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飛松省三 九州大学医学研究院 脳研臨床神経生理 脳波のピットフォール ⑥てんかんと脳波

⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,

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Page 1: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,

飛松省三

九州大学医学研究院

脳研臨床神経生理

脳波のピットフォール ⑥てんかんと脳波

Page 2: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,

棘徐波複合の変動性

1)非対称性の波形(上行脚が下行脚より急峻) 2)背景活動とは異なる周波数と振幅 3) 2相性ないし3相性の波形 4)後に徐波が続く 5)背景活動の乱れ

Frost JD Jr. Automatic recognition and characterization of epleptiform

discharges in the human EEG. J Clin Neurophysiol, 2:231-249, 1985.

Page 3: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,

突発性異常波と非突発性異常波の模式図

飛松省三. 特集号 てんかん. 脳波判読のピットフォール. 臨床検査, 63:124-131, 2019.

Page 4: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,

正常亜型

Santoshkumar B et al. Prevalence of benign epileptiform

variants. Clin Neuropysiol, 120:856-861, 2009

SSS Wicket 14 & 6 Hz陽性棘波

Phantom RMTD SREDA

Page 5: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,

A B C

過剰判読の脳波例

Benbadis SR, Tatum WO: Overinterpretation of EEGs and

misdiagnosis of epilepsy. J Clin Neurophysiol, 20:42-44, 2003.

Page 6: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,

Misdiagnosis is a major public health issue. However, it is

impossible to eliminate diagnostic error from the treatment

decision-making process. Neurologic conditions, such as

stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for

missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with

seizures, up to 30% referred to epilepsy monitoring units are

ultimately discovered to have an alternate diagnosis. A

significant number of patients identified with psychogenic

nonepileptic events have had at least one EEG that was

misinterpreted as abnormal. Seizure-related histories are

sometimes nebulous and incomplete. Therefore, over-

reliance on the EEG may occur to help exclude a diagnosis,

support a diagnosis, or render treatment for epilepsy. While

a misinterpreted EEG is a well-known problem in epilepsy

management, some electrographic patterns are difficult to

discern even in expert hands. An interictal spike is the

hallmark of epilepsy, yet it has been referred to as an “EEG

chameleon” because it is often incompletely evident.

Therefore, definitive statements regarding the epileptic

origin of a “spell” are possible only when seizures are

recorded on the EEG. Without recording a seizure, the EEG

is only supportive when diagnosing epilepsy. However, the

supportive nature of an interictal EEG is only valid if clear

interictal epileptiform discharges (IED) are encountered.

When overidentified IED are reported, the misinterpretation

of the EEG often goes unchallenged until ictal recordings

are performed.

Page 7: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,

棘波・鋭波の評価指針 (Maulsby, 1971年)

1. 複数の疑う理由が無い限り、棘波様に見える波はすべてアーチファクト

である。

2. 大脳皮質由来の棘波・鋭波は、頭皮上に電場を形成し、近接する2電

極以上に認められる。

3. 臨床的意義の高い棘波・鋭波の極性は、通常表面陰性である。

4. 臨床的意義の高い棘波・鋭波の多くは、その後に徐波や徐波成分のシ

リーズ形成がある。徐波が無いときは、アーチファクトや生理的背景律

動の突然の変化を考える。

5. 生理的背景律動の突然の振幅変化や背景活動に重畳する種々の成

分として論理的に説明できる棘波・鋭波のイベントは無視する。

6. 生理的な棘波・鋭波があり、特に睡眠中に顕著である。判読者は、それ

に完璧に習熟していなければならない。患者の年齢、意識状態、頭皮

上の位置、波形、波形パターンの知識から疑いを持ち、それらの異常を

識別できなければならない。

Maulsby RL. Some guidelines for assessment of spikes and sharp

waves in EEG tracings.Am J EEG Technol 11:3-16, 1971

Page 8: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,

健康人における脳波異常

Royal Air Force Study (1962-1991)

•13,658名の男性(17-25歳): 69例(0.5%)に発作波 •43例をfollow-up: 1例にてんかん •健康例で異常脳波を認めた場合: 他の研究結果を加味すると2-3%に てんかんを発症

Gregory RP et al: Electroencephalogram epileptiform abnormalities in

candidates for aircrew training. Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol 86:75-77, 1993

Page 9: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,

てんかん診断における脳波の有用性

•3,000人のてんかん患者(Binnie,1994) •過呼吸,光刺激を含む30分の覚醒脳波を 3回記録

•常に発作波: 33% •時に発作波: 53% •全く発作波なし: 14% 睡眠脳波で発作波: 6% (8%は正常)

Page 10: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,

1回目のけいれん発作における脳波の有用性

•157例の患者 来院時に覚醒脳波,正常なら次に 睡眠脳波を取り,未治療で経過観察

•突発性異常波+: 83%の再発率 •非突発性異常+: 41%の再発率 •正常脳波: 12%の再発率 ↓ Wait and SeeだがEEG異常があるなら 治療をすべき。

van Donselaar CA et al. Value of the electroencephalogram in adult patients

with untreated idiopathic first seizures. Arch Neurol, 49: 231-237, 1992

Page 11: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,

全般てんかん

Page 12: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,

焦点てんかん

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Page 13: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,
Page 14: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,
Page 15: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,
Page 16: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,
Page 17: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,
Page 18: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,

5-6 Hz generalized, fronto-central predominant, θrhythm

Page 19: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,
Page 20: ⑥てんかんと脳波 - 九州大学(KYUSHU UNIVERSITY)stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses. For patients with seizures,

Take Home Message

1. てんかんの確定診断を受けた患者でも、1回目

の脳波検査での異常は50%以下

2. 安易にてんかん型鋭一過波としない

3. 目を皿のようにして脳波を眺めて、異常を見つ

けようとするのは、過剰判読の原因

4. 過剰判読は過小判読より危険

5. 脳波の誤判断を避けるには、臨床情報なしで判

読する