Kingdom Eubacteria True BacteriaPhylum Actinobacteria

Example: MycobacteriumPhylum Omnibacteria

Example: SalmonellaPhylum Spirochaetae (Spirochaetes)

Example: TreponemaPhylum Chloroxybacteria

(Grass-green Bacteria)Example: Prochloron

Phylum Cyanobacteria (Blue-green Algae)Example: Nostoc

Kingdom Archaebacteria Ancient ProkaryotesPhylum Aphragmabacteria

(Thermoacidophiles)Example: Mycoplasma

Phylum Halobacteria (Halophiles)Example: Halobacterium

Phylum Methanocreatrices (Methanogens)Example: Methanobacillus

Kingdom ProtistaAnimal-like ProtistsPhylum Rhizopoda (Amoebas)

Example: AmoebaPhylum Ciliophora (Ciliates)

Example: ParameciumPhylum Sporozoa (Sporozoans)

Example: PlasmodiumPhylum Zoomastigina (Flagellates)

Example: Trypanosoma

Plantlike ProtistsPhylum Euglenophyta

(Euglenoids)Example: Euglena

Phylum Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)Example: Navicula

Phylum Dinoflagellata (Dinoflagellates)Example: Gonyaulax

Phylum Rhodophyta (Red Algae)Example: Chondrus

Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)Example: Laminaria

Phylum Chlorophyta (Green Algae)Example: Ulva

Funguslike ProtistsPhylum Acrasiomycota

(Cellular Slime Molds)Example: Dictyostelium

Phylum Myxomycota (Plasmodial Slime Molds)Example: Physarum

Phylum Oomycota (Water Molds, Mildews, Rusts)Example: Phytophthora

APPENDIX A A1

APPENDIX AAPPENDIX AThe Six-Kingdom Classification

The classification used in this text combinesinformation gathered from the systems of manydifferent fields of biology. For example, phycolo-gists, biologists who study algae, have developedtheir own system of classification, as have mycolo-gists, biologists who study fungi. The naming ofanimals and plants is controlled by two completelydifferent sets of rules. The six-kingdom system,

although not ideal for reflecting the phylogeny ofall life, is useful for showing relationships.Taxonomy is an area of biology that evolves justlike the species it studies. In this Appendix, onlythe major phyla are listed, and at least one genus isnamed as an example. For more informationabout each taxon, refer to the chapter in the textin which the group is described.

APPENDIX AAPPENDIX A

Appendix A:The Six-Kingdom Classification A1

Appendix B:Origins of Scientific Terms A5

Appendix C:Safety in the Laboratory A7

Appendix D:Periodic Table of the Elements A9

Contents

DomainArchaea

KingdomArchaebacteria

DomainEubacteria

KingdomBacteria

Domain

Protocells

Eukaryota

KingdomProtista

KingdomAnimalia

KingdomPlantae

KingdomFungi

Animal-like Protists Funguslike ProtistsPlantlike Protists

1090

APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX

Kingdom AnimaliaInvertebratesPhylum Porifera (Sponges)

Example: SpongillaPhylum Cnidaria (Corals, Jellyfishes, Hydras)

Class Hydrozoa (Hydroids)Example: Hydra

Class Scyphozoa (Jellyfishes)Example: Aurelia

Class Anthozoa (Sea Anemones, Corals)Example: Corallium

Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)Class Turbellaria (Free-living Flatworms)

Example: DugesiaClass Trematoda (Flukes)

Example: FasciolaClass Cestoda (Tapeworms)

Example: TaeniaPhylum Nematoda (Roundworms)

Example: TrichinellaPhylum Mollusca (Mollusks)

Class Gastropoda (Snails and Slugs)Example: Helix

Class Bivalvia (Bivalves)Example: Arca

Class Cephalopoda (Octopuses, Squid)Example: Nautilus

Phylum Annelida (Annelids)Class Polychaeta (Polychaetes)

Example: NereisClass Oligochaete (Earthworms)

Example: LumbricusClass Hirudinea (Leeches)

Example: HirudoPhylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)

Class Arachnida (Spiders, Mites, Scorpions)Example: Latrodectus

Class Merostomata (Horseshoe Crabs)Example: Limulus

Class Crustacea (Lobsters, Crayfishes, Crabs)Example: Homarus

Class Chilopoda (Centipedes)Example: Scutigerella

Class Diplopoda (Millipedes)Example: Julus

Class Insecta (Insects)Example: Bombus

Phylum Echinodermata (Echinoderms)Class Crinoidea (Sea Lilies, Feather Stars)

Example: PtilocrinusClass Asteroidea (Sea Stars)

Example: AsteriasClass Ophiuroidea (Brittle Stars)

Example: OphiuraClass Echinoidea (Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars)

Example: ArbaciaClass Holothuroidea (Sea Cucumbers)

Example: Cucumaria

APPENDIX A A3

APPENDIX AAPPENDIX AAPPENDIX AAPPENDIX A

A2 APPENDIX A

Kingdom FungiDivision Zygomycota (Sporangium Fungi)

Example: RhizopusDivision Ascomycota (Cup Fungi and Yeasts)

Example: SaccharomycesDivision Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)

Example: AmanitaDivision Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi)

Example: PenicilliumDivision Mycophycota (Lichens)

Example: Cladonia

Kingdom PlantaeNonseed PlantsDivision Hepatophyta (Liverworts)

Example: PelliaDivision Anthocerophyta

Example: AnthocerosDivision Bryophyta (Mosses)

Example: PolytrichumDivision Psilophyta (Whisk Ferns)

Example: PsilotumDivision Lycophyta

(Club Mosses)Example: Lycopodium

Division Sphenophyta (Horsetails)Example: Equisetum

Division Pterophyta (Ferns)Example: Polypodium

Seed PlantsDivision Ginkgophyta

(Ginkgoes)Example: Ginkgo

Division Cycadophyta (Cycads)Example: Cycas

Division Coniferophyta (Conifers)Example: Pinus

Division GnetophytaExample: Welwitschia

Division Anthophyta (Flowering Plants)Class Dicotyledones (Dicots)Family Magnoliaceae (Magnolias)

Example: MagnoliaFamily Fagaceae (Beeches)

Example: QuercusFamily Cactaceae (Cacti)

Example: OpuntiaFamily Malvaceae (Mallows)

Example: GossypiumFamily Brassicaceae (Mustards)

Example: BrassicaFamily Rosaceae (Roses)

Example: RosaFamily Fabaceae (Peas)

Example: ArachisFamily Aceracea (Maples)

Example: AcerFamily Lamiaceae (Mints)

Example: ThymusFamily Asteraceae (Daisies)

Example: HelianthusClass Monocotyledones (Monocots)Family Poaceae (Grasses)

Example: TriticumFamily Palmae (Palms)

Example: PhoenixFamily Liliaceae (Lilies)

Example: AsparagusFamily Orchidaceae (Orchids)

Example: Cypripedium

APPENDIX AAPPENDIX AAPPENDIX AAPPENDIX A

ROOT MEANING EXAMPLEAad (L) next to adaxialaeros (GK) air aerobican (GK) without anaerobicana (L) away anaphaseandro (GK) male androeciumangio (GK) vessel angiospermanthos (GK) flower anthophyteanti (GK) against antibodyaqua (L) water aquaticarchae (GK) ancient archaebacteriaarthron (GK) jointed arthropodartios (GK) even artiodactylaskos (GK) bag ascosporeaster (GK) star Asteroideaautos (GK) self autoimmune

Bbi (L) two bipedalbios (GK) life biology

Ccarn (L) flesh carnivoreceph (GK) head cephalopodachloros (GK) pale green chlorophyllchroma, (GK) colored chromosomecide (L) kill insecticidecirca (L) about circadiancon (L) together convergentcyte (GK) cell cytoplasm

Dde (L) remove decomposedendron (GK) tree dendritedens (L) tooth edentatederma (GK) skin epidermisdi (GK) two disaccharidedia (GK) apart diastolicdormire (L) sleep dormancy

ROOT MEANING EXAMPLEEechinos (GK) spine echinodermeco (GK) house ecosystemella (GK) small organelleendo (GK) within endospermepi (GK) upon epidermiseu (GK) true eukaryoteexo (GK) outside exoskeleton

Fferre (L) carry porifera

Ggastro (GK) stomach gastropodagenesis (L) origin parthenogenesisgenos (GK) make genotypegons (GK) reproductive archegoniumgravis (L) heavy gravitropismgymnos (GK) naked gymnospermgyne (GK) female gynoecium

Hhalo (GK) salt halophilehaplo (GK) single haploidhemi (GK) half hemispherehemo (GK) blood hemoglobinherba (L) plant herbivoreheteros (GK) mixed heterotrophichomeo (GK, L) same homeostasishomo (L) human hominidhomos (GK) alike homozygoushydro (GK) water hydrolysis

Iinter (L) between internodeintra (L) within intracellularisos (GK) equal isotonic

APPENDIX B A5

APPENDIX AAPPENDIX AAPPENDIX BAPPENDIX B

This list of Greek and Latin roots will helpyou interpret the meaning of biological terms.The column headed Root gives many of theactual Greek (GK) or Latin (L) root words usedin science. The letter groups that follow areforms in which the root word is most often found

combined in science words. In the second col-umn is the meaning of the root as it is used inscience. The third column shows a typical sci-ence word containing the root from the first col-umn. These root words are used throughoutyour textbook.

Origins of Scientific TermsAPPENDIX BAPPENDIX B

VertebratesPhylum Chordata (Chordates)Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates)

Example: PolycarpaSubphylum Cephalochordata (Lancelets)

Example: BranchiostomaSubphylum Vertebrata (Vertebrates)

Class Agnatha (Lampreys and Hagfishes)Example: Petromyzon

Class Chondrichthyes (Sharks, Rays)Example: Squalus

Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes)Example: Hippocampas

Subclass Crossopterygii (Lobe-finned Fishes)Example: Latimeria

Subclass Dipneusti (Lungfishes)Example: Neoceratodus

Subclass Actinopterygii (Ray-finned Fishes)Example: Acipenser

Class Amphibia (Newts, Frogs, Toads)Example: Rana

Class Reptilia (Turtles, Snakes, Lizards, Crocodiles, Alligators)

Example: Anolis

Class Aves (Birds)Order Anseriformes

(Ducks, Geese, Swans)Example: Olor

Order Falconiformes (Hawks, Eagles)Example: Falco

Order Galliformes (Ground Birds)Example: Perdix

Order Passeriformes (Perching Birds)Example: Spizella

Class Mammalia (Mammals)Order Monotremata (Monotremes)

Example: OrnithorhynchusOrder Marsupialia (Marsupials)

Example: DidelphisOrder Insectivora (Insect Eaters)

Example: ScapanusOrder Chiroptera (Bats)

Example: DesmodusOrder Carnivora (Carnivores)

Example: UrsusOrder Rodentia (Rodents)

Example: CastorOrder Cetacea (Whales, Dolphins)

Example: DelphinusOrder Primates (Primates)

Example: Gorilla

APPENDIX AAPPENDIX A

A4 APPENDIX A

APPENDIX AAPPENDIX A

APPENDIX AAPPENDIX A

EXTREMETEMPERATURE

These safety symbols are used in the lab activities to indicatepossible hazards. Learn the meaning of each symbol.

APPENDIX C A7

APPENDIX CAPPENDIX CSafety in the Laboratory

REMEDYHAZARD PRECAUTIONEXAMPLES

DISPOSAL

BIOLOGICAL

FUME

ELECTRICAL

IRRITANT

CORROSIVE

TOXIC

FLAMMABLE

Special disposalconsiderations required

chemicals, broken glass,living organisms such asbacterial cultures, pro-tists, etc.

Plan to dispose ofwastes as directed byyour teacher.

Ask your teacherhow to dispose oflaboratory materials.

Organisms or organicmaterials that can harmhumans

bacteria, fungus, blood,raw organs, plantmaterial

Avoid skin contact withorganisms or material.Wear dust mask orgloves. Wash handsthoroughly.

Notify your teacher ifyou suspect contact.

Objects that can burnskin by being too coldor too hot

boiling liquids, hotplates, liquid nitrogen,dry ice, all burners

Use proper protectionwhen handling.Remove flammablesfrom area around openflames or spark sources.

Go to your teacherfor first aid.

Use of tools or glass-ware that can easilypuncture or slice skin

razor blade, scalpel,awl, nails, push pins

Practice common sensebehavior and followguidelines for use ofthe tool.

Go to your teacherfor first aid.

Potential danger toolfactory tract fromfumes

ammonia, heatingsulfur, moth balls,nail polish remover,acetone

Make sure there isgood ventilation andnever smell fumesdirectly.

Leave foul area andnotify your teacherimmediately.

Possible danger fromelectrical shock or burn

improper grounding,liquid spills, short cir-cuits

Double-check setupwith instructor. Checkcondition of wires andapparatus.

Do not attempt to fixelectrical problems.Notify your teacherimmediately.

Substances that canirritate the skin ormucus membranes

pollen, mothballs, steelwool, potassiumpermanganate

Dust mask or gloves areadvisable. Practiceextra care when han-dling these materials.

Go to your teacherfor first aid.

Substances (acids andbases) that can reactwith and destroy tissueand other materials

acids such as vinegar,hydrochloric acid,hydrogen peroxide;bases such as bleach,soap, sodium hydroxide

Wear goggles and anapron.

Immediately begin toflush with water andnotify your teacher.

Poisonous substancethat can be acquiredthrough skin absorp-tion, inhalation, oringestion

mercury, many metalcompounds, iodine,Poinsettia leaves

Follow your teacher’sinstructions. Alwayswash hands thoroughlyafter use.

Go to your teacherfor first aid.

Flammable and com-bustible materials thatmay ignite if exposedto an open flame orspark

alcohol, powders,kerosene, potassiumpermanganate

Avoid flames and heatsources. Be aware oflocations of fire safetyequipment.

Notify your teacherimmediately. Use firesafety equipment ifapplicable.

SAFETY SYMBOLS

Eye SafetyThis symbol appears when a danger to eyes exists.

Clothing ProtectionThis symbol appears when substances could stain or burn clothing.

Animal SafetyThis symbol appears whensafety of live animals andstudents must be ensured.

SHARPOBJECT

APPENDIX CAPPENDIX C

A6 APPENDIX B

APPENDIX BAPPENDIX B

ROOT MEANING EXAMPLEJjugare (L) join conjugate

Kkaryon (GK) seed prokaryotekeras (GK) horn cheliceraekokkus (GK) berry-shape streptococcus

Lleukos (GK) white leukocytelogy (GK) study biologylympha (L) water lymphocytelysis (GK) loosen lysosome

Mmakros (GK) large macromoleculemegas (GK) large megasporemesos (GK) middle mesophyllmeta (GK) after metaphasemicro (GK) small microscopemonos (GK) single monocotyledonmorphe (GK) form morphology

Nnema (GK) thread nematodeneuro (GK) nerve neuronnodus (L) knot internodenomia (GK) law taxonomy

Ooligos (GK) few oligochaeteomnis (L) all omnivoreornis (GK) bird ornithologyosteon (GK) bone osteocyteovum (L) egg oviduct

Ppaleo (GK) ancient paleontology para (GK) beside parasitepathos (GK) disease pathogenpedis (L) foot pseudopodiaper (L) through permeableperi (GK) around peristalsisphago (GK) eat phagocytephotos (GK) light phototropismphulon (GK) related phylogeny

groupphyllon (GK) leaf chlorophyll

ROOT MEANING EXAMPLEP (CONT’D)phyton (GK) plant epiphytepilus (L) hair pilipinna (L) feather pinnateplasma (GK) mold plasmodiumpod (GK) foot gastropodapolys (GK) many polymerpost (L) after posteriorpro (GK, L) before prokaryoteprotos (GK) first protocellspseudes (GK) false pseudopodium

Rre (L) again reproducerhiza (GK) root mycorrhiza

Sscop (GK) look microscopesoma (GK) body lysosomesperma (GK) seed gymnospermstasis (GK) staying homeostasisstoma (GK) mouth stomatasyn (GK) together synapse

Ttelos (GK) end telophaseterra (L) Earth terrestrialtherme (GK) heat endothermthulakos (GK) pouch thylakoidtrans (L) across transpirationtrich (GK) hair trichometrope (GK) turn gravitropismtrophe (GK) nourish heterotrophic

Uuni (L) one unicellular

Vvacca (L) cow vaccinevorare (L) devour omnivore

Xxeros (GK) dry xerophyte

Zzoon (GK) animal zoologyzygous (GK) joined homozygous

APPENDIX BAPPENDIX B

APPENDIX AAPPENDIX A

APPENDIX D A9

APPENDIX DAPPENDIX D

PER

IOD

IC T

AB

LE O

F T

HE

ELEM

ENT

S

Hyd

roge

n

1 H

1.00

8

Elem

ent

Ato

mic

Num

ber

Sym

bol

Ato

mic

Mas

s

Stat

e of

Mat

ter

Hyd

roge

n

1 H1.

008

Lith

ium

3 Li6.

941

Sodi

um

11 Na

22.9

90

Pota

ssiu

m

19 K39

.098

Rubi

dium

37 Rb

85.4

68

Ces

ium

55 Cs

132.

905

Fran

cium

87 Fr22

3.02

0

Radi

um

88 Ra

226.

025

Cer

ium

58 Ce

140.

115

Thor

ium

90 Th

232.

038

Ura

nium

92 U23

8.02

9

Nep

tuni

um

93 Np

237.

048

Plut

oniu

m

94 Pu

244.

064

Am

eric

ium

95 Am

243.

061

Neo

dym

ium

60 Nd

144.

24

Prom

ethi

um

61 Pm

144.

913

Sam

ariu

m

62 Sm15

0.36

Euro

piu

m

63 Eu15

1.96

5

Pra

seod

ymiu

m

59 Pr

140.

908

Pro

tact

iniu

m

91 Pa

231.

036

Act

iniu

m

89 Ac

227.

028

Rut

herf

ordi

um

104

Rf

(261

)

Bariu

m

56 Ba

137.

327

Lant

hanu

m

57 La13

8.90

6

Haf

nium

72 Hf

178.

49

Tant

alum

73 Ta

180.

948

Dub

nium

105

Db

(262

)

Seab

orgi

um

106

Sg (263

)

Has

sium

108

Hs

(265

)

Mei

tner

ium

109

Mt

(266

)

Bohr

ium

107

Bh

(262

)

Tung

sten

74 W18

3.85

Rhen

ium

75 Re

186.

207

Osm

ium

76 Os

190.

2

Irid

ium

77 Ir19

2.22

Stro

ntiu

m

38 Sr87

.62

Yttr

ium

39 Y88

.906

Zirc

oniu

m

40 Zr

91.2

24

Nio

bium

41 Nb

92.9

06

Mol

ybde

num

42 Mo

95.9

4

Cal

cium

20 Ca

40.0

78

Scan

dium

21 Sc44

.956

Tita

nium

22 Ti

47.8

8

Vana

dium

23 V50

.942

Chr

omiu

m

24 Cr

51.9

96

Tech

netiu

m

43 Tc

97.9

07

Ruth

eniu

m

44 Ru

101.

07

Man

gane

se

25 Mn

54.9

38

Iron 26 Fe

55.8

47

Cob

alt

27 Co

58.9

33

Rhod

ium

45 Rh

102.

906

Mag

nesi

um

12 Mg

24.3

05

Bery

llium

4 Be

9.01

2

Lan

than

ide

Seri

es

Act

inid

e Se

ries

1

12

3 4

5

6 7

8

9

2 3 4 5 6 7

Met

al

Met

allo

id

Non

met

al

Gas

Liq

uid

Solid

Synt

hetic

Ele

men

tsH

eliu

m

2 He

4.00

3

Cur

ium

96 Cm

247.

070

Berk

eliu

m

97 Bk

247.

070

Cal

iforn

ium

98 Cf

251.

080

Eins

tein

ium

99 Es25

2.08

3

Ferm

ium

100

Fm25

7.09

5

Nob

eliu

m

102

No

259.

101

Law

renc

ium

103

Lr26

0.10

5

Men

dele

vium

101

Md

258.

099

Gad

olin

ium

64 Gd

157.

25

Terb

ium

65 Tb

158.

925

Dys

pro

sium

66 Dy

162.

50

Hol

miu

m

67 Ho

164.

930

Erbi

um

68 Er16

7.26

Thul

ium

69 Tm

168.

934

Ytte

rbiu

m

70 Yb

173.

04

Lute

tium

71 Lu17

4.96

7

(unn

amed

)

110

Uu

n

(unn

amed

)

111

Uu

u

(unn

amed

)

112

Uu

b

Plat

inum

78 Pt

195.

08

Gol

d

79 Au

196.

967

Mer

cury

80 Hg

200.

59

Thal

lium

81 Tl

204.

383

Lead 82 Pb

207.

2

Bism

uth

83 Bi

208.

980

Ast

atin

e

85 At

209.

987

Rado

n

86 Rn

222.

018

Nic

kel

28 Ni

58.6

93

Cop

per

29 Cu

63.5

46

Zin

c

30 Zn

65.3

9

Gal

lium

31 Ga

69.7

23

Ger

man

ium

32 Ge

72.6

1

Ars

enic

33 As

74.9

22

Sele

nium

34 Se78

.96

Brom

ine

35 Br

79.9

04

Kryp

ton

36 Kr

83.8

0

Palla

dium

46 Pd

106.

42

Silv

er

47 Ag

107.

868

Cad

miu

m

48 Cd

112.

411

Indi

um

49 In11

4.82

Tin

50 Sn11

8.71

0

Ant

imon

y

51 Sb12

1.75

7

Tellu

rium

52 Te

127.

60

Iodi

ne

53 I12

6.90

4

Xen

on

54 Xe

131.

290

Alu

min

um

13 Al

26.9

82

Silic

on

14 Si28

.086

Phos

pho

rus

15 P30

.974

Sulfu

r

16 S32

.066

Chl

orin

e

17 Cl

35.4

53

Arg

on

18 Ar

39.9

48

Boro

n

5 B10

.811

Car

bon

6 C12

.011

Nitr

ogen

7 N14

.007

Oxy

gen

8 O15

.999

Fluo

rine

9 F18

.998

Neo

n

10 Ne

20.1

80

10 1

1 1

2

13 14 15 16 1

7

18

Polo

nium

84 Po

208.

982

Peri

odic

Tab

le o

f th

e El

emen

ts

APPENDIX DAPPENDIX D

The biology laboratory is a safe place to workif you are aware of important safety rules and ifyou are careful. You must be responsible for yourown safety and for the safety of others. Thesafety rules given here will protect you and oth-ers from harm in the lab. While carrying outprocedures in any of the BioLabs, notice thesafety symbols and caution statements. Thesafety symbols are explained on the previous page.

The Ten Rules of Safety 1. Always obtain your teacher’s permission to

begin a lab.2. Study the procedure. If you have questions,

ask your teacher. Be sure you understand all safety symbols shown.

3. Use the safety equipment provided for you. Goggles and a safety apron should be worn when any lab calls for using chemicals.

4. When you are heating a test tube, alwaysslant it so the mouth points away from youand others.

5. Never eat or drink in the lab. Never inhalechemicals. Do not taste any substance ordraw any material into your mouth.

6. If you spill any chemical, wash it off immedi-ately with water. Report the spill immediatelyto your teacher.

7. Know the location and proper use of the fireextinguisher, safety shower, fire blanket, firstaid kit, and fire alarm.

8. Keep all materials away from open flames.Tie back long hair.

9. If a fire should break out in the lab, or if yourclothing should catch fire, smother it withthe fire blanket or a coat, or get under asafety shower. NEVER RUN.

10. Report any accident or injury, no matter howsmall, to your teacher.

Procedures for Clean-Up Time1. Turn off the water and gas. Disconnect elec-

trical devices.2. Return materials to their places.3. Dispose of chemicals and other materials as

directed by your teacher. Place broken glassand solid substances in the proper containers.Never discard materials in the sink.

4. Clean your work area.5. Wash your hands thoroughly after working

in the laboratory.

A8 APPENDIX C

APPENDIX CAPPENDIX CSafety in the Laboratory

Injury Safe response

Burns

Cuts and bruises

Fainting

Foreign matter in eye

Poisoning

Any spills on skin

Apply cold water. Call your teacher immediately.

Stop any bleeding by applying direct pressure. Cover cuts with a clean dressing. Apply cold compresses to bruises. Call your teacher immediately.

Leave the person lying down. Loosen any tight clothing and keep crowds away. Call your teacher immediately.

Flush with plenty of water. Use an eyewash bottle or fountain.

Note the suspected poisoning agent and call your teacher immediately.

Flush with large amounts of water or use safety shower. Call your teacher immediately.

Table C–1 First aid in the laboratory

APPENDIX CAPPENDIX C