S. M. Abdullah-Al-Mamun Samrat SarkarEmail: mamunsaad@gmail.com Email: samratsar@gmail.com

Contact

References

Median age of the participants was 18 (18-20) years. Among themselves 91 were

male and the rest were female (n=24).

60% (n=69) were from University level, 34.80% (n=40) were from State level, 5.20%

(n=6) were from National Level.

The score of head and body movement during pursuit (Fig:1) and saccade(Fig:2) was

4 (4 – 5) for all the athletes except cricket players 4 (3 – 5). No significant difference

was found among the types of sports playing athletes for both saccadic (p > 0.250)

and pursuit (p > 0.486) eye movement.

Median value of vernier threshold was 8.2 (5.6 – 10.2) seconds of arc. Maximum

(n=91) participants were within the range of 2 -11 seconds of arc followed by 17.40%

within 12- 21 seconds of arc and 3.48% within 22-31 seconds of arc range.(Fig:3)

Contrast sensitivity was found median of 2.09 (1.85 – 2.62) Log CS in right eye and

2.05 (1.81 – 2.56) Log CS in left eye.(Fig:4)

None of the athletes in this study was diagnosed with sports related concussion during

VOMS test.

Introduction

115 Athletes from different sports having good physical health, age ranged from 18-35

years with Presenting static monocular (in both eyes) and binocular visual acuity (VA)

6/6 for distance and N6 for near in both eye were included in this study.

Distance visual acuity was assessed with Bailey Lovie Log MAR chart and near visual

acuity with N Notation English Chart.

Saccadic and Pursuit eye movement were tested with NSUCO (Northeastern State

University College of Optometry) oculomotor test.

Contrast Sensitivity and vernier acuity of all the participants were recorded with widely

used “FrACT” visual test software.

Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening tool (VOMS tool) to rule out any sports related

concussion.

All data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel (2016) and the Statistical Package for

Social Sciences (v16.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Methods and Materials

Among all varieties of sports no significant difference was found for smooth pursuit

(Chi-square=15.73, p value=0.11), horizontal saccades (Chi-square=15.75, p value=

0.11), vertical Saccades (Chi-square=13.45, p value=0.197), horizontal – VOR (Chi-

square=11.36, p value=0.33), vertical VOR (Chi-square=13.29, p value=0.208) and

near point of convergence (Chi-square=13.51, p value=0.197).

In our study, 27% of athletes were diagnosed with convergence insufficiency. Similar

result was found in a study of Bara Alsalaheen et al (2017), where they found 25% of

Convergence insufficiency.9

The mean vernier acuity of the athletes was 9.04±4.95 seconds of arc which was

consistent with the study of Jenny L. Reiniger et al (2019) where they found the mean

value of 11.5±3.5 seconds of arc.10

Contrast sensitivity was better in cricket players, in both right (Chi-square=19.31,

p<0.001) and left eye (Chi-square=28.66, p<0.001) than the other sports playing

athletes which was statistically significant.

Discussion

Assessment of visual skills among athletes from various sports was the objective of this

study.

No significant difference was found in the tested parameters among various types of

sports playing athletes where contrast sensitivity was the exception.

Assessment of different visual functions is highly recommended for athletes for gaining

better athletic performance.

If an athlete is concerned about status of his visual skills, chances are more to improve.

Several visual training are also introduced recently for the improvement of visual skills

of athletes.

Conclusions

Sports vision encompasses performance orientated comprehensive vision care

program involving education, evaluation, correction, protecting and enhancement of

an athlete.1

Ability of the eyes to follow an object from one point to another is done with two

separate categories of eye movement.2 The first is pursuit eye movement, which is

the ability of the eye to smoothly follow an object through space and the second

category is saccadic eye movement, which is the quick jump of the eyes from one

point to another.2

In athletic performance vernier acuity and contrast sensitivity play vital role.3 Vernier

acuity is quite stable with respect to changes in contrast and luminance of the stimuli

at suprathreshold levels, therefore reduced retinal illuminance does not impose any

difficulty for vernier alignment.3

Where contrast sensitivity is one of the best measure to evaluate visual performance

of an athlete.4 The contrast sensitivity of athletes can be particularly important in low

contrast situations or when the athlete has difficulty discriminating objects from the

background.4

Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a heterogeneous injury characterized by a wide

range of symptoms and impairments that require a comprehensive assessment

approach.5-7 The Vestibular/Ocular-Motor Screening (VOMS) is a unique measure of

vestibular and ocular motor impairment.8

Results

Figure 3. Vernier Threshold in Different Sports

.

1. B. Strydom and J. T. Ferreira, “The role of vision and visual skills in archery,” vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 21–28, 2010, doi: 10.4102/aveh.v69i1.123.2. Wilson T, Falkel J. Sportsvision: Training for Better Performance. Human Kinetics; 2004.3. Wehrhahn C, Westheimer G. How vernier acuity depends on contrast. Exp Brain Res. 1990. doi:10.1007/bf00228001.4. Sports Vision Evaluation – VectorVision CSV-1000. http://www.vectorvision.com/clinical-use-sports-vision/. Accessed November 10, 2019.5. Kontos AP. SPECIAL ARTICLE Statements of Agreement From the Targeted Evaluation and Active Management ( TEAM ) Approaches to

Treating Concussion Meeting Held in Pittsburgh , October 15-16 , 2015. 2016;79(6). doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000001447.6. Reynolds E, Murawski CD, Fu FH. A comprehensive , targeted approach to the clinical care of athletes following sport-related concussion.

2014:235-246. doi:10.1007/s00167-013-2791-67. McCrory P, Meeuwisse WH, Aubry M, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: The 4th International Conference on Concussion

in Sport held in Zurich, November 2012. In: British Journal of Sports Medicine. Vol 47. ; 2013:250-258. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092313.8. Elbin RJ, Sufrinko A, Anderson MN, Mohler S. Prospective Changes in Vestibular and Ocular Motor Impairment After Concussion.

2018;00:1-7. doi:10.1097/NPT.00000000000002309. Alsalaheen B, Yorke AM, Smith L, Babcock M. Validity and Reliability of the Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening and Associations With

Common Concussion Screening Tools. Sports Health. 2017;9(2):174-180. doi:10.1177/194173811667841110. Reiniger JL, Lobecke AC, Sabesan R, et al. Habitual higher order aberrations affect Landolt but not Vernier acuity. J Vis. 2019;19(5):11.

doi:10.1167/19.5.11

Assessment of Visual Skills among Healthy Athletes in Adult PopulationAbstract No: EHCWP14

S. M. Abdullah-Al-Mamun 1, Samrat Sarkar 1

Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Amity Medical School, Amity University, Haryana 1

Aim

The main aim of this study was to assess visual skills among healthy athletes in adult

population.

Figure 1. Head and Body Movement during Pursuit Figure 2. Saccade – Head and Body Movement

Figure 4. Contrast Sensitivity in Different Sports

.