agmoachine 1000.pdf

marine cincabaZe

humanitarul mecnierebaTa seria: qarTvelebi da gare samyaro

wigni II

vuZRvni erekle cincabaZes

aRmoaCine aTaswleulebis

saqarTvelo

iberiul-winareqarTuli civilizacia -

Zv.w. IV - Zv.w. II aTaswleulebi

wigni ibeWdeba 2013 wlis gamocemis amave saxelwodebis safuZvelze. gamocemis avtors Zveli welTaRricxvis IV aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi iberiul-winareqarTuli civilizaciis arsebobis aTvlis

wertilad miaCnia qvemo qarTlSi, kazreTSi, saydris-yaCaRianis msoflios pirveli oqros maRaros arseboba, romelic 500 wliT

uswrebs egviptis oqros maRaros.

Tbilisi 2015

aRmoaCine aTaswleulebis saqarTvelo 2

redaqtorebi aleko cincaZe teqnikur mecnierebaTa doqtori neli maxaraZe filologiur mecnierebaTa doqtori

recenzentebi anTropologi lia biTaZe istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

arqeolog-metalurgi givi inaniSvili teqnikisa da istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

arqeologi vaJa sadraZe istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

eTnologi daviT WiTanava istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

kulturologi nino Ciqovani istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

istorikosi Temur kenkebaSvili konsultantebi gia kvaSilava teqnikur mecnierebaTa doqtori

ana mesxi filologiur mecnierebaTa doqtori

ramaz Sengelia medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori

dizaineri marine leJava damkabadonebeli rusudan papiaSvili ISBN 978-9941-0-4990-3 ISSN 1987-7714

Sinaarsi 3

†

winamdebare wigni àRmoaCine aTaswleulebis saqarTvelo. iberiul-wi-

nareqarTuli civilizacia Zv.w. IV- II aTaswleulebi“ Seqmnilia humanitarul

mecnierebaTa sxvadasxva dargSi arsebuli samecniero gamokvlevebisa da

uaxlesi arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis safuZvlebze. naSromSi gaTvaliswine-

bulia rogorc qarTvel, aseve ucxoel mecnierTa gamokvlevebi, ramac saSu-

leba momca qristianobamdeli saqarTvelo warmomedgina dasavleT evraziis

kulturis istoriis konteqstSi. gamokvlevis Sedegebma cxadyo, rom saqar-

Tvelos teritoriaze arsebul iberiul-winareqarTul civilizacias gaaC-

nda kulturuli wanamZRvrebi Zv.w. VII-IV aTaswleulebSi Casaxuli civiliza-

ciuri dargebis ( miwaTmoqmedeba da mesaqonleoba, keramikuli warmoeba da

meRvineoba, xalxuri rewva, metalurgia ) saxiT; Zv.w. IV-II aTaswleulebSi

Camoyalibebuli iberiul-winareqarTuli civilizacia Tanxvedri aRmoCnda

amave periodis Zveli aRmosavluri ( egvipturi, Sumeruli) civilizaciebis,

aseve igi gvevlineba rogorc dasavlur evropuli Rirebulebis Seqmnis Ta-

namonawile. berZnul-romauli werilobiTi wyaroebisa da arqeologiuri ma-

salis Tanaxmad, Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebiT TariRdeba winareqarTvel tomTa

urTierToba xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi (saberZneTi, kviprosi, kreta, egvipte,

italia, espaneTi) mcxovreb xalxebTan, romlebTanac savaWro urTierTobis

ZiriTadi sagani iyo `metalurgiuli codnis eqsporti~. es ki migviTiTebs

winareqarTvel tomebSi gavrcelebul savaWro urTierTobis sruliad axal

formaze, aseve zRvaosnobis, ganviTarebuli navigaciis arsebobaze. Savi-

zRvispireTSi, Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulis mijnaze daarsebuli `kolxeTis same-

fo~, qarTul samyaroSi saxelmwifoebriobis arsebobis 4 000 wlis xangrZli-

vobiT ganisazRvreba, romlis dros ganviTarebis maRal doneze idga civi-

lizaciis yvela wamyvani dargi. maT Soris gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia

damwerloba, aRmoCenili kunZul kretaze `kolxuri oqrodamwerlobisa“ da

xazovani A damwerlobis saxiT, daTariRebuli Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyi-

siT.

warmodgenili wigni emsaxureba qarTuli kulturis adgilis gansa-

zRvras msoflio kulturis istoriis konteqstSi. naSromi efuZneba siste-

muri analizis principsa da interdisciplinarul meTods, ris safuZvel-

zec SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cvenma winaprebma didi Sromisa da niWierebis, ga-

mZleobisa da gambedaobis fasad, auracxeleli saganZuri dautoves STamo-

mavlobas, romlis saTanadod Sefaseba qarTvel mecnierTa upirvelesi

pasuxismgeblobaa.

ISBN 978-9941-0-4990-3 ISSN 1987-7714

Sinaarsi 5

Sinaarsi Sesavali .................................................................................................... 9 winasityvaoba ....................................................................................... 11 saxelwodeba “iberi” samecniero literaturaSi. iberebis kvali evropaSi da maTi gaqrobis mizezi ....................................... 11 iberiul-winareqarTuli civilizaciis niSnebi (Zv.w. IV – II aTaswleulebi ) ................................................................. 32

Tavi I iberiul-winareqarTuli civilizaciis kulturuli wanamZRvrebi ......................................................................................... 37

1) Zv.w. VII_V aTaswleulebis qarTvel tomTa civilizaciis dargebi ................................................................................................ 39

miwaTmoqmedeba. Zv.w. VII-VI aTaswleulebi ............................ 42 mesaqonleoba. Zv.w. VI aTaswleuli .......................................... 46 naosnoba. Zv.w. VII-VI aTaswleulebi ......................................... 51 metalurgia. Zv.w. VII-IV aTaswleulebi .................................. 52 xalxuri rewva. Zv.w. 3 500 w ........................................................ 58 keramikuli warmoeba. Zv.w. VII-VI aTaswleulebi .................. 59 meRvineoba. Zv.w. VI-III aTaswleulebi ..................................... 65

2) Zv.w. VII-V aTaswleulebSi erTiani enobriv-kulturuli arealis sakiTxi (anatolia, kavkasia, SuamdinareTi) ............ 72

3) Sumerul-protoqarTveluri urTierTobis problema ....... 75 a) anTropologiuri masala ....................................................... 77 b) enobriv-leqsikuri da anbanur-gramatikuli msgav-

sebebi ........................................................................................ 79 g) anbanuri da gramatikuli msgavsebebi ............................... 82 g) istoriul-kulturologiuri wyaroebi da

arqeologiuri masala .......................................................... 85 4) anatoliur-protoqarTveluri urTierTmimarTebebi ........ 89 xaTurisa da protoqarTveluris msgavsebebi. enobriv kulturuli erTianobis daSlis Sedegi ................................... 89


Tavi II

Zv.w. IV_II aTaswleulebis ìberiul-winareqarTuli civilizaciis sawyisebi~ .................................................................. 99

1. Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis epoqa (axlo aRmosavleTi, mcire azia, evropa, Sua azia, cimbiri, kontinenturi saberZneTi da kreta, saqarTvelo) ...................................................................................... 99

2. Zv.w. IV_III aTaswleulebis mtkvar-araqsis kultura (gavrcelebis arealisa da eTnikuri vinaobis sakiTxi) ...... 113

3. daskvniTi Sedegebi ........................................................................ 118

Tavi III Zv.w. III aTaswleulis kulturuli garemo da winare-

qarTuli civilizacia ..................................................................... 123

epoqis mimoxilva (egvipte, asureTi, Sumeri. indoevropelebi evropaSi) ................................................................................ 125

1) kavkasiis areali ....................................................................... 135 2) Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis TrialeTis kultura ................ 140 3) kolxuri kulturis wanamZRvrebi ....................................... 151 4) Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi kavkasiaSi kulturuli kuTvnilebis

problema (avtoqtonobis sakiTxi, anTropologiuri da arqeologiuri masala, ZvelberZnuli werilobiTi wyaroebi) .................................................................................... 153

5) Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi winareqarTvel tomTa savaWro kavSirurTierToba .................................................................. 167 asureTi ...................................................................................... 174

dasavleTi evropa ................................................................... 175 saqarTvelos CrdiloeTi regionebi .................................. 177 migraciebi samxreTi zRvebisaken ....................................... 182

Tavi IV Zv.w. II aTaswleulis kulturuli samyaro ............................. 187

1. Zv.w. II aTaswleulis epoqa ............................................................ 189 a) saqarTvelos teritoriaze kulturuli mravalfe

rovnebisa da sakuTari kalendris arsebobis sakiTxi .. 194 b) socialuri pirobebi da warmatebebis Sedegebi

Sinaarsi 7

(mentaluri portreti) ............................................................ 202 2. kolxeTis samefo da kolxuri kultura ................................. 211 3. Zv.w. II aTaswleulis civilizaciis dargebi ............................ 226 “kolxuri oqrodamwerloba” ....................................................... 226

warmarTuli musika _ kolx-pelasgTa simRera-galobis tradicia ........................................................................................... 243

medicina ............................................................................................. 245 xalxuri rewva .................................................................................. 249 metalurgiuli warmoeba .............................................................. 251 a) teqnologiuri siaxle ........................................................ 257 b) metalurgiis gavrcelebis kerebi .................................. 259 g) saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierToba .............................. 261 zRvaosnoba da kartografia ...................................................... 265

Tavi V eEvropuli Rirebulebebis sawyisebi da winareqarTveli tomebi xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi .................................................... 273

Sesavali ................................................................................................. 275 winareqarTveli tomebi xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi (finikiur-protoqarTveluri Sexvedrebi. saxelwodeba àia~-sa da "pelasgis" etimologiuri mniSvneloba) ..................................... 275

Zv.w. II aTaswleuli ......................................................... 300

kontinenturi saberZneTi da kolx-pelasgebi .......................... 300 a) argonavtebi SavizRvispireTSi .............................................. 302 b) qarTul-kolxuri Tema berZnul miTologiaSi,

xelovnebis dargebsa da istoriul wyaroebSi ................. 308 kunZuli kviprosi – winareqarTvelTa metalurgiuli kera ... 311 kunZuli kreta da kolx-pelasgebi ................................................ 320 egviptur-protoqarTveluri urTierTobebis sakiTxi.......... 330

Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebi ................................................... 341

kontinenturi italia da etruskebis problema ....................... 345 a) kolx-pelasgTa dasaxlebebi ................................................ 347 b) kolx-pelasgTa devna balkaneTidan .................................. 349 g) etruskuli warwerebi ............................................................ 350

d) arqeologiuri masala _ kolx-pelasgTa nakvalevze .. 352 kontinenturi espaneTi. dasavleT da aRmosavleT iberebis

sakiTxi ..................................................................................... 360


a) anTropologiuri masala .................................................... 362 b) arqeologiuri masala .......................................................... 366 g) eTnologiuri masala ........................................................... 366 d) folklori .............................................................................. 369 e) leqsikuri msgavsebebi ......................................................... 369 v) leqsikur-gramatikuli msgavseba ..................................... 370 z) istoriul-kulturologiuli masala da sxva .............. 371

bolosityvaoba da daskvna .......................................................... 380

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da gaTvaliswinebuli literatura ........................................................................................ 398 dargobrivi saZiebeli ..................................................................... 426

winasityvaoba

saxelwodeba ìberi~ samecniero literaturasa da literaturul wyaroebSi

Tanamedrove teqnologiurma miRwevebma da bunebaSi mo-

mxdarma bolodroindelma kataklizmebma adamiani daarwmuna imaSi, rom dedamiwaze mcxovrebi TiToeuli cocxali arseba er-Tiani jaWvis nawilia da am saerTo sistemaSi TiToeul nawils Tavisi kuTvnili funqcia gaaCnia. `dedamiwis istoria~ am siax-lovis axsnis realur safuZvels iZleva. ase magaliTad: geneti-kuri meTodis meSveobiT dadginda, rom kavkasiaSi gavrcele-bul salamandras, romelic iSviaT, endemur saxeobas warmoad-gens, 15 milioni wlis winaT saerTo winapari hyavda portuga-liaSi. kavkasiis tyis sami saxeobis Tagvi enaTesaveba evropuls. geografiuli agebulebiTY kavkasia Sedis xmelTaSua zRvis e.w. geosinklinur sartyelSi, xolo kavkasiis Sida mdinareebi (en-guri, rioni, Woroxi da sxva) ekuTvnis atlantiis okeanisa da kaspiis zRvis (mdinareebi mtkvar-araqsi, sulaki, Tergi da sxva) auzebs. anTropologebis gamokvlevis Tanaxmad 15 aTasi wlis winaT amerikis pirveli macxovreblebi beringis srutiT gada-sulan aziidan. amitomac amerikeli indielebi fizikurad yve-laze axlos monRolebTan pouloben msgavsebas. aris varaudi, rom dedamiwaze mcxovreb adamians erTi Ziris warmomavloba aqvs. mxolod ganviTarebam da gamravleba-gavrcelebam warmo-qmna is mravalferovneba, rac sxvadasxva eTnosSi iqna Camoyali-bebuli. Tundac am da sxva auxsneli movlenebis niSniT, kavkasia samyaros Sesacnobi erT-erT mniSvnelovani nawilia. ase magali-Tad: XXI saukuneSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze, dmanisSi pir-velyofili adamianebis naSTebis aRmoCenis safuZvelze saqar-Tvelo pirveli evropelebis samSoblod iqna aRiarebuli. kavka-siis samxreT kalTaze mcxovrebi qarTvelebi ki msoflios uZve-lesi xalxis warmomadgenlebi varT. Tundac am niSniT aris Rire-buli Cveni warsulis fesvebis Zieba da gamovlena.

Tavdapirveladve minda ganvmarto is Tvalsazrisi, ramac mimiyvana kavkasiis arealSi Camoyalibebuli iberiul-winare-qarTuli civilizaciis arsebobis aRiarebamde. kerZod, winare-qarTul samyaroSi Casaxul TiToeul dargebTan (miwaTmoqmede-bis, metalurgiis, keramikuli warmoebis, naosnobis, meRvineo-bis, ieroglifuri damwerlobis, medicinis da sxva) dakavSire-


bulma monacemebis Sejerebam TavisTavad warmoadgina kavkasiis arealSi lokaluri civilizaciis arseboba. swored erTad Tav-moyrili analizma da masTan erTad, kulturuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebam SesaZlebeli gaxada kavkasiis arealSi Casaxu-li lokaluri civilizaciis funqcionireba da misi arsebo-bis drois SemosazRvrac: es aris Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis II na-xevridan Zv.w. II aTaswleulis II naxevris farglebi.

aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos teritoriaze Camoya-libebuli lokaluri civilizacia aris Tanxvedri ZvelaR-mosavluri (egvipte, Sumeri) civilizaciebis. garda amisa, winareqarTveli tomebi arian civilizaciuri dargebis erT-erTi Semqnelni da evropuli Rirebebulebis Camoyalibebis Tanamonawileni. es erTgvari formula aris am gamokvlevis mamoZravebeli ZarRvi.

unda iTqvas, rom XXI s. teqnikur dargSi miRweuli kolosa-luri cvlilebebis miuxedavad, Tanamedrove adamians cnobis-moyvareoba aiZulebs didi dro, energia, arc Tu ise mcire mate-rialuri saxsrebi daxarjos Zveli msoflios amosacnobad. ra-tom? imitom, rom nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis misi uZvelesi kulturuli tradiciis gamovlenis faqti aris erTgvari `ndo-bis mandati~, romliTac igi damsaxurebulad moipovebs Tavis adgils Tanamedrove civilizebul samyaroSi. am problemebisa-dmi gansakuTrebiT did yuradRebas iCenen evropisa da ameri-kis, aseve aranakleb ruseTis samecniero kvleviTi centrebi. swored amgvar interess isaxavs miznad Tqvens winaSe warmodge-nili wigni. Cemi mizania mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi Tavmoy-rili masalis safuZvelze qronologiuri principis dacviT mogawodoT informacia Cveni warsulis Sesaxeb da SeZlebisdag-varad movaxdino Zv.w. IV-II aTaswleulebis qarTuli kulturis monapovrebis Sefaseba dasavleT evraziaSi arsebuli kultu-ruli konteqstis gaTvaliwinebiT, romlis drosac qarTuli realoba warmodgenili iqneba ara izolirebulad, aramed sxva-Ta kulturebis garemocvaSi.

unda aRiniSnos ramdenime umniSvnelovanesi faqtoris Se-saxeb, romelic xelSemSlel pirobas qmnis Cveni warsulis kul-turuli Rirebulebebis Sesafaseblad: 1) upirveles yovlisa, qarTul samecniero speqtrSi dRemde monografiulad Seuswav-lelia qarTul kulturis TiTqmis yvela civilizaciuri dar-gi. Tumca calkeul sakiTxebTan mimarTebisas arsebobs samecni-

winasityvaoba

13

ero literaturis zRva masala; 2) Tu gadavxedavT msoflio kulturis istoriasTan dakavSirebul samecniero Sromebs, Se-vamCnevT erT damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas: XIX, XX-XXI saukuneebis ucxouri literatura msoflio kulturis istorias ganixi-lavs garkveuli radiusiT, romlis drosac ganxilvis gareSe rCeba ruseTis gavlenis qveS myofi xalxebis kulturis isto-ria. gansakuTrebulad ki es tendencia gaZlierda XX saukunis sabWour reJimSi, rodesac mniSvnelovanwilad sainformacio vakuumSi moqceuli iqna masSi Semavali im xalxebis istoria, romlebsac uZvelesi da mdidari kulturuli warsuli hqon-daT. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba qarTuli kulturac. swored amiT aixsneba, rom XXI saukuneSi gamoqveynebul ucxoenovan funda-mentur samecniero gamocemebSi uZvelesi qarTuli kulturis Sesaxeb warmodgenili informacia ZiriTadad arasrulyofi-lia, xSir SemTxvevaSi sruliad gauTvaliswinebelic ki. Sesaba-misad, dResdReobiT fundamentur gamokvlevebTan dakavSire-biT ucxoel samecniero wreebTan integracia ver xerxdeba, gan-sakuTrebiT im qveynebTan, sadac qarTuli kvalis arseboba gve-guleba; 3) samwuxarod, qarTveli mecnierebis Sromebsa Tu mo-xsenebebSi gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisebi zogjer mTlianad ewina-aRmdegeba qarTuli eTnosis eTnogenezis, misi teritoriuli mTlianobis, kulturuli kuTvnilebisa da qarTuli kulturis TavisTavadobis sakiTxebs. ase magaliTad, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi, Turme, dasavleT saqarTvelos sanapiro zo-li da CrdiloeT kavkasia ZiriTadad afxazur-adiReur enaze molaparake tomebs unda sWerodaT, aseve, Zveli periodis sa-qarTvelos teritoria ganxilulia `tranzitis poligonad~∗, sadac qarTvelebTan erTad cxovrobdnen `n~ raodenoba ara-qarTvelebisa da qarTveli eTnosis Camoyalibeba momxdara ma-Ti Serwymis Sedegad. axladgamocemul saqarTvelos istorii-sadmi miZRvnil gamocemebSi∗∗ umniSvnelo adgili aqvs daTmobi-li qarTuli kulturis istoriis pirvel warmatebul periods – brinjaos xanas, romlis gareSec Zneli dasajerebelia XI-XII ss-is qarTul kulturaSi renesansis arseboba. 2012 wlis saqar-

∗ v. aslaniSvili, axali paleontropologia. Sida qarTlis masalebi.

2009 wlis 25-29 ivnisis saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciiis masalebi. ix.: kavkasiis arqeologia, eTnologia, folkloristika, Tb., 2010, gv. 54-56.

∗∗ saqarTvelos istoria, Tb., 2008; saqarTvelos istoriis oTxtomeu-li, Tb., 2012.


Tvelos istoriis oTxtomeulSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli sa-mecniero literaturaSi arsebuli axali monacemebi; 4) garda amisa, mTel rig samecniero naSromebSi, Secdomis asarideblad, ZiriTadad warmodgenilia erTgvari `savaraudo daskvnebi~, romlis drosac kvleva ar aRwevs Tavis mizans, aseve uZvelesi epoqebis analizis dros ar aris daculi utyuarobis principi, rodesac mecnieri ar miuTiTebs konkretuli istoriul-lite-raturuli wyaros arsebobaze da gamokvlevas ar axlavs Sesaba-misi daskvna. amis gamo naSromi rogorc misaTiTebeli wyaro, gamousadegaria; 5) qarTul samecniero speqtrSi dRemde zus-tad ar aris gansazRvruli kvlevis meTodologiis sakiTxi. kvlevebi ZiriTadad warmoebs kulturuli konteqstis gaTva-liwinebis gareSe, an e.w. komparativistuli (SedarebiTi) meTo-diT∗, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi ver wvdeba problemis siRrme-ebs da igi zedapirulia; 5) amave dros, internetsaitebze qar-Tuli kulturis Sesaxeb ganTavsebuli informacia – arasrul-yofilia, sadac movlenebi erTgvari wyvetili periodebiTaa mi-wodebuli da mkiTxveli ver aRiqvams kulturuli ganviTarebis procesebs. aqedan gamomdinare, dRes aucilebelia maTi Sevseba.

aqve unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom uZvelesi warsulis Se-ufaseblobis gamo Cven realurad qarTuli kulturis qristia-nul periodsac ver gaviazrebT. am niSniT dRemde ar aris Sefa-sebuli qarTuli qristianuli kulturis arc erTi periodi. gansakuTrebiT es exeba XI-XII saukuneebis òqros xanas~, radgan Tundac is qristianuli periodis unikaluri Weduri xatebisa da tixruli minanqris, oqromkediT qargvis xelovneba swored Cvenive wiaRSia dabadebuli da igi Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebidan mo-mdinare oqromWedlobisa da xalxuri rewvis tradiciis Sedegia.

miuxedavad qarTul samecniero speqtrSi arsebuli amgva-ri sirTuleebisa, saqarTvelos arealSi bolodroindelma ar-qeologiurma aRmoCenebma, Cveni Tavis Sesacnobad, erTgvarad kari SeaRes uZveles epoqebSi. es ki imas niSnavs, rom momwifda dro, erToblivad vimsjeloT Cveni warsulis Sesaxeb da menta-litetis asamaRleblad samecniero sivrcidan sazogadoebaSi gavitanoT informacia qarTuli kulturis miRwevebTan dakav-SirebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, unda gavacnobieroT qarTveli eTnosis mier Seqmnili kulturuli Rirebebulebi da vupatro-

∗ ix.: qarTuli literaturis institutis 2006-2011 ww. gamokvlevebi da

moxsenebaTa Tezisebi.

winasityvaoba

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noT vin icis ra rjulis xalxis mier ganadgurebul Tu Segnebu-lad gadafarul kulturul memkvidreobas. amitom erTxel da samudamod farda unda avxadoT tabudadebul Temebs da vTqvaT simarTle Cveni warsulis Sesaxeb.

unda giTxraT, rom XXI saukuneSi kulturis istoriis kvlevas ara marto samecniero sferod miiCneven, aramed igi po-litikur rangSic moiazreba. ai ras weren amerikeli kulturo-logebi lemont lindstromi da jofri Mm. uaiti: `kulturis sfero sul ufro metad iqceva aqtualur politikur proble-mad, rac sxva mizezebTan erTad imiTicaa ganpirobebuli, rom igi aqtiurad dgeba axladganviTarebuli qveynebis politikur reJimTa moRvaweobis dRis wesrigSi~. aqve Sevexebi termin `kul-turisa“ da `civilizaciis“ mniSvnelobas. zogadi niSniT termi-ni `kultura~ xazs usvams adamianis gansxvavebas sxva biologi-uri arsebebisagan, romlis drosac adamiani ayalibebs Tavis da-mokidebulebas garemomcveli samyarosadmi da sakuTari Tavi-sadmi. am SemTxvevaSi adamiani gamodis àxali samyaros~ Semomqme-dad. `kultura~ gagebulia rogorc erTgvari yovlismomcve-loba, sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis ganviTarebis donisa da ma-Ti maregulirebeli cxovrebis wesis, tradiciis TvalsazrisiT.

Cveni ganxilvis Temidan gamomdinare, romelic exeba uSua-lod civilizaciis sakiTxs, upirveles yovlisa, unda iqnas ga-azrebuli termin `civilizaciis“ raobisa da misi gamoyenebis konteqsti. kulturis Semswavlel mecnierebaSi – kulturolo-giaSi arsebobs termin `civilizaciis“ ZiriTadad ori ganmar-teba: erT SemTxvevaSi saxelwodeba aRniSnavs rogorc kacobri-obis saerTo progress, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi termin `civi-lizacias“ iyeneben lokaluri, anu konkretuli eTnosis mier Seqmnili TviTmyofadi civilizaciuri saxeobis aRsaniSnavad1.

warmodgenili wignis gacnobisas, saxelwodebasTan erTad, mkiTxvelma yuradReba unda miaqcios upirveles yovlisa Ta-riRs. aq laparakia ara Zv.w. IV s-is ìberiis∗ samefos~ arsebobis Sesaxeb, aramed preistoriuli xanis, erTian enaze mosaubre

1 kulturologia., Tb., 2008, gv. 28; Ф. Гизо, История цивилизации Европы, М., 1829.

∗ qarTul mecnierebaSi arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba qarTveli eTnosi-sa da qarTuli dialeqtebis (daaxloebiT 17 dialeqti) aRmniSvneli saxelwo-debis ` qarTveluris~, aseve `protoqarTveluris~ xmarebasTan dakavSirebiT. radgan sakiTxi kvlav daudgenelia, viTvaliswineb farTo mkiTxvel audito-rias da amitom gamokvlevaSi gasagebad viyeneb termin `winareqarTuls~.


iberieli xalxis, anu winareqarTveli mosaxleobis Sesaxeb. swo-red am erTianobis daSlis Sedegia Zv.w. III aTaswleulis far-glebSi saerTo qarTulidan svanuris, Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi me-grul-zanuris ganStoebebis warmoqmna. Cveni gamokvlevis Sede-gebis mixedviT SesaZleblad miviCnev, rom ufro adreul peri-odSi, daaxloebiT Zv.w. VI–V aTaswleulebis farglebSi, saerTo iberiul-winareqarTulidan unda momxdariyo baskuris gamoyo-fa. erTi ki cxadia – dRevandel dRes mcxovrebi qarTvelebi uZ-velesi iberebis STamomavlebi varT.

axalgazrda erebis kulturis istoriis Sesaxeb saubari SedarebiT advilia. es exeba daaxloebiT Zv,w. II aTaswleulis Semdgomi periodis kulturebs. magram arian Zveli erebi, ro-melTa sawyisi istoriis etapi Zalian Soreul warsulSi ikarge-ba da maTTan dakavSirebiT saqme gvaqvs uamrav problemasa da sirTulesTan. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba qarTveli xalxis kul-turuli warsulic. imisaTvis, rom Zalian Soreuli warsulis labirinTebSi ar davikargoT, saWiroa msoflio kulturul konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT gakeTdes qarTveli eTnosis mier Seqmnili kulturuli Rirebulebis sistemuri analizi. ker-Zod, qronologiuri principis dacviT dalagdes mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi warmoebuli kvlevis Sedegebi. Cven SemTxve-vaSi, erTiani kulturuli procesis saxiT, gaTvaliswinebulia anTropologiisa da arqeologiis, paleobiologiisa da geog-rafiis, aseve eTnologiisa da istoriografiis, enaTmecniere-bisa da xelovnebaTmcodneobis, folkloristikis, metalurgi-is, liTondamuSavebisa da sxva disciplinebis monacemebi.

unda iTqvas, rom amgvarma kompleqsurma midgomam da sxva-dasxva samecniero disciplinis kvlevis Sedegebis Sejerebam, kacobriobis ganviTarebis procesebisa da masSi monawile eT-nosebis rolis gansxvavebuli ganfeniloba warmoadgina. ker-Zod, dagvajera imaSi, rom Tanamedrove saqarTvelos terito-ria warmoadgens msoflio civilizaciis erT-erT uZveles ke-ras, sadac Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi qarTvelebi ukve oqros amuSa-vebdnen da, socialuri pirobebis Sesabamisad, kvebis maRali kultura hqondaT. garda amisa, saqarTvelos arealidan wamo-suli kulturuli impulsebi Cans LdasavleT evraziis konti-nentze, rodesac Zv.w. III aTaswleulis II naxevridan winare-qarTvelTa nakvalevi Cndeba dasavleT da aRmosavleT evro-paSi, xolo Zv.w.OIII-II aTaswleulis mijnaze – xmelTaSua zRvis

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auzSi. am niSniT, qarTuli kultura xdeba evropuli Rirebu-lebis Seqmnis Tanamonawile. am Tamam gamonaTqvams vecdebi movuZebno konkretuli damamtkicebeli sabuTebi.

Tavdapirvelad saWiroeba moiTxovs ganimartos arCevani civi-lizaciis dasaTaurebisa ìberiul-winareqarTuli civilizaciis“ saxelwodebasTan dakavSirebiT. aqve warmoiWreba kiTxva: ratom

ìberiul-winareqarTuli~∗2 da ara – ìberiul-kavkasiuri“?

am SemTxvevaSi viTvaliswineb Tanamedrove cnobierebaSi gamjdar Sexedulebas, rodesac kavkasia saxeldeba ramdenime eTnosis gaerTianebad. magram saqme gvaqvs Zv.w. IV – Zv.w. II aTas-wleulebis periodTan, romlis dros, anTropologiuri mona-cemebis Tanaxmad, Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi kavkasiis arealSi cxov-robda mxolod erTi anTropologiuri tipis adamiani (m. abdu-SeliSvili). maT Soris iyvnen afxazebic, rogorc winareqarTve-lebTan erTad erTi anTropologiuri saxis erToba (l. biTaZe), xolo CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Zv.w. II aTaswleulidan dafiqsire-bulia sxva anTropologiuri tipis Semosvla. amasTan erTad ga-saTvaliswinebelia, rom sxvadasxva samecniero diciplinis kvlevis Sedegad dadginda kavkkasiis arealSi qarTveli eTno-sis avtoqtonuroba. kerZod, s. janaSias gamokvlevebisa da b. kuftinis arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis safuZvelze sabolood iqna ganmtkicebuli qarTvel tomTa avtoqtonobis sakiTxi.

amdenad, qarTvelebisaTvis kavkasia maTi samSoblo da da-badebis adgilia. maT Soris afxazebisTvisac, rogorc qarTve-li eTnosis ganuyofeli nawilisa da erTian anTropologiur saxeobaSi Semavali xalxis. swored kavkasiis arealSi moxda qar-Tvel tomTa eTnosad Camoyalibebis procesi da am arealSive uwyvetad gaiara kacobriobis ganviTarebis yvela etapi. es ki imas niSnavs, rom aq adgili ar hqonia sxvadasxva eTnosebis kul-turaTa monacvleobas. xolo `saqarTvelo~∗∗3 winareqarTul

∗ m. qurdiani wers: saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enis doneze rekonstru-

rebadi landSaftis, klimatis, floris da faunis amsaxveli leqsikisa da toponimebis analizi cxadyofs, rom saerTo-qarTveluri enis dialeqtebze metyveli tomebi cxovrobdnen didi kavkasionis samxreTi kalTidan moyole-buli samxreTiT~.

2 m. qurdiani, qarTvelTa pirvelsacxovrisi enobrivi monacemebis mi-xedviT da saerTo-qarTveluri eTnosis tomobrivi Semadgenloba ix.: krebu-li – qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezi, Tb., 2002, gv.18.

∗∗ T. gamyreliZesTan vkiTxulobT: `qarTul-zanuri enobrivi erTiano-bis epoqaSi arsebobda `qarTvelTa“ aRmniSvneli saxeli `qarTu~, romelic


samyaroSi aRmocenebuli saxelwodebaa, romlis ganmtkiceba Se-dga qristianobis periodSi – XI saukuneSi, daviT IV aRmaSeneb-lis mier erTiani monarqiuli saxelmwifos Canoyalibebisas. amitom Zv.w. IV– Zv.w. II aTaswleulebSi kavkasiis arealSi warmo-qmnil civilizacias vuwodeT ìberiul- winareqarTuli~, ri-Tac xazs vusvam mis qarTul warmomavlobas. am etapze mxolod ìberiuli civilizaciis“ saxelwodebiT sakiTxis dasma naadre-via, radgan igi xangrZlivi kvlevis Sedegebs iTxovs, romelic, gvwams, sabolood Zalian did koreqtivebs Seitans msoflio kul-turis istoriis xedvaSi. amave dros, ìberiul-kavkasiuri civi-lizaciis“ saxelwodebas bevri modave gamouCndeba. magram Cven SemTxvevaSi igi mxolod samecniero sferos msjelobis sagnad un-da darCes.

`saqarTvelo~ qarTvelTa samyofeli da Cveni samSobloa. amitom saxelwodebac Cvenive wiaRSi unda dabadebuliyo. ker-Zod, igi `qarTi~-dan, igive `qaldi~-dan momdinare saxelwode-baa. qaldi erTiani iberiuli ojaxis, winareqarTveli modgmis erT-erTi tomia. KganaTlebiT istorikosis – kaTalikos kirion II-is Tanaxmad, qaldebi jer kidev Zv.w. VII-V aTaswlulebSi cxov-robdnen SuamdinareTSi. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, Tavis 2012 wlis saSobao epistoleSi ganmartavs: `sa-yuradReboa, rom qaldi dResac hqvia uZveles qarTul kuTxes trapizonis mTebSi, sadac cxovrobdnen lazebi. am toponimTan dakavSirebiT ki pirveli informacia Cvens werilobiT wyaroeb-Si leonti mrovelTan (XI s.) gvxdeba. `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ vki-TxulobT: `kualad gamovidnen sxuani naTesavni qaldevelni da daSTes iginica qaldead~. sityva qaldidan unda iyos nawarmoe-bi Cveni eris eTnonimi `qarTic~. rogorc cnobilia, Zv. w. I sau-kunis berZeni avtori straboni, Cvenamde moRweuli `geografi-is~ avtori, dediT kolxi, Tavis naSromSi miuTiTebs trapezun-Si mcxovreb qaldebze, aseve ak. uruSaZis Tanaxmad, qaldebs Zv.w. bolos vxedavT sparseTis yuris sanapiroze, md. tigrosisa megrulsa da lazurSi gardaiqmna kanonzomierad `qorTu“ formad, `qarTve-lis~ mniSvnelobiT, xolo sakuTriv qarTulSi èl~– sufiqsis darTviT mo-gvca istoriulad dadasturebuli `qarTu-el-i~ eTnonimi~. // T. gamyreli-Ze, `qarTu“ rogorc `qarTvelis,“ qarTvelTa qveynis~ aRmniSvneli uZvelesi qarTveluri saxeli. ix.: kreb. lingvokulturologiuri Ziebani, I, baTumi, 2011. gv. 8; d. musxeliSvili wers: `qarTvelis~ zogaderovnuli sxeuli es aris rTuli da xangrZlivi politikuri da eTnogenetikuri procesis Sedegi.

3 d. musxeliSvili, qarTvelTa eTnogenezis problematikisaTvis. kre-buli: qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezi, Tb., 2002.

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da evfratis qvemo dinebis raionSi. isini laparakobdnen arame-uli enis erT-erT dialeqtze4. SesaZloa es is arameulis dia-leqtia, romelic xmarebaSi iyo saqarTvelos teritoriaze Zve-li welTaRricxvis bolos, e.w. arameuli enis armazuli dialeq-tis saxiT. TavisTavad saqarTvelos teritoriaze arameuli enis arsebobis kvali warmoadgens mniSvnelovan faqts Zveli welTaRricxvis bolos saerTaSoriso enad aRiarebuli arameu-li enis moxmarebisa da xalxTaSoriso savaWro sistemaSi Cveni CarTulobisa.

axla rac Seexeba qarTvel mecnierTa Tvalsazriss qarTu-li civilizaciis arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT: n. berZeniSvili qarTuli civilizaciis arsebobas Zv.w. V-II saukuneebiT aTari-Rebs, o. lorTqifaniZe ax.w. X saukuniT. amave dros, o. lorTqi-faniZe qarTuli civilizaciis sawyisebs ar gamoricxavs Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi, rodesac adgili hqonda kolxuri maRalganviTa-rebuli kulturis arsebobas. o. lorTqifaniZe Tavis wignSi `qarTuli civilizacia. saidan iwyeba misi istoria?“ daskvnis saxiT aRniSnavs: àmrigad, qarTuli civilizacia xangrZlivi ganviTarebis produqtia. misi calkeuli elementebi isaxeboda jer kidev saerTo-qarTvelur doneze. misi diferenciaciis Se-mdgom ZiriTadi qarTuli tomebis (svanebi, megrel-Wanebi, qar-Tebi, mesxebi) politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri da kultu-ruli ganviTarebis wiaRSi iqmneboda struqturebi, romelTa erT organizmad gaerTianebam Seqmna qarTuli civilizacia. mi-si Semoqmedia farnavazi – `pirveli mefe qarTlisa~. Tanamed-rove socialur- kulturologiuri TvalTaxedviT, werilobi-Ti wyaroebisa da qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebis kvleva TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs agreTve imas, rom dRevandel saqarTve-los miwa-wyalze saxelmwifoebrioba da masTan erTad civili-zacia Seqmnes mxolod qarTvelma tomebma. araqarTveli mo-dgmis tomebi Tu Sediodnen qarTuli saxelmwifos Semadgenlo-baSi, warmoadgendnen mis organul nawils, sargeblobdnen civi-lizaciis nayofiT. am faqtors unda iTvaliswinebdes yvela, vi-sac zogjer politikuri ambicia uCndeba“5 XX saukunis ucxoel da qarTvel kulturis istoriis Semswavlel mecnierTa – kul-turologTa gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, dResdReobiT arsebobas

4 ak. uruSaZe, Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebebSi, Tb., 1964, gv. 123. 5 o lorTqifaniZe, qarTuli civilizacia. saidan iwyeba misi istoria,

Tb.,1986, gv.15.


qarTul civilizaciasTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi ganmartebebi: 1) saqarTvelo – xmelTaSuazRvispiruli civilizaciuri

erTobis balkanur, kavkasiuri tipia; 2) saqarTvelo da mTliani kavkasia aris mezobel civiliza-

ciaTa Soris marginaluri sivrce, anu civilizaciaTa gamyofi, maTi sakontaqto zona;

3) saqarTvelo aRmosavlur qristianuli civilizaciis nawi-lia;

4) saqarTvelo rogorc dasavluri civilizaciis nawili; 5) saqarTvelo kavkasiuri sublivizaciis nawili6.

amdenad, aq warmodgenil gansazRvrebebSi saqarTvelo Zi-riTadad figurirebs didi gaerTianebebis periferiul nawi-lad, sakontaqto, gardamaval zonad. aqedan gamomdinare, saqar-Tvelos mimarTebiT aq ar aris laparaki civilizaciis lokalur saxeobaze. Tavidanve gvinda ganvacxado, rom am CamonaTvalTan dakavSirebiT ZiriTadad gansxvavebuli pozicia gamaCnia, radgan

6 n. Ciqovani, saqarTvelo civilizaciis gzajvaredinze. ix.: krebuli

K`kavkasiis macne~, #3, Tb., 2001, gv. 158; misive, saqarTvelos kulturuli raoba da civilizaciuri kuTvnileba civilizaciaTa Soris konteqstSi (Teoriu-li da meTodologiuri aspeqstebi). sadoqtoro disertacia. referati. Tb., 2002, gv. 39.

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faqtobrivi masalis sakmao raodenobiT arseboba gvarwmunebs imaSi, rom qarTveli adamiani aris ZvelaRmosavluri periodis lokaluri civilizaciis erT-erTi avtori da msoflioSi arse-buli civilizaciuri dargebis Seqmnis Tanamonawile.

sakiTxi dgas Semdegnairad: saidan momdinareobs saxelwo-deba ìberi“ da ras ukavSirdeba igi ? daviwyoT anTropologiu-ri monacemebiT: anTropologiuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, dRes-dReobiT pirvelyofil adamianis msgavsi arsebis, homo-ereq-tusis arsebobisa da misi gavrcelebis faqts `msoflio isto-riis enciklopedia (internet+enciklopedia)~ Semdegi saxiT warmodgvidgens: `sam milionze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi homoni-debi mxolod aRmosavleT da samxreT afrikaSi cxovrobdnen. mdgomareoba daaxloebiT 1,8 milioni wlis Semdgom Seicvala, roca homo ereqtusma axali adgilebis aTviseba daiwyo. Tanda-Tan man didi teritoriebi daikava da bolos TiTqmis mTel af-rikas moedo. zogi jgufi nel-nela aRmosavleTisaken gaemarTa da daaxloebiT 1,7-1,8 milion wlis win jer saqarTveloSi (dma-nisSi) damkvidrda da Semdeg gavrcel-da rogorc evropaSi, ise aziaSi7. Aaxla, rac Seexeba pirvelyofili adamianis msgavsi arsebis, Tanamedrove adamian-Tan yvelaze axlo mdgar saxeobas, kro-manionebs: rogorc cnobilia, kromani-oni aris adamianis msgavsi arsebis erT-erTi srulyofili saxeoba. cnobilia, aseve, gviani paleoliTis xanis (daax-loebiT VI– V aTaswleuli) kromanio-nis aRmoCenis faqtebi. maT Soris, moZiebuli safrangeTisa da yirimis teritoriaze. m. abduSeliSvilTan vkiTxulobT: `kro-manioni aris gviandeli paleoliTis epoqis zogadi saxelwode-ba. kromanionis naSTebi pirvelad ipoves 1868 w. kro-manionTan (safrangeTi). kromanionis specifikuri Taviseburebebia: do-liqokraniuli qala, farTo saxe, mkveTrad gamoxatuli warbze-da rkalebi, kuTxovani da da dabali Tvalbudeebi, viwro da win

7 j. bingemi, f. Cendleri, s. Tefleri, msoflio istoriis enciklope-

dia (encikolpedia+interneti), (inglisur enaze gamoica 2000 w.) qarTuli Targmani Tb., 2006, gv.85; d. lorTqifaniZe, bunebrivi garemos evolucia. sa-mxreT kavkasia da adreuli homonidebisgansaxlebis ZiriTadi etapebi (sakan-didato disertacia), Tb., 2001.

kromanioni


waziduli cxviri, Zalzed didi tevadobis tvinis qala. simaRle 180 sm. anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT ganekuTvneba adamianTa Tanamedrove saxeobas~8. Tavis qalis agebulebis mixedviT, ucxoel mklevarTa garkveuli nawili azriT, `kromanionele-bi“ miekuTvnebian e.w. iberiul tips. ase magaliTad: germane-li anTropologi h. blumenbaxi (1752-1840) qarTvelebs Tvlis Zveli iberebis memkvidreebad da iberebs miiCnevs TeTrkani-ani rasis damwyebad9. swored mis e.w. rasobriv TeoriaSi `kavka-siur rasaSi~ igulisxmeba qarTveloba∗10^,11. SemdgomSi fr. miu-leris mier moxda saxelwodeba ìberiulis~ Canacvleba indoev-ropuliT, aseve xmelTaSuazRvispiruliT da ase Semdeg. dResac saxelwodeba ìberi“ (iveri) qarTveli xalxis enobrivi maxasia-Teblis aRmniSvneli saxelwodebaa. kerZod, qarTuli ena mie-kuTvneba iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa jgufs. masTan dakavSirebu-li termini ìberiul-kavkasiuri~ miuTiTebs qarTvelTa winap-rebis – ìberebis~ warmomavlobaze, xolo `kavkasia~ maT Ziri-Tad sacxovrebel arealze. dResdReobiT termini `kavkasia~ moazrebulia ramdenime damoukidebel saxelmwifos gaerTiane-bad, Tu ar CavTvliT afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis prob-lemebs. amitom konkretuli miznebidan gamomdinare, virCev ìberiul-winareqarTulis~ saxelwodebas, radgan laparaki iq-neba Zveli aTaswleulebis realobaze. saxelwodeba ìberis~ ga-rkvevisaTvis mivmarTe ucxour samecniero literaturasa da aseve qarTul wyaroebs. uaRresad mniSvnelovania XX s-is evro-pel mecnierTa SromebSi miTiTebuli cnoba ìberebis~ Sesaxeb.

8 qarTuli sabWoTa Eenciklopedia, VI, Tb.,1988, gv. 40. 9 G. F. Blumenbax, Collections diversarum gentiumillestrall, Getingen, 1870-1820. ∗ enciklopediuri monacemebiT: ànTropologiurad qarTvelebi didi,

anu pirveladi evraziuli raisis warmomadgenlebi arian. es rasa or meorad, anu mcire rasad iyofa: Crdilo-evropul, anu baltikur da samxreT-evro-pul, anu indoxmelTaSuazRvispirul rasebad. es ukanaskneli rasa aerianebs arakontinentur (`sufTa~) rasobriv tips: xmelTaSua-balkanurs, indoevro-pulsa da wina aziurs. qarTvelebi wina aziuri anTropologiuri tipis war-momadgenlebi arian~.

10 qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, X, Tb.,1988, gv. 459. a. abduSeliSvi-li wers: `rasogenetikuri gansazRvrebiT qarTvelebi miekuTvnebian indoev-ropeiduli rasis samxreTul Stos., romelic ufro Zvelia vidre CrdiloeT evropeiduli. fizikuri tipis garkvevisas dadgenilia, rom qarTvelis fi-zikuri tipi droTa ganmavlobaSi ganicdida cvalebadobas. ukanasknel cvlas miakuTvneben Zv.w. I aTaswleuls, romlis dros, Sinagani evoluciis safuZvelze, yalibdeba qarTvelis Tanamedrove tipi.

11 m. abduSeliSvili, d. musxeliSvili, g. surgulaZe, qarTvelTa eTno-genezi, Tb.,1986.

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swored saxelwodeba ìberebma“ mimiyvana ucxoel mecnier Ta gamokvlevebamde, romlebic iberebis Sesaxeb metad mniSvne-lovani da damafiqrebeli informaciis Semcvelia: e. klodis, h. gelmontis, g. geringeris, j. Sexermaieris, e. vullis, m. gior-gievisa da aseve qarTvel mecnierTa SromebSi laparakia uZve-les aTaswleulebSi iberebis arsebobis Sesaxeb evropaSi. ker-Zod, centralur evropaSi, britaneTsa da pireneis naxevarkun-Zulze. amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa ras wers ingliseli arqeologi e. klodi. e. klodi iberebs axasiaTebs rasobrivi niSnis mixedviT, romlebic erTiandebodnen anTropologiuri da enobrivi TvalsazrisiT, Sesabamisad maTi cxovrebiseuli wesiT. igi wers: ès grZelTaviani neoliTuri periodis adamia-nebi cnobilni arian ìberebis~ saxelwodebiT. isini moxsenie-bulni arian aseve sxva saxelwodebebiTac: berberebi, baskebi, silurovebi da euskarielebi. iberebis damaxasiaTebeli niSne-bia saSualo simaRlis fexebi, Savgremani kanis feri, Savi Tmebi da Tvalebi. maTi warmomadgenlebi dResac gavrcelebulni ari-an yvelgan, xolo didbritaneTSi ZiriTadad gvxdebian dasav-leT irlandiaSi, uelsis zogierT raionSi da Sotlandiis mTebSi“ . `gamoqvabulebSi napovni naSTebi da samarxebi amtkice-ben, rom iberiuli rasa cxovrobda neoliTis epoqidan evropis mTel sivrceSi: CrdiloeTidan da dasavleTis reinamde da maTi nakvalevi moZiebulia germaniasa da daniaSi~. klodi am monace-mebis gansamtkiceblad iyenebs folklorul masalasac. igi wers: `maT Sesaxeb kargad yveba mister kampeli, rodesac igi Sotlandiis mTebSi agrovebda zRaprebs~. sainteresoa e. klo-dis mosazreba indoevropelebis (keltebis,) evropaSi Semo-svlis Sesaxeb. klodis mixedviT `qvis xanidan brinjaos xanamde SegviZlia Tvali gavadevnoT Tanmimdevrul cvlilebebs ibere-bisa da keltebis monacvleobisa, romlis mixedviT grZelTavia-ni rasa gaqra farTo Tavianebis Sedegad~∗. Ee. klodi iberebTan erTad meore did rasad asaxelebs arielebs. e. klodTan vki-

∗ Ostenfordis universitetis, adamianis genetikis Semswavleli dargis

profesori braian saiksi DNA gamokvelevis safuZvelze adgens: britaneTisa da irlandiis mosaxleobis mdedrobiTi sqesis adgilobriv warmomavlobas, xolo mamrobiTis – iberiulis. www. youtube.com Sykes Bryan (Blood of the Isls, Landan, 2006).


TxulobT `pirvelyofili arielebi∗ aziidan gadasaxldnen ev-ropaSi, rodesac mcire azia uerTdeboda evropas. kerZod iq, sadac axla bosforis zRvis talRebia. amave dros, Savi, kaspii-sa da aralis zRvebi warmoadgendnen Sida zRvebs. evropasa da azias Soris (bosforTan) gamaerTianebeli miwis mospobis Sede-gad, Savi zRva SeuerTda xmelTaSua zRvas, xolo kaspiis zRvam da aralis zRvebma daiwia da gaCnda udabnoebi. swored aq gavid-nen arieli tomebi aRmosavleTiT, romliTganac warmoiqmnen in-doevropeli eTnosebi~12.

sainteresoa, rogor aris gaSuqebuli i. gelmontis redaq-torobiT gamocemul naSromebSi uZveles qvis xanaSi (anu isto-riul epoqamde – srulyofili adamianis gaCenamde) iberebis ar-seboba evropaSi da Semdgom maTi migraciis mizezi. i. gelmon-tis gamocemis me-4 tomSi vkiTxulobT: ìndoegermanuli tomis keltebi, romlebmac istoriul epoqamde miaRwies okeanis napi-rebs, devnidnen da anadgurebdnen iberebs evropis mTel teri-toriaze dasavleTisaken. aq aRwerili periodi exeba istoriam-del xanas. am periodisaTvis britaneTis kunZuli ar iyo gamo-yofili evropuli kontinentisagan. am droisaTvis dasavleT evropis teritoriaze mcxovrebi mravalricxovani iberiuli tomis Seviwroeba daiwyes okenis napirebamde mosulma indo-germanulma tomebma – keltebma. isini devnidnen iberebs dasav-leTis mimarTulebiT. swored istoriamdel xanaSi moxda ibere-bis orad gayofa. gaiyvnen aseve indo-germanuli tomebic: Crdi-lour da samxreTul tomebad. istoriul xanaSi lamanSis sru-tiT ukve britaneTi gamoeyo evropis kontinents. iberebis dev-na SemdgomSic grZeldeboda: inglisSi (anu albionSi) mcxovre-bi iberebis Seviwroeba daiwyes keltebma, romlebic Tavis mxriv iyvnen Seviwrovebulni iq mosul britebisagan. iberebis mier, dampyrobeli tomisagan enis miRebis miuxedavad, irlandiur da Sotlandiur mTebSi mcxovrebi SavTmiani iberiuli tomebis warmomadgenlebi gansxvavdebodnen JRalTmiani keltebisa da mwyobri tanis germanelebisagan“13. am monacemebis garda, g.

∗ àrielebi~ samecniero literaturaSi, sxvadasxva mniSvnelobis

aRmniSvneli terminia. maT Soris axsnilia, rogorc indoevropul ojaxSi Semaval enebze molaparake xalxTa krebiTi saxeli.

12 Э. Клод, Эволюция человечества в письменах, М., 1908. стр, 313; Э. Клод, Картина мира, Санк-Петербург, 1898.

13 Э. История человечества. Всемирная история, IV, Петербург. 1904, Под редак-цией И. Гельмонта, стр. 178-578.

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gelmontTan vkiTxulobT im mizezis Sesaxeb, romelmac xeli Se-uwyo istoriuli xanis dasawyis periodSi iberiel xalxTan da-kavSirebuli cnobebis gadafarvas. igi wers: ìberiuli rasis mniSvnelobis gansazRraze didi gavlena moaxdina im cvlile-bebma, romlebic moxda evropis istoriaSi: cezaris mier gale-bisa da klavdiosis mier britaneTis dapyrobam da is saSineleba rac mohyva romis imperiis dacemas. igi gamoixata inglisis mTel teritoriaze britebis gawyvetiTa da Zvelromauli tipis gaqrobiT. yvelafris miuxedavad iberebi ar gaqrnen dedamiwis zedapiridan da isini cxovrobdnen, SemorCenili saxiT, TavianT adrindel teritoriaze. maTi fizikuri tipi naklebad Seicva-la da warmoadgenda srul kontrasts qera JRalTmiani kelte-bisagan, belgieli da germaneli dampyrobelebisagan. eTnolo-gebi da istorikosebi axla Tanxmdebian imaze, rom iberiuli rasis narCeni xalxi dResac cxovroben centrisagan daSore-bul adgilebSi. iberebis nakvalevi Cans gamoqvabulebsa da namarxebSi, romlis mixedviT iberiuli rasa cxovrobda ev-ropaSi neoliTis periodSi – CrdiloeTidan dasavleT rei-namde. maTi nakvalevi napovnia germaniaSi, virxoviaSi da da-niaSi. neoliTis periodSi britaneTSi Cndeba grZelTaviani rasa. keltebi warmoadgenen iberebis srul kontrasts. kelte-bis niSnebia: farTo Tavis qala, grZeli fexebi, ERia feris Tmebi da Tvalebi. brinjaos xanaSi grZelTaviani iberiuli rasa gaqra farTo Taviani keltebis zewolisagan~. garda amisa, i. gelmontTan vkiTxulobT kidev erTi mizezis – pireneis naxevar-kunZulidan (kontinenturi espaneTidan) iberebis gaqrobis Sesa-xeb: `romaelebis mier pireneis naxevarkunZulis dapyrobisas mTavari xalxi iyo iberebi, romlebic dayofilni iyvnen mraval tomad. isini flobdnen mTel kunZuls, magram kelte-bis SemoWrisas daikaves Crdilo-dasavleTi nawili, Semdgom keltebi Seerivnen iberebs da warmoiqmna narevi xalxi – kelt-iberebi. iberebma didi winaaRmdegoba gauwies `romanizaci-as~. magram romaelebis gabatonebis Sedegad axali welTaR-ricxvis dasawyisSi, romanizacia sabolood gavrcelda xmelTaSua zRvis auzis mTel teritoriaze~14.

mniSvnelovania, arqeologebs e. Kklods, aseve i. Ggungersa da g. lamers TavianT naSromebSi rogor aqvT axsnili vropasa

14 История Человечества. Всемирная история, Петербург, 1904, Под редакцией И. Гельмонта.


da mis mimdebare teritoriaze iberebis arsebobasTan dakavSi-rebuli informaciis simciris mizezi. e. klodi wers: `miuxeda-vad imisa, rom miwis zRvaSi Casvlam gaanadgura mniSvnelovani monacemebi, arsebobs mosazreba, rom aziis, evropisa da bri-taneTis kunZulebi ekavaT erTi da imave rasis xalxs – ibe-rebs“15. i. gungeri da g. lameri miuTiTeben evropaSi keltebis Semosvlis drois Sesaxeb: `neoliTis dasasruls britaneTSi SemoiWra axali, iberebis kontrastuli rasa: maRlebi, farTo Tavis qaliTa da maRali fexebiT, Ria TmebiTa da cisferi Tva-lebiT. eseni iyvnen keltebi“16

amdenad, ingliseli arqeologebis e. klodis gamokvlevisa da f. gelmontis redaqtorobiT gamocemul rvatomeulSi arse-buli informaciis Tanaxmad, iberebi iyvnen evropaSi mosaxle uZvelesi xalxi. dasavleT evropaSi iberebis arsebobas ukavSi-reben neoliTis periods. xolo maTi nawilis gandevna pireneis naxevarkunZulidan da didi britaneTidan moxda SemoWrili keltebis mier, neoliTis dasasrulidan. mniSvnelovani faqtia, rom ucxoeli mecnierebi iberebis nakvalevs dResac xedaven pi-reneis naxevarkunZulsa da Sotlandiis mTebSi, dasavleT ir-landiaSi mcxovreb Savgreman xalxSi.M mniSvnelovani faqtia, rom bolodroindeli anTropologiuri kvlevis Sedegad, xal-koliTisa da spilenZis xanis mcire azia-anatoliis uZvelesi mosaxleobis samarovnebis paleonTropologiuri masalis sa-fuZvelze Cans, rom anatoliis mosaxleobis umravlesoba do-liqokranuli tipisaa, xolo umciresoba – braqikranuli tipis. Aam ukanasknelis gamoCena am teritoriaze ufro gviandel xanas ukavSirdeba. kerZod, ki, xeTuri tomebis gamoCenis periods17.

XXI saukunis dasawyisSi evropel mecnierTa Soris ìbereb-Tan~ dakavSirebul erTi SexedviT legendarul ambavs, arqeo-logebisa da eTnologebis saxiT, ara erTi momxre aRmouCnda. kerZod, herbert uelsi naSromSi `civilizaciis istoriis na-rkvevebSi~ wers 12 aTasi wlis winaT momxdar faunis cvilebeb-ze, romlis dros sagrZnoblad iklo pirvelyofil xalxebSi monadireobam da evropaSi ukve Homo sapiens-is arsebobis piro-bebSi adamianma miaRwia amerikas, evropaSi iWreba axali xalxi:

15 Э. Клод, Эволуция человечества в писменах, М., 1908, стр. 263. 16 И. Гунгер, Г. Ламер, Культура древнего востока в картинках, Москва, 1913,

gv. 204, 264. 17 Др. Нидерле, Человек доисторические времени, СПБ,189б, стр. 186-187.

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àxali xalxi iyo Savgremanebi, SavTmianebi, saxis daxvewili na-kvTebiT. Eeseni iyvnen xmelTaSuazRvispireTis pirveli warmo-madgenlebi evropaSi, anu iberiuli rasis saerTo erToba~18. garda amisa, stenfordis universitetis genetikuri centris profesorma, braian saiksma grafikulad moniSna britaneTis kunZulebze evropidan wamosuli iberebis gadasaxleba-gavrce-lebis gza. aq gaTvaliwinebulia dasavleTi evropidan, kerZod, espaneTidan wamosuli iberebis istoria. qarTvelma mecnierma a. mesxma, lingvistur-enobriv safuZvlebze, sruliad axleburad warmogvidgina Zveli britanuli enis sawyisebi. kerZod, misi ana-lizis Tanaxmad, Zvelbritanuli ena saocar msgavsebas avlens qarTuli enis svanur dialeqtTan, romelmac, Tavisi geografiu-li mdebareobidan gamomdinare, SeZlo Semoenaxa saerTo qarTve-luris leqsika∗. amasTan dakavSirebiT iv. javaxiSvili wers ger-maneli musikaTmcodnis z. nadelis Tvalsazrisis Sesaxeb, rome-lic gamoxatavda gaocebas msoflioSi mxolod ori uZvelesi xalxuri mravalxmiani sasimRero keris arsebobasTan dakavSire-biT, iseT uSores qveynebs Soris, rogoric aris Sotlandia da sa-qarTvelo19. Cemi mxridan davumateb, rom SotlandiaSi gavrcele-bulia qarTuli gudastviris msgavsi xalxuri sakravi. swored gudastviris uZvelesi tradiciis Sesaxeb ikvlevda qarTuli eT-nomusikologiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli k. rosebaSvili 20.

sainteresoa sakiTxi: Tu rogor aris axsnili iberebis kva-lis gaqroba evropaSi. e.klodi wers: `brinjaos xanaSi, rodesac evropaSi iWrebian indoevropelebi, maT daasamares Zveli evro-pa. ZiriTadad brinjaos xanis kulturebi: uneticuri, terami-rinis, luJicuri, esbelogrudis, pogrebalnix polei. brinja-os xanaSive moxda kulturebis Secvla TiTqmis mTel sivrceze – atlantis okeanidan wynar okeanamde, TiTqmis mTeli aTaswle-ulebis manZilze. xolo SemdgomSi aRiniSneba xalxTa grandio-zuli gadasaxleba. iwyeba rkinis xana“21.

amdenad, aq laparakia brinjaos xanaSi im gradiozuli cvlilebebis Sesaxeb, rodesac centralur evropaSi ibere-

18 Г. Уельс, Очерки истории цивилизации, М., 2004. ∗ a. mesxi, inglisuri enis istoria, iberiul. preistoriul fonze, Tb.,

2012. 19 i. javaxiSvili, Zveli qarTuli musikaluri sistema, Tb., 1983. 20 k. rosebaSvili, gudastviri da mestvireoba saqarTveloSi. ix.:

q. Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoriis Sromebi, Tb.,1984. 21 Э. Клод, История человеяества, стр. 379.


bis yofnisas, keltebis SemoWram ganapiroba Zveli kultu-rebis ganadgureba da xalxTa gadasaxlebebi. es procesi gan-sakuTrebiT sagrZnobi aRmoCnda brinjaos xanaSi da igi grZeldeboda daaxloebiT Zv.w. I aTaswleulebamde. xolo Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi xdeba politikur asparezze mravalricxovani indoevropeli tomebis gaaqtiureba. sainteresoa, aseve, saxel-wodeba ìberi“ (ìveri~) aris Tu ara SemorCenili axali welTaR-ricxvis periodSi da romeli eTnosis aRmniSnelia igi?

rogorc cnobilia, espaneTis naxevarkunZuls, Zv.w. III aTas-wleulidan ax.w. III saukunemde, romis gabatonebamde, erqva ìbe-ria~. rac Seexeba kavkasiis areals, kavkasiis arealSi Zveli wel-TaRricxvis IV saukuneSi Camoyalibebulia ìberiis samefo~. mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom axali welTaRricxvis periodSi ucxoeTSi mcxovrebi qarTveli moRvaweebi Tavisi warmomavlo-bis dasafiqsireblad mimarTaven saxelwodebas ìberi~. kerZod, siria-palestinis moRvawe V saukunis qarTveli RvTismetyveli da filosofosi saxeldeba petre iberad, X saukuneSi saber-ZneTSi, aTonis mTaze saqarTvelodan gaRebuli Semowirulobis Sedegad Sendeba ìveriis qarTvelTa monasteri~. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom XVII saukunis dokumentur wyaroebSi kaTolike misionerebi qarTvelebs ìberielebad~ moixsenieben, XVIII s. ru-mineTSi moRvawe rumineTis eklesiis mamamTavari anTimozi, Ta-vis warmomavlobis aRsaniSnavad, Tavs anTimoz iverielad acxa-debs. XXI saukuneSi saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi ilia II gvmoZRvravs: ìveria gabrwyindeba~. aqedan gamomdinare, saxel-wodeba ìberebi~, ìberia~, ìveria~ qarTuli samyaros ganuyo-feli nawilia.

evropeli mecnierebis mier ìberebTan~ dakavSirebuli ma-sala SesaZloa erTgvar SeusabamobaSi aRmoCndes msoflio kulturis istoriaSi damkvidrebuli Sexedulebebis mimarT. magram gamokvlevis mizans ar warmoadgens erTi xelis mosmiT Tavdayira warmogidginoT Zveli kulturebisa da civilizacie-bis sawyisebi. naSromis mizania mxolod daganaxoT kulturuli msoflio im mxridan, romelic msoflio kulturis istoriaSi SesaZloa umniSvnelod an sulac ar iyos moxseniebuli. imeds vitoveb, rom naSromSi warmodgenili masala, vfiqrob, xels Se-uwyobs rogorc aqamde aRiarebuli argumentaciis ganmtkice-bas, aseve, SesaZloa axali perspeqtivebi Seqmnas momavali Ziebi-saTvis.

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mogexsenebaT, rom evropeli mklevarebisaTvis dRemde Se-ucnobia Zveli welTaRricxvis bolos evropaSi iberiuli da-mwerlobis warmomavloba, aseve Tanamedrove baskebis, rogorc iberTa winaprebis arseboba espaneTSi, Zveli etruskuli kul-turis warmomavloba italiaSi, gaurkvevelia Tu vin iyvnen ber-Znul wyaroebSi moxseniebuli pelasgebi an ra safuZvels emya-reba Zveli welTaRricxvis bolos iberiuli damwerlobis nimu-Sebis msgavseba xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi gavrcelebul damwer-lobebTan – `lemnosur stelas~, AA da B xazovanis erTmaneTTan. garda amisa, ufro Soreul warsulSi, rom gadavixedoT, gaur-kvevelia Sumerebis mosvla da, aseve, Sumerebis winare kultu-ris – protoSumerebis arseboba SuamdinareTSi. amitom, siste-muri analizis principiT SevecadoT davadginoT erTgvari ka-nonzomiereba, radgan mxolod am labirinTebSi garkvevis Sem-deg SegveZleba vimsjeloT zogadad qarTuli kulturis ad-gilis Sesaxeb msoflio kulturis istoriaSi.

aRiarebulia, rom TiToeuli kulturis dabadeba da arse-boba yalibdeba konkretul arealSi. am niSniT ìberiul-wina-reqarTuli civilizaciis~ dabadebis adgilia samxreTi kavka-sia. kavkasia miCneulia kulturis erT-erT uZveles kerad. garda amisa, evropeli da qarTveli mecnierebis gamokvlevebis safuZvelze mivdivarT Semdeg mosazrebamde: dasavleT evrazi-isa da CrdiloeT afrikas Soris mdebare xmelTaSuazRvispire-Tis sivrce warmoadgenda Tanamedrove civilizaciis sawyisebis Seqmnis areals. rogorc cnobilia, preistoriuli droidan Sa-vi zRva iTvleba xmelTaSua zRvis mimdebare sivrced. swored am kulturul arealSi yvelaze adre Sedga is Zveli kulturuli samyaro da maT Soris ìberiul-winareqarTuli civilizaciac~, romelic SesaZloa iyos erT-erTi maTgani, romelmac safuZve-li Cauyara mwyobr sistemad Camoyalibebul berZnulsa da ro-maul civilizaciebs, Sesabamisad, dasavlur Rirebulebebs.

ismis kiTxva: zogadi TvalsazrisiT ra niSniT SeiZleba da-xasiaTdes kavkasiis arealSi Zv.w. IV-II aTaswleulebSi arsebuli iberiul-winareqarTuli civilizacia? pasuxi Semdegia: zogadi TvalsazrisiT, mas axasiTebs upirveles yovlisa TviTmyofa-doba, radgan igi Tavisive wiaRidan aris aRmocenebuli da meo-re, es gaxlavT kulturuli mravalferovneba, romlis dros wi-nareqarTul samyaroSi adgili hqonda ramdenime kulturebis arsebobas. igi gvevlineba msoflioSi civilizaciuri dargebis


Seqmnis erT-erT avtorad. kerZod, samecniero daskvnebis ga-TvaliswinebiT SegviZlia Tamamad vaRiaroT, rom qarTvelebs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela wamyvan sferoSi uZvelesi aTaswleulebidanve gaaCndaT TavianTi erTgvari `niSa~: miwaT-moqmedebis (Zv.w. VII-VI aTaswleulebi), mesaqonleobis (Zv.w. VI aTaswleuli), keramikuli warmoebis (meTuneobis, Zv.w. VII-VI aTaswleulebi), metalurgiis (Zv.w. VII-IV aTaswleulebi), zRva-osnobis (Zv.w. VII-VI aTaswleulebi), meRvineobis (Zv.w. VI-III aTas-wleulebi), xalxuri rewvis (qsovisa da qargvis, Rebvis Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebi), oqromWedlobis (Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebi), ie-roglifuri da xazovani (Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisi) damwer-lobis, musikis tradiciis (Zv.w. II aTaswleuli), medicinis (Zv.w. II aTaswleuli), kartografiis (Zv.w. II aTaswleuli. kolxuri kirbebis saxiT). xolo Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi mcire aziaSi mcxov-rebi qarTveli tomis `xalibis~ mier rkina-foladis gamogone-bam gadatrialeba moaxdina civilizebul samyaroSi, romelic gavrcelebuli iqna mTel dasavleT evraziis kontinentze. swo-red uZvelesQ aTaswleulebSi qarTvel tomTa kulturuli gan-viTarebis maRali done iyo gare samyarosTan maTi urTierTo-bis safuZveli. amasTan dakavSirebiT minda SegaxsenoT frangi filosofos-ekleqtikosis viqtor kuzenis erTgvari formula – adamianisa da qveynis daxasiaTebisa: `momeciT me qveynis ruka, misi mdebareoba, misi bunebrivi pirobebi, misi wylebi da misi fizikuri geografia. momeciT misi bunebrivi produqtebi, misi flora da me Cems Tavze viReb valdebulebas warmovTqva à prio-ri“ – rogori iqneba adamiani am qveynidan da ra rols TamaSobs es qveyana msoflios istoriaSi ara calkeul SemTxvevaSi, ara-med yvela droSi…~22.

qarTuli kulturis erT-erTi gamorCeuli niSnis – mra-valferovnebis safuZvels iZleva saqarTvelos teritoriis ge-ografiuli mdebareoba. cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos terito-ria miekuTvneba evropis samxreTis subtropikul zonas, xolo CrdiloeTiT igi moqceulia alpuri danaoWebis sartyelSi. am niSniT saqarTveloSi 14 klimaturi zonaa – alpuridan udabno-mde, suptropikebis CaTvliT. mis teritoriaze 100-mde saxis ladSaftia. maT Soris, kavkasionis qedis myinvarebi 5 000 me-tramde aRwevs. mravaferovnebas qmnis, aseve, Savi zRvis siaxlo-

22 Г. Гаиден, Критика немецкой геополитики, М., 1960, стр. 27. ix.: www.APA.

gov. ge (g. loluas Sromebi).

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ve da kavkasionis samxreTi kalTis damoukidebeli qedebis ar-seboba. aRiarebuli faqtia, rom geografiuli da klimaturi garemo ayalibebs masSi mcxovrebi adamianis fsiqotips – Sesaba-misad, mis azrovnebasa da samyaros warmosaxvas, misi cxovrebis wess da a.S. swored kulturis mravalferovnebis niSania Zv.w. IV – Zv.w. II aTaswleulebis winareqarTuli civilizaciis far-glebSi ramdenime kulturis arseboba: Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebSi mtkvar-araqsis, Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebSi TrialeTis, xolo Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos arealSi adgili hqonda ganviTarebis maRal safexurze mdgom ori kulturuli wris ar-sebobas: aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi kvlav yvaoda TrialeTis brwyinvale yorRanuli kultura, xolo amave periodSi Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi ukve Camoya-libebuli saxiT gvevlineba kolxuri kultura. swored winare-qarTul samyaroSi kulturaTa erTgvari sisavse aRmoCnda pi-roba Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze saxelmwifoebrivi gaer-Tianebis arsebobisa, rac msoflioSi uZvelesi saxelmwifoeb-riobis kidev erTi nimuSia.

aqedan gamomdinare, kavkasiis arealSi dabadebuli iberi-ul-winareqarTuli civilizaciis kvlevas mivyavarT kacobrio-bis evoluciur sawyisebTan. amis safuZvels gvaZlevs paleobi-ologebisa da paleobotanikosebis gamokvlevebi, romelTa Ta-naxmad, kavkasia aRiarebulia sakacobrio civilizaciis evolu-ciis Seswavlis bunebriv laboratoriad. am niSniT, saerTaSo-riso garemos dacviTma organizaciam kavkasiis regioni Seitana Cveni planetis biomravalferovnebis cxeli wertilebis ricxv-Si. kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli cxovelebisa da mcenareebis 20 procentze meti endemuria, radgan gamyinvarebis Sedegad da klimatis cvlilebebTan erTad isini SemorCnen mxolod zogi-erT raionebSi: kavkasiaSi, himalais mTebSi, CrdiloeT amerikis sanapiro zolze. am mxriv mecnierebi xdebian mravali aRmoCenis momswreni. magram imisaTvis, rom samxreT kavkasia da masSi mcxovrebi qarTveli xalxi davasaxeloT msoflio civilizaci-ebis sawyisebis Seqmnis Tanamonawiled, am SemTxvevaSi saWiroeba moiTxovs, rom faqtobrivi masalis safuZvelze argumentire-buli pasuxi gaeces mis wiaRSi aRmocenebul ìberiul-winare-qarTuli civilizaciis“ lokaluri saxeobis arsebobas.


iberiul-winareqarTuli civilizaciis

niSnebi

(Zv.w. IV – II aTaswleulebi )

Tavidanve ganvsazRvroT ìberiul-winareqarTuli“ civi-lizaciis is naSan-Tvisebebi, romlTa safuZvelzec SesaZlebe-lia man moipovos lokaluri civilizaciis arsebobis aRiarebis ufleba. es niSnebia:

1) kulturuli wanamZRvrebis saxiT, Zv.w. VII-IV aTaswleu-lebis farglebSi Camoyalibebuli ZiriTadi civilizaciis dar-gebi: miwaTmoqmedebis, mesaqonleobis, keramikuli warmoebis, metalurgiis, xalxuri rewvis, naosnobis, meRvineobis. arqeo-logiuri da leqsikuri masala metyvelebs Zv.w. VI-V aTaswleu-lebSi (SesaZloa Zv.w. VII-V aTaswleulebSi) erTiani enobriv-kulturuli arealSi (Aanatolia-kavkasia-SuamdinareTi) qar-Tvel tomTa monawileobis Sesaxeb, romlis dros winareqarTve-li tomebi gamodian kavkasiaSi avtoxtonuri mosaxle tomebad, aseve maTi kvali Cans anatoliasa da SuamdinareTSi. maT Soris saubaria qarTul-Sumeruli urTierTobebis Rrma fesvebze.

2) arqeologiuri monacemebis safuZvelze dgindeba, rom Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis farglebSi saqarTvelos arealSi cxov-robda ara jogur principze dafuZnebuli, aramed organizebu-li sazogadoeba. kerZod, ganviTarebuli metalurgiuli dar-gis pirobebSi, aRiniSneba oqros gamodnobisa da damuSavebis teqnologiis arseboba, romelic dafuZnebuli iyo Sromis gana-wilebis sistemaze, aseve socialuri pirobebis Sesabamisad, la-parakia sainJinro arqiteturisa da kvebis kulturis maRal do-neze. kerZod, kulturuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi Tu dasavleT da aRmosavle evropaSi qvis xana iyo, saqarTvelos teritoriaze icnobdnen spilenZisa da oqros metalurgiuli damuSavebis teqnologias, mosaxleoba oTxku-Txa saxlebSi cxovrobda, sadac puri RumelebSi cxveboda. sa-fuZveli eyreboda sazogadoebaSi ojaxis Seqmnis tradicias. saqarTvelos arealSi kulturuli miRwevebi asaxuli iqna Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi arsebul mtkvar-araqsis kulturaSi. Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis winareqarTveli sazogadoebis cxovrebisa da sa-qarTvelos teritoriaze Seqmnili kulturis maRali done qmnis winapirobas civilizaciis lokaluri keris dabadebisaTvis.

3) Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulSi saqarTvelos arealSi mcxovrebi

winasityvaoba

33

maRalganviTarebuli sazogadoebis wiaRSi aRiniSneba Triale-Tis brwyinvale yorRanuli kulturis Casaxva, romlis gavrce-leba scildeba mis sazRvrebs. am periodSi gamoikveTa sazoga-doebis elitaruli fena, xolo warmarTuli taZrebis arseboba miuTiTebs qurumTa ganaTlebuli fenisa da wesrigs damyarebu-li mrevlis arsebobaze. Zv.w. III aTaswleulis II naxevridan aRmo-savleT saqarTvelos seqtorSi TrialeTis yorRanebSi (bedeni, ananuri, wnori) aRmoCenili spilenZ-brinjaos, oqrosa da ver-cxlis nimuSebi gvarwmuneben qarTul kulturaSi liTonis mxatvruli damuSavebis umTavresi xerxebis – Camosxmis, glin-vis, Wedvis da rCilvis arsebobaze, aseve oqromWedlobaSi fe-radi qvis inkrustaciis SesaZleblobaze. am niSniT, Cvenamde Semonaxulia qarTuli oqromWedlobis unikaluri nimuSebi, romlebic analogs ver pouloben ZvelaRmosavlur kultureb-Si. Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi maRalganviTarebuli kulturis arse-bobam Seqmna winapiroba, erTiani kulturuli niSniT, kavkasiis arealis kulturuli Camoyalibebisa. faqtobrivi masalisa da gamokvlevebis safuZvelze kavkasiis arealis kulturuli saxis Camoyalibebis avtorebad gvevlinebian qarTveli tomebi, ro-gorc kavkasiis avtoxTonuri mosaxleoba. am niSniT, Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulis kavkasiis regionis arqeologiuri masalis aRmo-Cenisas, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kulturuli kuTvnilebis gansazRvras. kerZod, anTropologiuri monacemebiT, Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi kavkasiaSi cxovrobs erTi anTropologiuri saxis adamiani da adgili ara aqvs sxvadasxva eTnosTa kulturebis monacvleobas. maT Soris arian afxazebi, rogorc erTiani an-Tropologiuri saxeobis – iberiulis - winaparTa modgmis xal-xi. anTropologiuri daskvnis safuZvelze, sxva anTropologi-uri tipis Semosvla CrdiloeT kavakasiaSi ganisazRvreba Zv.w. III aTaswleuliT. arqeologiuri masalis safuZvelze irkveva, rom Zv.w. III aTaswleulis II naxevridan aRiniSneba qarTvel tomTa aq-tiuri savaWro migraciebi, romlis dros eqsportis ZiriTadi sagani xdeba metalurgia da yalibdeba axali tipis savaWro ur-TierToba – `metalurgiuli codnis eqsporti~. aqedan gamomdi-nare, winareqarTvel tomebSi Cndeba metalurg-migrantTa da vaWrobiT dakavebuli fena, Sesabamisad moxmarebaSi Semodis wonis sazomi erTeuli e.w. `kavkasiuri sikila“ da ZvelaRmosav-lur qveynebSi gamoyenebuli fulis erTeuli, brinajaos rgo-lebis saxiT. am niSniT, qarTveli tomebi monawileoben asure-

Tavi I. iberiul-winareqarTuli civilizaciis kulturuli wanamZRvrebi

39

* * *

Zv.w. IV– II aTaswleulebSi iberiul-winareqarTuli civili-zaciis sakiTxi moiTxovs misi adreuli miRwevebis warmodgenas, raTa ufro damajerebeli iyos kavkasiis arealSi civilizaciis dabadeba. gansakuTrebiT im pirobebSi, rodesac Zv.w. IV aTas-wleulSi ukve arsebobs ori Zlieri civilizaciuri kera: egvip-tisa da Sumeruli civilizaciebis saxiT. sakiTxTan dakavSire-biT ganxiluli iqneba Semdegi:

a) Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze warmoqmnili Zv.w. VII-IV aTaswleulebis uZvelesi civilizaciuri dargebi;

b) Zv.w. VI– V aTaswleulebSi erTiani enobriv-kulturul arealSi (Aanatolia-kavkasia-SuamdinareTi) winareqarTveli to-mebis monawileoba.

1) Zv.w.VII– V aTaswleulebis qarTvel tomTa

civilizaciis dargebi

XXI saukunis qarTvelebi momswreni varT saqarTvelos are-alSi uamravi unikaluri arqeologiuri siaxleebisa: 2001 w. dmanisSi aRmoCenili iqna pirvelyofili adamianis arsebobis naSTebi, daTariRebuli milion 80000 wliT. garda amisa, aqve aRmoCenili iqna mozardis naSTebi, romelic metyvelebs saqar-Tvelos arealSi gaadamianurebis procesis arsebobaze. es uka-naskneli ganmtkicda 2011 wels, rodesac amerikul-qarTulma eqspediciam kvlav dmanisSi gamoavlina kidev ufro Zveli peri-odis pirveli adamianis msgavsi arsebis nakvalevi. amiT, SesaZ-loa, afrikaSi gaadamianurebis sawyisebi Caanacvlos saqarTve-lom. Ggarda amisa, saCxeris raionSi mikvleuli iqna 35 000 wlis winandeli msoflioSi uZvelesi Zafis narTi, aseve Zv.w. IV aTas-wleulis II naxevriT TariRdeba bolnisis raionSi, sofel kaz-reTSi msoflioSi uZvelesi oqros sadnobi saamqros nimuSis arseboba. 2012 wels imereTSi, sofel sawurblias mRvimeSi miag-nes 15 000 winandeli paleoliTis xanis adamianis sacxovriss, sadac aris cxovelTa, sakvebis narCenebi da mZivebi. radioeq-spertizis kvlevisaTvis naSTebi gadagzavnili iqna q. dublinSi, sadac kidev metad dazustdeba aRmoCenili masalis mniSvnelo-ba ara marto kavkasiis, aramed zogadsakacobrio istoriisaTvi-sac. dResdReobiT eqspediciis wevrebi acxadeben, rom safran-


geTSi mcxovrebi pirvelyofili adamianis naSTebis Semdgom, sa-wurblias aRmoCenas aqvs didi mniSvneloba. aq moZiebul masalaSi Cans ori periodis adamianis cxovrebis kvali. SesaZloa, garkveu-li wlebis nadirobis Semdgom adamiani kvlav ubrundeboda Tavis adgils, an igi xdeboda sxva mosul adamianTa sacxovrisi.

amdenad, sruliad aSkaraa, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze pirvelyofilma adamianma gaiCina Tavisi samkvidrebeli, sadac daiwyo gamravleba da kulturuli srulyofa, romlis dros, jer Tavis gadarCenis mizniT, xeli mihyo bunebaSi arsebuli mi-wis nayofis Segrovebasa da nadirobas. amaze metyvelebs 2011 wels zemo imereTSi, sofel undoSi, gamoqvabulSi napovni pir-velyofili adamianis – neadertalelisa da aseve uZvelesi cxo-velebis naSTebis nakvalevi, sadac adamianis mier wiTeli saRe-baviT Sesrulebuli cxovelebis gamosaxuleba saqarTvelos teritoriaze yvelaze adrindelia. cxovrebis gaumjobesebis Sedegad, saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovrebma pirvelyofil-ma adamianma SemdgomSi SeZlo bunebaSi arsebuli veluri mcena-reebisa da cxovelebis moSinaureba – demarkacia. swored de-markaciis anu gakulturebis maCvenebelia saqarTvelos teri-toriaze, kerZod, guriaSi, sofel anaseulSi aRmoCenili Zv.w. VII-VI aTaswleulebiT daTariRebuli xorblis uZvelesi jiSi, aseve, miwis damuSavebisaTvis damzadebuli xis kavi. aq mcxovre-bi adamianis didi garjis, dakvirvebisa da gonierebis Sedegia saqarTvelos teritoriaze xorblis ramdenime jiSis gamoyvana. kerZod, msoflioSi, daaxloebiT, 11 jiSidan qarTveli tomebis mier gamoyvanili iqna yinvagamZle da gvalvagamZle xorblis 5 endemuri saxeoba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom qvis xanaSi msoflios sxvadasxva teri-toriaze mcxovrebma adamianebma ver SeZles miwaTmoqmedebis, rogorc dargis Camoyalibeba. amitom planetis yvela kuTxeSi neoliTis periodSi, anu qvis xanaSi, am umniSvnelovanesi dargis Camoyalibeba yvelgan ver Sedga. Aaqedan gamomdinare, aTaswleu-lis gadasaxedidan miwaTmoqmedebis arseboba aris xalxis (eT-nosis) ganviTarebis donis maCvenebeli. qarTvel da ucxoel ag-robiologTa kvlevis safuZvelze Zv.w. VIII– VII aTaswleulebSi Tanamedrove saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze fiqsirdeba mi-waTmoqmedebis damoukidebeli keris arseboba anu aqac adamian-ma moaxerxa bunebaSi arsebuli veluri mcenareebis kulturul jiSebad qceva da primitiuli meurneobis Seqmna. miwis damuSa-


41

vebisa da mcenareTa gakulturebis procesSi adamians dasWirda nayofis Sesanaxi WurWlis moxmareba. amitom man mimarTa buneba-Si arsebul masalasa da xeli mihyo RruZiriani nivTis keTebas. am mxriv saqarTvelos teritoriaze uxvad arsebulma Tixam gan-sazRvra qarTveli eTnosis mier jer kidev Zv.w. VII aTaswleuli-saTvis Tixis WurWlis damzadeba. kerZod, dasavleT saqarTve-loSi, sofel maxvialaurSi, aseve aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, sofel SulaverSi aRmoCenili iqna Zv.w. VII-VI aTaswleulebiT daTariRebuli keramikuli WurWeli. gavida dro da adamianis gamravlebam moiTxova meti produqtis Seqmna, romelmac gansa-zRvra miwis dasamuSavebeli iaraRebis gamogoneba. adamianma kvlav bunebas mimarTa da miagno iseT bunebriv masalas, rome-lic uZlebda Wedvas. swored e.w. Wedvis gziT Seiqmna metalur-giuli dargis sawyisebi, romelic teqnologiurad ganviTarda gamodnoba-Camosxmis gziT. am SemTxvevaSi adamians ukve unda scodnoda cecxlis xelovnuri gziT miReba da misi gamoyeneba. es ki unda SemuSavebuliyo daaxloebiT Zv.w. V-Zv.w. IV aTaswleu-lebSi. amdenad, winareqarTveli tomebi gvevlinebian cecxlis xelovnuri gziT miRebis ostatebad. maT cecxlis gamoyeneba daiwyes ara marto yofiT cxovrebis moxmarebisaTvis, aramed madnis gamosadnobadac da am gziT isini Rebulobdnen axal ma-salas: brinjaos da Semdeg rkinas. uZveles lursmnul wyaroeb-Si, aseve bibliaSi arsebobs informacia qarTveli metalurgi tomebis: xalibis, Tobalis da mosinikis Sesaxeb. swored Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi mosinikebsa da xalibebs ukavSirdeba msoflioSi uZvelesi spilenZisa da rkina-foladis metalurgiuli keris Casaxva. amasTan erTad, kvlav bunebasTan siaxlovem, garjam da gamomgoneblobam miiyvana saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovre-bi adamiani bunebaSi arsebuli veluri vazis dawurvamde da mi-waSi Camarxul qvevrSi, mis dayenebamde, xolo saboloo jamSi ki meRvineobis dargis Camoyalibebamde. meRvineoba ki qarTveli adamianis cxovrebaSi aRmoCnda metad mniSvnelovani fenomeni. 2006 w. swored saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenili iqna Zv.w. VI aTaswleuliT daTariRebuli msoflioSi vazis wipwebis (mar-cvlebis) uZvelesi nimuSebi, xolo Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan mainc qarTvel tomebSi meRvineobis rogorc dargis arseboba ukve dadasturebuli faqtia. am niSniT, saqarTvelo meRvineobis sa-mSoblod aris aRiarebuli. swored Zv.w. III aTaswleulis arqeo-logiuri masala gvaZlevs uflebas vilaparakoT, rom saqarTve-


los teritoriaze mcxovreb xalxSi TviTmyofadi kulturuli niSnebis arseboba saxezea.

warmodgenili zogadi mimoxilva gvarwmunebs imaSi, rom wi-nareqarTveli tomebi adreve daadgnen civiluri cxovrebis gzas da es xdeboda Zv.w. VII aTaswleulidan: miwaTmoqmedebisa da mecxoveleobis, keramikuli warmoebis Casaxvis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos teritoriasa da mcire aziaSi wianareqarTveli tomebis nasaxlarebSi nivTieri masalis moZiebisas. am mxriv mniSvnelovani unda iyos Zv.w. VII–IV aTaswleulebSi winareqar-Tvel eTnosTan dakavSirebiT civilizaciis dargebis warmo-dgena, romlis dros, upirveles yovlisa, mniSvnelovania TiTo-eul dargSi aborigenuli saxeobebis Cveneba da misi gavrcele-bis arealis gamovlena, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi warmodgenil informacias ar eqneba amomwuravi xasiaTi. saqarTvelos teri-toriaze arsebuli civilizaciis dargebi zogad warmodgenas Segviqmnis im realobis Sesaxeb, romelsac adgili hqonda saqar-Tvelos teritoriaze Zv.w. VII-V aTaswleulebSi.

miwaTmoqmedeba (Zv.w. VII-VI aTaswleulebi)

rogorc cnobilia, miwaTmoqmedebis uadresi kera aRmoCenili

iqna Zv.w. IX– VIII aTaswleulebSi (nayofieri naxevarmTvare). amave dros, neoliTis xanaSi, Zv.w. VII– VI aTaswleulebSi, rodesac miwaT-moqmedebis arseboba jer kidev msoflios mxolod ramdenime adgi-las aris dafiqsirebuli, saqarTveloSi warmodgenilia miwaTmoq-

medebis sakmaod ganviTarebuli etapi. iv. javaxiSvili uZvelesi pureulis sa-xeobidan aRniSnavs: fetvs da mTis xor-blidan zandurs, Celtas, maxasa da sxva. maTgan fetvi gamoyenebuli iyo neoli-Tis xanidan, romelic aRmoCenili iqna anakliis maxloblad, dixaguZubas ga-Txrebis dros1. saqarTveloSi miwaT-moqmedebis rogorc dargis arsebobaze migviTiTebs n. bregaZis mier 2004 wels gamoqveynebuli gamokvleva, saxelwo-

debiT: `saqarTvelo – miwaTmoqmedebis damoukidebeli kera~, sadac vkiTxulobT: `saqarTvelos teritoriaze damowmebulia

1 iv. javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria, I, Tb., 1930; n.xoS-

taria, dixaguZuba – kolxeTis dablobis Zveli mosaxleoba. ix.: saqarTve-los mecnierebaT akademiis moambe, V, #2, Tb.,1944, gv.108-210.

xorbali maxa


45

kavkasiel mTielTa ufro Zvel, mTiuri miwaTmoqmedebis me-

mkvidreobas~5. a. javaxiSvili da T. kiRuraZe weren neoliTis

periodSi marcvleuli kulturebidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi

Romisa da fetvis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb6. miwaTmoqmedebis ganvi-

Tarebaze laparakobs aseve miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli

Sromis iaraRebi. n. bregaZe aRniSnavs: ànaseul I-is ganaTxar ma-

salaSi (Zv.w. VII-VI aTaswleulebi) aRmoCe-

nil iaraRze darCenili naWdevebi, Tra-

sologiuri gamokvlevis Sedegad Tvlian,

igi damuSavebul niadagze moyvanili pu-

reulis mkis Sedegadaa gaCenili, rac, Ta-

vis mxriv, ukve im Soreul warsulSi mi-

waTmoqmedebis arsebobis mauwyebelia~7.

eneoliTuri xanis Zeglebs miekuTvneba

dasavleT saqarTveloSi (aWaraSi) da ok-

ribis namosaxlarSi (axalsofeli) aRmo-

Cenili miwis dasamuSavebeli sxvadasxva

daniSnulebis iaraRi. maT Soris gamoyenebaSi iyo kaJisa da

qvis qanebisagan damzadebuli xelsawyoebi, aseve, md. enguris

marjvena napirze, galis raionSi, sofel fiCoraSi moZiebuli

iyo Zv.w. IV— III aTaswleulebiT

daTariRebuli muxis xisagan da-

mzadebuli kavi, miwaSi kvalis

gasakeTeblad8. xolo Zv.w. III — II

aTaswleulebis arqeologiuri

masala - namglispirebis, sxva-

dasxva saxeobis culebis, To-

xebis saxiT laparakobs miwaT-

moqmedebis intensiuri ganviTa-

rebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, Coloqis namosaxlarSi aRmoCenili li-

Tonis saxnavi iaraRi TariRdeba Zv.w. XII— XI ss-iT, aseve lan-

dSaftis specifikidan gamomdinare, winareqarTveli tomebis

5 g. Citaia, Sromebi, I Tb.,1997, gv. 29-30, 48; П. Жуковский, Культурные

растения и их сородичи, И., 1950, стр.25; И. Г. Нариманов, Древнйшая земледельческая

культура Закавказия, gv,126. 6 A. Javakhishvili, T. Kiguradze, Prenies Arqricnltur de l'Europe. ix.: Historet Archeo-

logie, Paris., 1984, 24-31. 7 n. bregaZe, saqarTvelo — miwaTmoqmedebis damoukidebeli kera, Tb.,

2004, gv.14-15. 8 Л. Дзидзигури, Л. Джибладзе, Б. Мурванидзе, Древнеишие пахотные орудия

Колхиды. сборник: Кавказоведение, #1, Тб., 2002, стр. 44; g. Citaia, masalebi saqarTve-

los saxvneli iaraRebis istoriisaTvis. ix.: smm, muzeumis moambe, V, gv. 285.

mMiwis dasamuSavebeli

iaraRi. brinjao. aWara,

cixisZiris ganZi

waldi.brinjao. guria Bb bb


weraqvi

mier warmoebuli iqna sxvadasxva formis

samiwaTmoqmedo iaraRi, romlebic gansa-

kuTrebuli daniSnulebiT iyvnen Seqmni-

li. g. Citaia amasTan dakavSirebiT asaxe-

lebs e.w. raWul saxvnel iaraRs, ro-

melTa analogebi daZebnilia saqarTve-

los gareTac: babilonSi (i. braungar-

ti), xeTebSi (o. veberi), indogermane-

lebTan (p. lezeri), saberZneTSi (i. bra-

ungarti), CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ( bal-

yareTSi, yabardoSi, CrdiloeT oseTSi - p. Jurovski), etru-

riaSi (italia — g. Citaia). Ees is arealia, sadac, savaraudod,

xdeboda winareqarTvel tomTa migraciebi. miwaTmoqmedebis

ganviTarebis garkveul etapze, cxovelTa demarkaciis (moSianau-

rebis) Sedegad, miwis dasamuSaveblad saxvneli iaraRis moxmareba

moxda gamwevi Zalis gamoyenebiTa da uremSi maTi Sebmis gziT. ker-

Zod, saxelmwifo muzeumSi daculi xisagan damzadebuli bor-

blebiani uremi TariRdeba II aTaswleulis I naxevriT.

amdenad, evraziis kontinentze miwaTmoqmedebis kerebis

gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos teritoriaze VII-

VI aTaswleulebSi aRiniSneba miwaTmoq-

medebis damoukidebeli keris arseboba,

romlis dros aRmoCenilia 5 endemuri

xorblis (Zvelkolxuri asli, maxa, dika,

zanduri, spelta) saxeoba. reliefTan da

klimatur zonebTan dakavSirebiT Camo-

yalibda miwaTmoqmedebis rTuli sami-

waTmoqmedo sistema, Sesabamisad, Seqmnili iyo miwaTmoqme-

debis mravalgvari saxis Sromis iaraRebi da gamoyvanili iq-

na yinvagamZle da gvalvagamZle xorblis jiSebi. arqeolo-

giuri masala migviTiTebs SesaZlo migraciul procesebze,

romlis dros adgili hqonda saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebul

samiwaTmomedo tradiciebis gatanas, dadasturebuli ucxo

qveynebSi xorblis jiSebisa da Sromis iaraRebis analogebis

arsebobiT.

mesaqonleoba ( Zv.w. VI aTaswleuli)

rogorc miwaTmoqmedebis, aseve mesaqonleobis dargi

gvexmareba uZvelesi aTaswleulebis samyaroSi mcxovrebi ada-

mianis socialuri yofis garkvevaSi. mecnierebi gareul cxo-

Zv. w. II aTaswleuli.uremi


75

baSi arsebobs dRemde pasuxgaucemeli kiTxvebic. maT Soris Su-merebis pirveladi samSoblos Sesaxeb, anu Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi saidan moxda Sumerebis mosvla? d. diringeri Tavis fundame-tur naSromSi (ànbani~) svams kiTxvas: arian Tu ara Sumerebi pirveli lursmnuli damwerlobis ara momxmarebelni, aramed gamomgonebelni? igive SekiTxva daismis d. diringeris mier eg-vipturi ieoroglifuri damwerlobis mimarT, rodesac lapara-kia egvipteSi misi erTgvari xelovnuri SeRwevis gzebiT mo-xvedrisas62. Aamitom Sumerologebi sxva Zvel enebTan urTi-erTmsgavsebis safuZvelze swavloben Sumeruli enisa da misi damwerlobis sakiTxebs: Sumerulis msgavsebas asiriulTan, ase-ve egvipturTan, xeTurTan, finikiurTan da maT Soris yvelaze naklebad – qarTulTan.

3) Sumerul-protoqarTveluri urTierTobebis problema

yoveli xalxis istoriisaTvis Sumerul civilizaciasTan

kavSiri uaRresad mniSvnelovania, radgan uZvelesi civiliza-ciebidan, miuxedavad egvipturi civilizaciis aqtualobisa igi mainc izolirebulad viTardebo-da, Sumerulma civilizaciam ki ganagrZo Tavisi erTgvari arsebo-ba sxva kulturebSi. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT upirveles yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom Sumerebma lursmnuli damwerloba gamoigo-nes Zv.w. IV aTaswlulis bolos. se-mitebma Sumerebisagan damwerloba SeiTvises Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi. maT Semdeg gaiTavi-ses mcire aziaSi mcxovrebma xeTebma, asurelebma, urartueleb-ma (iranSi lursmnuli damwerloba Sevida babilonidan). `saqar-Tvelos istoriis~ s. janasiseul gamocemaSi CarTulia sayura-dRebo faqti, mcire aziaSi mcxovreb qarTveli tomis, xaldebis mier lursmnuli damwerlobis gamoyenebis amsaxveli foto masala. Sumeruli damwerlobis safuZvelze Seiqmna aqaduri

62 Д. Дирингер, Алфавит, М., 1948.

xalduri warwera


damwerloba. aqadurma enam axlo aRmosavleTSi moipova saerTa-Soriso enis statusi. aqedan gamomdinare, egviptelebic, sxva qveynebTan mimoweris dros, sargeblobdnen Sumeruli damwer-lobiT. rogorc cnobilia, Zvelbabilonur xanaSi, rodesac Zv.w. II aTaswleulis bolos Sumeruli ganicdida kvdomas, moxda semitebis mier Sumeruli literaturis Cawera.

XIX saukunidan mecnierebma aqtiurad daiwyes Zveli xalxe-bis kulturis istoriis Seswavla. maT Soris Sumeruli∗ civi-lizaciiT dainteresebam gansazRvra Sumerologiis rogorc samecniero dargis Camoyalibeba.63SumerebTan dakavSirebiT ar aris zustad gansazRvruli Tu romel eTnikur jgufs miekuT-vnebian isini. amitom, dRemde gadauWrel problemad rCeba pro-toSumeruli mosaxleobis sakiTxi. amave dros dadgenilia, rom Cvenamde moRweuli zogierTi Sumeruli qalaqebis, mdinaree-bis saxelwodebebi araSumerulia: mdinareebis – idinganisa (Ta-namedrove tigrosi) da buranunus (Tanamedrove evfratis), qa-laqebis – uris, qiSis, nifuris, adabis da sxvaTa saxelwodebebi. eraySi, sadac Casaxuli iqna Sumeruli civilizacia, samecniero gamokvlevebi daiwyes 1920 wlidan: pol mil botam, henri leid-ma aRmoaCines e.w. àsurbanifalis biblioTeka“ da masSi arsebu-li 30 000 Tixis firfita. frangma Jiul opertma 1869 w. 17 ian-vars numizmatikisa da safrangeTis arqeologiis sazogadoebis winaSe amis Sesaxeb gaakeTa gancxadeba da maT enas uwoda (`qala-mas~ nacvlad) `Sumeruli~, rogorc mas SuamdinareTSi mosuli asirielebi uwodebdnen64. XIX s. germanelma h. grotfeldma, Se-

∗ Sumeruli civilizacia arsebobda Zv.w. IV aTaswlulis bolosa da II

aTaswleulis dasawyisamde. SuamdinareTis samxreTiT, daaxloebiT 38-e pa-ralelidan sparseTis yuremde, axalandeli erayis teritoriaze, romelsac aqadelebi moixseniebdnen saxelwodebiT `sumeri~, TviTon ki TavianT miwa-wyals `qalamas~ (`qveyanas~) uwodebdnen. xolo Zv.w. XXV s-dan Sumerebis ad-gilobriv saxelwodebad damkvidrda `qiengi“. m. xecuriani, civilizaciis is-toria, Tb., 2003 (saxelmZRvanelo. leqciebis kursi). gv 86. Sumerebi Suamdi-nareTSi (erayis teritoria) movidnen Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis dasawyisSi. maTi civilizacia moicavs Zv.w. IV – II aTaswleulebs, romlebmac mcire farTobze (15 000 kv.kilometri) Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis dasasruls Seqmnes civilizacia: msoflioSi pirveli damwerlobiTi sistemiT (piqtografiuli, ieroglifu-ri), safuZveli Cauyares miwaTmoqmedebas, icodnen metalis (spilenZis) gamodnoba, Seqmnes literaturis, mecnierebis, xelovnebis dargebi.

63 Д. Варга, Древний восток, Будапешт, 1985; Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa is-toria, Tb.,1988, gv. 39-67.

64 j. SaraSeniZe, Sumerebi, Tb., 1963, gv.20.; Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria~, Tb.,1988, gv. 97; Л. Вулли, Ур Халдеев, М.,1961, cт. 23.


79

lebis analizma uCvena, rom iseve rogorc saqarTvelosa da kavkasiaSi, wina aziaSic ZiriTadad doliqokranuli (grZel-Taviani da profilirebuli) Tavis qalebi Warbobdnen. Aamave dros, Tanamedrove bragiqikranuli winaaziuri tipebis formireba imave teritoriaze xdeboda, romelzedac igi am-Jamadac aris gavrcelebuli. Semdgomma masalebma daadastu-ra, rom samxreT-evropeidebis Camoyalibebis areali moicavda samxreT kavkasias, axlo aRmosavleTisa da wina aziis Crdilo regionebs. es gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom marto kavkasiaSi aris dafiqsirebuli samxeT evropeiduli didi rasis samive ganSto-ebis (xmelTaSuazRvispiruli, indo-pamiruli, wina aziuri) ar-seboba, kavkasiuri lokaluri variantebiT68.

b) enobriv-leqsikuri msgavseba: Sumerul-qarTuli uer-TierTobis gamosavlenad uaRresad mniSvnelovania TviT sa-xelwodeba `Sumeris~ gaazreba. cnobilia, rom SuamdinareTSi semitebis mosvlisas aq arsebul civilizacias ‘SumeriT~ ar mo-xsenebdnen. evropeli mecnieri s. landgini Sumeris adgilobriv saxelwodebad miiCnevs `qienagis~ anu `qienqis~, romlis saxel-wodeba ase ikiTxeba: ` miwa – RvTaeba enqisa~. raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, qarTvelur enaSi (megrulSi) sityva `qi~, miwas aR-niSnavs, xolo ènqi“ maxlobeli aRmosavleTis RvTaebad aris cnobili. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTul samyarosa da SumerulSi sityva `qi-enqi“ Sinaarsoblivad identuria da aRniSnavs `Rva-Teba enqis miwas~.

aRmosavleTmcodne gr. giorgaZem warmogvidgina Sumeru-li da qarTveluri enobrivi msgavsebis cxrili:

Sumeruli da qarTuli (svanur-megruli) Sesatyvisebi

Sumeruli qarTuli

a-gar (mindori) ar, are (adgili) akkil (kivili) ag (keTeba)

agaraki are, aremare kivili ageba

68 l. biTaZe, d.WiTanava, S. laliaSvili, e. yvavavZe, T. zubiaSvili, qar-

Tlis mosaxleobis vinaobis sakiTxi da anTropologiuri tipis cvalebado-ba, Tb., 2010.


babbar (brwyinva,sinaTle) bar (uaryofa) dag (sufTa, naTeli) dag (sadgomi) dalil (Zala) dug (doqi) eme (ena) engur (mtknari wyali) enem (ena, sityva) erim (xalxi) gin (miwa) nu (ara) dur.gar (durgali) sal (qali) guda (gudam, xari) us,us (avseba) siki (cikani) lik (ZaRli)

varvari (sinaTle) var (megrulad) dRe. dRa (megrulad) dogma Zala, Rone doqi ena, nena (laz) enguri (mdinare svaneTsa da

samegreloSi) ena eri qveyana ara durgali qali guda vseba cikani^ lekvi69

dResdReobiT qarTveli mecnierebis mier dadasturebu-

lia Sumerul-qarTul leqsikuri msgavsebebis Zalian didi rao-denoba, daaxloebiT 1000-ze meti sityvaTa SeTaxmebebi. enobri-vi msgavsebis ZiriTadi kriteriumi aris maT Soris bgeraTSesa-tyvisobaTa dadgena. Tavis mxriv, qarTul enaSi Cans Suamdina-reTSi arsebuli tomebis anarekli. ase magaliTad qaldis, igive `xaldis~ (xalibis igive qaldis) winareqarTveli tomis saxel-wodebis saxiT. garda amisa, CvenTvis yvelasaTvis nacnobi da Cveulebriv metyvelebaSi gavrcelebuli, sityva `kalami~, ro-melsac Sumerebi moixmardnen Tixis firfitebze Cawerisas. es iyo xis joxi, boloSi samkuTxa da wawvetebuli formis. mas Su-merebi `kalams“ eZaxdnen. unda aRiniSnos, rom evropelma mkle-varebma dRemde ver miagnes SumerulTan daaxlovebul vercerT cocxal enas, romelic maT miscemda Sumeruli civilizaciis siRrmeebTan miaxloebis saSulebas.

69 gr. giorgaZe, n. xazaraZe, qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezi da ZvelaRmo-

savluri eTnikuri samyaro. kreb.: qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezi, Tb., 2002, gv. 31; gr. giorgaZe, uZvelesi axloaRmosavluri eTnosebi da qarTvelTa warmomavloba, Tb., 2000.


enobriv-kulturuli erTianoba da

erTianobis daSlis Sedegi

Zv.w. VI-V aTaswleulebi

Aanatolia protoqarTuli protoSumeruli

(TurqeTi) (kavkasia) (SuamdinareTi)

IV -III aTaswleulebi

(protoxeTebi-xaTebi) iberiul-winareqarTuli Sumeruli civilizacia

II aTaswleuli

xeTebi iberiul-winareqarTuli babilonis samefo

aRniSnuli monacemebis kvalobaze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

Zv.w. VI– V aTaswleulebSi erTiani enobriv-kulturuli area-lis arseboba iZleva axsnas winareqarTveli tomebis gadaadgi-lebebis Sesaxeb anatoliis, kavkasiisa da SuamdinareTis areal-Si, romlis drosac gamovlenili iqna Sumerul-winareqarTul samyarosTan urTierTmsgavsebis sxvadasxva aspeqti. maT Soris Zv.w. IV– III aTaswleulis mtkvar-araqsisa da Suamdinaruli arqe-ologiuri artefaqtebis siaxlove da Sumeruli da winareqar-Tuli leqsikuri msgavsebebi. werilobiTi wyaroebis naklebo-bis gamo, rodesac saqme exeba uZveles istoriul periods, me-cnierebi mimarTaven qimiuri analizis meTods. am SemTxvevaSi veyrdnobi qarTvel metalurgTa gamokvlevis Sedegebs. f. Tava-Zisa da T. sayvareliZis qimiuri metalografiuli analizebis Sedegad, mecnierebi gamoTqvamen Semdeg mosazrebas: `Sumereb-Si, gansxvavebiT saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli procese-bisa, Cans ganviTarebis procesis wyvetiloba, rasac mecnierebi

Tavi II. Zv. w. IV-II aTaswleuOlebis ìberiul-winareqarTuli civilizaciis..

103

naxevarSi qarTveli tomebi oqros amuSavebdnen, rac unda mi-viCnioT Zlieri gaerTianebis arsebobis mimaniSnebel faqtad da ukve Semdgar kulturul tradiciad. Sesabamisad, metalur-giuli dargis ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo maRalorganizebuli Sromis ganawilebis sistemis Camoyalibebas. ukve arsebobda me-Rvineobis dargi, romelmac biZgi misca keramikuli warmoebis gazrdas, rodesac mzaddeboda sxvadasxva zomis qvevrebi, do-qebi da sxva. magram metalurgia aRmoCnda is dargi, romelmac saTave daudo ara marto xelosnobis tradiciis arsebobas, ara-med misi nawarmi iqca ZiriTad moTxovnad produqtad, romel-mac gza gauxsna qarTvel tomebs ewarmoebinaT farTomasStabia-ni sagareo savaWro urTierTobebi.

Aaqedan gamomdinare, sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT wamoiWreba kiTxva: Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi kavkasiis arealSi arsebobda Tu ara piroba winareqarTul samyaroSi warmoqmniliyo civiliza-ciis lokaluri kera? amdenad realurad unda iqnes gaazrebu-li Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi Tanamedrove saqarTvelos farglebSi mosaxle tomebis cxovrebis socialuri pirobebi: rogor sa-xlebs aSenebdnen da riT amuSavebdnen isini miwas, rogor uv-lidnen saqonels, ra WurWlidan da riTi ikvebebodnen, ra saxis sabrZolo iaraRi hqondaT, arsebobda Tu ara warmarTuli taZ-

rebi da sxva. aRmosavleT saqarTve-

loSi, qarTlSi, marneu-lis raionis sofel Sula-verSi, md. xramis marjvena napirze moZiebuli iyo neoliTis periodis mra-valwliani namosaxlari, sadac gamovlenili iqna wriuli an elifsuri sa-cxovrebeli saxlebi – aliziT amoyvanili ked-lebiT, konusuri da cru-

gumbaTovani gadaxurviT, daTariRebuli daaxloebiT Zv.w. 11 000–6 900 wlebiT. sacxovrisebs calke kedeli ar gaaCndaT. isi-ni gverdi-gverdT iyvnen aSenebuli. saxlis SigniT gamarTuli iyo Tixis kvercxisebri moyvanilobis kera – e.w. uqrobi ce-cxlisaTvis. arqeologiurma masalam nasaxlarSi warmogvidgina

saxlebis arqiteqtura. xramis didi gora

Tavi II. Zv. w. IV-II aTaswleuOlebis ìberiul-winareqarTuli civilizaciis..

113

Si arsebobda metalurgiuli warmoebis erTiani sistema, rac aRmoCenili saxelosnoebisa da am saqmianobasTan dakavSirebu-li sxvadasxva saxis iaraRebis msgavsebiT gamoixata21. aRniSnu-li sakiTxi uSualo kavSirSia kulturuli kuTvnilebis prob-lemasTan, romelic migviTiTebs Zv. w. IV-III aTaswleulebSi kav-kasiaSi erTiani kulturuli arealis, aseve masSi mcxovrebi xalxis, erTi eTnosis arsebobaze; 3) metalurgiuli dargis warmatebebi warmoadgens ZiriTad pirobas Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis farglebSi kavkasiaSi lokaluri civilizaciis arsebobisa; 4) metalurgiuli dargis warmateba gaxda erT-erTi xelSemwyobi piroba saqarTvelos farglebSi aqtiuri Sida migraciuli pro-cesebis arsebobisa da winareqarTvel metalurgebis gare samya-rosTan urTierTobisa. es ukanaskneli ganmtkicebulia CexeTSi metalurgiuli naSTebis aRmoCeniT, aseve mTiani raWis region-Si metalurgiis erT-erTi keris Wyornalis sazidari gobis ana-logis warmoCenisas. kerZod, Wyornalis samTamadno warmoebis `gamonamuSevarSi aRmoCnda sazidari gobi, romelic Tavisi formis mixedviT Sua evropis Sesabamis Zvel nimuSebs srulad Seesabameba“21. Zv.w. IV saukunisa da Zv.w. III aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris kavkasiis arealSi kulturuli warmatebebis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria mtkvar-araqsis kulturis arsebobas.

2. Zv.w. IV– III aTaswleulebis mtkvar-araqsis kultura

(gavrcelebis arelisa da eTnikuri vinaobis sakiTxi. D

daskvnis Sedegebi) `mtkvar-araqsis~ kulturis TariRTan, aseve mis Semqmnel

eTnosTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi. Ta-riRTan dakavSirebiT dasaxelebulia Zv.w. V– IV aTaswleulebis mijna da Zv.w. IV– III aTaswleulebis mijna22, aseve Zv.w. III aTas-wleuli. arqeologiuri masalis radiokarbonulma analizma me-

21 ir. RambaSiZe, g. mindiaSvili, g. gogoWuri, k. kaxiani, o. jafariZe, uZ-

velesi metalurgia da samTo saqme saqarTveloSi. Zv.,w. VI– III aTaswleulebi. igive, gv. 107, 55.

22 saqarTvelo uZvelesi droidan Zv.w. IV saukunemde, Tb.,1970, gv. 28. red: g. meliqiSvili.

aRmoaCine aTaswleulebis saqarTvelo

114

cnierebi miiyvana TariRis dazustebamde. kerZod, g. qavTaraZe Tavis naSromSi ` saqarTvelos eneoliTisa da brinjaos xanis qronologia~ wers, rom am meTodis saSualebiT moxda saqarTve-los teritoriaze mtkvar-araqsis nivTieri masalis erTgvari daZveleba23. qarTul metalurgiasTan dakavSirebiT 2010 w. gamocemaSi vkiTxulobT: `mtkvar-araqsis kulturis farglebSi – Zv.w. IV– III aTaswleulis mijna, metalurgi-mWedlebi masiurad awarmoeben culebs, satexebs, isrispirebs, samkaulebs. '"liTo-nis gamodnobasTan da nivTebis CamosxmasTan dakavSirebul ia-raR-mowyobilobebs. tigel-cicxvebi da yalibebi, zogan erTad da zogan cal-calke, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis TiTqmis yvela namosaxlarze Cndeba“24. es ki imas niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi moZiebuli arqeologiuri masalis TariRma ufro Sors gadai-

wia. am niSniT, mtkvar-araqsis kultura Ta-riRdeba Zv.w. IV aTaswleuliT. axla rac See-xeba sakiTxs: vin arian mtkvar-araqsis kul-turis Semqnelni da ratom eZleva am faqts didi mniSvneloba? sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT zogadad Sevexebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebul siaxleebs.

Uupirveles yovlisa, minda gamovyo um-niSvnelovanesi sakiTxi, romelic exeba Sem-

degs: mtkvar-araqsis kulturasTan mimarTebiT arsebobs ga-rkveul mecnierTa Tvalsazrisi, romlebic Tvlian, rom mtkvar-araqsis kultura arsebobda mxolod aRmosavleT sa-qarTveloSi da igi ar vrceldeboda dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kolxeTis dablobze. am SemTxvevaSi unda viyoT Zalian katego-riulebi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze yvela droSi adgili hqon-da mudmiv Sida migraciul procesebs. Aam faqtis damamtkicebe-li sabuTebi arsebobs rogorc arqeologiur masalaSi _ xe-lovnebis nimuSebis saxiT, ise anTropologiur naSTebSi. aRmo-savleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli mtkvar-araqsis kultura Casaxvis etapze marTlac ar vrceldeboda dasavleT saqarTve-

23 Г. Кавтарадзе, К хронологии эпохи энеолита и бронзы Грузии, Тб., 1983;

k. TurmaniZe, amierkavkasiis ganviTarebis mimarTulebis Sesaxeb (Zv.w. 3500-1400 wlebSi), ix.: arqeologiuri krebuli, II, Tb., 2001, gv. 31.

24 ir. RambaSiZe, g. mindiaSvili, g. gogoWuri, k. kaxiani, o. jafariZe, uZ-velesi metalurgia da samTo saqme saqarTveloSi, Zv.w. VI – III aTaswleulebi, Tb., 2010, gv. 243.

yalibi

Tavi III. Zv. w. III aTaswleulis kulturuli garemo da winareqarTuli...

125

epoqis mimoxilva

(egvipte, asureTi, Sumeri. indoevropelebi samxreT evropaSi)

kacobriobis istoriaSi Zv.w. III aTaswleuli umniSvnelova-

nesi periodia. amitom gamokvlevaSi warmodgenili iqneba ro-gorc zogadad Zv.w. III aTaswleulis kulturuli samyaro, aseve ganixileba ramdenime mniSvnelovani konkretuli sfero. maT Soris:P a) kavkasiis kulturuli arealis Seqmnis sakiTxi; b) Tri-aleTis kulturuli tradicia; g) kolxuri kulturis wanam-ZRvrebi; d) kavkasiis arealSi kulturuli kuTvnilebis prob-lema; e) Zv.w. III aTaswleulis farglebSi saqarTvelos areali-dan migraciebis sakiTxi.

Zv.w. III aTaswleuli msoflios xalxTa istoriaSi erTgvari zRvaria adamianis socialur-kulturuli cxovrebis siaxlee-bisa: es exeba Zveli civilizaciebis aRmavlobis xanasa da axali civilizaciebis, saxelmwifoebrivi da regionaluri gaerTiane-bebis aRmocenebas, aseve eTnosebisa da kulturebis, teqnolo-giuri siaxleebis warmoqmnas. kerZod, Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi siax-leebis aRmocenebam xeli Seuwyo evraziis kontinentze Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi samyaros axlebur mowyobas. am TvalsazrisiT sa-interesoa konkretulad ra niSnebiT xasiaTdeba Zv.w. III aTas-wleulis samyaro.

m. xidaSeli Zv.w. III aTaswleulis daxasiaTebisas aRniSnavs, rom ùfro gvian gavrcelebuli ara erTi mniSvnelovani movle-nis sawyisi, swored am istoriul epoqaSia saZebni“1. maT Soris, Zv.w. III aTaswleuli aRiniSneba politikur asparezze indoevro-pelebis damkvidrebis xanad, ramac evraziis dasavleT seqtor-Si gamoiwvia radikaluri cvlilebebi. amave dros, Zv.w. III aTas-wleulSi erTiani kulturuli niSniT yalibdeba kavkasiis regi-oni, romelmac garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi erTgvari damca-vi zRude Seqmna indoevropeli tomebis SeRwevisaTvis kavkasiis arelSi.

sakiTxi dgas Semdegnairad: Zv.w. III aTaswleuli sazogadod ra teqnologiuri siaxleebiT iyo gamorCeuli, romelmac samya-ro miiyvana radikaluri gardaqmnebisaken?

1 m. xidaSeli, samyaros suraTi arqaul saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2001, gv. 57.


126

Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi sazogadoebaSi gaCnda metalurgiuli produqtisadmi didi moTxovna. kerZod, evraziis zogierTi re-gioni civi Wedvidan gadadis gamodnobaze, garda saqarTvelos arealisa, sadac ukve oqros adnoben da xdeba axali liTonuri Senadnobis – brinjaos miReba. aRniSnulma teqnologiurma si-axleebma ganapiroba adamianis socialuri pirobebis gaumjobe-seba da cxovrebis wesis Secvla, romlis drosac xdeba xis same-urneo da sabrZolo iaraRebis liToniT Canacvleba. am ukanas-knelma ki ganapiroba sazogadoebis axali fenis – samxedro eli-tis Camoyalibeba. Sesabamisad, Sendeba damcavi nagebobebi da masTan dakavSirebuli mTeli jaWvi sxva siaxleebisa. socialur sferoSi metalurgiulma warmatebebma ganapiroba namati pro-duqciis Seqmna, xolo savaWro bazris gafarToebam ki axali kulturul-ekonomikuri kerebis warmoqmna. aRniSnuli movle-nebi uSualo kavSirSi unda iyos egeosisa da xmelTaSua zRvebis arealSi savaWro faqtoriebis warmoqmnasTan, ramac ganapiroba Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi egeosisa da xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi axali kulturebis Camoyalibeba. am mxriv sainteresoa ra xdeboda Zvel civilizaciur kerebSi – egviptesa da SumerebSi, ramdenad iyvnen isini CarTulni am epoqalur movlenebSi?

Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi egvipte iyo ukve kulturulad Se-mdgari da mdidari tradiciis mqone qveyana, sadac damwerloba Camoyalibda Zv.w. 3000 w. (Zv.w. IV aTasleulis II naxevari) winadi-nastiur xanaSi, romelsac berZnebma ìeroglifebi“ uwodes. Zvel egvipteSi ukve arsebobda Taviseburi samecniero dawese-buleba – `cxovrebis saxli~ – da sataZro skolebi, sadac aswav-lidnen wera-kiTxvas, angariSs, astronomias, medicinas. Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi egvipteSi erTmaneTis miyolebiT Sendeba cnobi-li piramidebi: Zveli samefos xanaSi, daaxl, Zv.w. 2800 – Zv.w. 2263 w. igeba pirveli safexurebiani piramida, xolo SemdgomSi xeofsma, hefrenma da mikerinma aages sami piramida gizeSi. eg-vipte awarmoebda aqtiur sagareo vaWrobas. rogorc Cans egvip-teSi metalurgiuli warmoeba SedarebiT dabal doneze idga. aRniSnuli faqtori, SesaZloa, iyo erT-erT mizezi egviptis mi-er gavlenis mosapoveblad aziaSi warmoebuli omebisa iseT qveynebTan rogoric iyo asureTi∗, romelic Zv.w. III aTaswleul-

∗ asureTi Camoyalibda dRevandeli erayis teritoriaze (Suamdinare-Tis CrdiloeT nawilSi) Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi da iarseba Zv.w. VII s-mde. asuru-li ena miekuTvneba semitur ojaxs. igi aqaduri enis erT-erTi dialeqtia.


140

2) TrialeTis kultura. Zv.w. III - II aTaswleulebi rogorc cnobilia, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis farglebSi

mtkvar-araqsis kulturas saqarTveloSi (ZiriTadad aRmosav-leT saqarTveloSi) genetikurad enacvleba TrialeTis brwyin-vale yorRanuli kultura. es aris kultura, romelic pirdapi-ri maniSnebelia qveynis maRali ekonomikuri donisa, misi xalxis gamWriaxi gonebisa da maTi esTetikuri gemovnebisa. am period-Si Seqmnili xelovnebis nimuSis Sefasebisas sagrZnobia ara mar-to damkveTisa da Semsruleblis qonebrivi diferenciacia, ara-med erTgvari harmoniuli Tanaarseboba, romlis garemoSic un-da Seqmniliyo es unikaluri materialuri Zeglebi.

qronologiuri niSnebis gaTvaliwinebiT, Zv.w. III aTaswle-ulSi, mtkvar-araqsisa da TrialeTis kulturebs Soris, mecnie-rebi asaxeleben aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi aRmocenebul bede-nis kulturas. kerZod, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis farglebSi da mis Semdgom, saxeldeba e.w. bedenis adrebrinajaos xanis kultura. am faqtis naTeli dadasturebaa aRmosavleT saqar-TveloSi gamovlenili gora-samarxebi. g. gobejiSvilis ganmar-tebiT, TeTriwyaros raionSi bedenis qedze, zRvis donidan 1350-180 km. aRmoCenili iqna gora-samarxebi, anu xelovnuri yorRanebi, romelic TariRdeba Zv.w. 2300-2000 ww21. enciklope-diuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, isini warmoadgendnen sworkuTxa dasakrZalav ormoSi Cadgmul, xis ZelebiT gadaxurul aklda-mebs, sadac xis uremze dakrZalul beladTan erTad Catanebuli iqna xisa da Tixis uamravi WurWeli, romelTa Soris gamorCeu-li iqna vercxliferi bzinvarebiT Semosili Savpriala zedapi-riani keramika (ix. danarTi №4), aseve nair-nairi qsovilebi, qvis, Zvlisa da liTonis iaraRebi (sanayi, salesebi, obsidianisa da kaJis isrispirebi, spilenZis yuamiliani culi, sadgisi da sxva) oqrosa da spilenZis sakinZebi, sardionisa da pastis mZi-vebi, marcvleuli da xis nayofi22. rogorc aRiniSna, bedenis kultura aris erTgvari Sualeduri etapi adrebrinajaos xanis mtkvar-araqsis kulturasa da Sua brinjaos xanis TrialeTis kulturas Soris. g. gobejiSvili wers: `swored bedenis kultu-raSi asaxuli iqna rRvevis gzaze mdgari gvarovnuli sazogado-

21 g. gobejiSvili, bedenis gorasamarxebis kultura, Tb.,1980. 22 qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, II, Tb.,1977, gv. 265.


148

WeSmarit efeqtebs aRwevdnen“36. Wiquris uZvelesi nimuSebidan SeiZleba dasaxeldes TrialeTSi moZiebuli mZivebi, daTariRe-buli Zv.w. XVI– XV ss-iT, xolo Zv.w. XII-VII ss-iT TariRdeba sa-mTavros, aseve TrileTis, Trelis namosaxlarSi napovni Tixis WurWeli. mecnierebi aRniSnaven am urTulesi teqnologiis di-di qronologiuri diapazonis arsebobas – brinjaos xanidan Su-asaukunebamde. Zv.w. III– II aTaswleulebis periodSi, garda xe-losnobis dargis warmatebebisa, siaxleni Cans sainJinro sa-qmianobaSic. M

msoflio kulturis istoriaSi Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebiT TariRdeba evraziis, amerikis (peru), CrdiloeT afrikis (egvip-

te) kontinentebze sxvadasxva saxis grandiozuli nagebobebis arseboba, romlis mimarTUL kiTxvebi dRemde pasux-gaucemelia. v. bitneri am tipis nagebo-bebis arsebobas miakuTvnebs neoliTis periods37. mklevarTa erTi nawilis TvalsazrisiT isini adreuli brinjaos xanisaa da Seqmnilni arian migraciis Se-degad, erTi da imave xalxis mier. evra-ziaSi cnobili megaliTuri nagebobebi-dan (berZnulad mega _ didi, liTi _

qva) gamoyofen sam jgufs: mengiri, kromlexi da dolmeni. maT Soris yvelaze didi raodenoba dolmenebisa ganlagebulia kav-kasionis qedis orive mxares. dResdReobiT am dolmenebis arse-boba ganisazRvreba samarxis daniSnulebiT. am grandiozuli na-gebobebis naklebobas arc sa-qarTvelos teritoria ga-nicdis. saqme exeba saqarTve-los teritoriaze arsebul, Zv.w. III aTaswleuliT daTari-Rebul, afxazeTSi ganlage-bul dolmenebs. xolo Zv.w. II aTaswleuliT TariRdeba TrialeTis, bedenisa da ja-vaxeTis teritoriaze aRmo-

36 i. gagoSiZe, Wiquri. ix: qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, XI, Tb.,1987, gv. 402; qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, I, Tb.,1978, gv. 438.

37 В. В. Битнер, Лекции по антраралогии, М., 1907, стр. 83.

Ddolmeni soxumSi. Ggadmotanlia sof. zemo eSeridan da dadgmulia muzeumis win. Zv. w.III-II

aTaswleulebi

neoliTamdeli sam iarusiani megaliTuri cixesimagre. sof. avranlo

(Tezi). walkis raioni. Zv. w.III-II aTaswleulebi


173

amitom qarTveli metalurgebi TviT midian Soreul adgilebSi da iq amuSaveben liTons. aqedan gamomdinare, adgili hqonda rogorc `metalurgiis codnis eqsports~, ise metalurgiuli dargis gavrcelebis paralelurad, teqnologiuri siaxleebis gacnobasa da maT mier meliToneobis codnis danergvas. geog-rafiul-istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, qarTvel tomTa migraciebi grafikulad amgvarad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:

qarTvel tomTa migraciuli areali:

Zv.w. IV aTaswleuli – SuamdinareTSi (Sumerebi); Zv.w. III aTaswleuli – asureTi, centraluri evropa (Cexe-

Ti), aRmosavleT evropa ( ukraina), CrdiloeTi kavka-sia.

Zv. w. III- II aTaswleulebis mijna – balkaneTis naxevarkunZu-li, kviprosi.

am CamonaTvalSi aisaxa saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTo-

bebSi winareqarTvel tomTa aqtiuri CarTuloba. am niSniT ìbe-riul-winareqarTuli civilizaciis~ arsebobis sakiTxi unda ganixilebodes evraziaSi arsebul did migraciul procesebTan uSualo kavSirSi. am mosazrebas vxsniT SemdegiT: qarTvel me-talurgebs moTxovnadi produqtis arsebobis pirobebSi, SeeZ-loT vaWroba ewarmoebinaT metalurgiuli mza masalis, aseve metalurgiasTan dakavSirebuli teqnologiuri codnis er-Tgvari gayidvis saxiT. swored am garemoebebma SeiZleba warmo-gvidginos informacia xalxTa migraciebis mizezisa da miznebis mamoZravebeli meqanizmis Sesaxeb, anu raSi mdgomareobda mi-graciis aucilebloba.

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mivmarTav, upirvels yovlisa, ar-qeologiur masalas, romelmac gamoavlina migraciebis nakva-levi. maT Soris asaxuli arqiteqturul-sainJinro nagebobeb-Si, keramikul nawarmSi, xelovnebis nimuSebSi, aseve miwaTmoiq-medebis tradiciasTan dakavSirebiT – mcenareuli kulturuli jiSebisa da Sromis iaraRebis gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT. t. CubinaSvilTan vkiTxulobT: `Zv.w. III aTaswleulis farglebSi sainteresoa qarTvel tomTa sacxovrisis ganxilva, romlis


174

dros msgavseba Cans erTi mxriv, wina aziur, xolo meore mxriv, egeosur samyarosTan~85.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze Zv.w. III aTaswlulSi aRiniSneba e.w. ciklopuri tipis namosaxlarebis arseboba. t. CubiniSvili wers: `sofel sabeWdavis namosaxlari Seicavs ramdenime heqtar TavdacviT namosaxlars, romlis kedlebi bazaltis didi lo-debiT aris nagebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom TavdacviTi nageboba gansa-zRvruli iyo aseve sacxovrebladac~86. ciklopuri tipis namo-saxlarebi arsebobs aseve saberZneTSic, romelsac kolx-pelas-gebis mier Seqmnilad miiCneven. sainJinro-nagebobebis garda, migraciasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovan informacias iZleva keramikuli naSTebi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze – beSTaSenSi, kvacxelebSi, oznSi, gudabertyaSi mopovebuli ganaTxari, niv-Tebis moyvanilobisa da formis mxriv, emsgavseba winaaziur xe-lovnebis nawarms. keramikuli nawarmis msgavseba vlindeba aseve kontinentur espaneTsa da italiaSi moZiebul faqtobriv masa-lasTan.

sakiTxi dgas Semdegnairad: msoflioSi ra gziT vrcelde-boda metalurgiis eqsporti? amasTan dakavSirebiT qarTvel mecnierTa gamokvlevebSi vpoulobT cnobebs uZveles qarTvel tomTa nakvalevis Sesaxeb Zveli samyaros sxvadasxva arealSi:

asureTi

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Zv.w. III aTaswleulis farglebSi asu-

reTis saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebis statuss da mis rols im pe-riodis vaWroburTierTobaSi, maSin mniSvnelovani aRmoCndeba Zv.w. III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi qarTveli eTnosis monawileoba e.w. Zvel asurul savaWro sistemaSi. es movlena dadasturebu-lia qiulTefe-kanesSi (anatoliaSi) aRmoCenili werilobiTi Zeglebis safuZvelze. asureTTan vaWrobis erT-erTi sagani iyo kala, xolo sanacvlod kavkasiidan, maT Soris, Tanamedrove sa-qarTvelodan, gadioda oqro da spilenZi. swored qiulTefe-ka-nesSi aRmoCenili sabeWdavebisa da TrialeTis vercxlis Wur-

85 Т. Н. Чубинашвили, О взааимоотношениях Кавказа (куро-аракской) с

переднеазиатской культурой в III тысячелетия до н. э. Тб., 1964, стр. 52; Памятники мирового искусства. Искусcтво древнего Востока, Москва., 1968, стр. 8, 43, 156.

86 Т.Н, Чубинашвили, О всзаимоотношениях Кавказа (Куро-аракской), тоже самое, Тб.,1964.


175

Welze mocemuli gamosaxulebebis msgavsebis safuZvelze Camo-yalibda azri qarTvelebis asurul koloniebTan siaxlovis Se-saxeb. o. jafariZe xazs usvams Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi qarTveli metalurgi tomebis monawileobas asurul savaWro e.w. saerTa-Soriso sistemaSi87.

dasavleTi evropa

g. avaliSvilisa da g. ZoZuas erTobliv naSromSi vkiTxu-

lobT Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi qarTvel metalurgTa kvalis arse-bobaze dasavleT evropaSi. kerZod, CexeTSi, devinis nasaxlarSi aRmoCenili iqna nivTebi, romlebic did msgavsebas avlenen qar-Tul nawarmTan: masala SerCeuli iyo adgilobrivi sabadoebi-dan, xolo formiT igi kavkasiuris msgavsi iyo. kerZod, aRmoCe-nili iqna adrebrinjaos xanis fena, sadac keramikis zogi forma uaxlovdeba mtkvar-araqsisa da TrialeTis kulturaTa adreu-li periodis WurWels. es aris anarekli Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi qarTveli meliToneebis migraciisa evropaSi88. g. avaliSvilis TvalsazrisiT: ` Zv.w. III aTaswleulis aRmosavleT evropis rig Zeglebze SeiniSneba mWidro kavSiri kavkasiiasTan. Kigi iyo wina aziis da evropis SemaerTebeli rgoli. Zv.w. III aTaswleulis me-2 naxevridan aRmosavleT da mTel cirkumpontiul metalurgiu-li provinciis (cmp) evropul zonaSi vrceldeba amierkavksiu-ri metalurgiuli importi. amasTanve, zogierTi brinjaos niv-Tis speqtruli analizi uCvenebs, rom liToni adgilobrivi warmoSobisaa, xolo forma da ieri amierkavkasiuria. es ki imis maniSnebelia, rom amierkavkasiidan evropaSi adgili hqonda profesional meliToneebisa da mWedlebis gadaadgilebas (migracias). Zv.w. III aTaswleulis me-2 naxevarSi metalurgTa na-kvalevi bolos aRmoCnda CexeTSi adrebrinjaos xanis romauli periodis devinis nasaxlaris qveS, sadac napovni keramikis zo-

87 o. jafariZe, qarTveli eris eTnogenezis saTaveebTan, Tb., 2007, gv.

348; Памятники мирового искусства. Искусcтво древнего востока, Москва,1968 стр. 43, 53; Т. Н. Чубинашвили, О взаимоотношениях кавказских куро-аракских культур с переднеазиатской культурой в III тысячелетия до нашей эры, Тб.,1984; saqarTvelos arqeologia, Tb., 1959, gv. 79.

88 g. avaliSvili, j. ZoZua, qarTvel tomTa urTierToba gare samyaros-Tan brinjaos xanaSi, Tb.,1999, gv. 15.

Tavi IV. Zv. w. II aTaswleulis kulturuli samyaro

197

saTvis sakuTari kalendris gamogoneba. qarTveli mecnierebis mier gamokvlevebis Sedegebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia vila-parakoT winareqarTul samyaroSi kalendris arsebobis Sesaxeb. r. patariZis azriT, qarTuli warmarTuli kalendris arseboba gamovlinda qarTul asomTavrul anbansa da X saukunis sinas mTis qarTveli moRvawis ioane zosimes Cvenamde moRweul xel-nawer teqstSi ` qeba¡ da dideba¡ qarTulisa enisa¡~. amasTan da-kavSirebiT r. patariZe wers: `qarTul asomTavrul anbanSi gan-xorcielebulia weliwadisa da drois ori kalendaruli sis-tema – mzis da mTvaris~. `saqme isaa, rom qarTul asomTavrul anbanSi dasturdeba rogorc uZvelesi anbanuri mwkrivi, aseve aso-niSnebis uZvelesi ricxviTi mniSvneloba. rac mTavaria, qarTul asomTavrulSi Semonaxulia arqauli warmoSobis rigiTi saTvalavi. rogorc Semdeg gair-kva, es saTvalavi, se-mur-ugariTuli sa-Tvalavis msgavsad, drois aRricxvis ka-lendarul sistemas ukavSirdeba~. `drois aRricxvis nebismieri kalendaruli siste-mis mizanic is iyo, rom SeZlebisdagva-rad zustad asaxuliyo kalendarSi tropikuli weliwadis∗ xan-grZlioba~6. kalendarTan mimarTebisas a. cincaZe Tavis gamo-kvlevaSi ori saxis kalendris ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT gvawvdis Semdegi saxis informacias: 1) mzis moZravi kalendris Sesaxeb, romelic cnobili iyo Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi egvipteSi; 2) aseve uzustesi e.w. `qarTuli kalendris~ arsebobasTan da-kavSirebiT. a. cincaZe ioane-zosimes testSi gamoyofs sityva _ `weliwadi~. sakiTxi exeba mecnieris mier teqstSi CarTuli sityvis – `weliwadis~ daSifrvis Sedegs, romlis dros gamo-vlenili iqna kacobriobis istoriaSi uzustesi kalendris

∗ tropikuli weliwadi _ drois Sualedi gazafxulis (buniobisas mzis

gavlis manZili (365, 242196) periodSi, mzis garSemo dedamiwis orbitaluri moZraobisas.

6 r. patariZe, qarTuli asomTavruli, Tb.,1980, gv. 340, 347.

qalis samarxi kviracxovlis veli. Nnapovnia mzis disko, qinZisTavi, orspiraliani gulsakidi,

margalitis mZivi da sxva samkaulebi. XIVs. Zv. w.


203

rialuri dovlaTis arsebobaze. maT Soris gansakuTrebulad aRiniSneba Zv.w. II aTaswleuliT daTariRebuli saojaxo meurne-obisaTvis damzadebuli iaraRebi. garda amisa, sainteresoa

epoqis elitaruli fenis socialu-ri mdgomareobis warmoCena, romel-Ta wreSi yvelaze metad iqneboda ganivTebuli winareqarTvelTa kul-turuli miRwevebi. am mizniT Cven SegviZlia SevafasoT didebuli qalbatonis garegnuli iersaxe, misi Cacmuloba da aqsesuarebi. Aase maga-liTad warmovidginoT mdidari qal-batonis samkauloebis Sesanaxi sa-gangebod Sesrulebul yuTi, rome-lic TviT iyo xelovnebis nimuSi. xis yuTi Semkuli iyo sxvadasxva Sefe-

rilobis TvlebiT, an SeiZleba yofiliyo obsidianis TvlebiT Semkuli inkrustirebuli xis yuTic. xelovnebaTmcodneebi gamoTqvamen mo-sazrebas, rom am oqros yuTebis Sesam-kobad xelosans iseTi qvebi hqonda Se-rCeuli, romlebic oqrosTan erTad qmnidnen naz tonalobas. yuTSi qalba-tons SeeZlo moeTavsebina oqros fir-fitis budeSi Casmuli aqatis kuloni, romelic Semkuli iyo gavarsiTa da sa- rdionis TvlebiT, aseve oqros mrgvali medalioni, Semkuli ze-modan dadebuli reliefuri spiralebiTa da grexili mavTu-liT. aqve ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT qarTuli saiuveliro oq-romWedlobis urTulesi xerxebiT Sesrulebuli TrialeTuri maRali sinjis oqrosagan, sxvadasxva ferisa da zomis TvlebiT Semkuli unikaluri poliqromuli yelsabami (ix. danarTi №17), daTariRebuli Zv.w. XIX saukuniT. i. gagoSiZes TqmiT `yel-sabami Sedgenilia sxvadasxva zomis oqros 14 fuye mZivisagan, romelTa SemkulobaSi gamoyenebulia wvrili da msxvili gavar-

B brinjaos dugma Zv. w. II

aTaswleulis miwuruli. Cabaruxis xevi (duSeTis

raioni)

fibula


204

si, grexiluri pansoni, inkrustacia. TrialeTuri yelsabami na-mdvili gavarsiT Semkuli erT-erTi uZvelesi oqromWedlobis nivTia msoflioSi~12. amave periods miekuTvneba oqros filig-ranuli yelsabami (ix. danarTi №16) KZv.w. II aTaswleulSi mcxov-rebi qalbatonebis garegnuli iersaxis warmodgenas gviqmnis, aseve, Cvenamde moRweuli qinZisTavebi (ix. danarTi №18), Se-srulebuli stilizebuli, daxvewili formebiTa da wvrili qve-biT. sainteresoa samosisaTvis gankuT-vnili atributebic. maT Soris Zv.w. II aTaswleuliT TariRdeba qsovilis da-samagrebeli brinjaos dugma, moZiebu-li duSeTis raionSi, Cabaruxis xevidan, aseve oqros kilitebi, T –s formis sakin-Zebi, qinZisTavebi, romlebic udaod sa-mosis gansakuTrebuli formisaTvis iyo Seqmnili. amasTan dakavSirebiTO o. lor-TqifaniZesTan vkiTxulobT: `saCxeris yorRanuli samarxebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia e.w. T-s magvari qinZisTavebi (ix. danarTi №18). rogorc fiqro-ben, isini mxarTan tansacmlis Sesabnevad iyo gankuTvnili“13. samarxebSi Semonaxuli aRmoCnda aseve Txeli furclisagan

gamoWrili tansacmnlis Sesakvreli masiuri abzindebi da Tavsaburavis calkeuli nawilebi14. Zv.w. II- I aTas-wleulebiT TariRdeba tansacmlis Sesakravad gamoyenebuli e.w. fibule-bi (gv. 203), romelTa warmomavlobis sakiTxi azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs.

maT Soris saqarTvelos teritoriaze moZiebuli sxvadasxva pe-riodis 152 calidan n. sulavas mier aRwerilia kolxuri fibu-lis saxeoba, aseve b. degenko valskis mier Wuberis velidan (svaneTi) aRmoCenili fibula15. Sesamoselis gansakuTrebulo-bas kidev metad xazs usvams stilizebuli qamris balTebis ar-

12 i. gagoSiZe, qarTveli qalis samkauli, igive, gv. 9-15. 13 o. lorTqifaniZe, Zveli kolxeTis kultura, Tb., 1972, gv. 9. 14 О. Лорткипанидзе, Наследие древней Грузии, Тб., 2000. 15 n. sulava, kavkasiis fibulebi, Tb., 2011, gv. 5; А. А. Иесен, Б. Е. Деген-

Ковальский, К истории железного производства Закавказьия. По материалам раскопок Чубурского железноплавителя - В.Сванетии, М-Л, 1935,стр. 230.

rkinis fexsacmeli. aRmoCenilia sof. Ddisevis

Zveli drois akldamaSi

qamris balTa


230


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warmogidgenT Tixis diskze kolxuri oqrodamwerlobiT Sesrulebul savedrebel-sagaloblis g. kvaSilavaseuli amo-kiTxvis axalqarTuli variants:

A mxare I. aia-Wabukno, ganmwmedel(n)o, dafaruli taZris, II. aia-Wabukno, dedis kari(s) ganmwmendel(n)o, sadar(n)o, III. dafare(T), TaRi gaRvTierebul(n)o, sadar(n)o, IV. qveynis simaRlisa(n)o/sicocxlis Zal(n)o, sadar(n)o, V. winmaval(n)o garufu(no), VI. qveynis simtkice(n)o/Semwe(n)o, sadar(n)o, VII. hqmen(T), dafaruli taZari, VIII. qveynis simtkice(n)o/Semwe(n)o, sadar(n)o, IX. maradmaval(n)o garufu(n)o X. gardahqmeni(T) aias sicocxle yvelanairad, sadar(n)o, XI. Ramis mTvar(iT) ganaTebul(n)o, XII. dedis qveyana mudam dafare(T)o, XIII. daasx(n)i(T) xel(n)i dafarul(ad) sxvivosano mfa-

rav(n)o, XIV. ojaxis fuZis, jiSis sula-brunv(is) ganmwmedel(n)o55.

55 g. kvaSilava, festos disko – kolxuri oqrodamwerloba. ix.: Jurna-

li `cotneideli, II, Tbilisi-fazisi, 2005-2008, gv. 79; ix. agreTve, Jurnali `qarTvelologia #2,3 (2012 w.).

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kacobriobis istoriis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, Zv.w. II aTaswleulis farglebSi, adamianis azrovnebis evoluciis kvaldakval, didi informaciis dasafiqsireblad rogorc Cans, ieroglifuri damwerloba ver asaxavda ufro met SesaZ-

leblobebs, amitom adamiani iwyebs fiqrs axali saxis da-mwerlobis sistemis Sesaqmne-lad. ucxoeli mklevarebis mier aRmoCenili Zv.w. II aTas-wleuliT daTariRebuli mravali warwera, samwuxa-rod, ZiriTadad dResac gau-Sifravi rCeba. kerZod, samec-niero literaturaSi aRniS-nulia e.w. xazovani damwer-lobis amokiTxvis, gaSifrvis

ara erTi mcdelobis Sesaxeb.U sxvadasxva mizezTa Soris, Ziri-Tad amosacnob faqtorad rCeboda da dResac rCeba am warwe-rebSi Cadebuli enis sakiTxi. maT Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT a. diringeris gamokvleva saxelwodebiT ànbani~. aRniSnul problemasTan dakavSirebiT a. diringerTan vkiTxulobT Crdi-loeT egvipteSi, kaxunaSi aRmoCenili warweris Sesaxeb, romel-sac mecnieri Zv.w. II aTaswleuliT aTariRebs, aseve imave Tari-RiT saxeldeba luqsorTan, karnakSi aRmoCenili warwerebi. A a. diringeri wers aseve SuamdinareTSi, urSi Zv.w. II aTaswleu-liT daTariRebul warwerebis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, q. uris war-werebi Semotanili iyo mcire aziidan da maTi ena ucnobi iyo. a. diringeris naSromSi laparakia agreTve babilonSi moZiebuli warwerebis Sesaxeb – Sesrulebuli terakotaze, romelic Sei-cavs 3 strofad ganlagebul 25 reliefur niSans. garda amisa, arsebobs holandieli mecnieris f. belis gamokvleva, romel-sac aRmouCenia orive mxridan warwerebiT dafaruli da stro-febad dawyobili orniSniani firfita. warwerebi ver gaiSifra, radgan maTSi Cadebuli ena mecnierisaTvis amoucnobi iyo. misi azriT, SesaZloa igi yofiliyo romelime xazovani damwer-lobis transformaciis Sedegi56.

56 А. Дирингер, Алфавит, М.. 1904, стр. 250-251.

F festos diskos warweris fragmenti


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romaeli plinius umcrosi sekundusis (Zv.w. 23-79) mier SemorCenilia 37 wignad dawerili naSromi saxelwodebiT `Histo-ria naturalis~. am uZveles enciklopediur wignSi Setanilia medi-cinasTan dakavSirebuli cnobebi, sadac faqtebis umetesi nawi-li exeba kolxeTsa da iberias. maT Soris laparakia kolxeTis napirebze arsebuli zambaxis, Tvalebis samkurnalod kamis da-niSnulebis Sesaxeb70. garda amisa, `saqarTvelos istoriis na-

rkvevebSi~ vkiTxulobT xevsureTSi aRmoCenili Zv.w. X-VIII ss. daTariRebuli adamianis trepanaciis SemTxvevasTan dakavSire-buli nivTis Sesaxeb. Zv.w. II aTaswleuliT TariRdeba g. narima-naSvilis mier moZiebuli skalpelis nimuSi. garda amisa, samTav-ros samarxSi napovnia 6 sxvadasxva zomis brinjaos nemsi da 13 pincentis nimuSi, irmis rqisagan damzadebuli sisxlis amosaqa-Ci saSuleba, sterilizaciis mizniT, gamosaxarSad gankuTvnili Tixis WurWeli, romelzedac aRbeWdili iyo gvelis reliefuri Semkuloba. igi TariRdebioda Zv.w. VIII-VI ss-iT71. ZvelaRmosav-lur kulturebsa da saqarTveloSi wamalTmcodneobas ukav-Sirdeba uZveless aTaswleulebSi veterinaaris profesiis ar-sebobac. g. janiaSvils gamokvlevaSi CarTuli aqvs werilobiTi wyaroebi, sadac asaxelebs Zv. w. 2250 wels SumerebSi Seqmnil e.w. haburabis kodeqs. masSi 57-201 muxli eTmoba mesaqonleobas, rogorc sameurneo dargs, xolo 224-e muxli ki veterinariis profesias, xarebisa da cxvrebis mkurnalobasTan dakavSire-

70 К. Ган, Известия древнегреческих писателей о Кавказе. Тф., 1884, стр. 153. 71 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, Tb.,1970.

skalpelebi. Zv. w. II aTaswleuli


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lis lursmnuli warwerebis, aseve berZen-romaeli avtorebisa da bibliuri teqstebis safuZvelze qarTveli mecnierebi – gr. giorgaZe, g. qavTaraZe da sxvani weren mcire aziaSi (anatolia-Si) da wina aziaSi qarTvel tomebis: xalibebis, Tobalebis, mosi-nikebis, makronebis (makriselebis), qaSqebis, henioxebis, muSqe-bis da sxvaTa cxovrebisa da maT mier metalurgiuli siaxleebis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. rogorc aRiniSna, arsebobs garkveul me-cnierTa Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviT metalurgiuli dargis Semqnelebad gvelinebian qarTveli tomebi. imisaTvis, rom am uaRresad mniSvnelovani faqtis simarTle damajereblad JRer-des, kidev erTxel davakvirdeT Tu ra saxelwodebiT icnobs msoflio calkeul liTons, folads, spilen-TiTbers, rkinas. evropaSi foladi `xaldikos -iT~ aRiniSneba, rac qarTveli meta-lurgi tomis – `xaldebis~ (xalibebis) saxelwodebas ukavSir-deba, xolo vercxli `parzilu-Ti~ da `varkil~-iT moixseneba. amaT-gan megrulSi vercxli – varCxilia, svanurSi – verCxili. TiT-beri dasavleT evropis teritoriaze Semdegi saxelwodebebiT aris cnobili: germanulSi – messing, anglo-saqsurSi – masti-ling, Zvel norvegiulSi – messing, polonurSi – mosianz. es saxelwodebebi adasturebs TiTbris aRmomCeni qarTveli tomis – mosinikis vinaobas. Tavad madnis saxeli – `TiTberi“ qarTuli warmoSobisaa: TuT-feri, e.i. mTvaris feri (megrulSi TuTa mTvarea)101. TiTberisG gviandeli Cinuri saxelwodebaa `totan~, rac arabul-sparsulSi `tutiya-s“ (TiTbers) niSnavs. g. kvirkve-lia Tavis naSromSi ùcxoeli mecnierebi qarTveli meliTonee-bis Sesaxeb~ aRniSnavs, rom berZnebma qarTvelebisagan, xalibe-bisagan iswavles foladis damzadeba da amitom berZnulSi da-mkvidrebuli saxelwodeba `xalibikos~, aRniSnavs xalibur rkinas. spileZ-brinjaos damuSavebiT saxelganTqmul iranSi gavrce-lebuli iyo foladis warmoebis aRmniSvneli termini `Puluadi~, romelic leqsikurad qarTuli sityvis `foladis~ msgavsia. ab-dul-yasim-abdalah-ibn-ali-muhamed-ibn-abu-Tahiris 1301 wliT daTariRebul sparsul xelnawerSi `traqtati qaSanuris (faian-sis) Sesaxeb~ moxseniebulia spilenZisa da TiTbris aRmniSvneli termini `Tubalme~. g. kvirkvelias dakvirvebiT, masSi Cans qar-Tveli tomebis: Tubalisa da mosinikis saxelebi. analogiuri

101 g.kvirkvelia, ucxoeli mecnierebi uZvelesi qarTveli tomebis me-

liToneobis Sesaxeb, Tb.,1976, gv. 38-39.

Tavi V. evropuli Rirebulebebis sawyisebi da winareqarTveli tomebi...

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galiTad: apolonios rodoseli wers, miTologiaSi moxse-niebul, àia~-s rogorc monadire qalis Sesaxeb: `monadire qali aia, romelic mdinaris RmerTs, faziss gaurboda da RmerTebma misi saxelobis kunZulad aqcies~ (ap. rodoseli, III, 1074 sqo-lio). aq ikveTeba aiasa da fazisis urTierToba. rac Seexeba kolxeTis mefis saxels àiets~. Mmefe aietis kolxuri saxeli iyo àiaieli~, xolo àieti~ berZnuli saxelwodebaa. axla vna-xoT, kolxeTis mefis dis, kirkesTan dakavSirebuli realiebis Sesaxeb ras wers berZeni avtori: homerosis mixedviT, àiaie~ aris pirvandeli saxelwodeba aietis dis, kirkes saxlobis ad-gilisa, romelic mdebareobda xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi, materi-kul italiasTan mdebare koncxTan, H romelic `kirkeoniTac~ iyo cnobili. homerosis òdiseaSi~ laparakia àiaieli grZne-uli kirkes~ Sesaxeb (ak. uruSaZe). sagulisxmoa, rom kontinen-tur italiasTan mdebare Tanamedrove korsikis mTavari qala-qis saxelwodebaSi JRers nacnobi saxeli àia-Co~. garda amisa, àia-T-nana~ aRmoCnda xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi kunZul kvipro-sis uZvelesi saxelwodeba, romelSic JRers sityvebi àia~ da `nana~ (megrulSi da gurulSi nana-dedaa) anu `deda~. amdenad, am SemTxvevaSi ikvreba winareqarTvelis yofnis erTgvari wre: kolxeTis mefis aietis _ àiaielis samefo~-s, misgan samxreT-dasavleTiT, italiasTan kirkes dasaxlebis - àiaies~, samxre-TiT _ àiaTnanas~, anu kviprosis. yvela maTganSi JRers uZve-lesi kolxeTis anu kolx-pelasgebis samSoblos saxelwodeba àia~. aRniSnuli monacemebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos kolx-qar-TvelTa adgilsamyofelis erTgvar gzamkvlelad.

Aaxla rac Seexeba saxelwodeba pelasgis Sesaxeb. Zvelber-Znul wyaroebSi xSiradaa naxsenebi xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi mcxovrebi xalxi `pelasgebi~, romlebmac mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes xmelTaSua zRvis auzis kulturebis warmoqmnaSi. Zv.w. III aTaswleulis farglebSi, sxvadasxva eTnosis aqtiurma migra-ciulma svlebma gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes xmelTaSua zRvis kulturebis CamoyalibebaSi. am mravlismomcveli informacii-dan wamoiWreba amgvari kiTxva: 1) romeli eTnoss ganekuTvneba pelasgis saxelwodeba da rogor aiasaxa maTi kvali Zvel-berZnul wyaroebSi; 2) ra mizani amoZravebdaT maT da ra mo-hyva maT mier axlad daarsebul dasaxlebebs?

berZnuli civilizaciis istoriaSi, balkaneTis naxevar-kunZulze, anu materikuli saberZneTis adgilobriv mosaxleo-


288

basTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs Semdegi saxis informacia. mate-rikuli saberZneTis mkvidr mosaxleobad saxeldebian: likie-lebi, misimilielebi, eteokretelebi. garda amisa, Zvelber-Znul werilobiT wyaroebSi aRniSnulia am arelSi mcxovrebi xalxis `pelasgebis~ arseboba. sityva `pelasgis garkvevisas sa-interesoa Tu rogor moixseneben ZvelberZnuli istoriuli wyaroebi `pelasgebs“ da ras weren amasTan dakvSirebiT qarTve-li da evropeli mecnierebi. daviwyoT imiT Tu ras aRniSnavs si-tyva `pelasgi“ da aqvs Tu ara mas qarTul enaze Sesatyvisi ax-sna.

saxelwodeba `pelasgi~-s Zieba daviwye Tanamedrove ber-Znulsa da ZvelberZnul leqsikonebSi, ris Sedegad movipove Semdegi saxis ganmartebebi: berZnul-rusul leqsikonSi `pe-lasgi anu `pelasgos~niSnavs zRvispireTSi mcxovrebs. igi àr-gos~ Zveli dasaxelebaa“11. ZvelberZnul leqsikonSi `pelazzo“ aRniSnavs moxetiales, gadmosaxlebuls“12. Aaqedan gamomdinare, pelasgi aRniSnavs, upirveles yovlisa, gadasaxlebuls da aseve zRvispireTSi mcxovrebs. amave dros berZnuli werilobiTi wyaroebi laparakoben kolxTa da pelasgebis identurobis Se-saxeb. kerZod, istoriis mamad wodebuli herodote (Zv.w. VI s.) Tavis ìstoriaSi“ wers: `mTel eladas winaT pelasgia erqva (HHerod, II, 56). herodotes azrs adasturebs efros kvimeli (Zv.w. IV s.), romelic peloponesis naxevarkunZuls `pelasgias“ uwo-debs. ZvelberZnuli literaturidan vigebT pelasgi tomis eT-nikur kuTvnilebas: apolonios rodoseli da diodore sici-lieli makronebs pelasgur tomad ixsenieben, romelic qarTve-li tomis – makronis saxelwodebaa13. berZnul wyaroebSi dacu-lia makronebis anu pelasgebis erT-erTi tomis ufro Zveli sa-xeli – makriselebi anu makrelebi, romlebsac iv, javaxiSvili laz-megrelebis winaprebad miiCnevs. T. yauxCiSvili berZnul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT wers: `rodoselma poetma makriselebis laSqari pelasgurad moixsenia. vinaidan isini (makriselebi) ev-beidan arian gadmosaxlebuli. evbea anu makrisi, qalkedonisi, axlandeli negroponti (egribosi) mdebareobs maxloblad pe-loponesisa, romelsac Zvelad `pelasgisi“ erqva~. homerosi

11 Греческо Русский словарь, Москва, 1991 (1891), стр. 967; 38. 12 ioane stamatakos, ZvelberZnuli leqsikoni, aTeni, 2000, gv. 794 (ber-

Znul enaze). 13 ak. uruSaZe, Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebebSi, Tb., 1964, gv.123.


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evropuli sawyisebis gasarkvevad, warmodgenili mona-cemebis Sejerebis Sedegebi Semdegia: Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi kolxur samyaroSi koncentrirebuli aRmoCnda winareqarTul samyaroSi arsebuli uZvelesi civilizaciu-ri dargebidan momdinare tradicia. amave dros masSi Camoya-libda is siaxleni, rac moitana Zv.w. II aTaswleulis epoqam. am SemTxvevaSi aucileblad gasaTvaliwinebelia is dro, romlis etapze moxda kolxuri kulturis ayvaveba. kerZod, Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisi es is periodia, rodesac ZvelaRmosavluri civilizaciis kerebidan SuamdinareTSi semitebis SemoWris Sedegad Sumeruli civilizacia qreba, xolo egvipte xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi, aseve e.w. levantis sa-mkuTxedze kargavs Tavis gavlenas. Zalmomreobis safuZvel-ze axladwarmoqmnili xeTebisa da asureTis, miTanis, aseve babilonis, aqadis da sxva gaerTianebebi qmnian ZvelaRmosav-luri tipis gaerTianebebs. rac Seexeba berZnebs. Tu gaviT-valiwinebT am periodis kreta-minosurikulturis war-matebebs – berZnebis mosvla kunZul kretaze ganisazRvreba Zv.w. XIV saukuniT, romlis Semdgom iwyeba kretul-minosuri kulturis dacema. xolo kontinentur saberZneTis miwaze Zv.w. II aTaswleulisaTvis berZen tomTa Camosaxlebis pro-cesi kvlav grZeldeba da, TavianTi samkvidros ZiebaSi, maT jer kidev ar gaaCniaT TavianTi kultuli saxe. aqedan gamo-mdinare, Zv.w. II aTaswleulis kolxuri kultura ver iqneba berZnuli kulturidan nasazrdoebi, radgan Zv.w. II aTasw-leulisaTvis kolxuri samefos arsebobis pirobebSi, kol-xurma kulturam Camoayaliba axleburi kulturis erT-er-Ti alternatiuli saxeoba da, gardamtex etapze, kulturis sxvadasxva sferoSi miRweuli warmatebebis safuZvelze, Seqmna saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis axleburi modeli. am-denad, es xdeba mizezi berZeni àrgonavtebis~ mosvlisa Sa-vi zRvis napiroze. Tavis mxriv, qarTveli tomebis kultu-ruli miRwevebi ganapirobebda moTxovnadi produqciis re-alizaciisaTvis xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi savaWro kerebis gaCenas, romlis dros winareqarTvelTa migraciebi warmo-ebda rogorc SavizRvispireTidan, ise mcire aziidan.

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gr. giorgaZis, g. qavTaraZis gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasruls, xeTe-bis samefos dacemisas, metalurgiuli eqsportisaTvis gasai-


297

dumloebuli metalurgiuli kerebidan gza ixsneba samxreTisa-ken. kerZod, mcire aziaSi mcxovrebi qarTveli tomebi _ xali-bebi, Tobalebi, mosinikebi miemarTebian egeosisa da xmelTaSua zRvis auzisaken. gGarda amisa, ZvelberZnuli wyaroebis safuZ-velze Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi dasturdeba qarTveli tomebis saxloba kontinentur saberZneTSi, kunZul kretasa da kviprosze. garda amisa, laparakia winareqarTvel tomTa da-saxlebebis Sesaxeb kontineturi italiisa da espaneTis areal-Si. winareqarTvel tomTa dasaxelebebi da gare samyarosTan maTi urTierTobebi grafikulad SeiZleba ase gamoisaxos:

qarTvel tomTa dasaxlebebi da gare samyarosTan urTierTobis areali

Zv.w. III aTasw. me-2 naxevari materikuli saberZneTi kviprosi Zv.w. II aTaswleuli kreta egvipte

italia espaneTi Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebSi winareqarTveli tomebis savaW-

ro-migraciul procesebis gaanalizebisas, SesaZloa, Se-vniSnoT erTgvari kanonzomiereba: neoliTis periodSi kav-kasiis arealidan xalxTa migraciebi ZiriTadad aRiniSnebo-da CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT, xolo brinjaos xanisaTvis ki _ samxreTi zRvebisaken. Ees aris anatoliidan da kavkasii-dan samxreTi zRvebisaken wasuli winareqarTveli tomebi, Zv.w. I aTaswleulisaTvis ukve axal arealSi adaptirebule-bi, isini sxva xalxebTan Tanacxovrebisas ganagrZoben Tavi-anT kulturul winsvlebs da qmnian kulturis gansxvave-bul stilur niSnebs. winareqarTveli tomebisaTvis aRniS-nul savaWro-migraciul procesebs, ra Tqma unda, dasawyis-Si didi warmatebebi hqonda, magram Zv.w. I aTaswleulis far-glebSi axalma istoriulma movlenebma warmoaCina aRniSnu-li procesebis uaryofiTi mxareebic, saboloo jamSi, igi ZiriTadad CvenTvis demografiuli danakargebiT aRiniSneboda.


313

italiis koncxze mcxovrebi medeas mamida, kirke, igive circea, kunZul kretis mefe, minosis meuRle, pasifae, erTi qvynis Svi-lebi da qarTveli modgmisani iyvnen.

religiuri simboloebi: berZeni herodote aRniSnavs pe-lasgebis rols berZnebSi religiuri simboloebis damkvidre-basTan dakavSirebiT. herodote wers imis Sesaxeb, rom berZnul religiur panTeonSi RmerTebis saxelebi, rac egvipturi ar aris, is yvela pelasguria (Herod, II, 50-52), igive titan helosis magaliTze, xolo TviT egvipturi saxelwodebebi berZnebs pe-lasgebisgan gaucniaT. kerZod, egviptelebma RmerTebis saxe-lebi Seityves pelasgebisgan, xolo Semdeg pelasgebisagan gada-iRes elinebma56. herodote wers, aseve, dodonaSi pelasgTa sa-mlocvelos arsebobis Sesaxeb (Herod, II, 52).

xelovnebis dargebi: xe-lovnebis dargebs Soris aRiare-bulia berZnuli qandakebebis srulyofileba. ragind gasakvi-ric ar iyos, berZnul samyaroSi xelovnebis am dargis safuZvle-bis CamoyalibebaSi pelasgebi Ca-nan. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul cnobebs viRebT ZvelberZeni av-torebisagan. ak. uruSaZes Tavis gamokvlevaSi Semonaxuli aqvs fasdaude-

beli cnobebi kolxebis Sesaxeb. maT Soris laparakia pelasgebSi mrgvali qandakebis arsebobisa da im stilis Sesaxeb, romelic SemdgomSi berZnebs SeuTvisebiaT. es exeba upirveles yovlisa qandakebaSi adamianis SiSveli sxeulis gamosaxvas. kerZod, ho-merosis cnobebze dayrdnobiT cnobilia, rom berZnebs hermesis qandakebaTa keTeba gamarTuli sarcxvinveliT, egviptelebi-sagan ki ar uswavliaT, aramed pelasgebi-sagan. homerosi ganmartavs imis Sesaxeb, rom berZnebSi am saxis qandakebis Sesru-

56 Марк Анней Лукас, Фесалия, М., 1951.

anTropomorfuli mcire zomis Tixis qandakebebi Zv. w. V

aTaswleuli

Qqalis figura. Zv.w. VI aTaswleuli. Sulaveris

kultura, xramis didi gora


360

kontinenturi espaneTi. dasavleT da aRmosavleT iberebis sakiTxi

didebuli berZnul-romauli civilizaciis Semdgom, mZaf-

ri movlenebiT datvirTul SuasaukuneebSi didi xnis manZilze daviwyebas iqna micemuli materikul espaneTSi mcxovrebi Zve-li iberebis saxlobis istoria, romelTa memkvidreebad dRes baskebi saxeldebian. amis naTeli dadasturebaa is SemTxveviTo-ba, romlis Sesaxeb wers baskologi antonio aribasi: ìberiis sakiTxiT daitereseba iwyeba XVIII s-dan. antikvarebs daaintere-saT baskuri enis warmomavloba. mogvianebiT 1821 w. aleqsandr fon hiuboltma gamoTqva Tvalsazrisi baskebis iberebisagan warmoSobis Sesaxeb132. netav ratom uwodebdnen Zveli berZnebi dasavleT iberias anu pireneis naxevarkunZuls `Hesperos~ - mwuxris varsklavs, saRamos qveyanas an `Hesperia Ultima~–s uki-dures hesperias? berZnul miTologiaSi `hesperidebis~ ambavi asaxuli iqna herakles gmirobebSi, xolo herakle daxasiaTebe-ulia rogorc `Zvel iberTa mziuri RvTaeba, gmiri, Zvel iberTa beladi. aRwerilia herakles satrfos, pireneis Sesaxeb, rome-lic pireneize daRupula“133. swored am miTologiuri saxelwo-debidan momdinareobs pireneis naxevarkunZulis – kontinentu-ri espaneTis geografiuli saxelwodeba. saxelwodebasTan da-kavSirebiT, upirveles yovlisa, minda SegaxsenoT, rom espane-Tis miwas axali welTaRricxvis III saukunemde - romaelebis Semosvlamde, ìberia~ erqva, xolo pireneis naxevarkunZu-lis romanizaciis Semdgom indoevropulma enobrivma leqsi-kam gadafara Zveli iberebis ena. amdenad, Zv.w. VII s-Si iberiis naxevarkunZulze berZnebis Semosvlis dros iberiis naxevar-kunZulze maTma yofnam niadagi moamzada imisaTvis, rom ro-maelebis mier axal welTaRricxis periodSi naxevarkunZulis saxelwodeba advilad Secvliliyo da misTvis mieniWaT `spania~, anu espanur enaze "ucnobis, farulis~ aRmniSvneli saxelwode-ba. aqedan gamomdinare, pireneis naxavarkunZulis uZvelesi sa-xelwodeba ìberia~ Caanacvla laTinurma ÈSPANA"-m (EEspanya, Espainia, Espanha). samecniero sferoSi arsebobs Tvalsazrisi,

132 Антонио Аррибас. Иберы. Великие оруженики железного века, Москва., 2004. 133 a. gelovani, miTologiuri leqsikoni, Tb.,1983.


361

romlis mixedviT Zveli iberebis memkvidreebad asaxeleben baskebs. espaneTSi mcxovrebi baskebis∗ Sesaxeb saintereso masa-las iZleva Tavis naSromSi i. kvekveskiri, sadac igi wers qar-Tul metyvelebaSi `baskis~ Sesatyvisi sityvis arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT. es aris sityva `baiaski“ anu Zvel qarTulSi

igi aRniSnavda `baias Svils~134. s.s. or-belianis leqsikonSi saxelwodeba `baias-Tan~ dakavSirebiT vkiTxulobT Semdegs: `baias CCvilni CCvilTa uwodes~135. amde-nad aq laparakia baias Cvilze anu bavSv-ze. i. kvekveskiri aRniSnavs, rom kol-xeTs, àias“ garda, moixsenebdnen `ba-ia~-Ti. cnobilia, rom berZnebs kolxe-Tidan gahqondaT bza, romelsac `Baion~-s eZaxdnen. Aamdenad, `baskis~ saxelwo-debas Tvlian kolxuri `baiadan~ mo-mdinared. i.Kkvekveskiri aRniSnavs, rom rogorc `baskeTsa da samegreloSi - sa-murzayanoSi qristianobis xanaSic ix-

didnen `baiaobis~ anu `bzobis dResaswauls~136. aqedan gamomdi-nare, saxelwodeba `baski“ kavSirs poulobs kavkasiur samyaros-Tan da SesaZloa uSualod kolxeTTan.

samecniero sferoSi baskebis warmomavlobasTan dakavSi-rebiT arsebobs radikalurad gansxvavebuli poziciebi: erTni Tvlian, rom baskebi paleoliTis epoqis memkvidreebi arian, me-ores mxriv, arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, rom baskebi Cndebian axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi. rogorc cnobilia, baskuri prob-lemebis aqtualobam warmoSva specialuri samecniero dargi – baskologia, romelSic monawileoba miiRo mravalma ucxoelma mecnierma. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia 1784 w. lorenco ervanis mier italiur enaze gamoqveynebuli naSromi ènaTa katalogi~. l. ervanma pirvelma wamoWra sakiTxi aziisa da evropis iberiis SedarebiTi analizis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. swored XVIII sa-ukuneSi `baskologia~ aRmoCnda ucxoeli mecnierebisaTvis me-tad mniSvnelovani sfero. maT Soris saxeldeba e. bolxoviti-

∗ espaneTSi 27 mln. espanelTan erTad cxovrobs 8000 baski. 134 i. kvekveskiri, civilizaciis saTave. mainc sad aris igi ? Tb., 2001. gv. 29. 135 s. s. orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, Tb.,1966, gv. 69. 136 i. kvekveskiri, civilizaciis saTave, igive, gv. 69.

dasavleTis iberTa

xeli, xelisuflebis niSani


362

novisa (XVIII s.) da germaneli enaTmecnieris, enis filosofiis fuZemdeblis v. humboltis samecniero gamokvlevebi. qarTul samecniero speqtrSi baskebTan dakavSirebiT S. ZiZigurs Tavis gamokvlevaSi `baskebi da qarTvelebi“ Tavmoyrili aqvs uaRre-sad sayuradRebo masala dasavleT da aRmosavleT iberebis naTesaobis Sesa-xeb. maT Soris aRniSnulia v. humbol-tis Tvalsazrisi baskebis warmomav-lobasTan dakavSirebiT, sadac vki-TxulobT: `baskebi arian iberiuli warmomavlobis tomebi. kavkasiel da pireneis iberebs aqvT saerTo war-momavloba. baskebi – wamosuli ari-an kavkasiis iberiidan da movidnen mcire aziis gavliT“137. baskur-qarTul urTierTobis sakiTxs

didi adgili eTmoba aseve niko maris samecniero gamokvlevebSi. n. marma baskeTSi yofnisas Sekriba mdidari saarqivo masala. igi baskebTan dakav-SirebiT mtkiced icavda Tvalsaz-riss baskebis rogorc uZvelesi civi-lizaciis memkvidreebis Sesaxeb138. sa-mecniero literaturaSi arsebobs araerTi mcdeloba Tanamedrove es-paneTis teritoriaze mcxovrebi bas-kebis eTnologiuri kuTvnilebis da-

sadgenad. am sakiTxTan dakavSire-biT warmogidgenT espaneTsa da saqarTvelos teritoriaze moZie-bul (g. gGigauri) saerTo daniSnule-bis foto-masalas, aseve baskur-qarTul urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb sxvadasxva samecniero discipli-nebSi arsebul informacias:

a) anTropologiuri masala: e.w. metoxondoluri DNK-s safuZ-velze Sedgenilma paleogeneti-

137 Ш. Дзидзигури, Баски и Грузины, Тб., 1979. 138 Н. Мар, Чем живет яфетическое языкознание, Петроград, 1923.

F faruli niSani. xevsureTi

xevsureTis mTavari salocavi

gudanis jvari. QqQvis fragmenti, xelis gamosaxulebiT, rac RvTaebriv nebas aRniSnvs

xevsureTi. sof. gGudani. salocavSi daculi qva

oqros qinZisTa-vi. bedeni. Zv. w. III aTaswleuli.

oqros yelsabami. kaxeTi. ananau-ris yorRani. Zv. w. III aTaswleuli.

oqros yelsabami. TrialeTi. Zv.w. XIX s.

qinZisTavebi. urbnisi. (TrialeTi). Zv. w. 2000-1500 ww.

oqros qinZisTavebi. TrialeTi. Zv. w. XIX s.

######118.

######116.

######118.

######118.

######115.

mzis kalendari. borniRele. Zv.w. XV s.

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