV bmoH$m§Mo lmÕ - XmZ g§H$ënZo~Ôb H$m` {dMma AmhoV?

àíZmdbrÀ`m AmYmao g_mOmVrb n«m{V{ZYrH$ JQ>mÛmao lmÕm~Ôb Zm|Xdbr Jobobr _Vo -

- ì`º$sÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Va {VÀ`m{df`r H¥$VkVm ì`º$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r lmÕ H$amdo.

- {dYrnyd©H$ lmÕ g§nÞ H$aÊ`mH$S>o H$mhr gXñ`m§Mm H$b Amho. Am{U Amnë`m gmo rZwgma eŠ`

Ë`m ñdê$nmV lmÕ åhUOoM {Xd§JVmMo ñ_aU H$aÊ`mH$S>o H$mhr gXñ`m§Mm H$b Amho.

* ho {dMma Aä`mg àmMrZ J«§WmVrb g§X^mªer OwiUmao AmhoV H$m?

ho XmoÝhr àH$maMo {dMma àmMrZ J«§Wm§_Yrb {dMmam§er OwiUmao AmhoV Ago {XgyZ oVo.

{Xd§JV nyd©Om§Mo ñ_aU hmoUo, mgmR>r lmÕ{dYr Adí` H$amdm Ago àmMrZ Y_©emóH$ma gm§JVmV.

VWm{n am_mÙmVrb g§X^m©Zwgma dZdmgmV lram_m§Zr XeaWm§Mo Oo lmÕ Ho$bo, Ë`m_Ü o dZmV Á`m Jmoï>r

CnbãY hmoË`m Ë`m _`m©{XV gmYZm§À`m ÛmaoM ho lmÕ Pmbo hmoVo. gmam§e, H$moUË`mhr _mÜ`_mVyZ lmÕ

Ho$bo Var Ë`m_mJo {Xd§JVm{df`rMr AmñWm, lÕm Agmdr hr ^mdZm àmMrZ d AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVhr EH$mM

nÕVrZo {XgyZ oVo Ago åhUVm oD$ eHo$b.

lmÕmbm {Z_§{ÌV ~«m÷U, Á`m§Zm lmÕmMr XmZo Úm`Mr AgVmV Ago ~«m÷U `m§Mo ì`{º$_Îd

Aä`mgy nm{dÍ` OnUmao, ew{MVm nmiUmao Agmdo Agm A{^àm` gd©ojUmÛmao g_moa Ambm Amho. AmO

Aem ì`{º$_ÎdmMo ~«m÷U / nwamo{hV AmT>iV ZmhrV Aer I§Vhr H$mhr gXñ`m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$br Amho.

àmMrZ Y_©emóH$mam§Zr lmÕr ~«m÷Um§Mr bjUo Amnë`m J«§WmV AmdOy©Z Zm|X{dbr AmhoV. {dÛmZ,

lmo{Ì`, gË`dMZr, Y_©namÙ, H«$moYa{hV, doXk, {ÌUm{MHo$VmMo Aä`mgH$ Ago ~«m÷U lmÕ H$aÊ`mg

d XmZ ñdrH$maÊ`mg `mo½` AmhoV Ago g§X © AmT>iVmV (_. ^m. H$U©nd© 8.23,29) g§dV© ñ_¥Vr

10.50, _Zwñ_¥Vr 3.128)

àmMrZ H$mir lmÕr ~«m÷Um§{df`r Á`m Anojm ì`º$ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV Ë`mM àH$maÀ`m

Anojm AmYw{ZH$ g_mOhr H$arV Amho Ago `mdê$Z åhUVm oD$ eHo$b.

(107)

* lmÕr XmZm§~Ôb Zm|Xdbr Jobobr _Vo -

àm{V{ZYrH$ JQ>mZo Zm|X{dbo Amho H$s XmZ ho gËnmÌr Agmdo. JaOybm XmZ Úmdo. Á`mbm Á`m

Jmoï>rMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho Ë`mMo XmZ ìhmdo. {Xboë`m XmZmMm `mo½` Vmo dmna Pmë`mg XoUmè`mbm

g_mYmZ {_iVo.

àmMrZ Y_©emóH$mam§Zr Z_yX Ho$bo Amho H$s Á`mbm Oo Cn wº$ Ë`mMo XmZ H$amdo. (`mkdëŠ`

ñ_¥Vr 209-210) (namea ñ_¥Vr 1.62-63) mZwgma Á`mbm Á`m Jmoï>r Amdí`H$ ZmhrV Ë`m§Mo XmZ

H$Xm{n H$ê$ Z o Ago gm§{JVbo Amho. XmZ gËnmÌr Agmdo Agohr Y_©J«§WmV AmdOy©Z Zm|X{dbo Amho. (Jê$S>

nwamU CÎmamY© 20.5 Am{XË` nwamU, MVwd©J©qMVm_{U AÜ`m` 9, lmÕH$ën, {dîUwY_m©oÎma nwamU,

MVwd©J©qMVm_{U AÜ`m` 9, lmÕH$ën)

àmMrZ H$mir Zm|X{dbobr gámÌr XmZmMr Anojm AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVhr ~Xbbobr Zmhr Ago

`mdê$Z åhUVm oD$ eHo$b.

àm{V{ZYrH$ JQ>mZo gd©ojUmXaå`mZ àíZmdbrV nwT>rb XmZo XoÊ`mda A{YH$ â {Xbm Amho. -

AÞ, H$moaS>m {eYm, dó, J«§W, AZmW àmÊ`m§Mo ajU.

àmMrZ Y_©J«§Wm§Zr Z_yX Ho$boë`m XmZm§_Ü o øm XmZm§Mm g_mdoe AmhoM. AÞmZo {_iUmar V¥ár

A{YH$ _hÎdmMr Agë`mMo gm§JyZ àm{V{ZYrH$ JQ>mZo AÞ d H$moaS>m {eYm `m§À`m XmZmbm àmYmÝ` {Xbo

Amho. AÞmZ§VaMr _mUgmMr _hÎdmMr JaO åhUOo dó. no«_mMo d _m oMo àVrH$ åhUyZ dóXmZ H$aÊ`mH$S>o

àm{V{ZYrH$ JQ>mMm H$b {XgyZ oVmo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimg g_mOmVrb d§{MVm§Mo {ejU Am{U n`m©daUmMm

g_Vmob `m Amdí`H$ ~m~r Pmë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio àm{V{ZYrH$ JQ>mZo J«§WXmZ d AZmW àmÊ`m§Mo ajU

`mbm àmYmÝ` {Xbo Amho. àmMrZ J«§WH$mam§Zr {Xboë`m `mXrn¡H$s g_mO d n`m©daUmbm Cn wº$ XmZo

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVhr ñdrH$mabr Jobr AmhoV.

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimMm {dMma H$aVm gd©ojUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ àm{V{ZYrH$ JQ>mZo H$mhr Zdr XmZo

gwM{dbr AmhoV. lmÕàg§Jr aº$XmZ, Ad`dXmZ, ZoÌXmZmMm g§H$ën H$aUo, An§J ì`º$sZm _XV H$aUo,

d¥jmamonU H$aUo Aer XmZo gwM{dbr Jobr AmhoV.

(108)

àmMrZ Y_©J«§WmV VËH$mbrZ g_mO, Hw$Qww§~ì`dñWm, Ym{_©H$ AmMma `m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z lmÕr

XmZo gwM{dbr Jobr AmhoV ; Ë`mMà_mUo gÚ… pñWVrMm {dMma H$ê$Z AmYw{ZH$ H$mimbm Cn wº$ XmZo

gd©ojUmVyZ Zm|X{dbr Jobr AmhoV. gmam§e, XmZm§Mm {dMma H$aVm àmá n[apñWVrV g_mO d n`m©daUmbm

Cn`wº$ XmZo `m~m~V àmMrZ d Adm©MrZ _Vo nañnam§er OwiUmar AmhoV.

(109)

H$) MMm©

Ym{_©H$ n¡by{df`H$

1) lmÕ d XmZ g§H$ënZoV Ym{_©H$ n¡byMm {dMma Ho$bm Amho H$m? H$gm?

- lmÕ d XmZ `m XmoZ g§H$ënZm qhXy Y_m©Vrb _hÎdmÀ`m g§H$ënZm AmhoV. Omo g_mOmMr YmaUm

H$aVmo Vmo Y_© Ago _mZbo OmVo Ë`mZwgma g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY ñVamVrb bmoH$m§gmR>r X¡Z§{XZ AmMaUmMo Oo

{Z`_ àmMrZ J«§WmV gm§{JVbo AmhoV Ë`m_Üò Amnë`m {Xd§JV nyd©Om§À`m ñ_aUmMo H¥$Ë`hr lmÕ d

XmZmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Zm|X{dbo Amho.

2) `m n¡byMo d¡{eîQ>ç H$m`?

- Á`mà_mUo XodVm, {ZgJ©, `m§À`m{df`r H¥$VkVm ì`º$ H$aÊ`mMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ qhXy Y_m©V

{d{dY nyOm, k `m§Mr moOZm àmMrZ J«§Wm§Zr Ho$br Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo Amnë`m {Xd§JV nyd©Om§À`m ñ_aU-

nyOZmgmR>r lmÕmMr d Ë`màg§Jr XmZm§Mr `moOZm Ho$br Amho. {Od§VnUr AmnU Á`m§À`mda ào_ H$aVmo

Ë`m§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Vahr Ë`m§À`m{df`r ào_mMr ^mdZm H$m`_ éObr Omdr `m hoVyZo lmÕ H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo

Amho ho `mMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUmdo bmJob. lmÕ{dYrÀ`m Ym{_©H$ H¥$Ë`m§gmR>r ZXrMm KmQ>, VrW©joÌ `m§Mr {deof

ñdV§Ì aMZm `moObr Jobr Amho.

3) gÚ n[apñWVrV Ë`mÁ` nÕVr d ñdrH$maÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr -

- lmÕmÛmao {Xd§JV nyd©Om§Mo ñ_aU H$aUo ho H$moUË`mhr H$mimV ghOgwb^ Amho H$maU Vo

_mZ{gH$Voer OmoS>bobo Amho. VWm{n lmÕmgmR>r Á`m {d{Y`wº$ CnMmam§Mr `moOZm Ho$br Jobr Amho Ë`m§Mr

OemÀ`m Vem ñdê$nmV OmonmgZm H$aUo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV H$mhrgo AdKS> hmoV Mmbbo Amho.

ì`º$sÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Va Voam {Xdgm§Mo Amem¡M nmiUo, gd© ì`dhma Wm§~dyZ Ë`m H$mimV Kar amhUo,

4-5 {Xdg gbJ lmÕ{dYtgmR>r amIyZ R>odUo, {Xd§JVmÀ`m ñ_aUmW© {d{dY dñVyê$n XmZo ~«m÷Umbm XoUo

Aem {d{dY g§H$ënZm§Mr / H¥$VtMr OmonmgZm H$aUo d Ë`m§Mo àË`j AmMaU H$aUo gÚ n[apñWVrV

AdKS> hmoV Amho Ago {XgyZ oVo. Ë`m_wio `m àmMrZ na§nam§Zm, g§H$ënZm§Zm AmMaUmMr OmoS> Úmd`mMr

Agob Va AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV AmMaVm oVrb Ago Zdo Am`m_ `m na§nam§Zm OmoS>mdo bmJVrb. ~XbË`m

H$mimÀ`m àdmhmV na§nam OmonmgÊ`mgmR>r Ago ~Xb H$aUo d Vo ñdrH$maUo Am¡{MË`mMo R>é eHo$b.(110)

4) Ym{_©H$ nÕVrV ~XbmMr JaO qH$dm Amdí`H$Vm H$m Amho ?

- AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb Zdr {nT>r H$moUË`mhr Ym{_©H$ H¥$Ë`m_mJrb H$m`©H$maU^md emoYVo Amho.

Ë`m_mJrb VÎd Ë`m§Zm nQ>bo Am{U Vo AmMaUo Ë`m§Zm gwb^ R>abo Va Vo H$aÊ`mH$S>o Ë`m§Mm H$b Amho.

Ë`m_wio lmÕ{dYr H$aÊ`m_mJrb _w»` hoVy ñnï> hmoUo, lmÕm_mJrb VÎdo AmMamd`mg gmonr AgUo hr

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimMr JaO hmoUma Amho. Ë`m_wio Ðï>onUmZo ^{dî`H$mbrZ {dMma H$ê$Z lmÕ d XmZmÀ`m

Ym{_©H$ nÕVrV ~Xb H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aob Ago dmQ>Vo.

5) ~Xb ñdrH$maÊ`mMr _mZ{gH$Vm - (gd©ojUmYmao)

5.1 - gd©ojUmÛmao Ago åhUVm oD$ eHo$b H$s lmÕmÀ`m d XmZm§À`m Ym{_©H$ n¡by§_Üò ~Xb ñdrH$maÊ`mMr

_mZ{gH$Vm g_mOmV {XgyZ òB©b Vr nwT>rbà_mUo -

CXm. qnS>XmZnyd©H$ lmÕ H$aUo Z O_ë`mg {Xd§JVmÀ`m N>m`m{MÌmMo nyOZ H$aUo, Ë`m§À`m

Mm§Jë`m AmR>dUtZm COmim XoUo Ago H$aVm oD$ eHo$b.

lmÕàg§Jr {Xd§JVmàrË`W© ~«m÷Umbm N>ÌrMo XmZ H$aUo `mbm n`m©` åhUyZ EImÚm AZmW

{dÚmWu / {dÚm{W©Zrbm ghmæ` H$ê$Z "_mòMo N>Ì' XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo B.

- lmÕàg§Jr g_mOmMr YmaUm H$aUmar `m AWr© {d{dY Ym{_©H$ XmZo XoÊ`mg J«§WH$mam§Zr

gwM{dbo AmhoM. Ë`mM OmoS>rZo Xodmbò ~m§YUo, JmonmbZmg _XV, ~«m÷Um§Zm Y_©J«§WmMo XmZ Aer

XmZohr gm§{JVbr AmhoV. Ë`m§Mmhr ñdrH$ma Ho$bm OmB©b.

lmÕ H$amdo na§Vw Vo Ym{_©H$ nÕVrZo PmboM nm{hOo Agm AmJ«h Yê$ Zò Ago H$mhr gXñ`

Zm|X{dVmV. Va H$mhr gXñ`m§Zm dmQ>Vo H$s Ym{_©H$ VaVwXtZwgma lmÕ H$am`bm hdo.

1) lmÕmÀ`m Ym{_©H$ {dYt_wio Hw$Qw>§~mVrb lmÕàg§Jr _{hbm§Zm AZoH$ AS>MUtZm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo.

2) ~XbË`m H$mimV gd© gmJ«g§JrV lmÕ{dYr g§nÞ H$aUo J¡agmo rMo dmQ>Vo. nydu Ho$bo nU AmVm O_V

Zmhr, Ë`m_wio gmo`rñH$a n`m© CnbãY ìhm`bm hdoV.

3) lmÕàg§Jr ^moOZmgmR>r ~«m÷Um§EodOr gd© ñVamVrb JaOy§Zm ~mob{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmbm nm{hOo.

4) lmÕr XmZ gËnmÌ ìhm`bm hdo. Á`mMr Oer JaO Ë`mZwgma XmZ Ho$bo Om`bm hdo. qhXy Y_m©V

~«m÷UdUu`, doXmÜ``Z H$aUmè`m ì`º$sbm lmÕàg§Jr XmZ Úmdo Ago åhQ>bo Amho. VWm{n Vr, g§Ý`mgr

(111)

`m§Mmhr Ym{_©H$ joÌmV Cn wº$ gh^mJ AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zmhr XmZo ÚmdrV. "Omo ~«÷ OmUVmo Vmo ~«m÷U'

`m ì`m»òV ~«÷ eãXm_Üò gÚ…pñWVrV {d{dY Aä`mgemIm g_m{dï> hmoD$ eH$VmV. Ë`m_wio

kmZmO©ZmgmR>r H$ï> KoUmè`m H$moUË`mhr dUm©À`m ì`º$sbm XmZ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ ìhm`bm hdm.

5) lmÕmMo Ym{_©H$ H¥$Ë` H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUmè`m nwamo{hVm§Mr JwUdÎmm dmT>Uo Ano{jV Amho. Ho$di

g§»`mË_H$ dmT> Ano{jV Zmhr. dfm©Zwdf©o lmÕmMo nm¡amo{hË` H$aUmao JQ> / Hw$Qw>§~o AmOhr g_mOmV AmhoV.

Ë`m§Zrhr ~XbË`m H$mimMm {dMma H$ê$Z lmÕnÕVr gwb^, gmo rMr H$amdr. XmZdñVy ñdrH$maë`mZ§Va

Ë`m§Mm {d{Z`moJ Cn`moJmgmR>r H$amdr; Ho$di Vo ñdrH$maÊ`mMm Ñï>rH$moZ Agy Z o.

g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY JQ>m§_Ü o lmÕ{dYrÀ`m Ym{_©H$ AmMaUmVhr \$aH$ AmT>iyZ òVmo.

CXm. _amR>dmS>çm_Ü o {ZYZmZ§Va EH$ _{hÝ`mÀ`m AmV D$ZmãXr lmÕ{dYr Ho$bm OmVmo. H$mhr g_mOJQ>mV

df©lmÕmnydu "gmS>o AH$am _{hÝ`m§Mo lmÕ' H$amd`mMr nÕV Amho. `m \$aH$m§Mm d gmå`ñWim§Mm Aä`mg

H$ê$Z lmÕmÀ`m Ym{_©H$ {dYr_Yrb Ame` _m§S>Ur Ho$br Jobr nm{hOo. ñWbH$mbgmnoj {d{dY J«§WH$mam§Zrhr

lmÕ{dYr_Ü o Z_yX Ho$boë`m g§H$ënZmV oX AmT>iyZ oVmV, Ë`mdahr ~XbË`m H$mimZwê$n qMVZ hmoUo

Amdí`H$ dmQ>Vo.

6) lmÕmMm d XmZmMm Ym{_©H$ n¡by d nwamoJm_r H$mi -

6.1 - Ym{_©H$ na§naoZwgma ì`º$sÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Va 13 {Xdgm§_Ü o {d{dY lmÕo d XmZo `m§Mo AmMaU

àM{bV Amho. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio naXoemV OmUmè`m§Mr g§»`m bjUr` Amho. naXoemV

EImÚmMo {ZYZ Pmë`mg VËH$mi XhZmMr g§Yr {_iVoM Ago Zmhr. VoWrb {Z`_m§Zwgma àVrjm mXrZwgma

H«$_m§H$ {_iob Voìhm XhZ H$amdo bmJVo. Aemdoir EH$ _{hZm XhZmgmR>r Wm§~yZ ed erVJ¥hmV R>odmdo

bmJVo. Ë`m_wio XhZ Pmbo ZgVmZm Ym{_©H$ {Z`_m§Zwgma lmÕ 13 {XdgmV H$amdo H$s Zmhr? XohXmZ

Ho$ë`mg Aí_m {_iV Zmhr, _J Xhmì`mMm {dYr H$gm H$amdm? Ago Ym{_©H$ n¡by{df`r àíZ CnpñWV

hmoVmV. Ë`m§Mr CÎmao àmMrZ J«§WmV gmnS>VmVM Ago Zmhr. Aemdoir gÚ… H$mimMm {dMma H$ê$Z,

gmamgma {ddoH$mZo `m Ym{_©H$ àíZm§Mm CbJS>m H$amdm bmJVmo Agohr AZw^dmg Ambo Amho.

(112)

6.2 - lmÕàg§Jr ~«m÷U, gdmîU CnbãY Z hmoUo, ZXrH$mR>r H$mdioM Zgë`mZo Xhmì`m {Xder

H$mH$ñnem©bm àíZ {Z_m©U hmoUo Aem Ym{_©H$ AmMmamÀ`m AS>MUrhr gÜ`m CX² dVmZm {XgVmV.

6.3 - lmÕmMm Ym{_©H$ {dYt_mJo H$mhr "{dkmZ' Amho H$m? Am{U Agë`mg Vo H$go g_OyZ ¿`mdo

Agmhr ^mdr H$mimV EH$ àíZ CnpñWV hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm OmUdVo Amho.

6.4 - XmZ g§H$ënZobm Ym{_©H$ n¡byMr {Xbobr OmoS> hr gm_m{OH$, n`m©daUr`, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$, ñVamda

H¥$VkVm ì`º$ H$aÊ`mMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ `mo{Obr Amho Ago OmUdVo. EImÚmZo XmZ H$aÊ`mMr Q>mimQ>mi

H$ê$ Zò, gX² mdZoZo Vo H$aÊ`mH$S>o H$b Agmdm `m hoVyZo lmÕr XmZm§Zm Ym{_©H$ n¡byMr OmoS> {Xbobr

Agmdr. Ym{_©H$ AmMaUmda {dídmg AgUmè`m ì`º$s Ë`mg§~§YrMo {Z`_ AmXanyd©H$ nmiV Agë`mZo

n`m©daU, g_mO `m§À`mV gwì`dñWm {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mgmR>r XmZm§Mr eŠ`Vm dmT>ob d Vr CnH$maH$ R>aob

Agm {dMma m_mJo Agmdm Ago dmQ>Vo. lmÕàg§Jr XmZo {Xë`mZo {Xd§JVmbm gwI bm ob Ago Z_yX H$ê$Z

XmZo XoÊ`mgmR>r {Xd§JVm§À`m Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Zm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo Amho. `m XmZmMr CnH$maH$ \$bohr Ym{_©H$ n¡byÀ`m

AmYmao _m§S>br Jobr AmhoV.

gmam§e gm_m{OH$, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ d n`m©daUr` ñVam§da ñdmñÏ` {Q>Hy$Z ahmdo, gygyÌVm Agmdr,

EoŠ` {Z_m©U ìhmdo `m hoVyZo n«mMrZ Y_©emóH$mam§Zr "Ym{_©H$' A§JmZo lmÕ d XmZ g§H$ënZm§Mo

_hÎd {deX H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo àË`j AmMaU hmoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZnyd©H$ Cnm` `moObo AmhoV Ago åhUVm

òD$ eHo$b.

(113)

_mZ{gH$ n¡by

1) lmÕ d XmZ g§H$ënZoV _mZ{gH$ n¡byMm {dMma Ho$bm Amho H$m? H$gm?

lmÕ d Ë`mÀ`m XmZ g§H$ënZoV _mZ{gH$VoMm Iyn _hÎdmMm dmQ>m Amho.

eVH$mZweVHo$ _¥Ë`y{df`r _mUgmÀ`m _ZmV JyT>, AZmH$bZr` ^mdZm, CËgwH$Vm Aer g§{_l

Am§XmobZo {XgyZ oVmV. EImÚm ì`º$sÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va {VMo Zo_Ho$ H$m` hmoVo? Vr H$moR>o OmVo? Aem e§H$m

{Od§V _mUgm§À`m _ZmV Ka H$ê$Z AgVmV. Amnë`m _¥Ë yZ§Va Amnbo H$m` hmoB©b? Aer ^mdZmhr

_mUgmÀ`m _ZmV òVo Ë`m_wio _¥Ë yZ§Va {Xd§JVmbm gwI {_imdo, Ë`mZo Amnë`mda AdH¥$nm H$é Z o `m

^mdZoZo lmÕ d XmZ g§nÞ H$aÊ`mH$S>o H$b AgVmo. àmMrZ J«§WH$mam§Zrhr m _mZ{gH$ Am§XmobZm§Mm {dMma

H$ê$Z lmÕmbm d XmZm§Zm Y_m©MaUmMr Mm¡H$Q> OmoS>br Agmdr. {Xd§JVmMm g§Vmof ho lmÕmMo \$bñdê$n

gm§{JVbo Joë`mZo Amnë`m {à` ì`º$sÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Vahr {Vbm gwI bm^mdo `m ÛÚ ^mdZoMm `Wm`mo½`

dmna H$ê$Z lmÕmMo \$b Zm|X{dbo Amho.

lmÕ hm Ym{_©H$ {dYr åhUyZ Ñí` ñdê$nmV AZw dmg oV Agbm Var _mZ{gH$ ñVamda Vr

A_yV© Aer ^md{ZH$ ZmË`m§Mr Jw§VdUyH$ Amho. d Vr ì`º$ H$aÊ`mMo _yV© _mÜ`_ åhUOo lmÕ d XmZ hmo`.


{Od§VnUr Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`m§Mr H$miOr KoUo, Ë`m§À`mer ào_mMo ZmVo AgUo ho àË oH$mMo

H$V©ì` Amho. VWm{n EImÚm ì`º$sÀ`m _¥Ë yZ§Va, Vr ì`º$s Amnë`m_Üò ZgVmZmhr {VVŠ`mM ào_mZo,

AmË_r`VoZo d lÕoZo {VMo ñ_aU H$aÊ`mMr ÛÚ ^mdZm lmÕ d XmZmVyZ ì`º$ H$aUo ho `m _mZ{gH$VoMo

d¡{eîQ>ç hmo`.

3) gÚ… n[apñWVrV Ë`mÁ` nÕVr - lmÕmer d XmZmer OmoS>br Jobobr AmnwbH$sMr d ào_mMr

^mdZm hr Ë`mÁ` R>é eH$V Zmhr. VWm{n lmÕmer dfm©Zwdf©o OmoS>br Jobobr Aew^, An{dÌ hr mdZm _mÌ

gmoS>m`bm hdr.

gÚ… n[apñWVrV ñdrH$maÊ`mMr nÕVr - lÕm wº$ A§V…H$aUmZo Ho$bobo {Xd§JVmMo ñ_aU åhUOo lmÕ

Am{U JaOy ì`º$sbm {VÀ`m JaOm AmoiIyZ Ho$bobo ghmæ` åhUOo XmZ Aem g§H$ënZm AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV

ñdrH$maUo Am¡{MË`mMo R>aob Ago dmQ>Vo.

(114)

~XbË`m H$mimZwgma J{V_mZ wJmV X¡Z§{XZ JaOm ~XbV Mmbë`m AmhoV. nydu Á`m Jmoï>r Ho$di

H$ënZoÀ`m nmVirda ApñVÎdmV hmoË`m Ë`m§Mm AmnU gÚ… pñWVrV ghO ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m_wio

àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ì`º$sÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ H$V©ì`m§_Ü o gm§{JVë`m Joboë`m Y_m©MaUmVhr H$mbg§JV ~Xb Amdí`H$

Pmbo AmhoV Ago dmQ>Vo. VaM Vo AmMamd`mg gmono OmVrb d AmMamdogo dmQy> bmJVrb.

4) `m_Üò ~Xb H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho H$m?

{Xd§JV Amá, ñZohr `m§{df`r ào_, AmXa, H¥$VkVm `m ^mdZm H$m`_ {Q>H$Umè`m hì`m. Ë`m_Üò

Hw$R>ohr Xwamì`mMr, H¥$V¿ZVoMr ^mdZm oD$ Zò ho Z¸$s !


gd©ojUmYmao åhUVm oD$ eHo$b H$s Agm ~Xb ñdrH$maÊ`mMr _mZ{gH$Vm g_mOm_Ü o ê$T> hmoVo

Amho. {Xd§JV nyd©Om§Mo ñ_aU hr ^mdZm gd© H$mimV, H$moUË`mhr pñWVrV Ë`mÁ` Zmhr; \$º$ Vr ì`º$

H$aÊ`mMo _mÜ`_ ~XbUo Amdí`H$ dmQy> bmJbo Amho.

EImXr ì`º$s {Od§V AgVmZm {VÀ`mgmR>r JwUdÎmmnyU© doi XoUo, nañna gm¡hmX© OmonmgUo, {VMr

H$miOr KoUo A{YH$ Amdí`H$ Amho. gÚ… pñWVrV d`ñH$a Hw$Qw>§{~`m§H$S>o bj XoUo, Ë`m§Mr ewlwfm H$aUo

gdmªZm eŠ` hmoVoM Ago Zmhr, _J Ë`mgmR>r AÝ` ì`mdhm[aH$ n`m© ñdrH$mabo OmVmV. VWm{n Aem

Hw$Qw>§{~`m§er ^md{ZH$ÑîQ>çm OmoS>bo ahmUohr AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV Amdí`H$ Amho. VaM {ZYZmZ§Va Ë`m

ì`º$sMo lÕoZo ñ_aU H$aUo Am¡{MË`mMo R>é eHo$b.

ì`º$sÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Va {VMm nwT>rb àdmg, {Vbm hmoUmam Ìmg dm gwI `m H$pënV g§H$ënZm

AmhoV H$m IamoIa ApñVÎdmV AmhoV `mMo CÎma emoYUo H$R>rU Amho. `mda AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr Amnbr

_Vo Zm|X{dbr AmhoV VWm{n Ë`m~ÔbÀ`m ñdrH$maerbVo~Ôb e§H$m CnpñWV hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm

ñdrH$mamdr bmJob.

àmMrZ J«§WH$mam§Zr lmÕàg§Jr XmZo {Xë`mg {Xd§JVmbm gwI bmôb Aer _m§S>Ur Ho$br Amho.

Ë`m_wio lmÕàg§Jr {Xd§JVmgmR>r H$moUVrhr VS>OmoS> Z H$aVm hr XmZo XoÊ`mMm md {XgyZ oVmo. {Od§VnUr

Á`m ÌmgmVyZ dmMÊ`mMr YS>nS> _Zwî` H$aVmo Vmo Ìmg _¥Ë yZ§Vahr Ë`m§br ghZ H$amdm bmJy Zò Aer

(115)

^mdZmhr `m_mJo Amho. CXm. `_bmoH$mVrb àdmgmV CîUVoMm, H$mQ>mHw$Q>çm§Mm, W§S>rMm Ìmg hmoD$ Zò

`mgmR>r N>Ìr, Mnbm, Q>monr, nmÊ`mMm KS>m `mMo XmZ ~«m÷Umbm Ho$ë`mg {Xd§JVmbm Ë`mMm Cn`moJ

hmoB©b. AmnU Oa {Xd§JVmgmR>r XmZo {Xbr Va Vo nmhÿZ Amnbo d§eOhr Amnë`m _¥Ë yZ§Va Amnë`m

gwImgmR>r XmZo XoVrb Aer ^mdZm _ZmV oÊ`mMr eŠ`Vmhr {dMmamV KoÊ`mg haH$V Zgmdr.

na§naoZo {Xë`m OmUmè`m XmZm§IoarO g_mO d n`m©daUmÀ`m {hVmW© {Xbr OmUmar XmZo g_OmdyZ

KoUo mH$S>o g_mOmMr _mZ{gH$Vm ZgVo. na§naoMo nmbZ H$ê$Z lmÕ H$aUo EdT>mM md Ë`m_mJo Agë`mZo

g_mO d n`m©daU {hVmW© gm§{JVbobr XmZo bmoH$m§n`ªV nmohmoMV ZmhrV, d Vo g_OyZ KoÊ`mMr

CËgwH$Vmhr A^mdmZoM AmT>iVo. na§Vw `mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimVrb Zdr {nT>r ho gd© g_OyZ KoÊ`mg

CËgwH$ Agob.

Ym{_©H$ {dYrH$S>o ~KÊ`mMm Ñï>rH$moZ -

1) gd©ojUmYmao OmUdbo Amho H$s H$mH$ñne©, ZmamÙ-ZmJ~ir `m§gma»`m {dYtH$S>o JyT>VoZo ~KÊ`mMr

_mZ{gH$Vm WmoS>çm à_mUmV H$m hmoB©Zm nU g_mOmV ApñVÎdmV Amho. lmÕm_mJrb _mZ{gH$ ^md

g_OyZ KoVbm Va hr JyT>Vm H$_r hmoD$ eHo$b.

2) lmÕmbm Aew^ g_OÊ`mMo H$maU ZgyZ Amnë`m {Xd§JV nyd©Om§Mo Vo nyOZM Amho Agm Ñï>rH$moZ

g_mOmbm XoVm oB©b.

3) dfm©Zwdf©o lmÕ ho Aew _mZbo Joë`mZo Ë`mg§X^m©V {dMma H$aÊ`mg H$moUr CËgwH$Vm XmIdrV Zmhr.

CËgwH$Vm dmQ>brM Va e§H$m§Mo {ZagZ H$ê$Z KoUmao bmoH$hr Aën AmhoV. {ZYZàg§JmZ§Va Jm§ r`m©À`m,

emoH$mÀ`m dmVmdaUmV lmÕ d XmZm~Ôb OmUyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m _mZ{gH$VoVhr Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ` ZgVmV.

Ë`m_wio lmÕmMm _mZ{gH$ ^md g_OmdyZ gm§{JVbm Jobm Va Vmo ñdrH$maÊ`mMr V`mar bmoH$ XmIdy

eH$Vrb d {Xd§JVm{df`rMo Amnbo ào_ lÕoZo ì`º$ H$é eH$Vrb d Ë`m_mJrb JyT>VoMr ^mdZm

H$_r hmoB©b.

4) lmÕàg§Jr XmZ Ho$ë`mZo {Xd§JVmbm IamoIa gwI bm^Vo H$m`? ho gm§JUo H$R>rU Amho. VWm{n XmZ

XoUmè`mbm d ñdrH$maUmè`mbm {_iUmao g_mYmZ A{YH$ _hÎdmMo Amho. Agm Ñï>rH$moU àñWm{nV Ho$ë`mg

(116)

Ë`mMo AmMaU H$aUo gwb^ hmoB©b. ZoÌXmZ, ËdMmXmZ, Ad`dXmZ, aº$XmZ m_wio EImÚm {Od§V ì`º$sbm

bmÛmao JwUdÎmmnyU© XrKm©`wî` A{YH$ gwIH$maH$ R>aob Aer Amem dmQ>Vo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV hm Ñï>rH$moU

ñdrH$mabm OmD$ eHo$b.

(117)

gm_m{OH$ n¡by

1) lmÕ d XmZmÀ`m g§H$ënZoV gm_m{OH$ n¡byMm {dMma Ho$bm Amho H$m? H$gm?

g§nyU© g_mOmMo ñdmñÏ` {Q>Hy$Z amhrb `mMm {dMma H$ê$Z àmMrZ Y_©emóH$mam§Zr lmÕ d XmZ

g§H$ënZm§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$br Amho Ago åhUVm oD$ eHo$b.

Hw$Qw>§~ hm g_mOmMm EH$ CnKQ>H$ H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ {hVmMm {dMma lmÕ g§H$ënZoV A§V ©yV Amho.

Amnë`m d§ed¥jmMm AmXa, Hw$imMm AmXa d ñ_aU H$aUo `mgmR>r lmÕ g§H$ënZm _m§S>br Jobr Amho.

àË oH$ _Zwî` Amnë`m CËH$fm©gmR>r à`ËZerb AgVmo. VWm{n Ë`mbm Ë`mgmR>r ¸$_ AmYma, emnèmV

gh^mJr bmoH$ ho Ë`mÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mVyZM {_iVmV. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb {Od§V ì`º$sMo nmR>~i {OVHo$ _hÎdmMo

{VVHo$M Hw$Qw> §~mVrb {Xd§JVmMo Amerdm©Xhr _hÎdmMo _mZbo OmVmV. hr AmñWm OnÊ`mMo _mÜ`_

åhUOo lmÕ.

g_mOì`dñWoMo {Z`_ åhUOoM Y_© Ë`m_wio lmÕmÀ`m d XmZmÀ`m Ym{_©H$ AmMaUmbm gm_m{OH$

Mm¡H$Q>hr AmhoM.

Hw$Qw§~mVrb {Xd§JVm§À`m F$Um§Mr naV\o$S> H$aÊ`mgmR>r lmÕ H$amdo. m{Z{_ÎmmZo d§eOm§Zm Amnë`m

nyd©Om§Mr _m{hVr {_iVo, Hw$imMm B{Vhmg g_OVmo. nyd©Om§Mo H$V©¥Ëd C„oIZr` Agob Va d§eOm§À`m _ZmV

ñdV… ~Ôb d Hw$Qw>§~m~Ôb AmXa dmT>rbm bmJVmo. nyd©Om§H$Sy>Z H$mhr MwH$m KS>ë`m AgVrb Va Ë`mMm

gmamgma {dMma H$ê$Z Ë`m nwT>rb {nT>rH$Sy>Z KSy> ZòV `m~Ôb H$miOr KoVbr OmD$ eH$Vo. lmÕmÀ`m

{Z{_ÎmmZo Hw$Qw>§~r` EH$Ì oVmV, nañna _V oX Agë`mg Aem àg§Jr Vo {dgê$Z gd©OU EH${ÌVnUo

{nV¥ñ_aU H$aVmV. `m {Z{_ÎmmZo H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ EoŠ` d ñdmñÏ` {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m OmoS>rZo g_mOmÀ`m Ñï>rZohr lmÕmMo d XmZmMo _hÎd {deof Amho. lmÕàg§Jr g_mOmVrb

Cno{jV, JaOy, d§{MVm§Zm AmdOy©Z ^moOZmgmR>r, XmZ KoÊ`mgmR>r ~mob{dbo OmVo. Ë`m{Z{_ÎmmZo Hw$Qw>§~mH$Sy>Z

g_mOmVrb JaOy§Zm ghmæ` {_iVo.

{dÛmZ ~«m÷U, `Vr, g§Ý`mgr ho Amnmnë`m aMZoV g_mOmÀ`m {hVmgmR>r à`ËZerb AgVmV.

Á`m§À`m_wio Amnbr g_mOaMZm gwairV Mmby Amho ho {Zñn¥hnUo H$m_ H$arV AmhoV Ë`m§À`m `moJjo_mMr

(118)

H$miOr g_mOmVrb AÝ` gXñ`m§Zr KoUo Ano{jV Amho. J¥hñWml_ hm AÝ` gd© Aml_m§Mm AmYma

Agë`mZo J¥hñWmZo {ZîR>mnyd©H$ Ho$bobo lmÕ ho gdmªÀ`m Cn`moJmMo R>é eH$Vo.

Amnë`mbm AkmV, An[a{MV Aem AZoH$ Ordm§Mo _¥Ë`y KS>V AgVmV. Ë`m gdmªÀ`m _¥Ë yníMmV

Ë`m§Mo lÕmnyd©H$ ñ_aU åhUOo "dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>§~H$_²' m {dMmamMr OmonmgZmM hmo`. hm gm_m{OH$ AmñWoMmM

EH$ _hÎdmMm Ñï>rH$moU åhUVm oB©b.

lmÕr XmZm§Mr àmár Pmë`m_wio g_mOmVrb é½U, JaOy {dÚmWu, Cno{jV, `Vr, g§Ý`mgr `m§Zm

ñW¡ © àmá hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. hr XmZo "~hþOZ{hVm` ~hþOZgwIm`' Aer AmhoV. gd©g_mdoeH$Vm hm `m

XmZm§Mm CÔoe Amho. EHy$UmVM "XmZm' Mo _hÎd _m§S>VmZm Diana L. Eck m§Zr Amnë`m The Religious

Gift : Hindu, Buddhist and Jain perspectives on Dana, 2013 (summer) social research Vol 80,

No.2, P. 359-379 `m {Z~§YmV åhQ>bo Amho - " The gift establishes a complex set of moral

relations and the ciruclation of gifts enables in sight into a social interconnectedness. Dana is

not part of a web of reciprocity and obligation. Dana flows giver, to a worthy recipient, with no

expectation whatsoever of return." (P. 360)

XmZo XoUmè`m Hw$Qw>§~mH$Sy>Z XmZo ñdrH$maUmè`m Hw$Qw>§~mbm Cn`wº$ Jmoï>tMr àmár hmoV AgVo. Ðì`,

YmÝ`, àmUr, X¡Z§{XZ dmnamÀ`m dñVy m {dH$V KoD$Z dmnaUo Á`m§Zm Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm eŠ` Zmhr Aem§À`m

Hw$Qw>§{~`m§À`m Ñï>rZo m XmZm§Mm bm^ _hÎdmMm Amho. Cn^mo½` dñVy§À`m dmnamMr g§Yr {_imë`mZo JaOy§À`m

Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Zm hmoUmam AmZ§X ho gm_m{OH$ ñdmñWmÀ`m Ñï>rZo Cn wº$M Amho. EImXr Jmoï> hdr AgyZhr Z

{_imë`mg Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmam jmo^ AZoH$ XwîH¥$Ë`m§Zm OÝ_ XoVmo d Ë`mVyZ g_mOmMr hmZr hmoVo.

Ë`mnojm Á`m ñVamn`ªV eŠ` Amho Ë`m ñVamn ªV Aer XmZo nmohmoMë`mg Vr Cn wº$M R>aVmV.

d§{MVm§Zm {_imboë`m XmZm§_YyZ Ë`m§Mo H$ë`mU hmoVo Vgo g_mOmMohr hmoVoM. lmÕàg§Jr EImÚm

Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb JaOy ~wÕr_mZ {dÚmÏ`m©bm ghmæ` {_imë`mg Vmo Mm§Jbo {ejU KoD$Z Amnë`m

g_mOmMm ñVa C§Mmdy eH$Vmo.

(119)

lmÕ{dYr_Ü o {ZYZmZ§Va Xhmì`m {Xder {Xd§JV Hw$Qw>§{~`m§n¡H$s nwéf gXñ`m§Zm Ho$g, XmT>r, ZIo

H$mnÊ`mg gm§{JVbo Amho. edmÀ`m gm{ÞÜ`mV amoJO§Vy§Mm \¡$bmd dmTy>Z Vo Ho$g B. {R>H$mUr amhÊ`mMr

eŠ`Vm AgVo. Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ d gmd©O{ZH$ Amamo½`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Vo H$mnÊ`mg gm§{JVbo Jobo Agmdo.

VWm{n AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ñdÀN>VogmR>r d¡ÚH$s` ÑîQ>çm à_m{UV gw{dYm CnbãY Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mm dmna

H$aUo A{YH$ gmo rMo R>aVo.

2) `m n¡byMo d¡{eîQ>ç H$m` ?

Ym{_©H$ d gm_m{OH$ Mm¡H$Q>rVyZ Ho$br Jobobr lmÕ d XmZm§Mr `moOZm ho `m n¡byMo d¡{eîQ>ç.

g_mOmMo Zr{V{Z`_ åhUOo Y_©. Ë`m_wio `m XmoÝhrMr gm§JS> KmbÊ`mMm à`ËZ àmMrZ Aä`mgH$m§Zr

Ho$bobm Amho d àËòH$ _Zwî`mÀ`m Am wî`mV `m àmMrZ {dMmam§Zm _hÎd àmá H$ê$Z {Xbo Jobo Amho.

3) gÚ n[apñWVrV Ë`mÁ` nÕVr d ñdrH$maÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr -

gm_m{OH$ Amamo½`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo gwM{dbr Jobobr {ZYZmZ§VaÀ`m 13 {Xdgm§n ªV nmiÊ`mMr Amem¡M

nÕVr AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV AmMaUo gmo`rMo Zmhr. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ñdÀN>VoÀ`m {d{dY gmo`r CnbãY

AmhoV Ë`m_wio Amem¡M nmiÊ`mMo ñdê$n ~XbVm oD$ eHo$b.

OmJ{VH$ ì`mnmamVrb CbmT>mbr, OmJ{VH$ g§JUrH$aU `m_wio H$m`©_¾ AgUmè`m AmYw{ZH$

{nT>rbm 13 {Xdg gyVH$ nmiyZ KamV ~gUo ì`dhmaV… gmo`rMo Zmhr.

- df©lmÕ, _hmb` Aer {d{dY lmÕo Y_©emóH$mam§Zr Zm|X{dbr AmhoV. J{V_mZ wJmV Vr gd©À`m

gd© g§nÞ H$aUo eŠ` hmoB©b Ago Zmhr.

4) ~XbmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho H$m?

gÚ…pñWVrV ñdÀN>VoÀ`m, Amamo½`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo CnbãY gw{dYm _w~bH$ AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Amem¡MmMr

H$ënZm ~Xbmdr bmJob.

lmÕH$Ë`m©bm Amdí`H$ Vo (Xhmì`mnmgyZ Voamì`mn`ªV) gd© {Xdg lmÕ H$aÊ`mgmR>r amIyZ

R>odVm oVrb Ago Zmhr ; VWm{n {Xd§JVmMo ñ_aU hmoUo Amdí`H$ Agë`mZo gwQ>gwQ>rV, AmMamd`mg gmono

n`m©` CnbãY H$ê$Z Úmdo bmJVrb. {d^º$ Hw$Qw>§~nÕVr, naXoemV H$m_m{Z{_Îm {Zdmg Aem H$maUm§Zr

(120)

Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gd© gXñ` EH${ÌV hmoUo AdKS> Agob Va àËòH$mZo ñdV§ÌnUo {Xd§JVm§Mo ñ_aU H$aUo

ñdrH$mamdo bmJob. åhUOo _moR>çm ^mdmZo lmÕ Ho$ë`mg AÝ` ^mD$-~{hUtZm òUo eŠ` ZgobM Va

Ë`m§Zrhr ñdV§Ì lmÕ - ñ_aU H$amdo.

g_mOmV XmZ ñdrH$maÊ`mg gËnmÌ ì`º$s {_iUo H$mhrgo H$R>rU Pmbo Amho. Ë`m_wio gËnmÌ

ì`º$s, g§ñWm `m§À`m {ZH$fmV ~Xb H$amdo bmJVrb. CXm. JaOy ~«m÷U Z {_imë`mg AÝ` dUm©Vrb

JaOybm Cn wº$ XmZ H$aUo B. `mg§^m©V Jacab Copeman `m§Zr The Gift and its forms of like in

contemporary India, sep. 2011, Modern Asian Studies Vol 45, issue o5, P. 1051-1094 m

{Z~§YmV åhQ>bo Amho - " In our understanding the emphasis is on the proper selection of the

donee. If the donee is selected carefuly then the Dan will be effective, There will be no need to

moniter how the funds are actually used. " (P. 1064)

5. ~Xb ñdrH$maÊ`mMr _mZ{gH$Vm - (gd©ojUmYmao)

gd©ojUmYmao åhUVm oD$ eHo$b H$s Amem¡M, gmJ«g§JrV lmÕ{dYr g§nÞ H$aUo m_Üò g_mOmMr

~Xb ñdrH$maÊ`mMr _mZ{gH$Vm Amho. Vgo ~Xb Pmbo Va Vo AmMamd`mg gmono hmoVrb d AmMaÊ`mH$S>o

H$b dmT>ob Ago OmUdVo Amho.

Á`m§Zm Hw$Qw>§~mV lmÕmbm CnpñWV ahmUo eŠ` ZgVo Ago naXoepñWV Hw$Qw>§~r` g§JUH$ V§ÌmÛmao

(SKYP) Amnbr CnpñWVr Zm|X{dVmV d gh^mJ KoVmV. hm ~Xb ñdrH$maUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

`Vr, g§Ý`mgr `m§Mo g_mOmVrb dmT>rd àñW Hw§$^_où`mgma»`m àg§Jr {XgyZ òVo. g_mOmV

JaOy§gmR>r H$m_ H$aUmè`m g§ñWm, Aml_, ì`º$s `m§Mrhr g§»`m nwîH$i Amho. _mÌ gÚ…pñWVrV Ë`m§Zm

XmZo XoÊ`mnydu Ë`m§Mr A{YH¥$VVm, gƒonUm VnmgyZ nhm`bm hdo Ago dmQ>Vo.

gd©ojUmV AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmMo àíZ {dMmamV KoVm ËdMmXmZ, aº$XmZ Aer XmZohr gwM{dbr

Jobr AmhoV.

(121)

6) lmÕ d XmZmMm gm_m{OH$ Ame` d nwamoJm_r H$mi -

eVH$mZweVHo$ lmÕ{dYr d Ë`mVrb XmZm§Mo AmMaU Ym{_©H$ A§JmZo Ho$bo OmV Amho. Ë`m§Mm

gm_m{OH$ Ñï>rH$moU Ym{_©H$ A§JmVM AV§ y©V Amho VWm{n Vmo àH$Q>nUo ì`º$ Pmbobm Zmhr. Vmo Vgm

ñnï>nUo àH$Q> Pmë`mg AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb lmÕ d XmZmMm "Ym{_©H$' {dYr bmoH$ "gm_m{OH$' ñdmñÏ`mgmR>r

ñdrH$maVrb Aer Amem dmQ>Vo.

Zdr gm_m{OH$ XmZo - (gd©ojUmYmao)

1) Am{Xdmgr Aml_emioVrb JaOy {dÚmÏ`mªZm _XV

2) ËdMmXmZ, ZoÌXmZ, Ad`dXmZ, aº$XmZ, XohXmZ B. àË`j H¥$VrV AmMaUo dm Ë`mMm

g§H$ën H$aUo. _mÌ Aem XmZm§Mm g§H$ën H$aVmZm Vmo \$bmema{hV Agmdm.

Jacab Copeman m§Zr Amnë`m The Gift and its forms of Life in Contemparary India,

Sept 2011, Modern Asin studies/Vol 45/issue 05/P. 1051-1094 m {Z~§YmV aº$XmZm{df`r _V

_m§S>VmZm åhQ>bo Amho - " One doctor founder of a Delhi NGO concerned with promoting

voluntary blood donation, complained me about the giving of incentives such as mugs and t-

shirts to donors. He was adamant that blood donors must have the wish to give a Dan with

nothing to return. If people donate with expectations of receiving a gift, this is impure, selfish

(swarth purna) blood " (P. 1069)

3) An§Jm§Zm _XV H$aUo.

4) g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY ñVamVrb JaOy, AZmW `m§Zm ghmæ`.

5) AZmW _yb XÎmH$ KoUo.

(122)

Am{W©H$ n¡by

1) lmÕ Am{U XmZ g§H$ënoV Am{W©H$ n¡byMm {dMma Ho$bm Amho H$m? H$gm ?

lmÕ d àm_w»`mZo XmZ g§H$ënZoV Am{W©H$ n¡byMm {dMma Ho$bm J obm Amho Ago

åhUVm òD$ eHo$b.

{d{dY àH$maMr lmÕo g§nÞ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{eï> _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUmè`m nwamo{hVm§Mm ñdV§Ì JQ>

g_mOmV ApñVÎdmV Amho XmhH$_© d lmÕ `m XmoÝhr {dYtgmR>r ho nwamo{hV _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmV. na§naoZo

eVH$mZweVHo$ XmhH$_© lmÕ{dYr hm Aew^ d An{dÌ _mZbm Joë`mZo AÝ` Ym{_©H$ H$m`©o g§nÞ H$aUmao

nwamo{hV XhZmMo d lmÕmMo nm¡amo{hË` H$arV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio lmÕmÀ`m d XhZmMo nm¡amo{hË` H$aUmè`m

nwamo{hVm§À`m AWm©O©ZmMr ì`dñWm `m {dYtÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ho$br Jobr Amho Ago åhUVm oD$ eHo$b.

lmÕmbm ^moOZmgmR>r {Z_§{ÌV ~«m÷U, ~«÷Mmar `m§Zm {Xboë`m Ðì`mVyZ Ë`m§Zm Am{W©H$ ghmæ`

{_iÊ`mMr gmo` Ho$br Jobr Agmdr.

XmZ g§H$ënZoMm Am{W©H$ n¡by hm g_mOmÀ`m gd© ñVam§À`m {hVmgmR>r Cn wº$ AgmM Amho.

lmÕmMo {d{dY àH$ma {d{dY {Z{_Îmm§Zr g§nÞ H$arV AgVmZm XmZm§À`m Ûmao Am{W©H$ {dVaUmMr

eŠ`Vm OmñV Amho. J¥hñWmZo Amnmnë`m H$V©ì`mZwgma Y_m©MaU H$arV Ðì`mO©Z H$aUo Ano{jV Amho.

VWm{n Vo Ðì` / YZ Ë`mZo Ho$di ñdV…À`m Hw$Qw>§~mgmR>r dmnaUo Agm hoVy Zmhr. {Xd§JVm§À`m àrË`W© lmÕ

H$arV AgVm {Zanoj ^mdZoZo J¥hñWmZo Ë`m Ðì`mVrb H$mhr {hñgm ~«m÷U, `Vr, ~«÷Mmar, JaOy, é½U,

àmUr `m§À`m `moJjo_mgmR>r Úmd`mMm Amho. `m_mJo Ë`mJmMr {Zanoj ^mdZm OmoS>br Jobr Amho.

2) `m n¡byMo d¡{eîQ>ç H$m` -

XmZ§ g§{d^mJ… Ÿ& `m VËdmZwgma g_mOmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§À`m `moJjo_mMr d {ZgJm©À`m g§VwbZmMr

H$miOr KoUo hm XmZmMm gdm©V _hÎdmMm Am{W©H$ n¡by Amho Ago dmQ>Vo. àmMrZ Y_©emóH$mam§Zr hm

Am{W©H$ n¡by WoQ> Z _m§S>Vm Ë`mbm Ym{_©H$ AmMaUmMr OmoS> XoD$Z bmoH$m§Zm Ë`mgmR>r àmoËgm{hV Ho$bo Amho.

VrW©ñWmZm§À`m {R>H$mUr Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m lmÕmVyZ d XmZm§_YyZ Ë`m Ë`m {R>H$mUÀ`m ñWm{ZH$

nwamo{hVm§Zm AWm©O©ZmMr d JaOy§Zm Am{W©H$ _XV {_iÊ`mMr g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr Amho.

(123)


lmÕ d XmZ g§H$ënZoMo _hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç gm§JVm oD$ eHo$b Vo Ago H$s àmMrZ Y_©emóH$mam§Zr

Am{W©H$ aMZoÀ`m Ñï>rZohr g_mOmVrb {d{dY ñVamVrb bmoH$m§Mm {dMma AmdOy©Z Ho$bm Amho.

Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm Omo g§nÞ Amho Vmo Wm{dYr lmÕ d XmZ H$ê$Z {Xd§JVmMo ñ_aU H$aVmoM. nU Omo

Am{W©H$X¥îQ>çmXw~©b Amho Ë`mZo H$m` H$amdo? - lmÕ{dYr dmMmdm.

- JmB©bm JdV Kmbmdo.

- X{jUoH$S>o Vm|S> H$ê$Z aS>mdo.

H$mhrM eŠ` Zgob Va gy`m©g_moa Cô amhÿZ Im§H$m da H$ê$Z {Xd§JVm§Mo ñ_aU H$amdo.

{Xd§JVm§À`m ñ_aUmgmR>r Am{W©H$ ñVa _hÎdmMm Zmhr. {ZY©Z Agbobr ì`º$shr Amnë`m {Xd§JV

nyd©Om§Mo ñ_aU H$ê$ eH$Vo d Vo hmoUo A{YH$ _hÎdmMo Amho.

3) gÚ n[apñWVrV Ë`mÁ` nÕVr -

- gÚ n[apñWVrV lmÕ{dYrMo nm¡amo{hË` H$aUmè`m nwamo{hVm§Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr VwbZoZo gwYmabr

Amho Ago AZw^dmg òVo. `Vr, g§Ý`mgr `m§Zmhr {d{dY g§ñWm§À`m, Aml_m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Aml`

{_iVmo Amho. Ë`m_wio Á`m§Zm Am{W©H$ Anojm / ghH$m © Amdí`H$ Amho Aem§Zm emoYyZ Ë`m§Zm Am{W©H$

_XV H$aÊ`mH$S>o d {d{dY XmZo H$aÊ`mH$S>o H$b dmT>dm`bm hdm.

àmMrZ H$mir JmoYZ, newYZ ho g§nÎmrMo {ZXe©H$ _mZbo OmV. AmOÀ`m H$mimV hr g§H$ënZm

_mJo nSy>Z {d{dY ^m¡{VH$ Jmoï>tMr CnbãYVm d gw{dYm ho g§nÎmrMo {ZXe©H$ ~Zbo AmhoV.

ñdrH$maÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr -

~XbË`m H$mimMm {dMma H$aVm lmÕ{Z{_ÎmmZo Aem ì`º$sZm ~mobdmdo bmJob H$s Á`m§Zm Mm§Jë`m

JwUdÎmoZo OrdZ OJÊ`mMr BÀN>m Amho na§Vw Am{W©H$ AS>MUt_wio Ë`m§Zm Vo gmÜ` hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.

XmZo ñdrH$maÊ`mg gËnmÌ ì`º$shr nmaIyZ ¿`mì`m bmJVrb. Á`m ì`º$s/ g§ñWm {Xboë`m

XmZmMm àm_m{UH$nUo {d{Z`moJ H$aVrb Ë`mZm§M Aer XmZo Am¡{MË`mMr R>aVrb.

(124)

dmT>Ë`m ì`mnmarH$aUmMo nS>gmX {d{dY VrW©joÌm§dahr C_Qy> bmJbo AmhoV Ago AZw^dmg oV

Amho. Ë`m_wio VrW©joÌr lmÕ-XmZ H$ê$Z IM© H$aVmZm VoWrb Am{W©H$ ew{MVmhr nmaIyZM ¿`mdr bmJob.

4) `m_Üò ~Xb H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho H$m?

lmÕ d XmZm§er g§~§{YV Am{W©H$ n¡by AmYw{ZH$ H$mimZwgma ~Xbmdm bmJob. XmZm§À`m Am{W©H$

aMZoV nwT>rbàH$mao ~Xb H$amdo bmJVrb - nydu ~«m÷Um§Zm {Xd§JVmàrË`W© lmÕdoir nmXÌmUm§Mo XmZ Ho$bo

OmB©. AmOÀ`m H$mimV JaOy {dÚmÏ`m©bm àdmgmgmR>r gm`H$b oQ> XoUo, ~gMm nmg H$mTy>Z XoUo Aem

nÕVrZo Ë`mÀ`m "nm`mMr' H$miOr ¿`mdr bmJob. EImÚm An§J ì`º$sbm "bmH$S>r nm`' XoD$Z Ë`mbm

MmbÊ`mg àmoËgmhZ XoUo ho hr CÎm_ XmZ R>é eHo$b.


gd©ojUmMm AmYmao Ago åhUVm òD$ eHo$b H$s Am{W©H$ Ñï>rZo XmZmÀ`m AmMaU nÕVrV ~Xb

H$aÊ`mMr _mZ{gH$Vm Amho.

lmÕmMo nm¡amo{hË` H$aUmè`m _mJ©Xe©H$m§Zr Am{W©H$ ew{MVm nmim`bm hdr Ago _V Zm|X{dbo Jobo

Amho. Amdí`H$Vonojm OmñV a¸$_ ñdrH$mê$ Zò, Or XmZo àË`j dmnabr OmUma ZmhrV Aer XmZo Ho$di

{dYrMm ^mJ åhUyZ ñdrH$mê$Z dm`m OmD$ XoD$ ZòV Agohr _V _m§S>bo Jobo Amho.

ZmVodmB©H$m§Zm, Bï>{_Ìm§gmR>r lmÕàg§Jr H$O© H$mTy>Z OodUmdir KmVë`m OmVmV, hr àWm Mmby

R>odUo åhUOo n¡emMm Anì`` hmo`. Ë`mEodOr Ë`m§{df`r H¥$VkVm åhUyZ AÝ` H$mhr Úmdo.

lmÕr XmZo XoVmZmhr Vr JaOybm {Xbr OmdrV. XoUmè`mÀ`m H$ï>mMr H$_mB© `mo½` nÕVrZo dmnabr

Jobr nm{hOo. Ë`m_wio "Omo Iam JaOy' Ë`mbmM XmZ {_imdo.

Jm` XmZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r JmB©À`m _yVuda CXH$ gmoSy>Z _J Ë`mMo àVrH$ åhUyZ H$mhr a¸$_

lmÕH$Ë`m©H$Sy>Z ñdrH$mabr OmVo. Ë`mEodOr nm§Oanmoimbm Am{W©H$ _XV H$aUo, JmB©bm Mmam KmbUo

`mgmR>r Vr a¸$_ dmnaë`mg àË`j {d{Z`moJmMo g_mYmZ {_iob.

lmÕmgmR>r nwîH$i Am{W©H$ ^ma gmogyZ Vo g§nÞ H$aÊ`mEodOr lmÕ Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm gmo`rñH$a

ìhmdo d Ë`mVyZ {e„H$ am{hbobr a¸$_ JaOybm XmZ H$amdr.

(125)

EH$ PmS> {Xd§JVmÀ`m ñ_aUmW© bmdyZ `m PmS>mÀ`m dmT>rgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vr Am{W©H$ `moOZm

H$aUo, EImÚm àm{Ug§J«hmb`mVrb AZmW àmÊ`m§À`m AmhmamgmR>r Am{W©H$ ghmæ` H$aUo Agmhr n¡emMm

{d{Z`moJ H$aUo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV Am¡{MË`mMo Amho.

gÚ… pñWVrV dmT>Ë`m Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUm_wio AZoH$m§Mo Am{W©H$ OrdZ g_¥Õ Pmbo Amho. Aem§Zr

lmÕàg§Jr XmZo XoD$Z g_mOmV Am{W©H$ g§VwbZ àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mg ghmæ` H$am`bm hdo. Aem

g_mOJQ>mH$S>o Am{W©H$ g_¥Õr Amho nU ñdV…À`m dmT>Ë`m m¡{VH$ JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mVM Vr dmnabr OmV

Amho. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb EImÚm ì`º$sÀ`m lmÕmbm CnpñWV amhUohr `m g_mOJQ>mbm X¡Z§{XZ H$m_mVyZ eŠ`

hmoV Zmhr. Aemdoir XmZm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_mO d n`m©daU{hVmW© Jmoï>r H$aUo `m g_mOJQ>mbm

eŠ` Amho. (naXoemV mitigation bank `m CnH«$_mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _moR>çm à_mUmda a¸$_ Jmoim Ho$br

OmVo d Vr gm_m{OH$ H$m`m©gmR>r dmnabr OmVo. lmÕmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZohr Agm CnH«$_ am~{dVm òB©b

Ago dmQ>Vo.)

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV Va g§JUH$sH¥$V gww{dYm§_wio EImÚm CnH«$_mbm nañna a¸$_ hñVm§V[aV

H$aVm òVo. Ë`m_wio hm ~Xb ñdrH$maUo `m JQ>mbm eŠ` hmoB©b. Amnë`mH$Sy>Z Amnë`m {Xd§JV Amá-

ñdH$s`m§Mo ñ_aU `m nÕVrZo Ho$ë`mMo g_mYmZhr {_iob.

Oo Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm gj_ ZmhrV Ë`m§Zr aº$XmZmgmaIm g§H$ën lmÕàg§Jr H$amdm. àË`j a¸$_

IM© H$ê$Z lmÕ d XmZ eŠ` Zgob Va EImÚm d¥Õml_mV, AZmWml_mV H$mhr godm XoUo B. CnH«$_

ghO eŠ` hmoD$ eH$Vrb. KamÀ`m n[agamV VwiergmaIo ghO CnbãY amon bmdyZ Ë`mbm nmUr

KmbUo `m nÕVrZohr {Xd§JVm§Mo "lÕoZo' ñ_aU H$aVm òB©b. Ë`m_wio hdm ewÕ hmoB©b d {ZgJm©Vrb

nm{dÍ`hr dmT>ob.

(126)

n`m©daUr` n¡by

1) lmÕ d XmZ g§H$ënZoV n`m©daUr` n¡byMm {dMma Ho$bm Amho H$m? H$gm?

- lmÕ d XmZ g§H$ënZoV n`m©daUr` n¡by§Mm {dMma Ho$bm Jobm Amho Ago åhUVm òD$ eHo$b. àmMrZ

H$mimnmgyZ ì`º$sÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Va Ho$bo OmUmao XmhH$_© d lmÕ ho {dYr JmdmnmgyZ bm§~ ZXr{H$Zmar

H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr ê$T> Amho.

XmhH$_© d lmÕ ho {dYr Aew^ _mZbo OmV Agë`mZo Vo OZg§nH$m©nmgyZ Xya A§Vamda Ho$bo OmV

AgmdoV. VWm{n Ë`m_mJo ZXrMm H$mR>, ^modVmbMm n[aga `m§Mm _hÎdnyU© {dMma Agmdm Ago dmQ>Vo.

ZXrÀ`m nmÊ`mV qnS> {dgO©Z B. H$aVmZm ZXrVrb ObMam§Zm Vo AÞ åhUyZ Cn`moJr nS>mdo Agm hoVy

Agmdm ZXrÀ`m H$mR>mdarb PmS>m§da Agboë`m H$mdù`mMohr _hÎd lmÕ{dYr_Ü o g_m{dï> AmhoM.

{ZgJm©Mr ñdÀN>Vm amIUmam VWm{n Xwb©{jV Aem H$mdù`mbm `m{Z{_ÎmmZo AmXa XoÊ`mMm hoVy Agmdm.

lmÕr XmZo gwM{dVmZm Obme`, CÚmZo ~m§YUo, d¥jmamonU, AZmW àmÊ`m§Zm A^` Aer {ZgJ©nyaH$

d n`m©daU gm§ miUmar XmZo àmMrZ Y_©emóH$mam§Zr gwM{dbr AmhoV.


Gavin Van Horn m§Zr Amnë`m Hindu Traditions and Nature : Survey Article, (Worldview

10, i, P. 5-39) m {Z~§YmV åhQ>bo Amho - " Hinduism by appealing to various positve attitudes

toward nature found within Hindu Traditions including deification of natural forces and objects,

the sacred geography of India, monism, nonviolence, reincarnation and the sacredness of the

cow." (P. 32)

3) gÚ n[apñWVrV Ë`mÁ` nÕVr -

lmÕmMo qnS>, AÞ gm{hË` ZXr_Ü o gmoS>Uo gÚ… pñWVrV n`m©daU {dKmVH$ R>ê$ eH$Vo. gVV

àdmhr AgUmè`m ZÚm dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§» o_wio, ì`mdgm{`H$aUm_wio YmoŠ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Aem

nÕVr ~Xbmì`m bmJVrb.

(127)

ñdrH$maÊ`m`mo½` nÕVr -

n`m©daUmMm {dMma H$aVm lmÕmMo qnS>, X © B. {dgO©Z H$aVmZm Vo PmS>m§_Ü o KmVë`mg Hw$OyZ

Ë`mMo IV hmoB©b d Ë`mMm Cn`moJ hmoB©b.

_hmb` lmÕm_Üò Amnë`mbm kmV-AkmV ì`º$sgmR>r `mà_mUo qnS>XmZ, qnS>nyOZ H$aÊ`mg

gm§{JVbo Amho Ë`mà_mUo Amnë`m ^modVrMo d¥j, ney-njr, Amnë`m KamVrb nmird àmUr `m§À`mgmR>rhr

EH$ qnS> XoÊ`mg AmdOy©Z gm§{JVbo Amho.

{ZgJ©MH«$mMr gmIir nyU© H$aUmao d {VMo {Z §ÌU R>odUmao H¥$_r-H$sQ>H$ ney, njr, dZñnVr

`m§~Ôb {Od§VnUr H¥$VkVm ì`º$ H$aUo ho qhXy-Y_© g§ñH¥$VrMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. {MÌmhþVr KmbUo, n§M`k

H$aUo, ZmJn§M_r, ~¡bnmoim, dQ>gm{dÌr, Zmairnmo{U©_m, JmodËgÛmXer Aem d«Vm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hr H¥$VkVm

ì`º$ Ho$br OmVo. nU Ë`m§Mo Am`wî` g§në`mdahr Ë`m§Mo ñ_aU R>odUo ho lmÕmÛmao Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrZo

Omonmgbo Amho. Water, wood and wisdom : Ecological perspectives from the Hindu traditions,

Fall 2001, Daedalus, Vol 130, No. 4, Religion and ecology : can the climate change? P. 179-

206 m Amnë`m {Z~§YmV Vasudha Narayanan åhUVmV - " Hindu philosophies and communities

value nature and privilege the existence of plants, trees, and water? Although the short answer

is "yes", Hindus have answered this question in many different ways that have been docu-

mented in excellent texts." (P. 180)

n`m©daUr` n¡byMm {dMma lmÕ d XmZm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Omonmgbm Jobm Amho. OrdZmÀ`m àËòH$

Q>ßß`mda AJXr EImXm ì`º$sÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Vahr Ë`mÀ`m Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Zr {ZgJm©Mm g_Vmob gm§^mim`Mm Amho

Aer `moOZm àmMrZ Y_©emóH$mam§Zr Ho$bobr {XgVo.

VrW©joÌr Joë`mda {Xd§JVmÀ`m ñ_aUmW© lmÕ H$aÊ`mgmR>r àmMrZ Y_©emóH$mam§Zr AmdO©yZ

àmoËgmhZ {Xbo Amho. ZÚm§À`m g§J_mda gm_mÝ`V… VrWm©Mr g§H$ënZm éOVo XmoZ ZÚm EH${ÌV òVmZm

n`m©daUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo V`ma hmoUmar aMZmhr _hÎdnyU© Agmdr. Ë`m_wio m VrWmªda lmÕ Ho$ë`mg {Xd§JVmbm

(128)

_moj {_iVmo qH$dm {Od§VnUr ñdV…M ñdV…Mo lmÕ Ho$ë`mg _¥Ë`wZ§Va lmÕ H$aÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr Aem

g§H$ënZm Ym{_©H$ {dMmamVyZ ê$T> Pmë`m Agmì`mV.

lmÕàg§Jr {Xd§JVmÀ`m g§VmofmW© qnni d¥jmbm nmUr KmbUo, d¥jmamonU H$aUo, AZmW àmÊ`m§Zm

A^` XoUo, Obme` ~m§YUo, CÚmZm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo Aer n`m©daUnyaH$ XmZo àmMrZ J«§WH$mam§Zr

gwM{dbr AmhoV.

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV Ho$di _Zwî`-àmUrM Zìho Va ney-nú`m§Zmhr A^` XoÊ`mMr {ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm

{Z_m©U Pmbr Amho.

d¥jVmoS>r_wio ZXr{H$Zmar H$mdiohr AmT>iyZ òUo AdKS> hmoD$ bmJbo Amho. Ë`m_wio {Xd§JVmÀ`m

BÀN>m OmUyZ KoÊ`mg H$mdù`mMm md{ZH$ AmYma KoÊ`mnojm, {Od§V AgVmZmM {Xd§JVmÀ`m BÀN>m OmUyZ

KoD$Z Ë`m `Wmeº$s nyU© H$aUo Am¡{MË`mMo R>aob.

{ZgJm©Mm {~KS>bobm Vmob gmdaÊ`mgmR>r ho _hÎdmMo H$m`© R>é eHo$b AZoH$ ney-nú`m§À`m

àOmVr AmO Zï> hmoÊ`mÀ`m _mJm©da AmhoV. dmT>Vo eharH$aU, àXyfU `m_wio ney-nú`m§Mo ApñVÎd

YmoŠ`mV Ambo Amho. Ë`m_wio Amnë`m nwT>rb {nT>çm§Zm gwIr Am`wî` OJVm `mdo, Ë`m§Zm {Xd§JVmMo

Amerdm©X bm^mdoV `m hoVyZo lmÕ H$aVmZm Amnë`m AdVr-^dVrÀ`m ney-nú`m§À`m d§eH$ë`mUmMm

{dMmahr Am¡{MË`nyU© Amho. H$maU n`m©daUmMm g_Vmob amImb VaM _mZdr {nT>çm§Mo Am`wî` gwH$a

hmoUma Amho. Water, wood and wisdom : Ecological perspectives from the Hindu traditions, Fall

2001, Daedalus, Vol 130, No. 4, Religion and ecology : can the climate change? P. 179-206

`m Amnë`m {Z~§YmV Vasudha Narayanan åhUVmV - " Hindu texts a close correlation between

dharma (righteousness, duty, sustains) and the ravaging of Earth. Many Hindu texts are firm in

their view that human beings must enhance the quality of life."(P.181)

" These vast and varied religious resources can undoubtedlly be used to raise people's

consciousness a bout environmental problems." (P. 183)

(129)

" We know that the environmental problems facing India are tremendous, but there is

also no doubt that religion is a potential resource for raising people's consciousness about

these problems." (P. 188)

4) lmÕmÀ`m `m n¡byV ~XbmMr JaO qH$dm Amdí`H$Vm Amho H$m?

~XbË`m H$mimZwê$n n`m©daU g_Vmob gmYbm OmB©b `mMr H$miOr KoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm OmUdVo.


Jain Pankaj m§Zr Ë`m§À`m Dharmic Ecology - Perspectives from the Swadhyay Prac-

titioners. (Worldview 13, 2009) P. 305-320 `m {Z~§YmÀ`m g_mamonmV åhQ>bo Amho -

" I suggest that the concept of Dharma can function as a bridge between the ecological

notions and environmental ethics of local Hindus communities and the ecological message

related to the plant earth. The word dharma can be effectively used to translate the ecological

awareness to reach out to the local communities of Hindus based on its meanings related to

duties, ecological order, sustenance, virtues, righteousness and religion." (P. 319)

n`m©daUmMm g_Vmob amIÊ`mMo _hÎd AmVm g_mOmV g_Om`bm bmJbo Amho. ñdV…À`m X¡Z§{XZ

^m¡{VH$ JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZgJm©Mo Oo emofU Mmbbo Amho Vo ^mdr H$mimV YmoH$mXm`H$ R>aob `m~Ôb

g_mOmV OmUrd-OmJ¥Vr hmoV Amho. AZoH$ Áòð> g§emoYH$, Aä`mgH$ n`m©daU dmM{dÊ`mgmR>r Vi_irZo

H$m_ H$arV AmhoV. _¥Ë`wÀ`m An[ahm ©Vo_wio {Xd§JVm§Mo ñ_aU H$aÊ`mÀ`m g§Yrhr g§»òZo OmñV Agë`mZo

`m XmoÝhrMr EH${ÌV gm§JS> KmbyZ lmÕmÀ`m XmZm§Mm n`m©daUmgmR>r dmna H$aÊ`mMr g§Yrhr AZoH$Xm

{_iÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho.

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV gmJ«g§JrV ñdê$nmV lmÕ g§nÞ H$aUo eŠ` Zgob Var {Xd§JVm§Mr AmR>dU

H$m`_ amhÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo n`m©daUr` XmZm§Mm {dMma ñVwË` R>amdm.

lmÕ{dYrÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo n`m©daU {dKmVH$ Jmoï>r H$aÊ`mnojm n`m©daUmMr OnyUH$ H$aUmè`m Jmoï>tMm

{dMma gÚ… pñWVrV Amdí`H$ Amho. {Xd§JV nyd©Om§Mo ñ_aU H$arV AgVmZm ^mdr d§eOm§À`m gwImMm

{dMmahr ñVwË` Amho. n`m©daUmMm T>iUmam g_Vmob ^mdr {nT>çm§Zm ÌmgXm`H$ R>ê$ eH$Vmo.

(130)

AbrH$S>o IoS>oJmdm§_YoM ZXrH$mR>r lmÕ H$aUo gmoB©ñH$a Amho. ehao AmVm ZXrH$mR>mZohr {dñVmé

bmJë`mZo ZXrMo H$mR> J{bÀN> hmoV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio lmÕ{dYr H$aÊ`mg n`m©`r ì`dñWm

H$amì`m bmJVrb.

gd©ojUmVrb àm{V{ZYrH$ JQ>mZo `m ~XbmgmR>r AZwHy$bVm Xe©{dbr Amho.

lmÕmgmR>r bmJUmao AÞ CXm. ^mV, AÝ` ñd`§nmH$ ho Z§Va {dg{O©V Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m_wio

AÞYmÝ`mMr ZmgmS>r Q>miÊ`mgmR>r àVrH$mË_H$ `moOZm H$aVm òVrb qH$dm qnS>m§Mm AmH$ma bhmZ

Agmdm AemàH$maÀ`m ì`dñWm H$amì`m bmJVrb. lmÕmÀ`m XmZ g§H$ënZoVrb n`m©daUnydH$ XmZo hr

gÚ… pñWVrV d ^mdr H$mimVhr n`m©daUmMo àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mg Z¸$sM Cn`moJr R>é eH$Vrb. CXm. -

d¥jmamonU- {Xd§JVmÀ`m ñ_aUmW© PmS> / PmS>o bmdUo; Vr Ho$di bmdm`Mr ZmhrV Va OJdm`Mr AmhoV.

`m{Z{_ÎmmZo {Xd§JVmMo ñ_aU, n`m©daU ajU, ^mdr {nT>çm§Mo {hV d ñdV…Mo g_mYmZ ho gd© EH${ÌVnUo

gmÜ` hmoD$ eHo$b. Gavin Van Horn m§Zr Amnë`m Hindu Traditions and Nature : Survey article

(worldview 10, i, P. 5-39) `m {Z~§YmV {VénVr XodñWmZZo `moOboë`m d¥jg§dY©Z CnH«$_mMr _m{hVr

{Xbr Amho. gXa CnH«$_mMm lmÕmer g§~§Y Zgbm Varhr {ZgJ© OnUwH$sMm Vmo EH$ ñVwË` à`ËZ Amho.

" The venkateshwara temple, a sacred pilgrimage site of Tirumala - Tirupati in South India, has

adapted the tradition of bestowing favours from the deity to devotes by providing pilgrims with

tree saplings. These saplings are to be planted in pilgrims home town." (P. 21) CÚmZo ~m§YUo,

AZmW àmÊ`m§Mm gm§ mi H$aUo qH$dm Vo àmUr ñdV…À`m Kar Z AmUVmhr Ë`m§À`m XoI^mbrMm IM© XoUo,

Obme` ~m§YyZ bmoH$m§Zm {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H$ê$Z XoUo `m gdmªÛmao lmÕà§gJr n`m©daU ajU

hmoD$ eHo$b. `m{Z{_ÎmmZo Amho Ë`m pñWVrVrb n`m©daU ZrQ> gm§^miUo Am{U g§dY©ZmMr `moOZm H$aUo

XmoÝhr eŠ` Amho.

gÚ… pñWVrV {M_Ê`m§Zm KaQ>r, AZmW Hw$Ìr-_m§Oar, Jm`r, `m§Zm gm§ miUo, ñdXoer PmS>o

bmdUo, ~§Ymao ~m§YUo `mgmR>r lmÕà§gJr g§H$ën d àË`j H¥$Vr XmoÝhr H$aVm oD$ eHo$b.

(131)

6) lmÕmÀ`m n`m©daUr` n¡by d nwamoJm_r H$mi -

na§naoZo eVH$mZweVHo$ Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m lmÕ{dYrH$S>o Aem {dMmamVyZ H$moUr nm{hbo Agob `mMr

eŠ`Vm H$_r Amho. hiyhiy {d{dY Aä`mgH$, g§ñWm, CnH«$_ `mÛmao n`m©daU Midi àg¥V hmoV Amho,

OmUrd OmJ¥Vr hmoV Amho. VWm{n lmÕ d XmZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ho KS>{dÊ`mMr H$ënZm àmMrZ Varhr

Zm{dÝ`nyU© Amho d gÚ…pñWVrVhr AmMaÊ`mOmoJr AmhoM. hm Ñï>rH$moZ g_mOmV éO{dUo d Ë`mÛmao

g_mOmMr lmÕmÀ`m Ym{_©H$ {dYrH$S>o ~KÊ`mMr Ñï>r ~XbUo Ano{jV Amho. hm ~Xb EH$X_ KSy>Z oUma

Zmhr, VWm{n Ë`mÀ`m àgmamVyZ ho hiyhiy Z¸$s gmÜ` H$aVm oD$ eHo$b.

AemàH$mao gXa à~§YmV Ym{_©H$, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, _mZ{gH$ d n`m©daUr` A§Jm§Zr lmÕ{dYr

g§H$ënZm d lmÕmMr XmZ g§H$ënZm _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. eVH$mZweVHo$ Aew^, An{dÌ _mZbobr,

JyT>VoMo db` Agbobr lmÕmMr g§H$ënZm Aem {d{dY A§Jm§Zr Aä`mgÊ`mMm {dMma ¹${MVM² H$moUr Ho$bm

Agmdm. EImÚm ì`º$sÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Va {VÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ì`º$s S>moignUo d {MH$sËgH$nUo Aem

{d{dY A§Jm§Zr {dMma H$aÊ`mÀ`m _Z… pñWVrV AgVmVM Ago Zmhr.

{ddmhmgma»`m àg§Jr IM© Q>miyZ JaOy§À`m g§ñWm§Zm _XV H$aÊ`mMm {dMma gÚ… pñWVrV H$mhr

Xm§nË` H$aVmV. nU {ddmh hm AmZ§XmMm àg§J Agë`mZo Amnë`m AmZ§XmV g_mYmZmMr, H¥$VkVoMr â

Agmdr m hoVyZo g_mOmon`moJr {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. nU lmÕmH$S>o J§^ra, JyT> ^mdZoZo nm{hbo OmVo. Ë`m_wio

{Xd§JVmÀ`m ñ_aUmbm g_mO d n`m©daUmÀ`m H$ë`mUmMr OmoS> XoÊ`mMm {dMma hmoV Zgmdm. Ë`m_wioM

gXa Aä`mgmVyZ g_mOmMr lmÕmH$S>o d lmÕr XmZm§H$S>o nmhÊ`mMr Ñï>r gH$mamË_H$ d Cn`moOZmË_H$

ìhmdr Agm hoVy Amho.

* lmÕ d XmZ{df`H$ àmMrZ g§X^mªMr AmYw{ZH$ H$mimer gm§JS> H$er KmbVm òB©b? *

n«mMrZ Y_©emóH$mam§Zr lmÕ d XmZ `mg§X^m©V {d{dY {dMma Amnë`m J«§Wm§_YyZ Zm|X{dbo

AmhoV. ho g§X © Aä`mgë`mda {XgyZ Ambo H$s mVrb H$mhr {dMma ho àmMrZ Agbo Var Ë`m§À`m Ame`

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVhr AmMaUmV AmUÊ`mgmaIm Amho. Ë`m Ë`m H$mimbm AZwgê$Z Y_©gmóH$mam§Zr lmÕ

d XmZ{df`H$ {dMma Zm|Xdbo Agë`mMo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV Vo dmnaVmZm Ë`mMo Am`m_ WmoS>çm à_mUmV

(132)

~Xbmdo bmJVrb Ago dmQ>Vo. Ë`m_wio "MMm©' `m {df`mImbrb {ZdS>H$ _wÔo nwÝhm EH$Xm _m§S>V Amho.

1) Ym{_©H$ - gm_m{OH$ - Am{W©H$ n¡by -

lmÕmMr ì`m»`m H$aVmZm gm§{JVbo Amho -

Xoeo H$mbo M nmÌo M lÕ`m {d{YZm M `V²Ÿ&

{nV¥Zw{Xí` {dn«oä`mo XÎm§ lmÕ_wXmöV_²Ÿ&& mkdë`Š` ñ_¥Vr 1.217

- Xoe, H$mb d gËnmÌ ì`º$s `m§Zm AZwgéZ, {nVam§Zm CÔoeyZ {dYrnyd©H$ ~«m÷Um§Zm (XmZ) XoUo

åhUOo lmÕ hmo`.

AmnU Á`m {R>H$mUr amhVmo Ë`m {R>H$mUmMo ñdV…Mo d¡{eîQ>ç AgVo. CnbãYVm-AZwnbãYVm

`m§Mo {ZH$fhr Ë`m Ë`m ñWmZmZwgma ~XbVo AgVmV. AmnU H$moUË`m doir lmÕ d XmZ H$é BpÀN>Vmo

`mbmhr _hÎd AgVo. gËnmÌ ì`º$sMr bjUo åhUOo gXmMma, gË`mMaU, n«m_m{UH$nUm, hr Va gd©

{R>H$mUr gma»`mM nÕVrZo bmJy nS>Umar AmhoV.

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV dUm©l_m{Y{ð>V CÚmoJ-ì`dgm` Ho$bo OmVmVM Ago Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ~«m÷U

åhUOo Á`mbm ~«÷mMr åhUOoM kmZmMr BÀN>m Amho Aer ì`º$s Agm AW© ¿`mdm bmJob.

ho gd© CnMma {nVam§gmR>r H$aUo hm `m_Üò Jmä`mMm {dMma Amho. Ë`m_wio {nVam§À`m ñ_aUmW©

Amnmnë`m Xoe-H$mb-pñWVrZwgma Amnë`mbm Oo H$aUo eŠ` Amho Ë`mMo lÕoZo nmbZ H$aUo Agm

lmÕmMm Zdm Ame` ñdrH$mamdm bmJob Ago dmQ>Vo. Ë`m_wio {dYrnyd©H$ qnS>XmZ H$aUo eŠ` Z Pmë`mg

JaOy kmZr ì`º$sbm _XV H$aUo ho hr lmÕM hmoD$ eHo$b !

J{V_mZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgm_wio naXoemV amhUmè`m maVr`m§Mr g§»`mhr bjUr` Amho. naXoem_Ü o

Amnmnë`m {R>H$mUr amhÿZ, VoWo Oo ghO CnbãY Agob Ë`mÀ`m AmYmao {Xd§JVmMo ñ_aU C{MV R>aob.

CXm. ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdarb EImÚm AZmWml_, d¥Õml_ `m§Zm Am{W©H$ ghmæ` H$aUo B.

2) Ym{_©H$ d _mZ{gH$ n¡by -

- lmÕ m eãXm_Üò lÕm eãX A§V^yV Amho lÕ`m V² {H«$`Vo VV² lmÕ_²Ÿ& Oo lÕoZo Ho$bo OmVo Vo lmÕ

lÕm hr g§H$ënZm gmd©{ÌH$ Amho. {VMo AmMaU,_ZZ H$am`bm ñWb-H$mbmMo ~§YZ Zmhr.

(133)

lÕm§ àmVh©dm_ho lÕm§ _Ü`§{XZ§ n[aŸ&

lÕm§ gy ©ñ` {Z_«w{M lÕo lÕmnòh Z…Ÿ&& F$½doX 10.151.5

- àmV…H$mbr, _Ü`mhZH$mbr Am{U gm §H$mir nmMm[aboë`m ho lÕmXodr, Vy Amåhmg lÕm wº$ ~Zd.

Aem lÕm wº$ A§V…H$aUmZo {Xd§JVm§Mo ñ_aU H$aUo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVhr Cn wº$ d Am¡{MË`mMo

Amho Ago dmQ>Vo.

3) gm_m{OH$ n¡by -

- lmÕàg§Jr ^moOZmgmR>r ~mob{dë`m OmUmè`m ~«m÷Um§{df`r gm§{JVbo Amho -

à`V… àgÞ_Zm… g¥ï>mo ^moO oX² ~«m÷{dXmo `mo{ZJmoÌ_ÝÌmÝVodmñ` g§~ÝYmZ² Ÿ& JwUmhmÝ`§ Vw naofm±

g_wXoV… gmoX`m©o@{n moO{`Vì`…Ÿ&& (~m¡Ym`Z Y_©gyÌ 2.8.14.9)

- em§V Am{U n{dÌ _ZmZo O_mZmZo doXk ~«m÷Um§Zm moOZ Kmbmdo. ho ~«m÷U Ë`mÀ`m aº$mÀ`m ZmË`mMo dm

JmoÌmMo ZgmdoV. Oa `m ~mhoarb ~«m÷U {_imbo ZmhrV Va CÎm_ JwUm§À`m (Xwgè`m H$moUË`mhr) ~«m÷Umbm

^moOZmgmR>r ~mobdmdo.

kmZr ~«m÷Um§Zm lmÕàg§Jr AmXa XoÊ`m{df`r àmMrZ J«§Wm§Üò gm§{JVbo Amho. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVhr

Mm§Jbm ì`{º$_ÎdmÀ`m, gXmMmar, AÜ``Z H$aUmè`m H$moUmhr JaOybm lmÕàg§Jr AmXanyd©H$ Am_§{ÌV

H$aUo Ë`mbm ^moOZ dm {eYm qH$dm Cn wº$ dñVy XoUo hm hr Mm§Jbm _mJ© R>é eHo$b.

ho Ho$di nwéfm§Zm bmJy Amho Ago Zmhr. Á`mdoir _wbr§À`m {ejUmMr nÕVr bmon nmdbr Ë`mdoir

Ho$di _wbm§ZmM kmZmMm A{YH$ma hmoVm. nU AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV _wbtÀ`m {ejUmMo _hÎdhr {deof Amho.

Ë`m_wio lmÕàg§Jr hmoVH$é {dÚm{W©ZtZmhr _XV H$aUo Am¡{MË`mMo R>aob.

4) Ym{_©H$ n¡by -

gyVH$ g§H$ënZo{df`r doJdoJir _Vo gyÌm§_Üò {XgyZ oVmV.

amkm§ M H$m ©{damoYmV²Ÿ& ~«m÷Uñ` M ñdmÜ`m`{Zd¥Ë`W©Z²Ÿ&& Amídbm`Z J¥øgyÌ 44.6

- amOmbm Ë`mÀ`m àOmH$V©ì`m_wio Am{U ~«m÷Umbm Ë`mÀ`m doXmÜ``Zm_wio (gyVH$ ZgVo) Vo

bJoM ewÕ hmoVmV.

(134)

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV g_mOmV doJdoJù`m àH$maMo CÚmoJ-ì`dgm`, {ejUàUmbr, Aä`mgemIm

ApñVÎdmV AmhoV. Ë`m gdmª_Ü o Á`m ì`º$sMm g_mdoe AgVmo Aem gdmªZmM AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV darb

àmMrZ {dMma Cn wº$ R>amdm Ago dmQ>Vo. X¡Z§{XZ H$m_o Wm§~dyZ XrK©H$mbrZ gwQ²>Q>çm KoD$Z gyVH$ nmiUo

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV gdmªZm eŠ` hmoB©bM Ago Zmhr. Ë`m_wio H$m ©aV amhÿZhr {Xd§JVm{df`r lÕm ~miJUo

eŠ` Amho.

5) Ym{_©H$ n¡by -

am_mÙm_Ü o lram_mZo dZdmgmV AgVmZm Amnë`m {Xd§JV d{S>bm§Mo lmÕ Ho$ë`mMm C„oI

Amho. dZdmgmV Á`m _`m©{XV Jmoï>r ghO CnbãY hmoË`m Ë`m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z lram_mZo ho lmÕ Ho$bo.

EoL²>JwX§ ~Xa¡{_©l§ {nÊ`mH§$ X ©g§dñVaoŸ&

Zñ` am_… gwIXw…ImVm©o éXZ² dMZ_~«drV²Ÿ&&

dmë_r{H$ am_mÙ, A`moÜ`mH$m§S> 103.29

- B§JwXrÀ`m JamV ~moao {_giyZ Ë`mMm qnS> H$ê$Z O{_Zrda ngaboë`m X^mªda R>odbm.

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVhr Aem nÕVrMm {dMma Cn`wº$ Amho. H$_©H$m§S>m_Üò, Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$

gm_J«r_Üò {deof AmñWm XmI{dÊ`mnojm Ë`m_mJrb à{VH$mË_H$Vm g_OyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

{Xd§JVm{df`rMo Amnbo ào_, lÕm, AmñWm ì`º$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Oo ghO CnbãY Amho Ë`mMm _mÜ`_

åhUyZ dmna H$aUo Xoe-H$mb-pñWVrbm AZwgéZ ñdmJVmh© Agmdo Ago dmQ>Vo.

6) Ym{_©H$ d Am{W©H$ n¡by -

- lmÕr ~«m÷Um§Zm {Z_§ÌU XoVmZm _ZyZo Zm|X{dbo Amho H$s g§nÞVm {H$Vrhr Agbr Var `mnojm

A{YH$ {dñVma H$é Zò -

Ûm¡ X¡do{nV¥H¥$Ëò ÌrZH¡$H$_w^`Ì dmŸ&

^moO`V² gwg_¥Õm@{n Z àdV©oV {dñVao Ÿ&& _Zwñ_¥Vr 3.125

- lmÕ H$aVmZm XodñWmZr XmoKm§Zm, {nV¥ñWmZr {VKm§Zm qH$dm XmoÝhr ñWmZr EHo$H$ Ago OodUmgmR>r

~mobdmdo.

(135)

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVhr {Xd§JVmÀ`m ñ_aUmW© Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m H¥$Ë`m§Mm A{YH$ {dñVma Z H$aVm

lÕoZo OodT>o ghO eŠ` Amho VodT>o Ho$bo åhUOo nwaogo R>aob. A{YH$ ~«m÷U, ^moOZmgmR>r ~hþg§»`

ZmVodmB©H$m§Zm ~mob{dUo `mgma»`m Jmoï>tZm N>oX XoUo eŠ` Amho.

lmÕmÀ`m XmZ g§H$ënZo{df`r Y_©emóH$mam§Zr Zm|X{dbobr _Vohr àmMrZ Agbr Var AmYw{ZH$

H$mimV Cn wº$ R>aUmar AmhoV.

7) Ym{_©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n`m©daUr` n¡by -

lr_X² JdX²JrVoV åhQ>bo Amho -

XmVì`{_{V `ÔmZ§ Xr`Vo@ZwnH$m[aUoŸ&

Xoeo H$mbo M nmÌo M VÛmZ§ gmpÎdH§$ ñ_¥V_² Ÿ&& JrVm 17.20

- `mo½` XoemV, `mo½` doir (Zo_Ho$ Cn`moJr nS>ob Voìhm) Am{U XmZ`mo½` _Zwî`mbm H$V©ì`~wÕrZo

{Xbobo XmZ gmpÎdH$ hmo`.

XmZ KoUmar ì`º$s, XmZmMm Cn`moJ d {d{Z`moJ `mMm {dMma H$moUVohr XmZ XoVmZm Amdí`H$

_mZbm Amho. lmÕàg§Jr {Xd§JVmàrË`W© XmZ XoVmZm gm{ÎdH$ ^md Amdí`H$ _mZbm Amho. lmÕàg§Jr

{Xd§JVmàrË`W© {Xbo OmUmao XmZhr JaOybm Am{U Amdí`H$ Voìhm {_imbo åhUOo Ë`mMm {d{Z`moJ Mm§Jbm

nÕVrZo hmoB©b. `m{Z{_Îmm_o XmZ XoUmam d KoUmam XmoKm§Zmhr g_mYmZ {_iob. gÚ… pñWVrMm {dMma H$aVm

g_mO d n`m©daU `m§À`mgmR>r Cn`wº$ XmZo H$aUo Am{U `mo½` doi gmYyZ Vr XoUo XmoÝhr Amdí`H$ Amho.

lmÕmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Ë`m Ë`m n[apñWVrV g_mO d n`m©daUmbm Amdí`H$ Vr XmZo XoÊ`mH$S>o H$b

amhrb Ago nmhVm òB©b.

lmÝVgådmhZ§ amo{J n[aMdm© gwamM©Z_²Ÿ&

nmXem¡M§ {ÛOmopÀN>ï>_mOZ§ Jmo àXmZZV²Ÿ&

^yXrnmœmÞ dñÌm{^ {Vbgm{n©… à{Vl`mZ²Ÿ&

Z¡do{eH§$ ñdJ©Ywæ ª X²Îdm ñdJ©o _hrV oŸ&& mkdëŠ` ñ_¥Vr 209-10

(136)

- WH$boë`mbm AmgZ, eæ`m XoUo, amo½`m§Mr Am¡fYo XoD$Z gwlwfm, àdmem§Zm Aml`, ^madmhH$

`m§Mo XmZ òWo gm§{JVbo Amho.

CXm. - Am°JñQ> 2013 _Ü o Ho$XmaZmW oWrb àb`mV Or{dVhmZr Pmbr. AZoH$ àdmgr ^m{dH$m§Zm

AdKS> n[apñWVrer gm_Zm H$amdm bmJbm. Aem àg§Jr _XVrgmR>r Omhra AmdmhZ Ho$bo OmV hmoVo.

Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb {Xd§JVmMr lmÕ{VWrŸ& lmÕ{XZ `m H$mimV Agob Va Aem AmnÎmtgmR>r XmZ

nmR>{dUo Am¡{MË`mMo R>aob.

n`m©daUr` n¡by - maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr hr àm_w»`mZo H¥${fàYmZ g§ñH¥$Vr åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo. OrdZmÀ`m

àËòH$ Q>ßß`mda AÞ-YmÝ`mMo _hÎd {deofËdmZo Amho. Ë`m_wio H¥${fíM nmewnmë § M {dem§XmZ§ M gd©e…

Ago _hm^maV H$U©nd© 8.23.35 `m_Ü o åhQ>bo Amho.

gÚ… pñWVrV XwîH$mi, Adf©U Ago àíZ oS>gmdV AgVmV. J«m_rU eoVH$ar ~è`mM doim

ZwH$gmZ ghZ Z Pmë`mZo AmË_hË`m H$am`bm àd¥Îm hmoVmV. `m àíZmMo Jm§^r`© bjmV KoVm lmÕàg§Jr

EImÚm JaOy nU H$ï>miy eoVH$è`mbm eoVr, newnmbZ `mgmR>r Amdí`H$ ghmæ` H$aUo AË §V Cn`moJr

R>é eHo$b.

- JmdñV_wn{Vð>pÝV Za§ nw{ï>ñVW¡d M Ÿ&

lmÕo `WopßgV§ XÎdm nw§S>arH$\$b§ b^V²Ÿ&& ~«÷mÊS> nwamU, CnmoX²KmVnmX 2.3.16

Jm` VgoM gwÑT> ~¡bmMo XmZ lmÕàg§Jr Ho$ë`mg {dîUwbmoH$mMr àmár hmoVo. ~«m÷Umbm Jm` d

~¡bmMo XmZ {Xbo OmV Ago H$maU H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ OrdZmV Ë`m§Mo _hÎd Ago. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV J«m_rU ^mJmV

àm_w»`mZo eoVH$è`m§ZmM Jm` d ~¡bmMo _hÎd {deof AgVo. Ë`m_wio AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV Ago XmZ eoVH$è`mbm

{Xë`mg Vo Am¡{MË`mMo d Cn`moJr R>aob.

9) gm_m{OH$ n¡by -

~hþàH$mam{U AÞm{Z _¥ï>m{Z M _¥Xy{Z M Ÿ&

\$bm{Z M¡d ñdmXy{Z `WmH$mbmoX² dm{Z MŸ&Ÿ&

MVwd©J©qMVm_{U (_mHª$S>o nwamU) AÜ`m` 9, lmÕH$ën.

(137)

- {d{dY àH$maMo ñdmX`wº$ AÞ, {_R>mB©, CÎm_ MdrMr, Ë`m Ë`m H$mimV CnbãY hmoUmar \$io

(XmZ ÚmdrV)

lmÕàg§Jr AZmWml_, Aml_emim, d¥Õml_ Aem {R>H$mUr AÞ, \$io XmZ Ho$ë`mZo, Á`m§Zm

Aem AmZ§XmnmgyZ d§{MV ahmdo bmJVo Aem§Zm Ë`mMm bm^ hmoB©b d g_mYmZ bmôb.

10) Ym{_©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n¡by -

XÚmV² `kmondrVm{Z {nV¥Um§ àrVò gXmŸ&

lÕmdmZ² Ym{_©H$ñVoZ Om`Vo ~«÷dM©{gŸ&&

(^{dî` nwamU) MVwd©J©qMVm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën

g {dÛmZ² Om`Vo dm½_r _oYmdr M ~hþlwV…Ÿ&& MVwd©J©{MVm§_{U

- {nVam§À`màrË`W© ~«m÷Umbm OmZdo ÚmdoŸ& {nVam§À`m g§VmofmW© ~«m÷Umbm J«§W XoUmam {dÛmZ

hmoVmo Ago åhQ>bo Amho.

- OmZdo d J«§W ho kmZmMo, {dÚm {_i{dÊ`mMo àVrH$ VgoM gmYZ Amho. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV

_wbm-_wbtZm g_mZ nÕVrZo {ejUmMm A{YH$ma Amho. Ë`m_wio lmÕàg§Jr `m àmMrZ {dMmamMo

àVrH$ åhUyZ AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV EImÚm JaOy {dÚmWu - {dÚm{W©Zrbm e¡j{UH$ _XV H$aVm oD$ eHo$b.

11) n`m©daUr` n¡by -

`… lmÕo A^`§ XÚmV² àm{UZm§ Or{dV¡{fUm_²Ÿ&& MVwd©J©qMVm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën

àmÊ`m§À`m ajUmgmR>r, Ë`m§Mr hË`m hmoD$ Zò åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm A^` XoUo ho XmZ åhUyZ

gm§{JVbo Amho.

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV n`m©daUmÀ`m {hVmgmR>r H$mhr g§ñWm Hw$Ìm, _m§Oa Aem AZmW àmÊ`m§À`m

XÎmH$ _oimì`mMo Am`moOZ H$aVmV. H$mhr g§ñWm OI_r njr, àmUr `m§À`mda CnMma H$aVmV. Aem

n`m©daUnyaH$ H$m`© H$aUmè`m g§ñWm§Zm lmÕàg§Jr _XV H$éZ AZmW àmUr-nú`m§Zm A^` XoVm

òD$ eHo$b.

(138)

dmnrHy$nVS>mJm{Z d¥jmZmam__do M Ÿ&

embrÎmwjoÌHo$Xmam… g_¥Õm… nwîndm{Q>H$m…Ÿ&&

lmÕofwXÎdm à`V… {nV¥ZmË_mZ_od M Ÿ&

CÕaoË oZgmo Xw… ImÚmdXm^yVg§ßbd_²Ÿ&& ~m¡Ym`Z MVwd©J©{M§Vm_{U

d¥jmñVw amo{nVm oZ VS>mJm{X Obme`m…Ÿ&

H¥$Vm ò {h _mJ©o@pñ_Z² gwI§ `m{V g _mZd… Ÿ&& JéS> nwamU

- {dhrar, Obme`, CÚmZo m§Mr {Z{_©Vr, d¥jmamonU `mgma»`m XmZm§_YyZ Y_©emñÌH$mam§Zr g_mO

d n`m©daUmÀ`m {hVmMm {dMma _m§S>bm Amho. àmMrZ H$mir Cn`wº$ dmQ>Umar XmZo AmYw{ZH$

H$mimVrb n`m©daUmÀ`m èhmgmMm {dMma H$aVm gÚ… pñWVrV A{YH$ Cn`wº$ R>aVrb.

AœË`goMZ² H$m ª {nV¥Um§ V¥áòÝdh_² Ÿ& A{¾nwamU MVwd©J©qMVm_{U AÜ`m` 9, lmÕH$ën.

- {nVam§À`m V¥árgmR>r qnni d¥jmbm nmUr KmbÊ`mg gwM{dbo Amho. `mM {dMmamVyZ d¥j

bmJdS> Va H$aVm oB©bM nU AmYrnmgyZM bmdboë`m PmS>m§Zmhr nmUr KmbÊ`mMr H¥$Vr `mÛmao

H$aVm oB©b.

_m. nm§Sw>a§Jemór AmR>dbo `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m ñdmÜ`m` n[admamÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ d¥j_§{Xa g§H$ënZm

ñdmÜ`m`tÀ`m _ZmV éOdbr Amho. {ZgJm©Mr OnUyH$ Agm WoQ> hoVy Ë`m_mJo Zgbm Varhr _mZd-ney-

njr-d¥j `m§À`m {R>H$mUr na_mËå`mMo ApñVÎd Amho `m ^y{_Ho$VyZ Ë`m§Zr hr d¥j_§{Xao gmH$mabr AmhoV.

Jain Pankaj m§Zr Dharmic Ecology : Perspectives from the Swadhyaya practitioners. (Worldview

13, 2009) P. 305-320 `m {Z~§YmV åhQ>bo Amho -

" Ancient sages introduced the sacred use of specific plants and trees in all rituals to

deveolp reverence for them. Evidently, Athavale's teachings are based on the upanishadic

philosophy to see divinity in every particle.

Ecological problems have to be solved at the global level, not at the local level. Trees

are only a small part of ecology; only small number of gardens cannot really help the environ-

ment." (P. 312)

(139)

lmÕr XmZmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo d¥jmamonUmMr g§Yr KoD$Z n`m©daU ajUmÀ`m H$m`m©V Amnbm gh^mJ

XoVm oB©b.

12) gm_m{OH$ n¡by -

Am¡fY§ ñZoh_mhma§ amo{JUo amoJemÝVòŸ&

XXmZmo amoJa{hV… gwIr XrKm©`waod M Ÿ&& Hy$_© nwamU CÎmamY© 26.51

amo½`mMm amoJ ~am hmoÊ`mgmR>r Omo Am¡fY XoVmo Vmo amoJa{hV gwIr XrKm©`wî` àmá H$aVmo Ago

gm§{JVbo Amho. JaOy§Zm Am¡fYm§Mm nwadR>m H$aUo qH$dm Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm Am{W©H$ ghmæ` H$aUo Agmhr

g§H$ën lmÕàg§Jr H$aVm òB©b.

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, n`m©daUr` Aem {d{dY joÌmVrb g_ñ`m§Zm gm_moao Omdo

bmJV Amho. lmÕm§Mo {d{dY àH$ma Y_©emóH$mam§Zr Z_yX Ho$bo AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s {ZYZmZ§VaMr lmÕo,

df©lmÕ, _hmb` lmÕ m {Z{_ÎmmZo {d{dY àH$maMr XmZo H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr CnbãY hmoD$ eH$Vo. gd©ojUmÀ`m

AmYmao åhUVm oD$ eHo$b H$s lmÕmMo d XmZm§Mo ñdê$n g_mO d n`m©daUmbm Cn`wº$ Agmdo Ago

àm{V{ZYrH$ JQ>mMo åhUUo Amho. Ë`mZwgma g_mOmVrb AÝ` gXñ`hr `m AmYw{ZH$ {dMmam§À`m nU

àmMrZ na§naoer OmoS>boë`m g§H$ënZm ^mdr H$mimV ñdrH$mê$ eH$Vrb.

Ë`m_wio g_mO, n`m©daU `m§À`m {hVmW©, Y_m©À`m na§namJV g§ñH$mam§er ~m§YrbH$s OnV lmÕ d

XmZmMm {dMma darb nÕVrZo H$aVm oD$ eHo$b Ago dmQ>Vo.

n«~§YmÀ`m àñVmdZo_Üò g§emoYZm_mJrb VÎdkmZ _m§S>bo Jobo Amho VgoM g_ñ oMm emoY -

(g§emoYZ àíZ) m_Ü ohr H$mhr àíZ CnpñWV Ho$bobo AmhoV. m XmoÝhr g§H$ënZm§_Üò Oo àíZ CnpñWV

Ho$bo Jobo Ë`m§Mr CÎmao emoYÊ`mgmR>r àH$aU 2 Vo 4 AZwH«$_o lmÕ{dYrMm AmT>mdm, XmZ g§H$ënZm d

gd©ojU `m§Mr Aä`mgmYmao _m§S>Ur Ho$br Amho. `m VrZ àH$aUm§Mr g{dñVa MMm© H$ê$Z àma§ r CnpñWV

Ho$boë`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho d Ë`m AZwf§JmZoM g§nyU© Aä`mg{df`mMm A§{V_

{ZîH$f© _m§S>bm Amho.

(140)

H$ - A§{V_ {ZîH$f©

lmÕ d XmZ g§H$ënZm§er g§~§{YV Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$ _mZ{gH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U n`m©daUr`

n¡by§Mr MMm© Ho$br Amho. `m gXamV Ë`mZwgma g_moa Ambobo {ZîH$f© nwT>rbà_mUo -

1) Ym{_©H$ -

- {Xd§JV nyd©Om§~Ôb lÕmnyd©H$ H¥$VkVm ì`º$ H$aUo hm lmÕ{dYr_mJrb hoVy Amho.

- àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ {Xd§JVm§gmR>r Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m H$_©H$m§S>mË_H$ {dYr_Üò AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV

AmMaÊ`mg gmono Ago ~Xb H$amdo bmJVrb. Vgo H$arV AgVmZmhr {Xd§JVm~ÔbMr lÕm

Ë`mVyZ ì`º$ hmoB©b Ago ñdê$n moOmdo bmJob.

- lmÕ{dYr H$aUmè`m nwamo{hVm§Mr JwUdÎmmdmT> hmoUo Ano{jV Amho.

- lmÕmer g§~§{YV XmZ g§H$ënZm AmYw{ZH$ H$mimZwgma ~Xbmdr bmJob. CXm. ~«m÷Umbm nmÊ`mMm

KS>m XmZ H$aUo `mbm n`m©` åhUyZ g_mO{hVmW© nmUnmoB© KmbÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo Ago

CnH«$_ `moOUo Am¡{MË`mMo R>aob.

- lmÕ hm Ho$di Ym{_©H$ {dYr ZgyZ Ë`m_Ü o Hw$Qw>§~mMo g§KQ>Z, {Xd§JVmMo ñ_aU, g_mO d

n`m©daUmMm {dMma Ago {d{dY n¡by A§V^y©V AmhoV ho `mÛmao bjmV KoUo Amdí`H$ dmQ>Vo.

2) gm_m{OH$ -

- lmÕ d Ë`mÀ`m XmZ g§H$ënZo_Üò "g_mO' H|$ÐñWmZr R>odbm Jobm Amho. Ago {XgyZ oVo.

- Hw$Qw>§~, g_mO `m§À`m EoŠ`mVyZ gdmªZr EH${ÌV ìhmdo, nyd©Om§À`m B{VhmgmMo ñ_aU H$amdo d

Ë`mVyZ àoaUm KoD$Z Mm§Jbo H$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wº$ ìhmdo hm lmÕm_mJrb gm_m{OH$

{dMma Amho.

- g_mOm_Ü o Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`, eoOmar-nmOmar, AmoiIrMo-AZmoiIr ì`º$s, {ZgJm©Vrb

{d{dY KQ>H$ `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m gdmªÀ`m {hVmMm {dMma H$ê$Z "dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>§~H$_²' Agm

{dMma lmÕmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ì`º$ Pmbobm {XgVmo.

- JaOybm _XV, AÞ-YmÝ`, dómMo XmZ, nmUnmoB© KmbUo, é½Um§Zm ghmæ` m XmZm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

lmÕmÛmao g_mOmMo {hV d H$ë`mU OmonmgÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmbobm {XgyZ òVmo.

(141)

3) _mZ{gH$ -

- Amnë`m Am wî`mMm _hÎdmMm ^mJ Agbobr ì`º$s Ooìhm {ZYZ nmdVo Ë`mdoirhr Amnbo

{VÀ`mer Agbobo ^md{ZH$ ~§Y H$m`_ amhVmV. ho Amnbo ào_, AmñWm ì`º$sÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Vahr

ì`º$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r _mÜ`_ Amho Vo lmÕmMo. EImXr ì`º$s {Od§V AgVmZm {VÀ`m BÀN>m nyU©

H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo ñVwË` hmo`. Vgo Z O_ë`mg ì`º$sÀ`m ñ_aUmW© {VÀ`m AmdS>rZwgma

AmnU Cn wº$ XmZo XoD$Z {VÀ`m AnyU© BÀN>m§Zm _yV©ê$n XoD$ eH$Vmo. `m{Z{_ÎmmZo XmZ

XoUmè`mbm {_iUmao g_mYmZ {deof _hÎdmMo R>aob.

4) Am{W©H$ -

- g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY ñVamVrb ì`º$sÀ`m M[aVmWm©Mr H$miOr lmÕmÀ`m d XmZmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo

KoVbobr {XgVo. lmÕH$_m©Mo nm¡amo{hË` H$aUmar ì`º$s, JaOy {dÚmWu-{dÚm{W©Zr, AZmW

ney-njr Aem gdmªÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vr Am{W©H$ moOZm lmÕ d XmZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

Ho$bobr {XgVo.

- J¥hñWmZo Am{W©H$ gMmoQ>rZo {_i{dboë`m aH$_oVrb H$mhr {hñgm Amdí`H$ VoWo dmnamdm `mgmR>r

Vo Ë`mÀ`m H$V©ì`mMo {ZXe©H$ åhUyZ Zm|X{dbo Amho. lmÕ d XmZ hr Ë`mÀ`m H$V©ì`nyVuMr

_mÜ`_o åhUyZM gm§{JVbr Jobr AmhoV.

5) n`m©daUr` -

- lmÕmgmR>r Cn`wº$ {R>H$mUo _w»`V… ZXr{H$Zmar Agë`mZo ZÚm§À`m n[agamVrb nm{dÍ` Onbo

OmUo Ano{jV Amho. {ZgJ©KQ>H$mVrb _hÎdmMm VWm{n Xwbw©{jV "H$mdim' `mbmhr lmÕmÀ`m

_mÜ`_mVyZ Onbo Jobo Amho.

- d¥jmamonU, AZmW àmÊ`m§Zm A^`, d¥jm§Zm nmUr KmbUo `m§gma»`m XmZm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

n`m©daUmMo g§ajU d g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mg ghmæ` {_iob `mMr H$miOr KoVbr Jobr Amho.

`m gd© {ddodMZmMo gmam§eê$n _m§S>m`Mo Pmë`mg Ago åhUVm òD$ eHo$b H$s lmÕ hm Ho$di

(142)

(143)

EH$ Ym{_©H$ {dYr ZgyZ Vr EH$ ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZm Amho. g_mOmVrb àË oH$ KQ>H$mMm {dMma

H$éZ {Xd§JVmÀ`m g§VmofmW© hr g§H$ënZm _m§S>br Jobr Amho ho `mMo d¡{eîQ>ç hmo`.

lmÕmMm {dYr, lmÕmMr ñWmZo, lmÕmMr XmZo `m gd©M Vnerbm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_mO d

n`m©daUmÀ`m H$ë`mUmMm {dMma _m§S>bm Amho. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb {Xd§JV nyd©Om§À`m ñ_¥Vrbm COmim XoÊ`mÀ`m

à{H«$ oV ^md {nT>çm§Mo, d§eOm§Mo {hV gmYUmam lmÕ{dYr hm ew d n{dÌ Amho Ago gwMdmdogo dmQ>Vo.

^mdr g§emoYZmMr {Xem -

1) Ym{_©H$ - {d{dY Y_m©Vrb lmÕnÕVtMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`m_mJrb _yë` d VÎdm§Mm

Aä`mg H$aUo.

2) gm_m{OH$ - {^Þ àm§VmVrb VgoM {d{^Þ g_mOJQ>m§_Yrb lmÕnÕVtMm Aä`mg H$aUo.

3) Am{W©H$ - lmÕ{dYrMr XmZ g§H$ënZm AmYw{ZH$ H$mimbm g_m§Va nÕVrZo _m§S>Ê`mMm

Aä`mg.

4) _mZ{gH$ - gd©ojUmYmao lmÕg§X^m©Vrb g_mOmMr _mZ{gH$Vm `m {df`mda

_mZgemómÀ`m Aä`mgnÕVrZwgma g§emoYZ H$aUo.

5) n`m©daUr` - àM{bV lmÕmVrb "H$mdù`mMo' _hÎd d {dkmZm{Y{ð>V g§emoYZ.

ZXr{H$Zmè`mMo n`m©daU d lmÕmg§X^m©V Ë`mMo _hÎd.

Aä`mg, Ñï>rH$moZ g_OyZ KoUo, lmÕ d XmZmÀ`m {d{dY n¡by§Mr MMm© d A§{V_ {ZîH$f© Aer

Cng§hmamË_H$ _m§S>Ur Ho$br Amho. m gd© g§emoYZmMm hoVy hm "àË`j Cn`moOZ' Agm Agë`mZo à~§YmÀ`m

eodQ>À`m Q>ßß`mV Vo OmUrdnyd©H$ Zm|XdrV Amho d Ë`mMm àË`j dmna hmoB©b `mgmR>r A{YH$m{YH$ àgma

H$aÊ`mMm _mZg Zm|XdrV Amho.

S>) àË`j Cn`moOZmÀ`m g§Yr

Aä`mg gXamMm {dMma bjmV KoD$Z AmVmMo {d{dY àíZ gmoS>dVm òVrb H$m? H$go?

Aä`mg gXamMm {dMma H$aVm VgoM OZ_mZgmMr _mZ{gH$Vm {dMmamV KoD$Z, g_mO d

n`m©daU `m§À`m {hVmMo, AmYw{ZH$ H$mimbm Amdí`H$ Ago àíZ gmoS>{dVm òD$ eH$VmV.

1) Ym{_©H$ - g_mOmV AZoH$ {R>H$mUr lmÕàg§Jr H$_©H$m§S>mda {deof â {Xbm OmVmo. Á`m§Zm ho eŠ`

Zgob Ë`m§Zr Amnë`mbm `mo½` dmQ>ob Ë`m nÕVrZo {Xd§JVmMo ñ_aU Adí` H$amdo.

Ym{_©H$ {dYtH$S>o nmhV AgVmZm Ho$di na§naoZo Vo VgoM Mmby R>odÊ`mnojm Ë`mVrb àËòH$

{dYrÀ`m Ame`mMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo Am¡{MË`mMo R>aob. Y_© `m eãXm_mJo "g_mOmMr YmaUm' Agm AW©

àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ OmoS>bobm Amho Ë`m_wio g_mOmMr YmaUm Mm§Jbm nÕVrZo ìhm`Mr Agob Va Am{W©H$

{df_Vm H$_r hmoUo, n`m©daUmMo ajU hmoUo, g_mO emar[aH$-_mZ{gH$- d¡Mm[aH$ÑîQ>çm àJë^ hmoUo

_hÎdmMo Amho. Ë`m_wio `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$aVm gdmªMo {hV gm§^miÊ`mgmR>r lmÕmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo

{d{dY CnH«$_ d¡ {H$ËH$ `m gm_y{hH$ nmVirda am~{dUo Cn wº$ R>aob.

2) gm_m{OH$ - g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY ñVam_Ü o gÚ… pñWVrV {df_Vm AmTiyZ oVo. {Zå_ ñVamVrb JaOy

{dÚmWu, Am{Xdmgr Aml_emimVrb {dÚmWu, maVmÀ`m gr_mdVu mJmVrb {dÚmWu m§Zm {ejU KoÊ`mMr

BÀN>m Amho. VWm{n `mo½` Vo ghmæ` Z {_imë`mZo Ago hmoVH$ê$ {dÚmWu {ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV amhVmV.

lmÕàg§Jr Aem {dÚmÏ`mªZm {_iUmar _XV hr {Xd§JVmgh Ë`mÀ`m d§eOm§Zmhr g_mYmZ XoUmar R>aob.

nmÊ`mMr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dUo `mgmaIo CnH«$_ åhUOo EImÚmMr VhmZ ^mJ{dUoM Amho. AÞ d

nmÊ`mZo {_iUmar V¥ár XmË`mbm g_mYmZ XoUmarM Amho. Á`mà_mUo Vn©UmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {nVam§gmR>r

nmÊ`mMo A¿`© {Xbo OmVo Ë`mMà_mUo {Od§V ì`º$sZm nmUr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo, wHo$ë`m bmoH$m§Zm AÞ XoUo

Agohr CnH«$_ `moOVm òVrb.

lmÕmÀ`m {Xder eŠ` Pmë`mg {Xd§JVmÀ`m AmdS>rÀ`m {df`mda H$sV©Z-àdMZ m§Mo Am`moOZ

H$aVm òB©b. `mÛmao g_mO à~moYZmgmR>r Cn`wº$ {dMmam§Mm àgma hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b d H$sV©ZmgmaIr

àmMrZ na§nam Omonmgë`mMo g_mYmZhr bmôb.

(144)

3. _mZ{gH$ - AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV {d{dY àH$maÀ`m J{V_mZ OrdZe¡br_wio BÀN>m AgyZhr {Xd§JVmMo

gmJ«g§JrV lmÕ / df©lmÕ / njlmÕ àËòH$ doir H$aVm oVoM Ago Zmhr Ë`m_wio gd© Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Zr eŠ`

Ë`m doiobm EH$Ì òD$Z _Z…nyd©H$ {Xd§JVmMo ñ_aU H$aVm oB©b. VmU-VUmdm§Zm gm_moao OmVmZm AZoH$

{dÚmWu, {ddm{hV Xm§nË`, Z¡amí`mZo J«mgbobr ì`º$s Ago AZoH$ àH$maMo bmoH$ AdVr-^dVr {XgVmV.

Ë`m§À`m~Ôb Ho$di ghmZw yVr ì`º$ H$aÊ`mnojm Ë`m§Zm CnMmam§gmR>r g_wnXoeH$m§H$S>o ZoUo, Ë`m§Zm eŠ`

Zgë`mg Ë`m§À`m CnMmamMm IM© XoUo d Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Mo _mZ{gH$ ñdmñÏ` gm§ miUo Agmhr g§H$ën

lmÕmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo H$aVm òB©b.

4. Am{W©H$ - Am{W©H$Ñï>`m Xw~©b KQ>H$m§Zm _XV H$aUo d Ë`m§À`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r _XV H$aUo ho

lmÕmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo eŠ` hmoB©b.

Á`m g_mOmn`ªV lmÕmMm Ame` nmohmoMbobm Zmhr Aem {d{dY g_mOJQ>mVrb bmoH$ àg§Jr H$O©

H$mTy>Z lmÕ H$aVmV. Aem JQ>mVrb gXñ`m§Zm OmUË`m ì`º$sZr `mo½` Vo _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$ë`mg Ë`m§Mm

Am{W©H$ ^ma H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b.

5) n`m©daUr` -

- lmÕmMm Ym{_©H$ {dYr àm_w»`mZo ZXr{H$Zmar H$aÊ`mMr àWm Amho. VWm{n gÚ… pñWVrMm

{dMma H$aVm ZÚm§Mo àXyfU, ZXrVrb nmÊ`mMr H$_r nmVir, Ë`m_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmar g_ñ`m

`mMm {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aob.

- lmÕ{dYr g§nÞ Pmë`mda qnS>, {Z_m©ë` B. ZXrV Z gmoS>Vm EImÚm _moR>çm PmS>mÀ`m _wimer

KmbUo Aem àH$maMo ~Xb H$aVm òVrb.

- {Xd§JVmàrË`W© gd© {dYr nyU© Pmë`mda ZXrH$mR>r EImÚm ñdXoer d¥jmMo amonU gd©

Amá- ñdH$s`m§Zr {_iyZ H$aUo Am¡{MË`mMo R>aob.

- {ZYZmZ§Va gd© Amáoï> Ooìhm EH$Ì oD$Z lmÕmg§X^m©V {Z`moOZ H$aVrb Ë`mdoir Aem àH$maMo

g§H$ën H$aUo gmo rMo R>aob. AZmW àmÊ`m§Zm XÎmH$ KoUo, {M_Ê`m§gmR>r H¥${Ì_ KaQ>o ~m§YUo, KamV

XaamoO nú`m§gmR>r YmÝ`-nmUr R>odUo Agohr g§H$ën {Xd§JVmÀ`m ñ_¥VràrË`W© H$aVm òVrb.

lmÕ{VWrbm à{Vdfu Ë`m {Xder "{dZm dmhZ-B§YZ dmna àdmg' Agmhr g§H$ën Cn wº$ R>aob.

*****(145)

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A§{ V {ZîH$f© D$hmnmohshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36456/10/10_chapter 5.p… · àH$aU 5 A§{ V_ {ZîH$f© D$hmnmoh lmÕ `m Ym{_©H$ {dYr_Yrb XmZ g§H$ënZoMm Aä`mg