English Grammar

Chapter Two

word-formation

1 转化法 conversion

2 合成法 compounding

/composition

3 派生法 derivation

/affixation 词缀法

4 截短法 clipping /shortening

5 拼缀法 blending

6 缩略词 abbreviation

7 首字母缩略词 acronym

8 反转构词法 back-formation

(1) v.→ n. try, look, say

(2) n.→ v. book, chair, bridge

(3) adj.→ v. slow, calm, better

(4) ad.→ v. further, forward

(5) adj. → n. bitter, final, daily

(6) others → n. ups and downs,

a he or a she? a must;

compound noun compound adjectivecompound pronouncompound verbcompound adverb＊ hyphen

＊ classroom; blackboard; pickpocket; overcoat; reading-room; uprising; ＊ good-looking; evergreen; cold-blooded; man-made;＊ someone; anybody; nothing;＊ sun-bathe; broadcast; upset;＊ meanwhile; therefore;

词根 root /base;

前缀 prefix→ word’s meaning

后缀 suffix→ word class

some prefixes → word class

1 common prefix

2 common noun suffix

3 common adj. suffix

4 common verb suffix

5 common adv. suffix

6 common num. suffix

7 common num. prefix

1 截头 telephone → phone;

aeroplane → plane;

2 去尾 exam; lab; ad; dorm;

pop; photo; kilo; gym

3 即截头又去尾 refrigerator →fridge;

influenza →flu

4 几个词 → 一个词 nylon-stockings →nylons;

popular song singer

→pop-singer

three-dimensional film

→Three-D

smog → smoke + fogbrunch → breakfast + lunch

motel → motor + hotel botel → boat + hotel Oxbridge

→ Oxford + Cambridge

1 首 + 尾

interpol → international + police sci-fi → science + fiction moped → motor + pedal sitcom → situation + comedy comsat

→ communication + satellite

2 首 + 首

airtel → air + hotel

carbecue → car + barbecue

autopia → auto + utopia

workfare → work + welfare

lunarnaut → lunar + astronaut

3 全 + 尾

slimnastics → slim + gymnastics

medicare → medical + care

medichair → medical + chair

helipad → helicopter + pad

televiewer → television + viewer

telediagnosis→ television + diagnosis

4 首 + 全

Mr. Mrs. Ms. Dr. Prof. Apt.

Rd. St. Ave. No.

a.m. p.m. AD/A.D. BC/B.C.

kg. km. dl.

m. dm. cm. mm. TV/T.V.

FL. PA.

S. N. E. W.

anti- 反；抗；防 anti-imperialist; antibody;

arch- 主要的 arch-enemy; archbishop;

arch-criminal;

auto- 自（动）的 automobile; autobiography;

bi- 双 bicycle; bilingual;by- 在旁；副；次要的 bystander; by-product; by-election; by-effect;co- 共同 co-existence; co-operation; co-worker;

counter- 反 counter-clockwise;

counter-revolutionary;

de- 除去；否定 demilitarize; decentralization;

dis - 不；否定（做相反动作） disorder; disarmament;

en-; em- 使成为 enable; enlarge; enslave; enc

ourage; embed;

ex- 前 , 向外 ex-president; ex-wife; export;

extra- 外 extraordinary;

extra-curricular; extra-official;

for-; fore- 先；前；预 forward; foresee; forearm;

foretaste; foreman;

for- 禁；弃 forbid; forget; forgo

hydro- 水 hydro-electric;

hydroplane;

in-; im-; il-; ir- 不；非 informal; impossible; immoral;

irregular; illegal;

inter- 间；相互 interview; international;

mal- 恶 maltreat;

malnutrition; malpractice;

micro- 百万分之一；微；放大； microsecond; microfilm;

microphone;

mid- 中 midday; midnight;

mid-autumn; mid-term;

mis- 误 mislead; misunderstand;

mono- 单一 monotonous; monolingual; mo

nosyllabic; monologue;

multi- 多 multi-national; multi-purpose; m

ulti-colored; multilateral;

neo- 新 neoclassical; neo-colony;

non- 不；非 nonexistent; nonsense;

non-stop; non-smoker;

post- 后于 post-war; postgraduate;

pre- 先于 prepay;

pre-war; pre-revolution;

pro- 赞成；亲善；代替 pronoun;

pro-American; pro-consul;

pseudo- 伪 pseudo-science; pseudonym;

re- 重；再；复 reunite; review; reread; retell;

semi- 半 semi-weekly; semi-final;

semiconductor; semi-colonial;

sub- 下；次 substructure; subway;

subdivide; subheading;

super- 上； 超 supermarket; super-profit; super

power; superstructure;

syn- ;sym-; syl- 同 synonym; sympathy;

tele- 远 telegram/telegraph;

telephone; telescope; television;

trans- 横过；转移 transport; transplant; transfor

mation; transoceanic;

tri- 三 triangle; trichord; tricar;

ultra- 之外；极；超 ultra-violet; ultra-leftist; ultr

amicroscope;

un- 不 unjust; unable; untrue; unfair;

uni- 一；单 uniform; unilateral; unisex;

unique; unicycle;

vice- 副 vice-governor;

vice-dean; vice-president;

over- 过于；上 overdo; over-estimate;

under- 不够；下 underfeed; under-estimate;

underground;

self- 自动（我） self-starter;

self-service; self-correcting;

mini- 特小的 minibus; miniskirt; minicab;

hyper- 超；过分 hyperactive;

hypertension; hypersensitive;

poly- 多 polytechnic; polysemy;

polygamy; polychrome;

–age 状态；集合 marriage; shortage; teenage;–al 动作；性质；状态 signal; arrival; withdrawal;

revival; approval; refusal;–an 人；语 American; Russian; Italian;

–ance 性质；状态；动作 acceptance;

importance; appearance;

–ant,ent 人 merchant;

assistant; defendant; student;

–ate 职务；动作涉及对象；…盐酸 doctorate; consulate;

electorate; sulphate;

–ation/ition 动作 repetition

preparation; competition;

–cide 杀 insecticide; suicide

–cracy 统治 bureaucracy;

democracy; aristocracy;

–craft 技巧；工艺；飞行器 handicraft; aircraft;

–dom 状态；领域 kingdom; freedom; wisdom;

–ee （被动）人 employee; absentee; trainee;

–eer 人 engineer; volunteer;

–ence/ency （抽象 n. ） currency; dependence;

excellence; frequency;

–er 人；动作者 thinker;

writer; washer; harvester;

–ese 人；语 Chinese; Japanese;

Hunanese; Viennese; Vietnamese

–ess 女性 actress; princess;

goddess; shepherdess; tailoress

–ette 小；假 / 人造；女性；组 / 组合 cigarette; kitchenette; dinette; u

sherette

–ful 量 spoonful; handful;

armful; mouthful;

–graph 书写；录 telegraph; photograph;

–hood 身份；境遇；状态 childhood; livelihood; likel

ihood; neighborhood;

–ian 人 Christian; guardian;

musician; technician;

–ice 抽象 n. justice; service;

–ing 物体；概念 building; feeling;

painting; wedding;

–ion 抽象 n.

expansion; discussion; decision;

–ism 主义；教 feudalism; Buddhism; imperialism;

–ist 主义者；人 artist; socialist; communist;

–ity 抽象 n.

possibility; capability;

–let 小… booklet;

streamlet; leaflet; bracelet;

–ling 小…（有时有轻蔑之义） duckling; sapling;

–logy 学科 psychology;

geology; philology; biology;

–man 人postman; countryman; Frenchman;

–ment 运动；结果 judgment; government; movem

ent; payment;

–ness 状态；性质 tiredness; correctness;

–or 人；动作者 tractor; accelerator; editor;

–ry/ery 　行为／性质／工作（地点）　　／货物种类；境遇　 bravery;

cookery; nursery; drapery; slavery; ministry; peasantry;

–ship 状态；身份 sportsmanship; hardship;

apprenticeship; leadership;

–sion 动作；状态 tension; revision;

–th 结果；过程 truth; depth; wealth; health;

tion 动作；状态 attention; action;

–ty 抽象 n. certainty;

cruelty; specialty; loyalty;

–ure 结果；动作 procedure; departure;

–y 抽象 n. difficulty; discovery;

modesty; inquiry;

WTO —

world trade organization

UNESCO —

United Nation’s Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

OPEC —

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

APEC —

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Group

VIP —

very important person

SAR —

special administration regionIQ —

intelligence quotient

AI —

Artificial Intelligence

SARS —

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

UFO –

Unidentified Flying Object

editor → edit;

mass-production

→ mass-produce;

typewriter → typewrite;

dry-cleaning → dry-clean;

sightseeing → sightsee;

–able/ible 能够 tolerable; sensible;

–al 的 cultural;

additional; national;

–an （语、地、人）的 Russian; Asian; African;

–ant/ent 的 arrogant; excellent; diligent

–ary 的 secondary; honorary;

imaginary; revolutionary

–ate 的 fortunate; passionate;

affectionate; collegiate

–ed 有；像 many-sided;

talented; skilled;

–en 的 golden; woolen; wooden;

–ern 方向 northern; southern;

–ese （地、人）的 Vietnamese; Viennese;

–fold 倍 twofold; manifold

–ful 的 useful; helpful;

hopeful; beautiful;

–ial 的 editorial; racial; material;

–ian （人）的 Canadian; Christian

–ic/ical 的（有些意义不同） electric/electrical;

historic/historical; typical;

poetic/poetical; grammatical;

–ish 属于；稍微 British; bookish;

childish; selfish; yellowish;

–ist/istic （主义）的； artistic;

idealistic; materialistic;

–ive 性；倾向 active; attractive; impressive;

–less 无 fearless; meaningless;

–like 如 homelike

childlike; father-like;

–ly 品质；的 weekly; daily;

friendly; comradely; lovely;

–most 最 foremost; topmost; utmost;

–ous 多 nervous;

glorious; superstitious;

–some 引起；适于；易于 troublesome; tiresome;

–ward 向 backward;

inward; outward;

–y 充满；性质 rainy; handy;

mighty; icy;

–ate

isolate; consolidate;

facilitate; formulate;

–en deepen; shorten

strengthen;

–ify purify; classify;

simplify; intensify;

–ize / ise

realize; modernize;

industrialize; mechanize

–ly

quickly; swiftly; highly

–ward(s)

forward; upwards;

–wise clockwise

likewise; otherwise;

–teen 13-19

–ty 20, 30, 40, … 90

–th 4th, 5th, 6th, …

1 en- + n. /adj.→ v.

endanger; enslave; enlarge

2 be- + n. /adj. → v.

belittle; befriend; behead

3 a- + n. /v.→ adj. /ad.

asleep; aboard; aside;

ashore; away; awake; ablaze

4 out- + vi. → vt.

outrun; outlive;

outshine; outvote

5 out- + vi. → n.

outcome; outlet;

outlaw; outlook;

1 mono- uni- 一；单 monologue, monoxide,

uniform; unilateral;

unisex; unique; unicycle

2 di- / bi- dialogue, dioxide,

bicycle, bilingual

3 tri- triangle; trichord;

tricar; trisect

4 quadr(i)- quadrangle

quadrilingual, quadrilateral,

5 pent(a)- pentagon,

pentagram, pentameter

6 hex(a)- sex- hexagon, sexangle

7 hepta- / sept- heptagon, heptameter, septilateral septwolf

8 oct- octa- octo- octagon, octameter

9 nona- ennea-

nonagon, enneagon, ennead

10 deci- / deca-

decagon, decaliter,

decimal, decagram

11 centi- centimeter, century, centipede

12 milli- millimeter, millennium, millipede

13 kilo- kilowatt, kilobyte, kilometer, kilogram