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arakomerciuli gamomcemloba saga
jibis wignis seria 6
media _ kultura _ sazogadoeba
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abas qiarosTami, dabadebuli 1940 wels,TeiranSi _ iraneli kinoreJisori da mxat-vari. swavlobda Teiranis unversitetSi na -tif xelovnebaTa fakultetis ferwerisganyofilebaze. swavlis Semdeg muSaobdailustraciebze sabavSvo wignebisaTvis, ra-sac dRemde agrZelebs; kinogaqiravebis-Tvis qmnida kinoplakatebs; 1960-69 wlebSimoamzada 150-ze meti sareklamo rgoli. 1970wels iranis bavSvTa da mozardTa inteleq-tualuri ganviTarebis institutis dakveTiTgadaiRo pirveli moklemetraJiani fil-mi »puri da viwro Sesaxvevi«; 1974 wels _pirveli srulmetraJiani filmi »mogzauri«.1999 wels aqveynebs leqsebis krebuls »qarismxardamxar« (winamdebare gamocemaSi war-modgenili leqsebi). dReisaTvis gadaRebuliaqvs 38-mde filmi. misi scenarebi da zogi-erTi filmi sxvadasxva dros akrZaluli iyo
iranis mTavrobis mier iranSi saCveneblad.misi filmebia: »sad aris megobris saxli?«( Khane-ye doust kodjast ?, 1987); » Close Up « ( Nema-
ye Nazdik , 1990); »zeTisxilis xeebis qveS« ( Ziredarakhatan zeyton , 1994); »alublis gemo« ( Ta’m e
guilass , 1997); »qari wagviRebs« ( Bad ma ra kha-had bord , 1999); » Ten« ( Ten , 2002) da sxva.
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qaris mxardamxar
abas qiarosTami
Tbilisi, 2010
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fotoebi ibeWdeba Semdegi gamocemebis mixedviT:Abbas Kiarostami, Photographies. Publisher: Hazan (Fernand)Editions, France 1999. Iranian Photography Now, Publisher:Hatje Cantz Verlag, Germany 2008.
Targmani sparsulidan: giorgi lobJaniZenaxati garekanze: maia sumbaZedakabadoneba dagamomcemeli: soso dumbaZe
pirveli gamocema, 2010
ISBN 978-9941-0-1396-6yvela ufleba daculia
© arakomerciuli gamomcemloba saga, 2010www.sa-ga.org
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qaris mxardamxar
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39rogor SeuZlia arseboba
beber kus samasi weli ise,
rom zecisa araferi ar gaegonos.
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75Semodgomis mze
noxis nakecebze.
fxizeli xvliki.
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134 majis saaTi Cerdeba
brma kacis
majaze.
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227gamomcemlis bolosityvaoba
rusi formalitsi viqtor Sklovski TaviserT-erT centralur teqstSi »xelovne-ba, rogorc xerxi« 1 [1916 weli], romelicxelovnebis mizansa da mis funqcias exeba,>SemoqmedebiTi Zalis ekonomiis kanonze< 2
msjelobs. igi citirebs a.veselovskis azrs:»stilis Rirseba swored imaSi mdgomareobs,rom rac SeiZleba meti azri gadmoices, racSeiZleba naklebi sityvebis meSveobiT« 3 .am azris gaTvaliswinebiT, winamdebaregamocemaSi warmodgenili leq sebi iZlevaSesaZleblobas mkiTxvels gaacnos komprimi-
1 Виктор Шкловский ,» Искусство , как прием « in » Texte der rus- sischen Formalisten « Band I, Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1969,gv. 1-35 2 > Закон экономии творческих сил
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rebuli leqsis formati, romelic mogvago-nebs haikusa Tu minimalisturi leqsis for -mas. Tavad avtoris damokidebulebas poezi -i sad mi erT-erTi interviudan vigebT. igiprozas, gansxvavebiT poeziisagan, adarebsinduri kinoproduqciis »bolivudis« fil-mebs4 , sa dac, misi azriT, mayurebels yvela-feri daReWilad miewodeba. »filosofiasada prozas ar vkiTxulob, mxolod _ poezias.ubralod ver vitan, rodesac mTeli gverde-bi sWirdebaT imis asaxsnelad, rom zamTarigavida, Semdeg kidev erTi amdeni, rom miTx-ran, axla gazafxuli movidao. CemTvis sru-liad sakmarisia sityva »gazafxulis« pir-veli aso amis gasagebad. vkiTxulob »dedis«pirvel asoebs da vici, rom dedazea laparaki.ar mWirdeba aTasgverdiani axsna-ganmarteba.amitomac CemTvis rTuli asatania romanebi.« 5 am sakmaod Tamami gancxadebiT irkveva, romavtoris subieqturi damokidebuleba lite-raturis prozauli formisadmi negatiuri daoriginaluria . igi iqve agrZelebs: »iranSi
xarveziani satelefono saubris dros xSiradori ucxo molaparake CairTveba xolme. ro-desac es xdeba, me saaTobiT SemiZlia maTi sme-na. me var uneblie mowme, Tu rogor saubrobs
4 ix. Jurnali » Revolver « Heft 10, Verlag der Autoren, 2004, gv. 185 iqve.
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ori adamiani. amaSi ufro met dros vatareb,vidre romanebis kiTxvaSi. aseTi satelefo-no CarTva gamogacocxlebs. amiT adamianiswavlobs bevrs, swavlobs adamianebze _ ro-manebi ki amis sawinaaRmdegod Seuracxmyo-felni arian, marTlac rom adamianis Rirse -bis Seuracxmyofelni. isini gvixsnias erT pa-tara sulelur detals, TiTqos Cven briyve -bi viyoT da amas Tavad ver mivxvdebodiT.« 6
qiarosTamis leqsis forma filmis kadri-rebas waagavs, sadac winadadeba da sityvakinematografiuli kadris msgavsia, maTiurTierT ganlageba-TamaSi ki kinomotaJsSegviZlia SevadaroT. amdenad gaxda Cem-Tvis saintereso abas qiarosTamis leqsebiskrebulis »qaris mxardamxar« gamocema dafarTo mkiTxvelisaTvis gacnoba.
gamocemis Sinaarsi ki ambivalenturia:
erTi mxriv, oportunistuli saxelwodeba
»qaris mxardamxar«, migvaniSnebs subieq-tis (avtoris) fatalistur TviTda mkvidre-bul poziciaze _ qari, romelic, vin icis,saiT dauberavs _ neitralur-paci fi sturipoziciis gamoxatulebaa.
6 iqve.
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meore mxriv, avtori, msgavsi leqsebiT:
»arc aRmosavleTi,
arc dasavleTi,
arc CrdiloeTi,
arc samxreTi
iq, sadac me vdgavar.«
_ migvaniSnebs sakuTari poziciis principu-lobaze.
misi ZiriTadi filmebi (ix. mokle biogra-fia, gv. 2) sinTezia dokumentalisturi dafiq cionaluri kinosi. franguli » NouvelleVague «-is wevrebs miznad hqondaT dasaxuliaRekveTaT zRvari am or kinokategoriasSoris _ qiarosTamis filmi amas yovel-gvari Zaldatanebis gareSe aRwevs. amisuda vod erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTiafilmi » Nema-ye Nazdik « dasavleTis bazarzecnobili rogorc » Close-Up « [»axlo xediT«1990 weli]. filmis mTavari gmiri atyuebserT SeZlebul ojaxs, rom aris gavlenianikinoreJisori, islamisti mohsen maxmal-bafi, da sargeblobs ra misi reputaciiT,saxl deba am ojaxSi da ojaxis wevrebis
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keTilganwyobis fonze moixmars maT qone -bas. Sede gad policia mas akavebs da imarTe-ba sa sa marT lo, sadac qiarosTami, rogorcsu bi eqti, Tavisi kinokameriT aqtiuradmonawileobs procesSi da dokumenturifilmi saTvis damaxasiaTebeli xerxiT aR-wers am fiqciur ambavs.
iranis socialuri siduxWire Tanamedroveiranuli kinosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, ukvetradiciad qceuli, Tematikaa, romelicase Zalian uyvars dasavleTis mayurebels.magram aqve ismis kiTxva _ mizanmimarTulida saTanadod gaazrebulia es socialurikritika? mcdari mimarTulebiT xom arxdeba gasrola ? iranis politikuri reJimi,romelic pasuxismgebelia qalTa masiuridiskriminaciis, adamianTa represiebis dauflebebis Selaxvis gamo, da amasTanave,am kritikuli filmebis realuri institu-ciaa, sinamdvileSi ver da ar iqceva iranulfilmebSi obieqturi kritikis sagnad. amave
dros, e.w. SeniRbuli socialuri TematikafilmebSi kritikis mxolod warmosaxviT su-raTebs gvTavazobs. Tu ratom aris ase _ amiserT-erT pasuxs SeiZleba gavecnoT gamoce-mis bolos darTul statiaSi, romelic ki-nomcodne tobias ebrexts ekuTvnis.
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erTi mxriv, leqsebis mTargmneli b-ni gior-gi lobJaniZe bolosityvaobaSi simpaTi -ebiT gviyveba iranuli leqsis tradiciazeda mis aqtualobaze.
meore mxvriv, kinomcodne b-ni tobias eb-rextis kritikuli teqsti mogviTxrobs,Tu ratomaa, rom qiarosTami, da zogadadiranuli kino, 1990-iani wlebidan moyole-buli dasavleTSi (da saqarTveloSic) aseTi popularuli da dafasebulia , da ratomaa,rom saerTaSoriso festivalebze iranelikinoreJisorebi upirobod sasurveli stum-rebi arian. ratom aris, rom zogierTi kino-festivalis xelmZRvaneli, magaliTad, ber-linis dRevandeli kinofestivalis _ ber-linales _ direqtori b-ni kozliki piradisimpaTiiTa ganwyobili iraneli kinore-Jisorebis Semoqmedebis mimarT? swored ampolitikur fons aanalizebs ebrextis teqs-ti »evropuli natvrebi da iranuli kul-turis eqsporti«.
winamdebare gamocema mzaddeboda iranSi sap-rotesto gamosvlebis fonze. am movlenebma,iranis saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegebidangamomdinare (2009 weli), represiebi gamo-iwvia. daiRupa mravali moqalaqe, dRemdedakavebulia araerTi aqtivisti. es movle-
nebi kidev erTxel gvafiqrebinebs, Tu ram-
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denad rTul pirobebSi uwevs moqalaqeebsam reJimis qveS cxovreba. mosaxleobisgarkveuli nawili Tavs sazRvargareT emig-raciiT Svelis, bevri ki ewireba kidec mas.
statia: »evropuli natvrebi da iranulikulturis eqsporti« SemTxveviT ar qveyn-deba winamdebare gamocemaSi. Cven gvsursvisargebloT beWduri mediumis sivrciT daerT-erTi yvelaze popularuli Tanamedroveiraneli xelovnis Semoqmedebis gamoqveyne -bis paralelurad, erTgvar sadiskusio plat-formad vaqcioT winamdebare gamocema;gvsu rs win wamovwioT Tanamedrove iranis is-lamuri respublikis kulturis ideologiisproblemebi, romelebic samwuxarod (ara mxo-lod saqarTveloSi) xSirad zedapirulad arisdanaxuli da Selamazebuli . gamocemis mizania,am patara wignis saxiT qarTul sajaro sivrce-Si kidev erTxel sadiskusiod wamoiwios fun-damentalisturi iranis Tema, romelsac, sam-wuxarod, nel-nela saqarTvelos sekularis-
tuli saxelmwifos saxi Tac, Tavisi eklesiuriTematikiT, provincialur doneze parale le biukve moeZebneba; gamocemis mizania, agre Tve,iranuli xelovnebiT tkbobis fonze mkiTxvelssaRi azri ar daakargvinos mis avtoritarulmTavrobaze da amiT mokrZale bu li wvliliSeitanos iranis islamuri respublikis repre-
siuli reJimis kritikaSi.
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» marqsma Tqva, rom revoluciebi msoflioistoriis lokomotivebi arian. magram iqnebes sul sxvagvaradaa. iqneb revoluciebiam matarebelSi mjdom adamianTa modgmisavari uli muxruWis qanCia. « 7 [1940 weli] _ asemxatvrulad ganmartavs valter beniaminirevolucias, romelic ase Zalian sWirdebanebismier Caketil sazogadoebas.
madloba abas qiarosTams saavtoro ufle-bebis gadmocemisaTvis, romelic winamde-bare leqsebis mTargmnels eqskluziuradekuTvnis. (gamocemas agreTve axlavs avto-risve sxvadasxva dros gadaRebuli iranislandSaftis amsaxveli ori foto). madlo-ba kinomcodne tobias ebrexts, romelmacusasyidlod gadmogvca saavtoro uflebebiTavisi teqstisa. madloba devi dumbaZes,germanuli teqstis qarTulad usasyidlodTargmnisaTvis.
soso dumbaZeaprili 2010
7 valter beniaminis xelnaweri naSromisaTvis »istoriiscnebis Sesaxeb« (»xelovnebis nimuSi«, arakomerciuligamomcemloba saga, Tbilisi, 2010), romelic saboloodar Sevida am Tezisur krebulSi.
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evropuli natvrebi da
iranuli kulturis eqsporti
(damateba)
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255rodesac1 iranul kulturaze Camovardeba
saubari, dasavleTis kulturis kritikosebi,TviT feletonistebic ki, erTi meoreze aRta-cebul da dadebiT reaqciebs ver malaven. isiniSeiZleba eTanxmebodnen kidec imas, rom iranisprezidenti, ahmadineJadi, ukulturo prole-taria, magram mas Turme araferi hqonia saer-To dRevandeli iranis kulturasTan. arada,iranuli kulturis nawarmi pluralisturadda kritikulad swored evropidan warmoCnde-ba _ TviTgamoxatvis subversiuli saSualebe-bis gaSmagebuli Zieba Tavad evropuli natvre-bis Sedegia da igi, Tavis mxriv, ukve karga xania,rac iqca iranuli kulturis eqsportis stra-tegiis zedmiwevniT gaTvlil elementad.
evropuli natvrebi
2007 wlis dekembers berlinis erT-erT uban-Si, berlin-miTeSi, »ciceros« galereaSi ga-1 statia gamoqveynda JurnalSi Extrablatt, Nr. 3, 2008 .
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marTulma gamofenam saxelwodebiT »meid inTeheran« swored msgavsi reaqciebi gamoiw-via. eqvsma axalgazrda iranelma fotograf-ma qalma warmoadgina Tavisi naSromebi am»politikur galereaSi«. gamofenis anonsSixelovan qalebs mravalmniSvnelovnad »is-lamuri revoluciis pirmSoebad« ixsenieb-dnen; pirmSoebad, romlebic am ukanasknels(islamur revolucias) ki ar Seusanslavs,aramed, piriqiT _ rogorc gvamcnobs bro-Sura _ swored iranuli kulturis saxelmwi-fo mxardaWeris safuZvelze miscemiaT maTsaSualeba Teiranis universitetis xelov-nebis fakultetze SeeqmnaT da gamoefinaTTavianTi naSromebi. marTalia, anonsi axse-nebs, rom ramdenime naSromi mxolod germa-niis kulturul metropolSi gamoifineba,magram is, Tu romeli da ramdeni xelovnebisnimuSia iseTi, romliTac tkboba islamurrespublikaSi mxolod saseminaro oTaxebSiaSesaZlebeli, miTiTebuli aRaraa. germanulikulturis sferos korespondentebs marto-
oden is aocebT, Tu rogor waradgenen saku-Tar Tavs revoluciis es pirmSoni: »uTxelesimosas xamebi ufro udardelad Tu faraven maTlamaz muq Tmebs. maT acviaT jinsebi an muxle-bamde mokle Sarvlebi, Savi abreSumis windebida maRali Ceqmebi. dasavluri perspeqtividangasaocaria, Tu raoden Tavdajerebulad da
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Riad muSaobs es eqvsi xelovani qali da ro-gor wardgebian isini publikis winaSe iseTsferoSi, romelic sul ramdenime wlis winmxolod mamakacTa sauf lod gvevlineboda.unda vivaraudoT, rom yovelive es »mTavro-basTan SeTavsebadi« unda iyos«. 2
ase, an daaxloebiT ase, JRers nebismieri re-portaJi iranuli kulturis Sesaxeb evropulgazeTebSi, sadac TiTqmis yovelTvis qalismdgomareobaze akeTeben aqcents da ZiriTadadgaregnulobidan gamomdinare afaseben viTa-rebas _ Tavsafari xom (zemoT »uTxeles mosas-xamad« moxseniebuli) is kritikuli baromet-ria, romlis mixedviTac, rogorc isini varau-doben, unda izomebodes represiis maCvenebe -li islamizmis skalaze. is, rom germaniis kul-turis muSakebs ukve saerTod aRar aintere-sebT qalTa Seviwrovebis realuri viTarebairanSi da sanacvlod viTomda »simboluri«konfliqtis farglebSi arsebul »xelovanTagansxvavebul poziciebze« saubroben, ukve
gulisxmobs xelovnebis mimarT nebismierikri tikuli Sinaarsis ukugdebas.
iranis kulturis polotikosebs ki zusta-dac rom awyobT amgvari reportaJebi. evro-
2 Welt Kompakt 2007: »Made in Teheran«: Sechs Fotografnnen zeigenihre Welt, in: Welt Kompakt, 3.12.2007.
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puli suraTi pluraluri da samyarosadmiRia sazogadoebisa, sadac disidenturobastilisturi Tu sareklamo niSnis saxiT mWid-rodaa integrirebuli, zustad Seesabamebairanuli kulturis eqsportis marketingulstrategias. magram, sanam iranuli kultura»revoluciis pirmSoebTan« da ara mis mowi-naaRmdegeebTan _ magaliTad, sazRvargareTdevnil opoziciur jgufebTan da maT arse-biTad ufro naklebad yuradRebul naSro-mebTan _ igivdeba, manam iranis kulturulipolitika warmatebuli darCeba.
kulturis eqsporti molaTa reJimis erT-erTi centraluri iaraRia, ramdenadac is,rom sasicocxlod aucilebeli evropuliSemwynarebluri politika ar wydeba, sworedrom kulturis warmatebuli transferisSedegicaa. gasul wlebSi evropis yvelazemniSvnelovani kinofestivalebis TiTqmisyvela konkursSi kvlav da kvlav geqnebodaTsaSualeba islamuri respublikis mier war-
modgenili namuSevrebiT damtkbariyaviT.kino filmebi xom uaRresad warmatebulipropaganda SeiZleba iyos dasavleTSi, ram-denadac maTi saSualebiT dasavluri publi-ka nabij-nabij imuSavebs imunitets islamu-ri respublikis barbarosuli sinamdvilisSesaxeb im codnis pirispir, romelic ukva-
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lod ganidevneba. kinofilmebi Seesabamebaim survilebis proeqciebs, romlebic TavaddasavleTs gaaCnia iranuli sazogadoebisTaobaze. martoxela iraneli gmirebi TuRaribebisa da mdidrebis dapirispireba da-savleTis TvalSi proeqciulad upirispir-deba civilizacias, xolo urbanuloba damodernuloba sakuTari regresiuli natvrissapirispiro principis adgils ikavebs: mo-dernuli subieqturobisagan gaqcevis prin-cips.
kino islamur respublikaSi
is, rom swored kino da misi gamoyenebis mra-valferovani saSualebebi iqceoda islamu-ri respublikisaTvis warmatebul modeladintegraciisa da propagandis saqmeSi, 1979wels srulebiTac ar iyo TavisTavad cxadi.rodesac TeiranSi 1904 wels pirveli kinoTe-atrebi daarsda, aman islamuri klerikale -
bis protesti gamoiwvia.3
islamuri revo-luciis periodSi ki kinos, rogorc dasav-
3 »maT gakicxes es axali xelovneba rogorc gamxrwnelidasavluri zegavlena da RmerTis gamowveva, radganac igiSeuburvel qalebs aCvenebda da lasciuri cxovrebis wesispropagandas eweoda « , Ebbing, Martin 2007: Keine Krawatten! Siesind westlich und dekadent!, in: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschehen, www.
bundestag.de/cgibin/druck.pl?N=parlamannt, 12.1.2008.
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luri dekadenturobis instituts, ZvelireJimis simbolod miiCnevdnen, romelsacaucileblad Zvelive saSualebebiT undaSebrZolebodnen. swored kinoTeatrebiiyo im pirvel obieqtebs Soris, romlebic _bankebTan erTad _ islamuri saTnoebis da-rajTa ngrevis risxvas Seewira: isini dawvesda daxures. 4 kinoTeatrebis saerTo ra-odenoba 1976-1979 wlebis periodSi 112-dan89-mde Semcirda. kinos mepatroneebs qo-neba CamoarTves da zogierTs Sahis reJim-Tan TanamSromlobisa da »uzneo filmebisCvenebis« sababiT uCivles kidec. mravalikinoTeatri »islamis ganviTarebis xelov-nebis centrad« gadakeTda. Tumca, opoziciaara imdenad TavisTavad kinos institutis,ramdenadac im zneobrivi saxis winaaRmdegiyo mimarTuli, romelsac Sahis mmarTvelo-bis periodSi warmatebuli »film farsi«(sparsuli kino, mTargmn. Sen.) da holivudi-dan importirebuli filmebi amkvidrebdnen.amitom ar aris gasakviri, rom imave reJimma,
romelic ebrZoda kinos, xuravda saproeq-cio darbazebs da iranul kinoproduqciasmiwasTan asworebda, sabolood kino farTo-masStabiani saxelmwifo mxardaWeris meSveo-biT aqcia rogorc Tavad iranSi xelovnebis
4 Mirbakhtyar, Shahla 2006: Iranian Cinema and the Islamic Revolu-tion, London 2006, S. 103.
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warmatebul formad, ise msoflioSi gavrce-lebul saeqsporto produqtad. 5
ukve revoluciis periodSi islamis zo-gierTma aqtivistma kargad gaacnoebira, romkino ara marto dasavluri dekadenturo-bis mauwyebeli iyo, aramed islamuri saqmispropagandis iaraRadac SeiZleba gamoyene-buliyo. aiaTola homeinim ganacxada, romigi srulebiTac ar iyo kinos winaaRmdegi,igi mxolod da mxolod im »meZaveobas« upi-rispirdeboda, rasac kinoSi uCvenebdnen. 6 Tavis pirvelsave sityvaSi aiaTola kinosaRmzrdelobiT funqciaze msjelobda. »le-gendis« Tanaxmad, kinomediumis mimarT ho -meinis dadebiTi ganwyoba gamoiwvia erT-erT-ma kinofilmma, romelic iranSi revoluciam-de arsebul socialur siRatakes aRwerda. 7
ukve 1974 wels iranis axali islamuri kinoserT-erT mTavar gmirad aqtiuri islamistimohsen maxmalbafi gvevlineba. misi TqmiT,
kinos saSualebiT unda momxdariyo revolu-ciis idealebis araislamuri zegavlenebis-gan dacva. misi filmebi socialur-ideolo-giur Temebs exeba. magaliTad, »arusi-e xu-
5 iqve.6 iqve, gv. 106.7 Ebbing, 2007.
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ban« (rCeulTa qorwili, 1989) mogviTxrobs,Tu rogor brundeba omSi daWrili iranelierayidan saxlSi da rogor aRmoaCens, romidealebi, romlebisTvisac is ibrZoda, sa-zogadoebaSi aRar fasdeba. 8 cxadia, filmiskritikis sagani aris ara Tavad es idealebi,aramed postrevoluciur iranul sazoga-doebaSi maTi ganuxorcielebloba. 80-ianiwlebis Sua periodSi gaCaRebuli religiuriomi erayis winaaRmdeg swored is istoriu-li momentia, rodesac iranis islamisturimoZraoba revoluciis »monapovris« mara-diuli damkvidrebis gadawyvetilebas iRebsda amis saSualebad mTeli saxelmwifos isla-muri gziT mowyobas acxadebs. islamistebiiwyeben socialur problemebze yuradRebisgamaxvilebas, upirispirdebian korufciasada siRaribes; politikuri funqcionerebiskritikas isini islamze kidev ufro metadradikalizebuli dayrnobis saSualebiT mi-marTaven. amave moZraobis wevria dRevande-li prezidenti ahmadineJadic. maxmalbafis
socialuri kritika sruliad emTxveva iranisislamur ideologias.
amitomac iqca maxmalbafi islamuri respub-likis erT-erT samagaliTo reJisorad damis saerTaSoriso sareklamo abrad. gansa-
8 iqve.
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kuTrebiT es ganapiroba iman, rom swored missaxels ukavSirdeba samagaliTo gardasaxvaislamisti revolucionerisa socialurikritikis gamaJRerebel kinoxelovnad. Tavadmaxmalbafi am gansakuTrebul pozicias imasumadlis, rom igi islamist-revolucioner-Ta wreebidan gamovida. igi aqtiurad monawi-leobda islamuri respublikis ideologiu-ri orientirebis SemuSavebis saqmeSi _ faqti,romelsac dasavlur recefciaSi siamovne-biT ugulebelyofen.
iranuli kulturuli produqciis cenzu-ra da saxelmwifo mxardaWera
imisaTvis, rom kino revoluciis idealebispropagandis warmatebul mediumad damkvid-rebuliyo, iranSi ori dawesebuleba daar-sda: »hoze honari sazrman-e TabliRad-eislami« (islamuri propagandis organiza-ciis xelovnebis ganyofileba) da »boniad-e
sinemaie farabi« (farabis kinos fondi). maTpatronaJs uwevs kulturisa da islamuriwinamZRolobis saministro, romelic mizan-mimarTulad uWers mxars axal iranul ki-nos ara mxolod iranSi, aramed saeqsportoproduqtad warmodgenis kuTxiTac. 9 orive
9 Mirbakhtyar 2006, S. 109.
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instituti finansuradac da ideologiura -dac aris CarTuli kinofilmebis warmoe-bis mxardaWeraSi. ZalaSia winapiroba, romreJisorebi islamuri reJimis ideologiisfundamentze unda idgnen. 10 Tumca, unda ga-viTvaliswinoT isic, rom islamuri propa-gandis organizaciebSi momuSave reJisore -bi TavianTi Temebisa Tu mxatvruli ga-moxatvis xerxebis da formebis SerCevisTvalsazri siT farTo TavisuflebiT sar geb-loben. cenzura iranSi ar niSnavs imas, romxorcieldeba mudmivi da yovelmxrivi diqta-ti, aramed igi zogadi islamuri miznebis far-glebSi xelovnebis garkveul TavisuflebasiZleva; am islamuri fundamentis sazRvrebsmiRma ki profesionaluri kinowarmoba iran-Si saerTod SeuZlebelia.
amdenad, damuSavebuli masalisa da kino-produqciis yoveli safexuris kontrolisparalelurad, cenzuris iseTi formac moq-medebs, romlis sazRvaric _ kinoindustriis
mxardaWeris sistemis CarCoebis farglebSi_ aramkafioa. Tuki filmi ideologiuradmisaRebia, aseTi privilegiis miniWeba iseve,rogorc misi mizanmimarTuli Cveneba speci-fikuri mayureblisaTvis, garantirebulia;gansakuTrebiT es exeba mis sxvadasxva fes-
10 iqve, gv. 108.
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tivalebze wardgenas. iranSi SeuZlebeliakinoTeatrebSi filmis gaSveba, Tuki is winas-war ar iqneba naCvenebi »faJris kinofesti-valze«. es festivali 1981 wels, revoluciisSemdeg daarsda da 1984 wlidan iranis umniSv-nelovanes kinofestivals warmoadgens; ro-gorc aseTi, igi »boniad-e farabis« kontro-lis qveS imyofeba. dafinansebis da kontro-lis meore mimarTulebas warmoadgens iranu-li kinofilmebis monawileoba saerTaSorisokinofestivalebis konkursebSi. aq pirvelplanzea iranis, rogorc kinos mwarmoebeliqveynis, reputaciis damkvidreba. garda ami-sa, marTva xorcieldeba kinofilmebisa dakinoTeatrebis klasifikaciis meSveobiTac,ris Sedegadac konkretul filmebs mxolodkonkretuli mayurebeli naxulobs. am kla-sifikaciis meSveobiT regulirdeba aseve ma-yurebelTa absoluturi raodenobac. 11
ormagi referencia: evropa da iranuli
kinoxSirad amtkiceben, rom swored amgvari sa-xelmwifo mxardaWeris Sedegad izrdeba ki-nofilmebis mxatvruli done. 12 aseTi midgo-
11 iqve, gv. 114.12 iqve, gv. 108.
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sagas sxva gamocemebi:
hans beleri _ kinomontaJis aspeqtebi
dasavleTSi farTod gavrcelebuli, SesavalixasiaTis mqone kinosamontaJo saxelmZRvaneloteqsti, sadac gaanalizebulia aq tua luri samo n-taJo modelebi, cnebebi da reJisorTa spe ci-fikuri stilebi: eizenSteini, bunueli, hiC ko-ki, godari, tarkovski, kubriki, jarmuSi da sxva.
gamocemas axlavs kino-samonta Jo cn ebebis gan -mar te bi Ti le qsi koni;
kadris sidideTa ma Cve-nebeli da 180 gra dusisprincipis amsaxveli sqe -mebi.
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valter beniamini _ xelovnebis nimuSi
mkiTxvels pirvelad eZleva saSualeba gaec nosqarTul enaze cnobili filosofosisa da kul -turis mkvlevris, valter beniami nis (1892 -1940), or naSroms: »xelovnebis nimuSi misi te q -ni kuri reproducirebadobis epoqaSi« (1935-36)da »istoriis cnebis Sesaxeb« (1940).
pirveli werili xe lo vnebis nimuSis »auris« da -kargvis axsnas gvTavazobs. man ga nsa ku T re bu li
aqtualu roba SeiZi na60-ian wlebSi, rocaiqca mo wodebad, xe-lo vneba gamoeyeneb i -
naT so cialur-po li-tikuri eman si paciismizniT. Tezi se bi »is-to riis cne bis Sesa -xeb« aja mebs avtorisTanamedr ove priodisbWobas istoriuli ma -
terializmis daniS-nulebaze.
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fsiqiatriasTan gamocdilebis mqone pirTa ger-manuli asociacia _ rCevebi da xerxebi _ rogorvmarToT »SeSlil-oba«?
»megzuri« gankuTvnilia fsiqiatriasTan ga moc-dilebis mqone adamianebisa da maTi axloblebisaT-vis, romlebic krizisis dros da mis Semdeg mxar-Si udganan am pirovnebebs. aq mocemuli rCevebisaSualebas gvaZlevs individualurad da Sinau-rulad movekidoT am mdgomareobas; gvexmareba,SeZlebisda gvara d fsiqotropuli wamlebis gareSe,
organiz misadmi zianismiyenebis gve r dis av -liT, movle nebis mar -Tvasa da myu d ro ebisa
da stabilu robis mo-povebaSi.
teqsts axlavs fsi-qiatr Temur ioseba-Zis bolosityva oba dadamxmare or gani za-
ciaTa sa kon ta qto in -for macia.
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rezo kveselava _ mogonebebi qarTvelkine matografistebze
qarTveli kinodramaturgis rezo kveselavas same-muaro werilebis krebulSi »mogonebebi qa rTvelkinematografistebze« avtori ixsenebs: TengizabulaZes, akaki baqraZes, suliko JRents, mixeilkveselavas, mixeil kobaxiZes, kote miqaberiZes,aleqsandre rexviaSvils, sergo farajanovs, oTarioselians, dore xinTibiZesa da sxvebs.
gamocemaSi warmod-genelia qarTvel ki-ne matograf is tTauni kaluri foto-
ebi avtoris pira diarqividan da ki no-studia »qarTu li fi -l mis« orasa mde Ta-namSromlis moklebiogra fiuli mo na-cemebi .
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calke gamocemis saxiT pirvelad ibeWdeba Tanamed-rove qarTveli mwerlis, aka morCilaZis, eseisturiteqstebi: »kagdata in jorjia« (2008) da »piradienciklopedia« (2007).
aka morCilaZe _ kagdata in jorjia
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male sagasagan:
n sabWoTa avangardistis, ki nodo kumenta listisda dokumenturi ki nos Teoretikosis Ziga ver-tovis teqs tebis krebuli: adamiani kinoa-paratiT (manifesti, statiebi, sascenarovariantebi); devi dumbaZis Se saval werilTanerTad: » arasaalbaTo Tvalis poezia _ »ki-albaTo Tvalis poezia _ »ki-Tvalis poezia _ »ki-noglazis« koncefcia Ziga vertovis filmSi»adamiani kinoaparatiT«.
ikiTxeT wignis maRaziebSidamatebiTi informacia: www.sa-ga.org
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sagas wignis qurdi _ qurdi ar ariso!
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sagas wignis qurdi _ qurdi ar ariso!