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WOOD LIBRARY.MUSEUM
Co
\ 7r , 3
HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY
OF THE APPLICATION OF
NITROUS OXIDE GAS,
ETHER, AND OTHER VAPORS,
TO
SURGICAL OPERATIONS.
BY HORACE WELLS.
HARTFORD:
J. GAYLORD WELLS,CORNER MAIN AND ASYLUM STS.
1847.
...ct....us. ..
4
147
PREFACE.
IN answer to a request, made by several scientific andmedical societies of Europe, who have desired me to furnishthem with the evidence of my priority of discovery of theapplication of gas, or vapor, for the performance of surgical
operations, I have obtained testimonials and affidavits suffi-
ciently numerous and satisfactory, as I believe, to establish
the fact beyond a doubt.
I have forwarded the original papers to Dr. C. S. Brewster,of Paris, (No. 11 Rue de la Paix,) who will have charge of
them until this question is settled.
The following pages contain a correct copy of those papers,
which prove, conclusively, that I made known this discovery
in November, 1844, which date is nearly two years prior t&
that given by Drs. Jackson and Morton.
HORACE WELLS.
Hartford, March 30, 1847.
HISTORY, &c.
TO THE EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN PUBLIC:
I propose, in the briefest manner possible, to give, in
the following pages, a true and faithful history of the
discovery which is at present causing an unparalleled
excitement throughout the whole medical world. I refer
to the administering of exhilarating gas, or vapor, to prevent
pain in surgical operations. It is very unfortunate that
there should be more than one claimant for the honor of
the discovery; but so it is: and the only alternative now
is, for the man who considers himself entitled to this honor
to present his proofs, that a discriminating and impartial
public may " give credit to whom credit is due."
Reasoning from analogy, I was led to believe that sur-
gical operations might be performed without pain, by the
fact, that an individual, when much excited from ordinarycauses, may receive severe wounds without manifestingthe least pain; as, for instaflce, the man who is engaged
in combat may have a limb severed from his body, after
which he testifies, that it was attended with no pain at the
time: and so the man who is intoxicated with spirituous
liquor may be severely beaten without his manifesting
pain, and his frame, in this state, seems to be more tena,
cious of life than under ordinary circumstances. By these
facts I was led to enquire if the same result would not
[6]
follow by' the inhalation of exhilarating gas, the effectsof which would pass off immediately, leaving the systemnone the worse for its use. I accordingly procured somenitrous oxide gas, resolving to make the first experiment
on myself, by having a tooth extracted, which was donewithout any painful sensations. I then performed thesame operation for twelve or fifteen others, with the likeresults.
This was in the fall of 1844. Being a resident ofHartford, Connecticut, I proceeded to Boston, in Decem-ber of the same year, in order to present my discoveryto the medical faculty; first making it known to Drs.Warren, Hayward, Jackson, and Morton: the last two ofwhom expressed themselves in the disbelief that surgicaloperations could be performed without pain,-both admit-
ting that this modus operandi was entirely new to them;and these are the individuals who now claim to be thediscoverers!
By invitation of Dr. Warren, I addressed his medicalclass upon the subject. I embraced the opportunity, andendeavored to establish the principle that the system, whenwrought up to a certain degree of nervous excitement, byany means whatever, would thus be rendered insensibleto pain, and would admit of surgical operations beingperformed without any disagreeable sensations. In proofof this theory, I related my experience in extractingteeth under the influence of nitrous oxide gas, stating that,with one or two exceptions, all on whom I had operated(numbering twelve or fifteen) assured me that they expe-rienced no pain whatever; and, in further proof of thetruth of this principle, I cited analogous cases, as, the man
who is excited by passion, or he who is much intoxicated
by liquor; stating, that individuals under these circum-
stances uniformly testify, when wounded, that such injuries
were inflicted without pain. I stated, also, that I was
making use of nitrous oxide gas simply because I con-
sidered it more harmless than any thing else which could
be used for this purpose; assuring them that the same
result would follow, let the nervous system be excited
sufficiently in any manner whatever. I remained several
days in Boston in order to have an opportunity of admin-
istering the gas to a man who was expecting to have a
limb amputated, but the operation was postponed. I was
then invited to extract a tooth for a patient in presence of
the medical class, which operation was performed, but notwith entire success, as the gas-bag was removed too soon;
and as the man said he experienced some pain, the whole
was denounced as an imposition, and no one was inclined
to assist me in further experiments.
The excitement of this adventure immediately brought
on an illness, from which I did not recover for many
months; being thus obliged to relinquish, entirely, my
professional business. I will now, in a few words, state
how the names of Jackson and Morton came into notice,as being connected with this discovery.
Dr. Morton, who is a dentist in Boston, was instructed
in his profession by myself, about five years since, and Isubsequently assisted in establishing him in the city ofBoston, and after I had made the above discovery, I hadfrequent interviews with him; and he, being aware that Ihad relinquished my professional business in consequenceof a protracted indisposition, requested me to instruct him
2A
[8]
how to prepare the gas which I had been giving so sue -cessfully in Hartford, stating that he wished to make atrial of it in Boston. As this interview was in Hartford,I told him to request Dr. Charles T. Jackson (with whomwe were both acquainted) to prepare him some of it, ashe was a chemist. Accordingly, Dr. Morton went to Dr.Jackson for the gas, who gave him the ether, as beingattended with the least trouble. After one or two teethwere extracted, it was then introduced into the Massachu-setts General Hospital, where a capital operation was per-formed under its influence with perfect success; whichfact was immediately published in the principal news.papers of the day, with the names of Jackson and Mor-ton (who had, by a written contract, entered into a sort ofco-partnership business in this matter) as the discoverers;and Dr. Jackson, as I have since been informed, immedi-ately sent letters to London and Paris, to be read to theseveral Academies, where he takes all the credit tohimself, not even mentioning the name of Morton, hispartner by written contract, which contract was signed andexecuted on the 27th of October, 1846. In this agree-ment, Dr. Jackson acknowledges that Dr. Morton madethe discvoery ' in conjunction " with himself, as the follow-ing extract from the paper signed by Jackson fully proves:
"To all persons to whom these presents shall come:Whereas, I, Charles T. Jackson, of Boston, in the Stateof Massachusetts, chemist, have, in conjunction with Wil-liam T. G. Morton, of said city, dentist, invented, or disco-vered, a new and useful improvement in surgical operationson animals, whereby we are enabled to accomplish many,if not all operations, such as are usually attended withmore or less pain and suffering, without any, or withvery little, pain or muscular action, to persons who un-dergo the same," &c., &c.
[9]
After the fact came to the knowledge of Morton that Jack-son had sent privately to Paris, he, as a natural consequence,became very indignant; and each of these individuals now
deny that the other has had anything to do with the disco-
very which was at first claimed by both, " acting in conjunc-tion." I will here make a quotation from the BostonAdvertiser, of March 6th, 1847, which contains Dr.Morton's reply to Dr. Jackson. Dr. Morton proceeds asfollows :
"In the letter to M. Beaumont, of Paris, from whichI have already made extracts, Dr. Jackson says:
"'Five or six years ago, I remarked the peculiar stateDf insensibility into which the nervous system was plungedby the inhalation of the vapor of pure sulphuric ether,' &c.
" Previously to this, he had already stated, under oath,in the preamble to the specifications, which bear date the27th of October, 1846, that the same hath not, to the best ofhis knowledge and belief, been previously knowon. Now,Dr. Jackson either did know, previous to this time, thatsulphuric ether would produce insensibility to pain, or hedid not. If he did. as stated in his letter to M. Beau-mont, then I have to remind him of his oath, under thesolemnity of which he states that, according to the best ofhis knowledge and belief, 'the fact had not been beforeknown.' But if he did not, then I remind him of hisstatement to M. Beaumont, in which he says that he hadknown it for ' five or six years.' And the learned Doc-tor may take either horn of the dilemma he may prefer.
" It is not known that Dr. Jackson ever made more thanone experiment in inhaling ether; and then he used it as anantidote to the vapor of chlorine, which he had accidentallybreathed, but from his own statement, in the Advertiser,it did not answer the purpose - the deleterious effects re-turning with the return of consciousness. But, supposinghe had known of it six years or six months before Dr.Morton applied it in practice, is it not inexcusable in him to
[10]
have withheld from suffering humanity this inestimableboon so long-a boon by the gift of which such an incalcu-lable an amount of misery might have been saved? Or isit within the limits of probability, that if he had been solong in possession of a discovery which, if made known,would in four months call down blessings on his headfrom ten thousand hearts, and from all civilized lands,and which, from present prospects, would make him to beremembered and cherished by the side of Jenner by allcoming generations, and to all coming time-I say, is itprobable, had he known of this noble gift, that he wouldnot have been more zealous in publishing it to the world?If he did make this discovery, is it not a remarkable coinci-dence that Dr. Morton should have made it at the sametime, and still more remarkable, that Dr. J. should leaveto another the honor to make his discovery known ? Butto settle this whole matter, and it might have been donein the outset, to the satisfaction of any candid mind:After Dr. Morton began to use the ether in his practice,and for some weeks, it is well known to a large number ofour most respectable citizens, that Dr. Jackson clearlyand distinctly repudiated and washed his hands of thewhole thing. He, on many occasions, as it is well knownto his friends, disclaimed all connection with the discoveryor use of ether in surgery. A gentleman of high standing,asked Dr. J., in presence of several others, if he 'knewthat, by the inhalation of ether, such a state of insensi-bility could be produced as that the knife could be applied,and the patient feel no pain ?' Dr. J. replied:
"'No; nor Morton either, nor any one else. It is ahumbug, and it is reckless in Morton to use it as he does.'
" In speaking to two other persons, at different times,on this subject, he said:
" ' I do n't care what he [Morton] does with it, [thediscovery,] if he does not drag my name, in with it.'
f{ At another time, he said, he 'did not know how it wouldwork in pulling teeth, but he knew its effects at collegeupon the students, when the faculty had to get a certificatefrom a physician that it was injurious, to prevent them
[ II]from using it.' Many other statements, on this point,can be given, but it is deemed wholly unnecessary. Theabove, and other statements even stronger, can be veri-fied by affidavits."
When it was announced in the Boston papers that Drs.Jackson and Morton claimed this discovery, the citizensof Hartford were taken by surprise, for it was well knownhere that I had put in practice the same more than twoyears before, and not only this, but it was generallyknown that I had long since made a journey to Bostonexclusively on this business, in order to present it to themedical faculty. Dr. P. W. Ellsworth, a son of the Hon.W. W. Ellsworth, Ex-Governor of Connecticut, who wasacquainted with the circumstances above mentioned, im-mediately published an article in the Boston Medical andSurgical Journal, stating those facts that came under hispersonal observation-which accord perfectly with whatI have already stated. Dr. E. E. Marcy, of this city,also published an article in the Journal of Commerceabout the same time, stating that he was knowing to mymaking the discovery, and going to Boston in 1844, whenI had an interview with Dr. Jackson, who said that he didnot believe that surgical operations could be performedwithout pain, when I informed him of the discovery I hadmade. Dr. Marcy quoted Dr. Jackson's language to me,and in his (Jackson's) reply, he does not deny that I hadthis interview with him, but simply says that he did notuse the words which are credited to him in the quotationmarks. He does not deny but that the substance of thosewords were said by him'; and, furthermore, he cannot deny
this.
This letter of Dr. Jackson, in reply to Dr. Marcy, re-quires still further notice. He says that he had merely
[12]
heard that I had tried some experiments with nitrous oxidegas, but had never heard that they were successful. NowI am fully persuaded that Dr. Jackson does not rememberthe circumstance of his being informed and assured inNovember, 1844, that my operations were uniformly suc-cessful, with but one or two exceptions; butsuch was thecase, and the individual who informed him of this factwill make the statement under oath, if necessary. Dr,Jackson was then informed that I had operated on twelveor fifteen patients by the use of nitrous oxide gas, withoutcausing the least pain, in but two instances.
Dr. Jackson claims that the nitrous oxide gas and thevapor of ether are essentially different in their effects wheninhaled. He asserts, in this letter, that sulphuric ether, asit is used in Boston, does not act as a stimulant, but has thereverse effect. In reply to this statement, Dr. Marcyquotes an article from the Boston Medical and SurgicalJournal, where Dr. J. C. Warren, of the Hospital, in hisreport, proves that ether, as given in Boston, acts as a stimu-lant; but in order to prove, even to the satisfaction of Dr.Jackson himself; that he was mistaken, I will quote hisown language, from an article published in the BostonAdvertiser, of March 3, 1847. He says:
" We are aware that ether ranks in the pharmaceuticbooks and dispensatories, as a diffusible stimulant, andthat its fumes or vapor produce intoxication of short dura.tion."
The fact is, that nitrous oxide gas and the vapor ofether, are identical in their effects; first exhilarating,then, when continued to excess, the reverse effect follows,acting as a sedative, throwing the person into a deepsleep or stupor.
[ 13]
This discovery does not consist in the use of any onespecific gas or vapor, for anything which will cause a cer-tain degree of nervous excitement, is all that is requiredto render the system insensible to pain; consequently, theonly question to be settled is, which exhilarating agent isleast likely to do harm? I have confined myself to theuse of nitrous oxide gas, because I became fully satisfied,from the first, that it is less injurious to the system thanether. In the fall of 1844, after I had tried several experi-ments with nitrous oxide gas with perfect success,-thenwishing to use a substitute which would be attended withless trouble in its preparation,-I advised with Dr. E. E.Marcy, of this city, at which time we discussed the compa-rative merits of nitrous oxide gas and rectified sulphuricether. Knowing that both had the same effects upon thesystem, so far as causing insensibility to pain was con-cerned, the object of the discussion was to ascertain whichwould do least harm. I had, previous to this, inhaled ether,as well as nitrous oxide gas, and found their effects uponthe nervous system to be precisely the same; but I foundit very difficult to inhale the vapor of ether in consequenceof the choking sensation. For this reason, and for the rea-son that Dr. Marcy and myself came to the conclusion thatnitrous oxide gas was not so liable to do injury, I resolvedto adhere to this alone. Let it be observed, however,that at this time, (November, 1844,) while we had thesubject under consideration, a surgical operation was per-formed at Dr. Marcy's office, under the influence of sul-phuric ether, as is proved by affidavit. The Doctor thenadvised me, by all means, to continue the use of nitrousoxide gas.
If the question is asked, why so much time has elapsedsince its first discovery, without its coming into more
[14]
general use, I can only say, that I have used my utmostendeavors, from the first, to influence physicians and sur-geons to make a trial of it, assuring them that my opera-tions were numerous, and perfectfully successful. But allwere fearful of doing some serious injury with it; andnot wishing to incur the responsibility of administeringthis powerful agent without the co-operation of the medi-cal faculty, and also for the reason that I was obliged torelinquish my professional business in consequence of illhealth, my operations have been somewhat limited.
On making the discovery, I was so much elated respecting
it, that I expended my money freely, and devoted my wholetime for several weeks, in order to present it to those who
were best qualified to investigate and decide upon its
merits, not asking or expecting any thing for my services,well assured that it was a valuable discovery. I was de-
sirous that it should be as free as the air we breathe; but
judge of my surprise, after the lapse of many months,
when I was informed that two individuals (Drs. Jackson
and Morton) had claimed the discovery, and had made
application for a patent in their own names.
After making the above statement, and submitting thefollowing testimonials and affidavits, I leave it for the
public to decide to whom belongs the credit of this dis-
covery.
Respectfully,
HORACE WELLS.
TESTIMONY.
Boston, March 23, 1847.
We, the undersigned, residents of Boston, Mass.,testify, that in the fall of the year 1844, while attendinglectures given by Dr. J. C. Warren, of the MassachusettsGeneral Hospital, the students were informed by Dr.Warren, at the close of his lecture, that Mr. Wells, ofConnecticut, was present, and would address them uponthe subject of rendering the system insensible to pain,during the performance of surgical operations, by theinhalation of exhilarating gas. The students accordinglyretired to an adjoining room, where we were addressedupon this subject by Mr. Horace Wells, of Hartford,Conn., who invited us to meet in the evening to witnessan operation, which operation was performed in ourpresence, while the patient was under the influence of thegas. THOMAS WM. KENNEDY, M. D.,Ofice corner of North Charles and Livingston Streets, Boston.
P. B. MIGNAULT, M. D.
City of Boston: On this 23d day of March, A. D.1847, the above-named Thomas J. W. Kennnedy, M. D.,and P. B. Mignault, M. D., personally appeared beforeme, the subscriber, Mayor of the city of Boston, andmade oath that the above certificate, by them subscribed,is true.
0100 In testimony whereof I subscribed the same and30 caused the city seal to be hereunto affixed,
the day and year last within written.JOSIAH QUINCY,
Mayor of the city of Boston, Justice of the Peace.2
[16]
Hartford, March 26th, 1847.I, the undersigned, resident of Hartford, Connecticut,
testify, that, in the fall of the year 1844, while attendingmedical lectures, given by Dr. John C. Warren, of theMassachusetts General Hospital, the students wereinformed by Dr. Warren, at the close of his lecture, thatMr. Wells, of Connecticut, was present, and would addressthem upon the subject of rendering the system insensibleto pain during the performance of surgical operations, bythe inhalation of exhilarating gas. The students accord.ingly retired to an adjoining room, where we wereaddressed upon this subject by Mr. Horace Wells, ofHartford, Connecticut, who invited us to meet in theevening to witness an operation, which operation wasperformed in our presence, while the patient was underthe influence of the gas.
CINCINNATUS A. TAFT, M. D.
STATE OF CONNECTICUT,
Hartford County, ss:
City of Hartford, March 27, 1847.Then personally appeared before me, Cincinnatus A.
Taft, who signed the foregoing affidavit, and made solemnoath that the same was true.
Given under my hand and the seal of said city.A. M. COLLINS, Mayor.
Boston, March 23, 1847.
I hereby certify, that the following gentlemen attendedmy Lectures on Anatomy and Surgery in the season of1844-45, viz: Thomas Wm. Kennedy, P. B. Mignault,and Cincinnatus A. Taft.
JOHN C. WARREN,Professor of Anatomy and Surgery.
[ 17 ]
Boston, March 23d, 1847.I do hereby testify that Horace Wells, of Hartford,
Connecticut, with whom I have been acquainted forseveral years, came to Boston in the year 1844, (I think inNovember or December,) and informed me that he hadmade a valuable discovery, which enabled him and othersto perform surgical operations without pain. He theninformed me of the result of his experiments, which heassured me were numerous, and perfectly successful. Iaccompanied him to a hall in Washington street, wherea large number of medical students had assembled, as Iunderstood, to witness an operation to be performed byDr. H. Wells, upon a patient while under the influenceof exhilarating gas, which was the discovery abovereferred to. The gas was administered, and the tooth ex-tracted under its influence by the said Wells, in presenceof myself and many others. I am not able to say whetherthe patient experienced any pain or not. There wascertainly no manifestation of it, yet some present expressedthemselves in the belief that it was an imposition.
I was subsequently informed that his operations inHartford, prior to 184.5, were uniformly successful underthe influence of gas.
DANIEL T. CURTIS,No. 23 Bedford street.
City of Boston: On the twenty-third day of March,A. D. 1847, the above-named Daniel T. Curtis,personally appeared before me, the subscriber, Mayor ofBoston, and made oath, that the foregoing certificate, byhim subscribed, is true.
In testimony whereof I have subscribed the same,04; and caused the city seal to be hereunto
affixed, the day and year last above written.JOSIAH QUINCY,
Mayor of the city of Boston, Justice of the Peace.
I hereby certify, that Horace Wells, dentist, has, formore than two years, had the reputation, in this city, of
[18]
having made a discovery which enabled him, and others,to extract teeth without pain, by the use of exhilaratinggas. I have conversed with several gentlemen, whosereputation for honor and veracity places them above sus.picion, who have had these operations performed by thesaid Wells, in the fall of 1844; and they assure me thatthe operation was attended with no pain whatever. Thereis no doubt in my mind that said Wells discovered andmade the first practical application of this principle insurgical operations. By comparing dates of the severalclaimants, there can remain no doubt of this fact.
S. FULLER, M. D.Hartford, March 25th, 1847.
Hartford, March 25, 1847.As attempts have been made to deprive Mr. Horace
Wells, dentist, of the honor of discovering the effects pro-duced by certain gases in allaying pain, I feel it my dutyto state the facts in the case. Dr. Jackson does not claiman earlier discovery than the latter part of 1846, and eventhen only suggested to Mr. Morton that ether mightanswer the purpose, and says that the first trials of Mortonwere successful, "proving exactly as I had predicted,"The first trial of Morton, according to his own (Morton's)statement, was on the 30th Sept., 1846. Now, I herebydeclare, that to my full knowledge, nitrous oxide gaswas administered two years earlier than this, viz., in 1844,by Mr. Wells, and that many teeth were extracted withoutpain under its influence; and that Mr. Wells went toBoston at that time, as I was then informed, for the purpose of introducing the gas to the attention of surgeons inthat city. Moreover, in an article published June 18th,1845, in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, I re.ferred to it as a thing well known and established--thearticle being headed, " On the Modus Operandi of Medi.cine," written to show that many, if not all, local diseases,are cured by specific stimulants. Now, when it is knownthat Mr. Morton was instructed in his profession by Mr.Wells, and introduced into business by him, we can easily
[19]
trace the manner in which Mr. M. might have derivedhis information. It is to be borne in mind, also, thatJackson and Morton have, through the public prints, eachdenied the other his claim-a thing easily settled, onewould think, if it in justice belonged to either. In myown mind, there is not a shadow of doubt that the wholemerit of the discovery of this thing rests with Wells,and with him alone, although others may have experi-mented with ether before him. The idea and its practicalapplication are his, and let the public concede that to himwhich his generosity. unrestricted with patents, demandsand which has been, as far as possible, wrested from him.The claimants in Boston I do not know, and should beunwilling, in any manner, to injure their feelings, but I mustsay that they are laboring under an hallucination at least;though I cannot but hope they may be able to establishsome claim to originality-a task somewvhat difficult, asthe case appears to stand. These statements are given, notfrom any personal considerations, but simply as an actof justice; and I hope that the profession, after due delibe-ration, will give a righteous award.
P. W. ELLSWORTH, M. D.
I take pleasure in certifying, that more than two yearssince, at the request of Horace Wells, Esq., of this city, Ivisited his rooms for the purpose of witnessing the extrac-tion ofa tooth from a man, while under the influence ofthe nitrous oxide gas. The idea was novel to me, and Itook occasion to be present during the operation. The gaswas administered by Mr. Wells, and the operation per-formed without any apparent suffering on the part of theindividual operated upon. I afterwards questioned him inregard to his sensations during the extraction, and heassured me that he had not experienced the slightest degreeof pain. At this time, the comparative merits of the gasand of rectified sulphuric ether vapor, were discussed, andI gave it as my opinion, that the nitrous oxide gas was thesafest, inasmuch as the after.effects of this gas are not so
[20]
unpleasant as from the ether vapor. I also take thisoccasion to assert, from my positive knowledge, that theether vapor was administered very soon after this period(and prior to 1845,) for the performance of a surgicaloperation.
In conclusion, I beg leave to offer it as my opinion, thatthe man who Jirst discovered the fact that the inhalation f agaseous substance would render the body insensible to pain,during surgical operations, should be entitled to all the creditor emnolument which may accrue from the use of any substancesof this nature. This is the principle-this is the fact-this is the discovery. The mere substitution of ethervapor, or any other article, for the gas, no more entitlesone to the claim of a discovery than the substitution of coalfor wood in generating steam, would entitle one to be calledthe discoverer of the powers of steam.
E. E. MARCY, M. D.Hartford, March 27th, 1847.
STATE OF CONNECTICUT,
Hartford County, ss:City of Hartford, March 27, 1847.
Personally appeared E. E. Marcy, Physician and Sur-geon, resident in this city, and made solemn oath to thetruth of the foregoing affidavit by him subscribed before me.
0 Given under my hand and the seal of said city,0, the day and year aforesaid.
A. M. COLLINS, Mayor.
THIS IS TO CERTIFY, That during the last two or threeyears, I have been familiar with the successful operationsof Mr. Horace Wells, and other dentists of this city, inextracting teeth, without pain, by the aid of nitrous oxidegas, and he, alone, was regarded as the author of thisdiscovery. G. B. HAWLEY, M. D.
Hartford, March 27th, 1847.2B
[21]
I, John M. Riggs, surgeon dentist, of the city andcounty of Hartford, State of Connecticut, in the UnitedStates of America, being of lawful age, and duly sworn,do depose and say:
That on or about the first of November, Anno Dominione thousand eight hundred and forty-four, I was con-sulted by Horace Wells, surgeon dentist, of the city,county and state as aforesaid, as to the practicability ofadministering nitrous oxide gas prior to the performanceof dental or surgical operations.
Thinking favorably of the suggestion, it was decidedto make trial of the gas in question; and on the day fol-lowing, per agreement, the protoxide of nitrogen wasadministered to Horace Wells, aforesaid, at his request,and I extracted one of his superior molar teeth: he mani-festing no signs of suffering, and stating that he felt nopain during the operation.
Encouraged, and gratified with the success of the firstexperiment, the aforesaid Wells and myself continued toadminister to various individuals the said gas, and toextract teeth while under its influence, in the presence ofseveral gentlemen, until fully satisfied of its usefulness andapplicability in surgical operations. I further affirm thatthe said Wells avowed his intention to communicate thediscovery to the dental and medical faculty, and, in pur-suance of that intention, proceeded to the city of Boston,State of Massachusetts, for that purpose; whilst I con-tinued to use the said gas with great success-the patientsassuring me they felt no pain.
JOHN M. RIGGS.
STATE OF CUONNECUICUT,Hartford County, ss:
City of Hartford, March 27, 1847.Personally appeared John M. tiggs, and made solemn
oath to the truth of the foregoing affidavit, by him sub-scribed before me. Given under my hand, and the sealof said city, the day and year above written.
** Given under my hand and the seal of said city.A. M. COLLINS, Mayor.
[22]
I, the undersigned, resident of Hartford, Connecticut,do hereby testify, that, more than two years since, I sub-mitted to the operation of having a tooth extracted whileunder the influence of nitrous oxide gas. According tothe best of my recollection, this was in the month of No-venmber, 1844. The gas was given, and the tooth ex-tracted by Horace WVells, dentist, of Hartford; and I dofurther testify that the operation was attended with nopain whatever. MYLO LEE.
STATE OF CONNECTICUT,
Hartford County, ss
City of Hartford, March 26, 1847.
Then personally appeared before me, Mylo Lee, signerof the foregoing affidavit, and made solemn oath that thesame was true.
J Given under my hand, and the seal of said city.~ ~ A. M. COLLINS, Mayor.
During the winter of 1844, I learned that Dr. H. Wells,dentist, Hartford, Conn., had discovered the mode ofextracting teeth without pain. This was accomplished byadministering to the persons operated upon exhilaratinggas or vapor, which, it was asserted, rendered the humansystem insensible to pain. At first I was incredulous ofthe fact, and received the assertions of individuals familiarwith the operation with a degree of distrust. Being,however, by invitation, a personal witness of the processof extracting teeth without pain, under this new mode,discovered and practiced by Dr. Wells with so muchapparent success, I was induced to submit to a personaloperation, that I might test its utility. The Dr. was mostsuccessful-extracting for me a large, firmly-set bicuspidtooth, without the slightest sensation of pain.
I also witnessed, soon after, a repetition of the same
[23 ]
process, by Dr. Wells, upon several individuals, accompa.nied, in every instance, with perfect success.
F. C. GOODRICH.Hartford, March 27, 1847.
STATE OF CONNECTICUT,
Hartford County, ss:City of Hartford, March 27, 1847.
Then personally appeared before me, F. C. Goodrich,of this city, who signed the foregoing affidavit, and madesolemn oath that the same was true.
S Given under my hand and the seal of said City.A. M. COLLINS, Mayor.
Hartford, March 26, 1847.I hereby testify, that, more than two years prior to this
date, on being informed that Horace Wells, dentist, of thiscity, had made a valuable discovery, by which means hecould extract teeth without pain to the patient, which con-sisted in the use of stimulating gas, or vapor, I inhaledthe exhilarating gas, and, under its influence, had six ex-tracted without the least pain. I would further state, thatfor more than eighteen months from the time I first sub.mitted to this operation by the application of gas, I heardno other name mentioned as the discoverer, except thatof the above-named Horace Wells.
J. GAYLORD WELLS,1841 Main street.
STATE OF CONNECTICUT,Hartford County, ss :
City of Hartford, March 26, 1847.Then personally appeared before me J. Gaylord Wells,
of this city, who signed the within deposition, and madesolemn oath that the same was true.
Given under my hand, and the seal of said city.A. M. COLLINS, Mayor.
A little more than two years since, I learned that Dr. H.Wells, dentist, of this city, had made the discovery thatby the use of an exhilarating gas or vapor, he could render
[24 1
the nervous system insensible to pain under severe sur"gical operations, and that he was using it in his practicewith success. Having an opportunity to witness its effectupon several persons, during the operation of extractingteeth, I was so delighted and surprised with its manifestsuccess, that I desired a trial of it upon myself. The gaswas accordingly administered, and two carious teeth wereextracted from my lower jaw, without the least sufferingon my part; though ordinarily, owing to the firmness withwhich my teeth are fixed in my jaw, I suffer extreme painfrom their extraction.
WM. H. BURLEIGH,Editor of the " Charter Oak."
Hartford, March 25, 1847.
STATE OF CONNECTICUT,
Hartford County, ss:City of Hartford, March 26, 1847.
Then personally appeared before me, William H.IBurleigh, signer of the foregoing affidavit, and madesolemn affirmation that the same is true.
W Given under my hand and the seal of said city.aa ~ A. M. COLLINS, Mayor.
TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN
We, the undersigned, physicians of the city of HartfordState of Connecticut, U. S. A., do hereby certify, thatwe know, and have conversed with the persons whosenames are appended to the above affidavits, viz., Wm. IHI.Burleigh, J. G. Wells, F. C. Goodrich, Mylo Lee, andplace implicit reliance upon the statements made therein,by each of them, to wit: that the operation of extract.ing one or more teeth without producing any pain,whatever, was performed upon each of them, by HoraceWells, surgeon dentist, of this city, at or about the timespecified by them respectively, in their several affidavitsabove referred to.
We take pleasure, also, in expressing our entire confi-dence in the integrity of the said Horace Wells, than whom
[25]
no person in our city is more favorably known, as agentleman of honor and integrity. We know, moreover,that he has for several years past successfully devotedhimself to subjects pertaining to invention and discovery.
S. FULLER, M. D. DAVID S. DODGE, M. D.GEORGE SUMNER, M. D. P. W. ELLSWORTH, M. D.BENJ. ROGERS, M. D. GURDON W. RUSSELL,M.D.J. B. BERESFORD, M. D. G. B. HAWLEY, M. D.H. ALLEN GRANT, M. D. E. K. HUNT, M. D.WM. JAMES BARRY, M. D. DAVID CRARY, M. D.E. E. MARCY, M. D. JOHN SCHUE, M. D.C. A. TAFT, M. D. HENRY LEE, M. D.
I certify that the foregoing document is subscribed bythe principal surgeons and physicians of the city ofHartford, in the State of Connecticut, U. S. A.
ISAAC TOUCEY.Hartford, March 29th, 1847.
STATE OF CONNECTICUT, 88 :
Office of Secretary of State.I hereby certify,
L'j that his ExcellencyIsaac Toacey, (whosename, in his own hand-writing, is subscribedto the foregoing cer-tificate,) is Governorin and over the Stateaforesaid.K ', In testimony whereof,
.- I have hereunto
-- set my hand andaffixed the seal ofsaid State, at Hart-ford, this 29th day
of March, A. D. 1847, and in the 71st year of the Indepen-dence of the United States of America.
CHARLES WM. BRADLEY,Secretary of State.
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