Q1}The poverty line is a somewhat arbitrary line by which some group determines a person or family can meet their daily (or monthly, yearly, etc...) needs.

Q29}-----

1. Rapidly Rising Population:

The population during the last 45 years has increased at the rate of 2.2% per annum. On average 17 million people are added every year to its population which raises the demand for consumption goods considerably.

2. Low Productivity in Agriculture:

The level of productivity in agriculture is low due to subdivided and fragmented holdings, lack of capital, use of traditional methods of cultivation, illiteracy etc. This is the main cause of poverty in the country.

3. Under Utilized Resources:

The existence of under employment and disguised unemployment of human resources and under utilization of resources has resulted in low production in agricultural sector. This brought a down fall in their standard of living.

4. Low Rate of Economic Development:

The rate of economic development in India has been below the required level. Therefore, there persists a gap between level of availability and requirements of goods and services. The net result is poverty.

6. Price Rise:

The continuous and steep price rise has added to the miseries of poor. It has benefited a few people in the society and the persons in lower income group find it difficult to get their minimum needs.

7. Unemployment:

The continuously expanding army of unemployed is another cause of poverty. The job seeker is increasing in number at a higher rate than the expansion in employment opportunities.

8. Shortage of Capital and Able Entrepreneurship:

Capital and able entrepreneurship have important role in accelerating the growth. But these are in short supply making it difficult to increase production significantly.

9. Social Factors:

The social set up is still backward and is not conducive to faster development. Laws of inheritance, caste system, traditions and customs are putting hindrances in the way of faster development and have aggravate" the problem of poverty.

10. Political Factors:

The Britishers started lopsided development in India and reduced Indian economy to a colonial state. They exploited the natural resources to suit their interests and weaken the industrial base of Indian economy.

In independent India, the development plans have been guided by political interests. Hence, the planning a failure to tackle the problems of poverty and unemployment.

Q26}-----

1) Poverty and unemployment are interred related. Therefore, adequate employment opportunities should be created in rural areas particularly in agricultural sector. In order to eliminate agricultural unemployment it is necessary to improve agriculture in the country. Good seeds, good tools, good manure must be arranged for it if the production is to be increased. The major cause of agricultural unemployment in India is the dependence of cultivation upon the rains. Thus, there should be a proper and good arrangement of irrigation through minor and major projects.

2) If conditions for marketing agricultural produce do not favor the cultivator, the increase in production will not alleviate the problem of agricultural unemployment. The organisation of the agricultural market will increase the income of the cultivator as well as improve the situation with regard to unemployment.

3) The total impact of land reform on rural formation has been for less then had been hoped for. Effort should be made to remove the loop holes in land legislations in order to make land reform more meaningful and effective additional lands should be redistributed among landless laborers, the marginal sub marginal farmers, so that they will be able to earn more. Effort should be made to provide the landless laborers with maximum of land by making barren land fertile.

4) Animal husbandry and cattle breeding have great potential, not only in unemployment but also in overcoming malnutrition. The government should extent special encouragement for animal husbandry, poultry and fish farming. Necessary training for poultry and diary farming should be imparted.

5) An improvement in agriculture, not supplemented by any other corrective measure cannot provide employment to the increasing population. Besides the farmer should also get some work during that period of the year when he is not engaged in cultivation. Some of subsidiary industry, such cottage industry like furniture making, weaving, spinning, match, barked and ropes etc, can help to a considerable extent in removing unemployment.

6) In spite of the promise of industrial decentralisation which never seems to arrive. There are some areas of small industries which could, in fact, he located in rural areas. A major element in creating employment in rural areas must mean a removal of some small industrial estates into purely rural areas. They will carry their power allocations with them and could then be an element in small scale industrialisation in rural areas.

However, this by itself will not be adequate to foster rural industrialisation in a dynamic sense. What is required is a new concept of modernisation combining Indian Traditional rural artisan skills with power availability and with an appropriate technology. A substantial portion of value added can appear from units set up efficiently in areas where artisans can greatly increase their output by modernisation of their technology.

7) There is the need to strengthen all the poverty alleviation programmes, particularly IRDP. All the organisation deficiencies in an execution of the programme such as the shortage of technical and expert staff, delays in release of funds and inadequacies in funds, lack of proper co ordination should be removed. It is essential to see that the target groups are not wrongly selected to ensure leakage of benefits to the non poor. Other drawbacks in the programme implementation such as right and non-co-operative attitudes of the officials, corrupt practices in sanctioning of loans should also be taken into consideration.

Efforts are to be made to remove the deficiencies in the implementation of TRYSEM programme such as poor infrastructural support to enable the trainees to follow the pursuits, lack of co-ordination among DIC, banks and Training Institute and lack of follow up to the trained. Govt instead of sticking to only few traditional crafts, new vocations conducive for income generating activities should be selected in order to make TRYSEM and DWCRA programmes more effective.

Adequate care is to be taken that while implementing JRY. The ingredient are not missed in it on the whole, for smooth implementation of various programmes the entire administrative set up should be properly co ordinate.

8) The personal disabilities of a person include illness, physical handicap, old age etc and for this the methods suggested are specialised health services, adequate wage provision to maintain health, other social security schemes and new vocational opportunities.

9) The recent increase in population and pressure exercised on the limited resources of the country has brought to the forefront the urgency of the problem of family planning and population control. Thus, family planning or family welfare programmes should be effectively implemented. Adequate awareness about small family norm has to be created among the people and steps should be taken to make it a people programme.

10) There is lack of political and social awakening among the rural people. The programme of poverty alleviation is not so simple as to be successfully solved by the Government, thus there is a great need for political and social awakening. People should be made aware of various programme and benefits of these programmes, so that people at the lowest rung of Rural Society may make substantial progress in making their lives more economically productive.

Q27}----- The role of education as an agent or instrument of social change and social development is widely recognized today. Social change may take place when humans need change. When the existing social system or network of social institutions fails to meet the existing human needs and when new materials suggest better ways of meeting human needs. Education is seen as a major vector in society, but that it is largely allocated a conservative role, since its main function is in the socialization of the young and the maintenance of the social order. During times of rapid social change, such as the second half of the 20th century, the role of education in the service of the nation is emphasized. When things are going well, especially economically, more experimentation with education is supported, and more idealistic goals are pursued, such as equity of educational opportunity. It is in the ideological and moral spheres, however, that education is most clearly expected to play a leading role. Social change takes place as a response to many types of changes that take place in the social and nonsocial environment. Education can initiate social changes by bringing about a change in outlook and attitude of man. It can bring about a change in the pattern of social relationships and thereby it may cause social changes.

Q28}--A plan is typically any diagram or list of steps with timing and resources, used to achieve an objective.objectives:-(i) A high rate of growth with a view to improvement in standard of living:-All the Indian Five Year Plans have given primary importance to higher growth of real national income. During the British rule, Indian economy was stagnant and the people were living in a state of abject poverty. The Britishers exploited the economy both through foreign trade and colonial administration. While the European industries flourished, the Indian economy was caught in a vicious circle of poverty. The pervasive poverty and misery were the most important problem that has to be tackled through Five Year Plan.

(ii) Economic self-reliance:-Self reliance means to stand on ones own legs. In the Indian context, it implies that dependence on foreign aid should be as minimum as possible. At the beginning of planning, we had to import food grains from USA to meet our domestic demand. Similarly, for accelerating the process of industrialization, we had to import, capital goods in the form of heavy machinery and technical know-how. For improving infrastructure facilities like roads, railways, power, we had to depend on foreign aid to raise the rate of our investment.

(iii) Social justice:-Social justice means to equitably distribute the wealth and income of the country among different sections of the society. In India, we find that a large number of people are poor; while few lead a luxurious life. Therefore, another objective of development is to ensure social justice and to take care of the poor and weaker sections of the society.

(iv) Modernization of the economy:-Before independence, our economy was backward and feudal in character. After attainment of independence, the planners and policy makers tried to modernize the economy by changing the structural and institutional set up of the country. Modernization aims at improving the standard of living of the people by adopting a better scientific technique of production, by replacing the traditional backward ideas by logical reasoning's and bringing about changes in the rural structure and institutions.

(v) Economic stability:-Economic stability means to control inflation and unemployment. After the Second Plan, the price level started increasing for a long period of time. Therefore, the planners have tried to stabilize the economy by properly controlling the rising trend of the price level. However, the progress in this direction has been far from satisfactory.

Q24}----(1) Equitable distribution of wealth or the socialist pattern of society and equal pay for equal work for both men and women. (2) Provision of adequate means of livelihood to all its citizens, men and women.(3) Provision of employment to all. (4) Free and compulsory education for children. (5) Living wage for workers. (6) Protection of childhood and youth against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment. (7) Organization of village panchayats as units of self-government (Article 40). (8) Prohibition of the consumption except for medical purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs injurious to health. (9) Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines. (10) Promotion of international peace and security and maintenance of just and honourable relations between the nations of the world.

Q23}----1)HEALTH EFFECTS:-The most common sources of air pollution include particulates, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. Both indoor and outdoor air pollution have caused approximately 3.3 million deaths worldwide. Children aged less than five years that live in developing countries are the most vulnerable population in terms of total deaths attributable to indoor and outdoor air pollution.2)Effects on cardiovascular health:-Air pollution is also emerging as a risk factor for stroke, particularly in developing countries where pollutant levels are highest.3)Effects on COPD and asthma:-Researches have demonstrated increased risk of developing asthma and COPD from increased exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Additionally, air pollution has been associated with increased hosptializations and mortality from asthma and COPD.4)Effects on children:-Around the world, children living in cities with high exposure to air pollutants are at increased risk of developing asthma, pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections. Because children are outdoors more and havehigher minute ventilation they are more susceptible to the dangers of air pollution. Risks of low initial birth weight are also heightened in such cities.

Q21)ISI mark is a certification mark for industrial products in India. The mark certifies that a product conforms to a set of standards laid by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the national standards organization of India.significance:-1)Formulation of Indian Standards for products and services by bringing together and coordinating various interest groups like manufacturers, consumers, technical experts, testing personnel and others interested. The standards so prepared are known as Indian Standards (IS) and are considered as legal documents.

Q18)---Degradation of the soil is caused by natural processes as well as by human activities. Now let us briefly study about both of these. Soil is a complex body and forms the thin outer layer of the earth. It is directly or indirectly developed from the mineral constituents of the rocks. The first phase of this process is weathering which is essentially physico-chemical in nature. Weathering leads to simplification of complex substances forming rocks through disintegration. The second phase is soil formation through the process of consolidation. This is bio-geo-chemical in nature. The process encompasses certain biological influences which result in the synthesis of many substances leading to the development of complex soil bodies with definite physical, chemical and biological properties. This natural process of weathering is slow and is a part of the evolutionary cycle.Human Activities--1.Deforestation2.Farming3.Economic activities : Mining, etc.4.Developmental works : Settlements, Transport and Communication

Q22)---You can conserve forests by the following measures: 1by avoiding deforestation2by reducing pollution3by not practising overgrazing and if necessary rotational grazing can be adopted .4plant trees on hillsides and abandoned land.5only matured or damage trees.6re-plant to insure future supplies.7put out camp fires before leaving the camp and don't throw away lighted cigarettes.

Q16) Fundamental Rights' is a charter of rights contained in the Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India.rights are:-1) Right to equality2) Right to freedom3) Right against exploitation4) Right to freedom of religion5) Cultural and Educational rights6) Right to constitutional remedies

Q2}secularism may assert the right to be free from religious rule and teachings, and the right to freedom from governmental imposition of religion upon the people within a state that is neutral on matters of belief.

Q3}Current Literacy Rate in India stands at 74.04 percent in 2012.

Q12}Unity in diversity is a concept of "unity without uniformity and diversity without fragmentation" that shifts focus from unity based on a mere tolerance of physical, cultural, linguistic, social, religious, political, ideological and/or psychological differences towards a more complex unity based on an understanding that difference enriches human interactions. The concept of unity in diversity was used "in non-Western cultures such as indigenous peoples in North America and Taoist societies in 400-500 B.C. In premodern Western culture it has been implicit in the organic conceptions of the universe that have been manifest since the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations through medieval Europe and into the Romantic era."

Q15}Fuel Wood - For the rural population, wood is an important source of energy for cooking and heating. Fodder- Fodder from the forest forms an important source of food for cattle and other grazing animals in the hilly and the arid reigons and during a drought. Fencing- Fences created with trees and shrubs are used in many parts of the world. Soil Erosion Check- The roots bind the soil and prevent erosion by wind or water. Soil Improvement- Some trees have the ability to return nitrogen to the soil through root decomposition or fallen leaves. Honey- For animals and humans Oxygen- Necessary for every living being Fruits- To eat Gum and Lac- For many objects Natural Habitat for Wlidlife- A natural home for animals to live Rubber- To make tyres etc. Shelter- To stay Medicines- To cure various diseases Forests serve a number of ecological purposes including important roles in the water cycle, providing habitat for plants and animals adapted for life in forests. People can use forests for recreation and commodities (though often not in the same place at the same time). Forest products include foods grown in forest environments (such as mushrooms and berries, or tree nuts and fruits), timber from harvesting the trees, forest animals that are hunted, etc.