Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation Types

Pronunciatgion of a glottalic bilabial implosive 聲門吸入機制 : 內爆音 / 縮氣音

• Ingressive glottalic stops(implosive)

Sindhi stops

Velaric airstream Mechanism

The velaric airstream mechanism involves air trapped between the velum and the tongue.

Sounds produced with the velaric airstream mechanism are known as clicks.

Clicks can be voiced or voiceless, nasal or oral.

Paralinguistic uses of clicks:tsk,tsk signalling impatient or exasperation

Clicks are common in Bantu languages, like

Zulu, but also in other languages of South

Africa, such as ! Xόõ and Nama.

How to Make a Click軟顎吸入機制 : 倒吸氣音 / 搭嘴音 / 嘖音

How to Transcribe Clicks• bilabial • dental • postalveolar• palato-alveolar• palatal • alveolar lateralThese are combined with the corresponding velarstop [k], [g], or [] to indicate absence of vocal foldvibration ([k]), presence of vocal fold vibration ([g]),and nasality ([] ):voiced dental click [g |]

Xhosa

氣流機制 airsteam mechanisms

Airsteam

氣流

Pulmonic

Glottalic

聲門

Velaric

軟顎

Direction Specific name for stop

consonant

Examples Vocal folds

Egressive呼氣音

Plosive

爆發音p t k

b d g

Voiceless or voiced

Egressive呼氣音

Ejective緊外爆音

p’ t’ k’ s’ voiceless

Ingressive吸氣音

Implosive(glottalized) 閉塞音

內爆音

Usually voiced by the pulmonic

airstream

Ingressive吸氣音

Chick

倒吸氣音 ( 搭嘴音 )

Combine with the pulmonic airstream for

voiced or voiceless velar nasals

States of Glottis

• voiced

• Voiceless

• Breathy voiced or murmur

• Creaky voice or laryngealization

Voicelesswidely or fully opened glottis

Breathy Voicevocal folds are pulled part + continous turbulent airflow vibration. In complete glottal closure, the arytenoid cartilages slightly apart.The symbol for this sound is

Creaky Voice low frequency

vibration of the vocal cords. Irregular and short period of the opining of the glottis. The vibration occurs in the anterior part.

Types of Phonation

Voiceless

whisper

voiced

Breathy /murmur

Creak / laryngealized / vocal fry

Gujarati has breathy voice vowels EX: Murmured vowels in Gujarati