Abn Psych Lecture 1_s1

8/10/2019 Abn Psych Lecture 1_s1

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TOGAINHANDS-ONEXPERIENCERELATEDTO

WORKINGWITHINDIVIDUALSSTRUGGLINGWITH

MENTALHEALTHISSUES... These are some volunteering opportunities to

explore during the semester:

Institute of Mental Health:

https://www.imh.com.sg/form.aspx?id=463&ekfrm=539 Singapore Mental Health Association:

http://www.samhealth.org.sg/volunteers/

Not required, but encouraged
https://www.imh.com.sg/form.aspx?id=463&ekfrm=539http://www.samhealth.org.sg/volunteers/http://www.samhealth.org.sg/volunteers/https://www.imh.com.sg/form.aspx?id=463&ekfrm=539


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Lecture 1

An Introduction to Abnormal Psychology: Historical

and Modern Perspectives

2013

PearsonEducation,I

nc.All

rightsreserved.


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NORMALVS. ABNORMALBEHAVIOR

Being different

Individuals possessing abilities that distinguish

them from the general public

2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


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NORMALVS. ABNORMALBEHAVIOR

Deviant behavior

Behaviors straying from societal normsor

standards



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DEFINITIONOFABNORMALBEHAVIOR


AbnormalBehavior

Emotional

Distress

Interferes with

daily

functioning

Inconsistent

with societal

norms

Inconsistent

with cultural

norms

Inconsistent

with

developmental

norms


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DEFINITIONOFABNORMALBEHAVIOR

Behavior that is inconsistent with the

individuals developmental, cultural, and

societal norms; creates significant emotional

distress; and/or interferes with daily

functioning.


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RESEARCHHOT TOPIC: APPROACHES

TOABNORMALBEHAVIOR


Do you meet diagnostic criteria

or not?

Things to consider:-Just as people are different and

unique, so are symptoms

-At what point is enough

enough regarding onessymptoms?

Abnormal behavior is

constantly changing

Things to consider:-Abnormal behavior can be

placed on a continuum

-Incorporates quantitative

criteria versus an all ornothingway of thinking

Categorical vs. Dimensional


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FACTORSTOCONSIDERWHEN

ADDRESSINGABNORMALBEHAVIOR


Personal

characteristics,

such as sex, race,or ethnicity

Age

Socioeconomic

status (SES)

Education levelBiological

changes


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HISTORYANDABNORMALBEHAVIOR

Ancient Theories

-Ancient cultures, such as ancient Egypt,

believed that spirits control aspects of a persons

behavior.

-Treatment

-Trephination



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Classical Greek and RomanViews-Hippocrates (460377 BC), father ofmedicine

- Identified the followingpsychological symptoms: hallucinations,delusions, melancholia, hysteria, and

mania- Environmental factors, physical

factors, and four humours (yellowbile, black bile, blood, phlegm)


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Middle Ages through the

Renaissance

-Influence of the Roman Catholic Church-Abnormal behavior = work of the devil/

witchcraft



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HISTORY AND ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

Renaissance period (14thto 17thcentury):

Enlightenment by

Johann WeyerDutch physician

ParacelsusSwiss physician

16thcentury

Emergence of asylums


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Nineteenth Centurymoral treatment

characterized by:

-The removal of patients from warehouseasylums into specializedfacilities devoted to the care and treatment of the mentally ill

-More humane method of treatment

-Use of respect, kindness, religion, and vocation

-Key founders: Philippe Pinel, William Tuke, Benjamin Rush,Dorothea Dix



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Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)

Animal magnetism

Demonstrated the power of placebo effect


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Work of Emil Kraepelin

(1856-1926), German

psychiatrist

Developed a classification

system for mental disorders

Identified Dementia praecox

modern day schizophrenia


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Contemporary Views of

Abnormal Behavior andTreatment


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PSYCHOLOGICALMODELS

Psychoanalysis

- Founder: Sigmund Freud (1856-

1939)

- Three regions of the mind: id, ego,

and superego

- Defense mechanisms

- E.g., denial, sublimation, projection,rationalization, repression



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PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS

Psychoanalysis

- Psychosexual stages of

development

- Treatment strategies: dreamanalysis, free association,

interpretation, insight, etc.

- Goal: unearth intrapsychic

conflicts


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PSYCHOLOGICALMODELS

Modern Psychoanalytic Theories

- Carl Jung and the development of analytic

therapy

- Alfred Adler and the development of individual

psychology

- Contemporary models of psychoanalysis

- Ego psychology- Object relations theory



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PSYCHOLOGICALMODELS

Behavioral Model

- We are Products and Producersof our environment

- Behavior is learned in a variety of fashions, such as

- operant conditioning

- classical conditioning

- reinforcement

- punishment- social learning

- Key figures: John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Joseph

Wolpe, Albert Bandura 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


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PSYCHOLOGICALMODELS

Cognitive Model- Founder: Aaron Beck (1921- )

- Perception is our Reality

- -Distorted views exist for someone with depression:negative view of self, the world, and the future

- Treatment: focused on changing distorted cognitions or

thoughts through behavioral experiments and traditionalnarrative or talktherapy



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COMMONCOGNITIVEDISTORTIONS


After reviewing

these terms,

think of a time

when you

personally

adopted one of

these negative

assumptions.

Where did this

faulty belief

come from?

How would youstop this way of

thinking in the

future?


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PSYCHOLOGICALMODELS

Humanistic1. Founder: Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

2. Client-centered therapy

Genuineness Empathic understanding

Unconditional positive regard



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BIOLOGICALMODELS

Assumes that abnormal behavior results from biological

processes

Hereditary factors

Biological scarring Brain malfunctioning or structural abnormalities

Viral infection theory



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COMBINE ISSUES

SURROUNDING


Gender roles

Socioeconomic

status

Race and ethnicity

Interpersonal

resources

Social norms

Cultural

expectations

Presence or

absence of socialsupport


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HOW EACH PIECE OF THE

PUZZLE WORKS



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THEDIATHESIS-STRESSMODEL



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HOWITALLCOMESTOGETHERANADOLESCENTHAS

BEENDIAGNOSEDWITHANOREXIANERVOSA

Biological model Cognitive model

There is an imbalance of Distorted thoughts about

serotonin in the brain ones body weight and

appearance

Sociocultural model Psychological model

Societal and familial Inability to cope with

influences on the view of stress

beauty, emphasizing thin ideal

2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved

A biopsychosocialway of thinking!

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Abn Psych Lecture 1_s1