Affixation

在一个单词前或后加上一个词缀，就可以构成一个新词。 根据词缀的位置，分为前缀和后缀两种。

1. 表示否定意义 “无，不”的前缀：

impolite, impossible

un-

in-

dis-

im-

il(l)-

unfair, unhappy

inactive, inhuman, indirect

disagree, disappear

illegal

前缀：

2. 表示程度、大小的前缀：super-

over-

mini-

under-

superstar, supermarket,superman, superpower

overhead, overeat, overuse

minibus, miniskirt, minicar

underground, underdevelop

前缀：

3. 表示 “再”的前缀： re- rewrite, reuse, recycle

前缀：

4. 表示 “向，背”的前缀：pro-

anti-

pro-Chinese, pro-American

anti-war( 反战 ), anti-pollution

5. 表示 “整个、完全”意思的前缀：

al- 表示“完整，完全” ： alone, almost,over- 表示“完全，全” ： overall, overflow( 充满 )

前缀：

1. –able 表示“可能，易于，适合于”， 构成形容词，如： renewable, eatab

le( 可吃的 ) ， lovable( 可爱的 ) ， comfortable, movable( 可移动的 )

后缀：

常见的后缀：

2. –ful 表示“充满 ... 的，具有 ...性质 的”，构成形容词，如： helpful, hopeful, powerful ,useful, careful, beautiful

后缀：

3. –less 与 -ful 相反，表示“少的，不足 的”，构成形容词，如： helpless, hopeless, powerless, useless, careless

1. 动词变名词：-ation

-ment

-al

-ee

-er

-or

satisfaction, education, realization

development, movement

arrival, refusal ， approval

trainee, employee, interviewee

teacher, worker

visitor, sailor, actor

让我们来看一些不改变词根的基本意义，而是改变了词性的后缀。

2. 形容词变名词：-ness

-ity

-ism

happiness, meanness, carelessness

ability, possibility

optimism, criticism, pessimism

3. 名词、形容词变动词：-ify

-ize

-en

beautify, simplify

realize

quicken, widen, sharpen

4. 名词变形容词：

-y

-ish

-some

-ous

-ful

windy, rainy, sandy

foolish, feverish

handsome, troublesome

dangerous, humorous

helpful, careful, peaceful

1. Make new words. Join the words in Box A with the parts of words in Box B.

full of care _______________

A care collect done hope possible usual used wanted waste

B -able -ful im- -less re- un-

careful

1 can be collected__________2 not done__________3 full of hope____________4 without any hope_______5 not possible_________6 not usual___________7 not used____________8 used again___________9 not wanted____________10 making a lot of waste________

collectable

undonehopeful

hopelessimpossible

unusualunused

reused

unwantedwasteful

2. Match the underlined words with their meanings.

1 Polluted water is not healthy.2 It’s something we can use again.3 The water in the river was very dirty. 4 It’s not true that we don’t listen to students.5 It was not possible to clean up the whole river. 6 The people on the mountain top were not comfortable.

a reusableb uncomfortablec unhealthyd uncleane impossiblef untrue

ca

d

f

e

b

3. Complete the table.Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

---- ----

---- energetically

environment ----

hopelessly

---- national

pollute ----

seriousness ----

unusualness ---- unusually

waste

worry

electricity electric (al)energy energetic

environmental

hopelesshope hope

pollution polluted

serious seriously

nation nationally

unusual

environmentally

waste

worriedly

wastefullywasteful

worriedworry

4. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in Activity 3.

1 They are working very______________ to reduce waste.2 The situation is_________. We can’t do anything to make it better.3 The factory________ the river, and the fish died.4 We don’t often walk in the country. It’s a(n)_________ activity for us.5 Don’t______. Everything will be all right.6 Don’t use so much water. It’s very_______.

energetically

hopeless

polluted

unusual

worrywasteful