289

Acumen Publishing Central Works of Philosophy Vol. 1, Ancient and Medieval (2005)

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Acumen Publishing Central Works of Philosophy Vol. 1, Ancient and Medieval (2005)

Citation preview

  • Central Works of Philosophy

    ! "#! " $

  • Central Works of Philosophy

    Edited by John Shand

    %&'()

    %'$*#+

    %,'$-+

    %.'$$ +')

    %'$$ +'/(

  • Central Works of Philosophy Volume 1Ancient and Medieval

    Edited by John Shand

  • 0#1*2!!

    $!"3+- (

    !!(

    (!4&4 5#*+3"6&6/ !"

    2*3- &7..8&9 :;2*3- &7..8&,7 :!";

    (!"!34!

  • Ancient and Medieval Philosophy: Introduction &"

    1 Plato: Republic &7#$%

    2 Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics .8&

    3 Lucretius: On the Nature of the Universe 8>'

    4 Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Pyrrhonism >$"$

    5 Plotinus: The Enneads &&>$'$

    6 Augustine: City of God &.()

    7 Anselm: Proslogion &8>"

  • CO N T E N TS

    8 Aquinas: Summa Theologiae &>. *&

    9 Duns Scotus: Ordinatio &?

    10 William of Ockham: Summa Logicae .(#

    ?&

  • @A"6 A!+A@) ! ! (6 +

    @46!"*,"6 "

    $ $A+A6 (!-

    .-/0

    (

    +@)*1+2222#!"-3*+

    +@$(66!"-+&-#

    )*@ $ 6 ! " (

  • CO N T R I B U TO R S

    3B6!" "

    !# 4#+A6!.&0+#

    *4@) 6!

    " $++! 6 ! '#

    +!%

    #$4 $+

  • $ "

    !!A "!C " ! !2 "# +&!63

    D$! " 2 " " !D ! !+ ! E! ( 1 +

    "E" FG6 !D! 4 !!! ! !" +,!644 -1

    5! "HH$ " !

  • PREFAC E

    ! !+ .!I 16" *#

    $ !" "!! D" +!*+""-+

    !!! + 8!+= ! !

    (

    & "" E (! E $ " + !+?!1)!"(#(

    $E "

    E+ 7 !AE (J

    -# 2(J E (+>!I+

  • Ancient and Medieval Philosophy

    John Shand

    !"#$% &

    !!!'(#)

    **+,,-.%/,,.% /,,.% +,,.% $0*. . 1.%.*

    ' 2345/35-.%6

    7 8

    0

  • 4JOHN SHAND

    &

    '*

    *

    &99 *

    #*)$

    -

    * : '*$$)

    9*8$*1 *9

    #23+;/;;-.%6#*

  • /ANCIENT AND MEDIE VAL PHILOSOPHY: INTRODUCTION

    # 7- '#

    # #

    $ * ' *#9

    *0 8 $*$$* $

  • 3JOHN SHAND

    9 1 8 $$$

    1

    781*

  • @ANCIENT AND MEDIE VAL PHILOSOPHY: INTRODUCTION

    $88 )

  • +JOHN SHAND

  • 5ANCIENT AND MEDIE VAL PHILOSOPHY: INTRODUCTION

    !**

    8$

    &-

    0$@@-.%@,,.%9*B0C!B0C"90*B0C

    !0.0A*

    0A0

    $A&0

    9 A&

  • >JOHN SHAND

    ' ' "#$%

    #0D."!#%:!$**"2;;@@-.%6%1*

    ' A (!

    1 A E !*)$BC*(( & "

    $! #$%24,,.%6*

    A '*

  • ;ANCIENT AND MEDIE VAL PHILOSOPHY: INTRODUCTION

    0#$%'*)' 24,35,.%6 1

    * 1&

    71 & 7"'$%' *$$

    )2A6))#8$)&)8

    $ A *

    9)8"*BC#9)

    &).*

    !7 . 9 .* 9

  • ,

    JOHN SHAND

    % * %! 7 %.

    !.9**A*

    )

    !7

  • ANCIENT AND MEDIE VAL PHILOSOPHY: INTRODUCTION

    (18-.

    8

    **

    $8.$*$

    #

  • 4

    JOHN SHAND

    '9*F0

  • /

    ANCIENT AND MEDIE VAL PHILOSOPHY: INTRODUCTION

    !'&)

    !2/@@3/,.%60%

    .10%.&.*)*. !%1*A1* *

  • 3

    JOHN SHAND

    1 $A!71

    BC$A$

    9!

    ! B CA1$8A$ABC-$$ 9$ $$

    ABC$9$$$8A$ $9A$!'244@5/6

    )

  • @

    ANCIENT AND MEDIE VAL PHILOSOPHY: INTRODUCTION

    $ %7%*B*C

    $

    !

    -$*$$A71$*!'!&

    &

    =

    G BC $

  • +

    JOHN SHAND

    $1A!!$!2$

    6$2$

    #6

    9'1

    A*

    # *

    A7

    B@/3;6

    8 )

    '2!62!'6)

    7* ) A$&*)

    *

    BC )

    7$$$)

    A7AG#

    E

  • 5

    ANCIENT AND MEDIE VAL PHILOSOPHY: INTRODUCTION

    $'

    $ B)

    7 C $B)

    7C $ $ & $!$*"1 )

    *&*A &

    $#$*)

    7*$9

    A9*

    E

    -*

  • >

    1

    Plato

    Hugh H. Benson

    7

    $

    '*

    !9E9-

    !345-.%1!! 7 1

    A!! #

    !# #23+;/;;-.%6$!/;;-.%!/>5-.% !

    !

    %$! /35-.%

    ! #

  • ;

    PLATO: REPUBLIC

    23/3,3-.%6*A!!

    A quick outline of the Republic

    7AE-9 7*#

    9 # $

    B8*FC''

    8*$

    * 8$

    #%

    'B FC& #"E'B*

    FC..'BFC99-9#A!

    -

  • 4,

    HUGH H. BENSON

    979 9 7

  • 4

    PLATO: REPUBLIC

  • 44

    HUGH H. BENSON

    -K999#0#

  • 4/

    PLATO: REPUBLIC

    C6

  • 43

    HUGH H. BENSON

    "9$2//>//;6

    HI !

  • 4@

    PLATO: REPUBLIC

    B

  • 4+

    HUGH H. BENSON

  • 45

    PLATO: REPUBLIC

    ) 26$26

  • 4>

    HUGH H. BENSON

    -9L

  • 4;

    PLATO: REPUBLIC

  • /,

    HUGH H. BENSON

    46 A

  • /

    PLATO: REPUBLIC

    723/43//3//5;6

    H,I #

  • /4

    HUGH H. BENSON

    =

    =

  • //

    PLATO: REPUBLIC

    &$

    "23/;33,3/;33,6

    H+I &$

    *'233,33336

    H5I .' 2 6

    H>I .'

    =&

    *

  • /3

    HUGH H. BENSON

    *

  • /@

    PLATO: REPUBLIC

    )$

    9

  • /+

    HUGH H. BENSON

    Justice as welcomed for its own sake

    -9K#* *

  • /5

    PLATO: REPUBLIC

    8 #*%$

    $$*1*#,@>/6

    HI 23>,6H4I .

    23>,3>6H/I *

    6

  • />

    HUGH H. BENSON

    H3I *6

    H@I *6

    H+I I )*23>46H;I )*23>46H,I #* 46HI #/6

    "!#2@>/@>>6

    HI 2@>/6H4I 2@>/6H/I

    2@>/6H3I $

    $2@>/@>@6H@I *

    $*2@>+6

    H+I * $2@>+6

    H5I )*$2@>+6

    H>I #56

    ) ' '$-9K*

  • /;

    PLATO: REPUBLIC

    0

  • 3,

    HUGH H. BENSON

    -K#=*A#A7 A#

    235@35+6

  • 3

    PLATO: REPUBLIC

    8

  • 34

    HUGH H. BENSON

    2@,;@6'88-%'*. 8#*B

    *C2@,+;6.* 2 6 2626268 # 2@3@56 9

    *2@5>60#**

  • 3/

    PLATO: REPUBLIC

    :8*

    "0#%E?--

  • 33

    HUGH H. BENSON

    -.PE(#;;3%&E?)$G .M:;55B M C'%(

    @5.M;>3B 71:C#%(

    /[email protected]:;3"0#%)$)$G .9:;+4'#%&)"0P= .0.P!(;+3%&0*'%"

    :(0;5B!8 7FC#K262;56@4+8A08264,,,%*"0A26.

    .

    G 8A;5>B=-KC'+,%

    4/;8A;;,B=-KK99C9!#%26

    >@@.

    .

    G 8:-;/5B!: 7C/>+;/AM.-;5/%"0P= AA:!26;;4%&0.(.0269

    9E19;;@%&)$)$G =.1;;+%)!.

    .

    G =.;[email protected]%+45/=0;>3 EM G =026;;4"!%.

    .

    G*

    =0;;4B(M 7C9"!

    %0=26//5.

    .

    G :M(;5B9 7GFC#K262;56@5+@:(M;>5-!%)$)$G :E0;@"#%&0)$. E

    ! ;;;. # '* % EM

    G E0;4@0#%4": E;;@%E?0 0;>@!%&99E1 ;>5"'#/*'!%&

    )!(0 =0;+/"0.1*"

    #%E

    ?1P00.(.;>>%2!*"'!#%&0 EM

    G 0(1;;>',%&0E?)$G #(;5B!8 7C#K262;56/@@#AL;>,B8A 7C%3/53

    3,/#A4,,,4*%5'5)$-

  • 3@

    PLATO: REPUBLIC

    # 26;+B C9%*"

    )!%1

    *P1.26@5@>33 EM G

    KA;+@B(0 C9/$%'0-

    26;E?1

    KA26;5%*'

    #*!E?(

    KA26;5%*'

    #*5%5%#'!E?(

    KA;5BM1C#K262;56++;@

    KA;;5 % 9E?.G

    E ;5+%2$!99E1E ;5;'%&099E1E ;>3B.A 7C4#

    #%/;/344E ;>+B07.C'+,%443+

    Further reading

    A$%0M-262)$)$G ;,46%%&A:!A26299E1;;46.( . 0 M : . % 6 29 9E1 ;;56 # 26 %1

    1."

    )!#%2 EM G ;+6 * 7!2;>6. 2;+360 2;>>6 2;5;6 =2;+@6 2;>36 **36BC - KK99 K 2;+@6 8 2;;,6 E

    2;;;6$

  • 2

    Aristotle

    Paula Gottlieb

    ! " #$%&"'"("'#$")*%!

    "+,

    -"#.%/0,

    0 -. %$""

    %##0 ,

    " +0"%1,

    00"%"-.,

    " 2%,"03-.4*"" ,%&"0

    ,","

    %

    " "

    0 $

  • 5

    ARISTOTLE: NICOMACHEAN ETHICS

    """"0", 0 "

    0"3&677789

    :;;64% 0

    0%"$0",,,"%

  • PAULA GOT TLIEB

    $ " " 0%9 , " 0 0 + + , " " " B0: "%

  • 7

    ARISTOTLE: NICOMACHEAN ETHICS

    !00%$""3:;;64%

    """ 3 "4%1 "%"%

  • D;

    PAULA GOT TLIEB

    Ethical virtue and the doctrine of the mean

    0%F0

    ,0%0")& 0 " %$0

    0"0%0*"%

  • D6

    ARISTOTLE: NICOMACHEAN ETHICS

    ")%)""

    ,"(

    +""

    "0%*"00%&"0

    "03%%67750C677:4"*"%

  • D:

    PAULA GOT TLIEB

    !"*, *34 ",0*-/"(.-"!&.- .""3%%:;;4%

    Particular ethical virtues

    9"-"."00" 0 " " %&"0-.00 " "% B)+0

    ,0""

    "%)"$-.0"*

    0"

    "0%9)000%"0",0 " % 0 0"

    0

    " " 0 " " 0"%"$"0*

    0 *0, % 9 ) $ " " " 0 " +, %& " 0 &0"*%+3"4*%$%9))E$"0""

    %9)

  • D

    ARISTOTLE: NICOMACHEAN ETHICS

    $"""003/0:;;62 %:4%"*"00%

    +

    0 % "0"*%B

    0%""%9,"0%'"*"%$"' " "* " " 0% "0"0%

    000"+"0%

    Voluntary action

    00"0 " 0 34

    " 0 0 % $00"%9)0 > " " "3,6758 674%=0$""

  • D

    PAULA GOT TLIEB

    " + $"

    "%""""$""0I%C%$")367DJ52@74"$,

    ",)+%

    ,",),0%&00",%",",,"%"0,

    ,0%

  • 6

    ARISTOTLE: NICOMACHEAN ETHICS

    """%="%"0""2-C34".3

  • :

    PAULA GOT TLIEB

    ,$")0"

    0 +"%0 3"%

  • ARISTOTLE: NICOMACHEAN ETHICS

    "*""""""

    "%9""0"0

    +""%10"+0"3

    67;2:;@;86775265@:64%"-" ."$

    %

  • PAULA GOT TLIEB

    Happiness revisited

    "

    "0%0"," 0 "3400)"03400)"3400)"0%>0"0"""

    ,?

    ,

  • D

    ARISTOTLE: NICOMACHEAN ETHICS

    ="%1""0$,""">,"0"03A

  • PAULA GOT TLIEB

    )%

  • 5

    ARISTOTLE: NICOMACHEAN ETHICS

  • PAULA GOT TLIEB

    1I%!%6776%-

  • 7

    3

    Lucretius

    .1

    Harry Lesser

    Introduction: Lucretiuss method

    C 0"0"77DD !%A,""8

    0 0 0 %&"""0,"

    ""% """,0""%&,"7-=B"."-=B"G0.")

    ,05;;;%0""!36@:56 !400","!"""-#/.""%00C0

    ! " %& " "

    , "8,)"

  • 5;

    HARRY LESSER

    8

    ,:-.3%5;4%&""""%0

    A"0"%&0"!%!$",0"C$0*"+"0"""""0

    %

    ""C$""!%10 C %

  • 56

    LUCRETIUS: ON THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE

    "

    ,63;@6;64%",0%

  • 5:

    HARRY LESSER

    "00

    %9)"" %

  • 5

    LUCRETIUS: ON THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE

    "

    , 6@ " %#"

    ,00

    ) C$ " , %

    , D

    ,:0%

    ,"

    %

  • 5

    HARRY LESSER

    08"% " ) 36 7D""%4%9 % %!0,8*%"0*",%""366;;""%4%="""0"0""%""")

    03%%4)")%!0)0)""366""%4%"0%90)%

  • 5D

    LUCRETIUS: ON THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE

    ,%(C"00%

  • 5

    HARRY LESSER

    ""2")

    " 0 0 "%

    ,"""%""%""""" "3") +

    400)00 , % )")""3""%4%"""3;""%4%"%9>"%"""," " ""35;;""%4""*20"%&0C""%

  • 55

    LUCRETIUS: ON THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE

    """

    "#"(*"0@" " 0@"" " C%C$""*

    %00""%&0"""3""%4%& """*%)

    ,%+0""""%"0"",+)%)""0""+"*@@,%H*8

    8,%""""00""">",3%%4)""00"" " %

    ""%3=

    ,D::@5;D4%36@4)%"

    +""0"""8",%0+0)"""%""0"3:@48 0 " " - , 0.3:7:@:48+

    ,"03D@48"""+0* " 3:@4%)"")35::@::8 7:@6;4% 9 " " 0 "

  • 5

    HARRY LESSER

    ""+""

    ""3564%)0""*

    %1%

  • 57

    LUCRETIUS: ON THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE

    %1"0"0 % "3""4%0" 0 ""0""""000%"0""35""%4""%00

    ">"%

  • ;

    HARRY LESSER

    0)00"20"")""0"+03D6D@;4% "" "0"0,"003D67D@:8:65@:4%

    Comment

  • 6

    LUCRETIUS: ON THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE

    ,C$"0"%&+"""

    """""3" 04 % " "" C "

    2)"""

    """%)"36;;:""%4("%"+"08 " ) , "+%"*+"%C@@")"0** ) " " %%&0C",0"!

    ""0"0%9""")"%

  • :

    HARRY LESSER

    "!%&

    ")*%

    "C,0%,)

    "0"%""""%"0,""*%0"

    0%9""0%

    " 0 %0"%"0C,*"

    "0"

    0

    ,""0%&"8

    ,35;""%4""0, %&

    """0)""

    "B%""0%C%

    1%=

    ,6"0"0%C$),

    @@00,0 0 *% 0" %,0 , 020"0"C0"%1,""%00""%"C$0

    ","0 ,0)

  • LUCRETIUS: ON THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE

    " "00%#%0"C"0"%

    The nature of consciousness

    /0"C$

    ,"!"0""36:""%86@;8D6@D86@:4%0,","3@7D4%0"2" " % $ 0 0%9"""

    "0)"80""36@74%BC,&-.,""

    ""-".2"0)%""

    "0%=*0">"

    %/""8"$"%C"")*0"%"0"@0"

  • HARRY LESSER

    =0C$"*"%

    ,37@64%

  • D

    LUCRETIUS: ON THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE

    0"%""0"%

    %!0 " 0 """80"

    %= " 8$ 0%-"0"

    ".365"C3%44%

    Discussion of Lucretiuss arguments for the mortality of consciousness

    C"%&"2

    ,6*))8

    ,366@54""%

  • HARRY LESSER

    %"C+0,"00)"3

    ,

    4%/C-.+

    0"")"""E

  • 5

    LUCRETIUS: ON THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE

    "% )"%4(C$,"",,8"""%#20"3#0

    0,"4,0,%0,

    %

  • HARRY LESSER

    000""0"720"

    "",""%1C$%0

    ",*%""2"""% )"3DD@574%")80"03:@4%

  • 7

    LUCRETIUS: ON THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE

    C!"%

  • 4

    Sextus Empiricus

    R. J. Hankinson

    !

    "#

    ## $ % %

    #& '%

    " !

    " && # $# (

    #

    Sextus the empiricist

    )&

    &

    **+$

    &' *,(#-. /0(-++12'&"&&(#&0##

    "2 & (#

  • +

    SEX TUS EMPIRICUS: OUTLINES OF PYRRHONISM

    0, )2,& 3 3 &!# 4550#2 6#7 ###

    #

    &

    &&"# %

    &"#& #&'"&8#3

    3

    &"02#& #

    ) &" & !

    " '& "

    #9

    " #/0+:;13

  • :

    R. J . HANKINSON

    The origins of Pyrrhonism

    33 #8

    6 ?/

    #/

    # 70+=2/ *9 6- 7(#&

    && "

    # 0(-1;312

    # #&&"

    #

    / " & #

    )5")&"

    # # &"#/&& %@1

    ##

    &= #/, &

    #8 / # +=&0 *2##&&02

    A* &

    /8 80

    8:=:3:B2 &

    #& #&

    8& & #&*# *0:+3+:*2#082 " &'#0#&&

    " #2& &

  • ;

    SEX TUS EMPIRICUS: OUTLINES OF PYRRHONISM

    % # +

    8/ -++8 8"&/*#

    6#7)

    +:

    8'#86#&7##/+;% 6C7 #&)

    C 7 &2$ 8 0

    # 8 55#2&

    02 +

  • :2 )

    && 6&&#

    &

    70++1;2

  • +

    R. J . HANKINSON

    The Modes of Agrippa

    % )C

    C0++1

  • ++

    SEX TUS EMPIRICUS: OUTLINES OF PYRRHONISM

    #

    C FC>G&

    " # # #

    & & CF

  • +:

    R. J . HANKINSON

    20&2&

    & )A C C'&9"&"&&

    6 #& &&&70++B;32### A

    67#"#

    #@&8&

    ##

    0

    6( 7&2,

    &

    "&

    & 0 2@

    #67 F #G &

  • +;

    SEX TUS EMPIRICUS: OUTLINES OF PYRRHONISM

    6%"&& #%&7 J #67& F# G@&

    0+++2

    )# @6

    #70++B=2 # &' 8 6# 7 0 +::1' 6( 7&2 /'

    #:0 #9# # 3 83 /@+::+3>2 0

    2#&

    672@8"602#0# 270+::12&/6 & 70 6) 72C80*2"#@

    676

    70+::=3B' =+>3=>2'6#7

    "# 0 2#'67 & #5) "

    &8 &8#"

  • +

    SEX TUS EMPIRICUS: OUTLINES OF PYRRHONISM

    #&/70+:+=29#/#0#

    /2 0+:+=3+2 #/' #&&

    "

    &&0

    672

    The criterion

    6#7 0+:

  • +1

    R. J . HANKINSON

    0:+;2#& -# #"6)# /702

    ' & :B### 0+:+32@6#7#9#

    #

    #'67#67'67 6## #70:+>2&

    &:

    ) 6#70:+1@6& &&72

    "#@# I, ##

    @

    0#2'0L *&L# 2'&0 29#0:+B2) #@

    ) & #

    %

    &

    #9#'

    & & &

    "& ##&A

    #

    #&

    &&&' ## ) # '&& & 9# & # 0:+3:2

    ,C 8#&

    06)C 8#728#C

  • +=

    SEX TUS EMPIRICUS: OUTLINES OF PYRRHONISM

    #*

    &

    '&:+B

    ) #0#2' ### #8 #3

    # 3 0#&2#)

    #" 0;1B+2:::3

  • +B

    R. J . HANKINSON

    9& # 0 :=

  • +

    SEX TUS EMPIRICUS: OUTLINES OF PYRRHONISM

    # # 0#&&

    " &2& #& A #@## & #

    #

    & # 0:++=3:2)9 0#### @6!7&2' &02# #&&

    &"&02 ;;& ) #& #@6& ##

    # 70:+::2:+;

  • ++

    R. J . HANKINSON

    #6#7@6 #&7 0 :+BB2) # #

    6# 70

    2

    #)&" &"# #

    God and causes

    ) ":' "0

    @::2";&!6 70;:2)# #,020,I2 #9#0;;2 56

    #&

    70;:2)02'#

    &

    06) 72

    /& J#& # #!'

    0 2;1## &&',& !#&I

    A&

    &&&&&& &&&

    # # ' &' &&&"F&G '!&"# &

    &&# 0;+3++2

  • +++

    SEX TUS EMPIRICUS: OUTLINES OF PYRRHONISM

    ) # # & #

    )#";=0;+;3;2 & ###

    && 0;+;3+3=2)#

    "#&

    '!

    "&

    Physics

    )#0

    @;;3+1=2

  • ++:

    R. J . HANKINSON

    &

    # , #

    # #@/)&8, 3#0;;2'02&$ &

    &&&

    # 9';

  • ++;

    SEX TUS EMPIRICUS: OUTLINES OF PYRRHONISM

    6#7&++# & A #

    #@

    #

    # & '&"& &FG#

    F*G

    F(G# 0;+=>2

    C # 0 &2#

    #

    0;+=12) " ##0 2A # 6 # ##70;+=' +

  • ++

    SEX TUS EMPIRICUS: OUTLINES OF PYRRHONISM

    Notes

    + ,

    !0)+& ,*#@*#/

    8QEQ+

  • ++=

    SEX TUS EMPIRICUS: OUTLINES OF PYRRHONISM

    Q+B6/ (7 $ QCAEC 02+1+3B+J @J /

    Q +B: 6) /7 *$ ,+3:

    Q +B; 68 " *7 & , & C A02+"*8@ * /

    CA+B6*-,I7 $ QCAEC 02:3>;J @J /0+B;2

    CA02+B;&,&"*8@ * /

    K!+;;,/-*-*#

    C8@,/0R2

    K!+;>,/-*-*#

    C8@,/0R=3B2

    K!+;1,/0-*-*#

    C8@,/0R3++2

    K!+3:

  • ++B

    R. J . HANKINSON

    8/#/#A

    C+68H& N@C7

    *

    8)#%%02::>3>*#@*#/

    ,"KQ+>&,-@K#,"KQ+=6) 71=3;:,"KQ:;6#7&,%&02>3B2 )C 0+2 9 C 8# 0+B2

    "# '80+B12J"#

    +B2A

    0+B2' 9 &0+B:2A0+=2' ,"0+=2

  • ++

    5

    Plotinus

    &

    Stephen R. L. Clark

    Introduction: text and context

    & /0:

  • +:

    STEPHEN R. L . CLARK

    ' ##

    &&&

    & #0

    ,E&5+1

  • +:+

    PLOTINUS: THE ENNEADS

    & K/ &, ! !% & & #,& # #

    6

    F K&&G& #70+@8#+113BB@+;+2," 9 K , &

    #& #&" /86%#70+;+@8#+113BB@ + ;2$ # " 0&2 & #

    & " % &

    #

    # / # &

    / & & "&/ & 0

    &

    9/F+3:+G67 F::3G& F

  • +::

    STEPHEN R. L . CLARK

    On beauty

    & #&"/%

    &"&

    &" #/

    #

    &,0R%H;3>2#0RH%+3;2-

    #) /@6 &"#

    ##" #70B+: @8#+113BB@+:2&/ 6#&"7&C&

    /"&&&&"4/&&"#&&

    0%1F+G2&%

    #&"&&& "0#)$#0HBF;+G20%%%>F>G260%BF>+G22

    %#//#

    & ,&

    /, &/

    ## A#/&& #@A# ) # # & &" A $ J

    #@&J

    !#&/

    670

    8 8 &&6 7676#7/"/" 9"&&6&" ###70%1F+G25/"&@

  • +:;

    PLOTINUS: THE ENNEADS

    ,&&)#

    J

    #J "

    8&"

    JJ &&

    ,&&&

    )# J &C &)I

    6,, 7@0++:@>2

    /#0#&@#

    # 0H F>G>'

    *"+122J /# &

    & && " I18&## # I&

    # #0# 'H%=F;BG::2) &67

    #

    &

    8

    8

    #

    & % / #5 0 #2 #

    6&

    #" " # &70%1F+G: 2)

    # 68#&#70%1F+G::1 28 ### " / " @ 6 / " M &M&"" &" 70HBF;+G+; 2

  • +:+B ;26J 70%1F+G1:+26A##

    #7 0HB F;+G

  • +:>

    PLOTINUS: THE ENNEADS

    &)

    # ##

    ))

    ,A/#5/0J

    %@&&2#67% 02"# A0%2#& ##!0 J2#"&

    #0/@"$1>2

    A & & # F &

    #G' &' # # # & 8 " & " 0%1F+G1:1 2

    %

    6#7@J

    6#7 #%##%J

    J"&!6&7# 0%1F+G=1 2#& J#0%1F+GB+B '

    HF>G+:+ 2B#

    0%1F+GB 2$# &

    6

    &

    # & #7 0%1F+G=+1 2

    8 & 8 & & "# & 0%1F+G=;< 2

    8#

    0%1F+GB+= 2#0 2)!&

    "6#& "#7

    &6 A

    #!)&70%1F+G

  • +:1

    STEPHEN R. L . CLARK

    8 # &' & /& %

    Ontology and therapy

    / / / &) ### 9#)#" 33&%#

    #

    0%HFBG>2 9 #0 &

    &"&

    &@H;F:; 2#### &/"&" & && ,&&&

    &I,&&

    ## &&"&

    I,#

    #I,&& &I)

    #02# 0

    2&) ##5 &8 && ##

    ) # & /

    #67&

    #

    &/0

    C:+246& 70# 6 #72& 7% &

    0 6 72##6#70&//!J2%

  • +:=

    PLOTINUS: THE ENNEADS

    @ ) # ##@

    &

    6 & # 70%1F+G;B 28 0& #I2"#&

    ""67 H# & ##$"#

    # '

    #6 7

    U#9# /" # #)####"

    / &/#&"# " #

    5

    %& "#&"# &"&&& &

    #8 %#%

    ?"&'

    # "&"" 0H%=F;BG;>2

    * &/ " " #0 &

    H+F+G28A,J!@&

    ## ,%## A#), & & %# "& # )

    # $ & " ##) #&%&&

    "

  • +:B

    STEPHEN R. L . CLARK

    8 ## &@0%%+B2 ##

    #C&

    6 #7 0%B F>+G+> :> 2 @ & "%J*# %' & ##

    )# && & &"# 0%%%:F

  • +:

    PLOTINUS: THE ENNEADS

    9&)&&&&

    &%8#&@

    /F& ##G9" 9%## ##&A#6&"7&" &'&&&& 8 & # & & &

    #9 &"&!

    08#EC"+1@:=2

    % 6 & &7 &

    &$&&/ 6 & ###&70%HBF1GF:;G= 2

    )6&77 %&&&&&&'#&&

    )#'

    &&"67 %6&

    3 FG&9 3

  • +;

    STEPHEN R. L . CLARK

    &70HBF;+G++; 2

    0%1F+G::=267 &"

    )# # #&"

    #&"## ' "&

    #&

    0H%=F;BG++:< 2

    68 8"## "# #70%%%:F;+ 2++

    )#'

    +:)

    %%;F>:G2% #&"6# #70%%;F>:G=+:2#&&"# 68#

    & ) & & ##70H%=F;BG+::; '

    %%%;F

  • +;+

    PLOTINUS: THE ENNEADS

    0

    %%:F+

  • +;:

    STEPHEN R. L . CLARK

    &

    &&&

    "

    "9# # J UJ& UC&""&,& & U 0Q+B@+:BB 2

    )"9# # # &&&&,#&& ##$@

    %

    &&

    && " % FG

    #

    "# &

    #& 0$+>1@++:+2

    $&6% N#& 70H+F+G$&

    # # #8&

    #

    &

    )

    3&&

    "#

    #A)

    J

    # #@

    &

    55 & &&"# #6 7# #

    8##/

    %#

    -##

    #

    #& N

    "#&@"& ##& &

    8

    ##&& 0HBF;+GB 2+1

  • +;;

    PLOTINUS: THE ENNEADS

    -# #

    #&"# #

    ## @&"

    70%1F+G; '

    /"$1>B;2

    The ethical dimension

    )& /670J+126/&

    &"70"+11@:+=2+=67

    H

    0%:F+G< 2&

    / 5K ##&

    $ &" 9 & # " & & )&" 90%%%:F

  • +;= @8#+113BB@+

  • +;>

    PLOTINUS: THE ENNEADS

    802/##6&

    "# "# 70%%%:F

  • +;1

    STEPHEN R. L . CLARK

    #7C " &/"

    0%%%1F:1G11> 2 &" #0

    2 )

    J &&)

    A),&&&& I$#

    '

    &&

    D##

    -##"#&"&

    #& & 0%1F+GB:: 2

    )6&

    #7##8& #

    # 8#D

    Notes

    + /0:;:3-;1*2&/ # *7 & $ 1&& &" # #0

    *":2

    : )

    &&-## 80/+ @8#+113BB@+>; ' 2

    ; 67# ##"&

    C,

    /

    ' &"&&&J&

    #/

    %0+B+ # "H%/&& &@ 6) #" # 70/::1 @8#+113BB@+=2

    > )## # "CN 6# &70CN++@29#55#

    CN#0%1F+G2

    1 #0

    &2 "

  • +;=

    PLOTINUS: THE ENNEADS

    # % & / 6& 7 #"##&

    ## &"

    = 2& ,0

    2+

  • +;B

    STEPHEN R. L . CLARK

    Bibliography

    8/:;&$/,3&&4-@("&

    8#8,02+113BB0&-*--@,

    8#8, +1= 6/7 &*$ 9

    +>3:1B*#@*#/

    8#8,EK8C"+1*(9-@(-#E)

    8"CQ02+B;:;-3+*#@*#/*#N::"/).8 J,@

    //("Q4+>.0*4&D"@-/( Q +B1 6/ ) %#7 " )

    Q/C"02>>31

  • +;

    PLOTINUS: THE ENNEADS

    $)+:.-@("&$+>1.$

    8AC02-@K#EN#/

    Further reading

    A &&8,8# - * - 0-@ , +113BB2 CNQ(0,&@/#++'# +>1A2

    &

    8J&0+1G%HBF1GH%FGH+F+GH:F++G%:F+G%;F:G%H;F:=G%%%BF;G2(JC)0+;2# #-QA/A6 70##2'%1#

    %H=),%%%+

    %H:,H)0(#%HB ,-J / # 8# 0+1=2 *# 0::2 ("0+>2!0+

  • 6

    Augustine

    Christopher Kirwan

    Introducing the man and the work

    ! "# $ $

    %

    $" $ $&

    '

    %&

    ( $( ' ')$*+,-./0'$'$ " " $$$

    ' $

  • AUGUSTINE: CIT Y OF GOD

    /0$$(10$

    / 23 23$+4 51 %

    $&$ 6 6 " 1 7$$/

    %

    23 &$ !/$-,8

    "$1 $$9$/01 $7:;4./0" 0

    $ %::/0& /

  • *

    CHRISTOPHER KIR WAN

    / 2/3 $$78 $$

    00$

    $

    ()=7$ 10$ 0 $$

    A (A

    # /0%;:$+*&1

    A5$ $'$$$' /$ 5 .:+/0$

    / 5 > /$ ,

    , %

    -' &

    ( /@8$# /,$

    '7', $

  • :

    AUGUSTINE: CIT Y OF GOD

    / $ %?**;&$ /,%1:):&$%

  • CHRISTOPHER KIR WAN

    =%A::%,4E;

  • +

    AUGUSTINE: CIT Y OF GOD

    E&$,D$ //D/-0D/D /D%D$ G G&$ 'D %H( $ &,>%/@$&

    /B'1C>$

    >'

    ).#%9$&0$293/$9/$D//$6,69$

    $5"% /B'1C> ')&"$"B%*&2

    3$$

    Augustine as a philosopher

    2,3

    +$

    2IJ$ IJ73%:4&- %?*&$ % ?& .

    58%D$4*?&'

    %$ &-

    */0

    ",.$IC.9J$ 0

    /$-A

    "$)2

    I J3%;:$

    "$1#@% & #@-,"$'$23

    # %.%;;+):

  • 4

    CHRISTOPHER KIR WAN

    8 23/$

    - )%&%&

    %&$#$$ %*:&$##

    5$

    # . $

    %?&%;$**&$

    %&$$

    $ )$$ $ $ % '2$3$E?&$#%$K%;;;&&$% $K%*&&$'%,$

    -&> $ > $ $8 !

    / C " #

    The sources, title, and structure of City of God

    $$. ,8.' $ 2 IJ3 D ) @$ #$ 4

  • E

    AUGUSTINE: CIT Y OF GOD

    %$D$ *:/0$&$,%7 'D$&$,8 ,%*:*G:

  • ?

    CHRISTOPHER KIR WAN

    (

  • ;

    AUGUSTINE: CIT Y OF GOD

    &$ %*E$##:?+0*):$6 :+)4

  • +

    CHRISTOPHER KIR WAN

    %2 3& ! %2 3& 2!3%%&4;E$$**E&$

  • +

    AUGUSTINE: CIT Y OF GOD

    %

    23$

    $>%;;?):?&&$. $( 7% -$*&

    $"$DA

    % ;*& = "8 %> *E):

  • +*

    CHRISTOPHER KIR WAN

    #$ %! 4*+?$ ?+*?& "$ 2'IJ3%;+&' - > %;??) / & B%*&

    Political authority: City 19

    $$$ ,8273%1:)&."23

    23 D$' $$$%D23&

    %,$/:)**7;;4)/&$%;

  • +:

    AUGUSTINE: CIT Y OF GOD

    $;&2!$ A3%&

    9'% &$23

    $ 9%:E+7:)4&5$ ##%! :+&

    Creation and time: City 12

    #$ 2 #3 %***G*&%',8 $

    *:G*&

  • +

    CHRISTOPHER KIR WAN

    $#% *

  • ++

    AUGUSTINE: CIT Y OF GOD

    Evil and the will in Augustines doctrine of the Fall of Man: City 1214

    7# .$$ 23

    23$ "23",81E)(8&$)$2 $

    $ 3$2

    IJ IJ$

    3 %?;*&23

    % & %K;??&'

    $ %&

    D2

    IJ3%;:$C$ ./ 7 2

    3%7):&

  • +4

    CHRISTOPHER KIR WAN

    %&A)0$ $ B % *& .B$'$ A*8)23$ $

    %*4&

    $ $23%*E& !7

    %*****&

    ## - %;;+)*4

  • +E

    AUGUSTINE: CIT Y OF GOD

    Free will: City 5.9 and 5.10

    "' %&

    %&$ 78

    '$% &$%&5$

    $%&% &

    %&/8%&$%&'/$$

    $2

    3%+;*&2

    3$% &

    /

    $$ C'$ 7) 2 3$ 2

    73%+;*##:*&$2

    3%+;:&" /$23%+;*&%

  • +?

    CHRISTOPHER KIR WAN

    %23$ +;& $ 2

    7$ 3%+&"$ $

    +$

    %&6

    %

    $ 8 +& +#

    C8

    %23$+&)

    "IJ

    $

    $$ $

    !I J

    %+&

    "$$2 $3$

    !)$782

    $ 3%#&

    C"%&

    '%23&)' ''''' 5 $ 2

    3$'$

  • +;

    AUGUSTINE: CIT Y OF GOD

    $$3$

  • 4

    CHRISTOPHER KIR WAN

    >$ $ $, %-&9./0'

    -$ '

    %23&- 8 $ $$ -

    $$

    - 8 " 2L

    83$-N'

    $

    #)

    $$

    $$$ $2>$'"$ 93%&0. $

    %,:;E:$:$$+**&$823$2"3$

    %-K;?;)/&

    B8)

    B$2323$ (*$2$- $- .$' 32

    "$I

    J3%2$3B;4

  • 4

    AUGUSTINE: CIT Y OF GOD

    8

    %$ ( '$& % 23$

    23$$ $ $

    D

    23&

    5$,$ %*&

    The highest good: City 19

    " % A3##25

    I $ /JA3 " ; /

    5

    % &$$2

    IJ

    3%;$$' ;?

  • 4*

    CHRISTOPHER KIR WAN

    , $)

    $IJ

    $ $'IJ$

    %*$*G:$**G**$(:+&

    5)

    $ %

    'A

  • 4:

    AUGUSTINE: CIT Y OF GOD

    $ &AC $

    $)0% ''

    $ $ &AC

    $ $ $%$$

    $ &A %;:&

    2 3 )%& %*& 23%:& @8# $ N$$

    ;:@%:&

    !

    %(4&,8$@8$-%&%,$#-):&$7283%7;4)+***;423 ':23@8%:&%#$! E+*&C8B:**%C8B;?E)+4+*&"$$8%*&%K;;&$"$)%&

    /$ $$ %

    = &%&

    ((%:EE$:4*+$*&

    71$ %/+):+

  • 4

    CHRISTOPHER KIR WAN

    Notes

    253

    "23$0 D

  • 4+

    AUGUSTINE: CIT Y OF GOD

    9/ $$D-$1=B%&%$B/)/N,$;E$;+:

  • 44

    CHRISTOPHER KIR WAN

    9 %?/0&,D$/-0D*$.**6,69+$.

    ## ##%:??$:;-%/$@")N@$;E&$-.!RD55%6O). '>$;4&$%"$"6)5$;;:&

    ( (#%:?E

  • 4E

    AUGUSTINE: CIT Y OF GOD

    .$,1D;;+!4 5/ )/ N,

    /$>;+;$!)5N,I/./0J

    / ;E # 3,- # ! $>%&B LH)%.)$;)5N , I/'*/0J

    B $51*2-)C113$

    4 & 7$ 1BR7 D %&$?D%:9$;;&D)7(

    5 $ - R - %& *: 9. $ : C)/,

    5$B;?+2C-3$2(22$+EE

  • 4?

    CHRISTOPHER KIR WAN

    $;

  • 4;

    7

    Anselm

    John Marenbon

    "$8'C7$ /*%&::

    $ C $'$$ !.8

    O

    C "

    $ $7$>$

    Anselms times and the background to the Proslogion

    $ ::;$ . 4$ $/7 ,$

  • E

    JOHN MARENBON

    ,

    9$$

    $$$%

    &' 8 $/$ #%$$

    &

    ) $ %&

    -D$

    8$. !#'%9 ;??&$$

    $@5$

    '$,8 $D /$ .%+*& $ $ '$

    D

    '' C

    $ 9 -$ " %-& ,$ #'.'

    .$% ?E$ -%;;)4+&*&$ $)A27'3#$

    $ #A %*)? $&$ ' " $$$ $ $

    $

    B8$$D$

    $. $(/$

  • E

    ANSELM: PR OSLOGION

    .8 $

    ! "

    $/. $$9$8$D$'

    .0%5;;4)

  • E*

    JOHN MARENBON

    !A

    /()

    -

  • E:

    ANSELM: PR OSLOGION

    A9$

    !7 $ $ $

    $' /

  • E

    JOHN MARENBON

    #%

    $ $$ !

    $

    !$

    &$$7

    $ 7$(

    23$$

    !/ * :$ $ $ C" 7

    $

  • E+

    ANSELM: PR OSLOGION

    # $9

    ,%,)++)&$$

    )29

    $7

    3IJ 9

    2

    3$2$

    3 5$

    $$

    2

    39

    8'$ )

    9$ %&$"'

    $

    8 )

    %& 7

    I,J%*& "23$%& I,J

    %:& 9

    2

    I,J

    3%& -

    I*$:J

    9

    8%+& -

    I,J

    %4& $

    ') %E& "

    $ $$

    I4J

    %?& - I$+$EJ

    %;&

    I?J

  • E4

    JOHN MARENBON

    %& "

    I6+$

    J

    %& 7 I$J

    -%*&$%4&%E&$%*&$$$23$

    $ $ $ %*& $'8.%'89-&"(%/::&$

    23$23'$" )

    $ $IJ

    $ %/::$+*)+

  • EE

    ANSELM: PR OSLOGION

    %4 &-

    O$ ! ' )

    %&$$

    '

    K8 2 3

    2 3 %; +;?.G.4*4&$ ! 8$ !

    %C;;+):

  • E?

    JOHN MARENBON

    9

    8$

    %!

    8&9

    %+&$

    %

    9

    '2

    3"

    %E&9

    8

    )

    . A/$

  • E;

    ANSELM: PR OSLOGION

    $ # ;4 , ;E&

    $$!$

    '$ '$

    $ " 7$ %+&

    $)

    $ %1 "$ :)?

  • ?

    JOHN MARENBON

    9

    $

    $7$

    A"#9

    $$

    %:);

  • ?

    ANSELM: PR OSLOGION

    '$($' ) 7 $' $#-$ D ($

    .$

    '$

    ($ ! ' $ ' $$ $ 78' ) '$

    #"/E$

    %4& 7%E& 7

    ,786,%4& $ %E&$7$ $

    %E&%+)

  • ?*

    JOHN MARENBON

  • ?:

    ANSELM: PR OSLOGION

    %?& "!7%;& "!7I

    J

    $$#'!%?&%;& $%?)*E

  • ?

    JOHN MARENBON

    ! 78$

    '!! 7

    .%**&

    "! 7$

    !! $ 7!

  • ?+

    ANSELM: PR OSLOGION

    D23C7

    2'3 $ $

    '/# $$.80 78$ . $8" $$%> *:):4

    .8

    8.$ $'

    785$

  • ?;

    ANSELM: PR OSLOGION

    $

    7$ 7 $ % 7 5 %;;+&&$$

    $7$ $

    /*:$

    $'

    Anselms second thoughts

    "

    $$$$

    AC$

    #(>$ !

    $B$-

    (D ($

  • ;

    JOHN MARENBON

    .

    .

    . $.%$'&$ ."

    7"$$

    " $ /$

    239

    $ )

    97

    $

    $$'7$

    %)*

  • ;

    ANSELM: PR OSLOGION

    ,%*+&$ $ !$

  • ;*

    JOHN MARENBON

    5$=;;4D).5$=>;E* !! >

    $>6)>

    N,5$ = R />7 %& ;4? (0$ 4 ! 9 .D)>

    K$7;;? -,,=9#*>-* #D).

    K$7*2-8,

    ), 1$"">N3$(( $=5%&$4;