–KARJERA LOĢISTIKĀ, JŪRAS PĀRVADĀJUMOS · 1989 –riga marine college 1996 –karjera loĢistikĀ, jŪras kravu pĀrvadĀjumos 2004 –e-business school of ireland

► 1989 – RIGA MARINE COLLEGE

► 1996 – KARJERA LOĢISTIKĀ, JŪRAS KRAVU PĀRVADĀJUMOS

► 2004 – e-BUSINESS SCHOOL OF IRELAND

MŪSDIENĀS PIEEJAMIE TRANSPORTA VEIDI

► SĪKPAKAS: PASTS, KURJERS

Interneta mazumtirdzniecibas apjoms sastāda aptuveni $2.2 triljonus

gada apgrozījuma

► SALIKTĀS KRAVAS: AUTO, JŪRA, DZELZCEĻŠ

► AUTOTRANSPORTS, JŪRAS/UPJU TRANSPORTS, DZELZCEĻŠ, AVIO,

CAURUĻVADI

JŪRAS TRANSPORTA DAĻA

STARPTAUTISKAJĀ TIRDZNIECĪBĀ

Sources: Eurostat, United Nations Statistics Division, World Trade Organisation,

International Monetary Fund and national sources statistics.

SHARES in 2008 SHARES in 2009 SHARES in 2010 SHARES in 2011 SHARES in 2012

-- Sea transport 44% 41% 43% 41% 57%

-- Air transport 32% 34% 35% 35% 33%

-- Other transport 22% 22% 21% 22% 8%

-- Rail transport 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

GALVENIE RAKSTURLIELUMI

► JŪRAS TRANSPORTS IR LĒNS

- kravas kuģis vidēji peld ar ātrumu 13-14 jūras mezgli. Konteineru un

pasažieru kuģu ātrums vidēji ir 18-25 jūras mezgli.

ALTERNATĪVA: NO ĶĪNAS DZELZCEĻA TRANSPORTS LĪDZ EIROPAI

► JŪRAS TRANSPORTS IR LĒTS

- jo kravas kuģis var pārvadāt liela apjoma kravu, attiecīgi samazinot

pašizmaksu vienas vienības pārvešanai;

- kuģi savieno kontinentus, kas savā starpā ir atdalīti ar ūdeni;

- labvēlīgi vest lētas bet apjomīgas preces un izejmateriālus;

KUĢU VEIDI

► Bulk carriers

► Container ships

► Gas carriers

► Chemical carriers

► Roll-on / Roll-off ships

► Passenger ships

BALKERI & TANKERI

► BALKERI IEDALĀS 4 KATEGORIJĀS:

- Handysize: from 10,000 to 35,000 tons;

- Handymax: from 35,000 to 50,000 tons;

- Panamax: from 50,000 to 80,000 tons;

- Capesize: more than 120,000 tons;

► TANKERI:

- Handysize tanker: 20,000 to 30,000dwt;

- Handymax tanker: approx. 45,000 dwt;

- Panamax tanker: 79,000 dwt;

- Aframax tanker: 79,000 to 120000 dwt;

- Suezmax tanker: 120000 to 180000 dwt;

- V.L.C.C tanker: 200000- 300000 dwt;

- U.L.C.C tanker : over 300000 dwt;

KONTEINERU KUĢI

► Speciāli būvēti un konstruēti konteineru pārvadājumiem;

► Konteinera kuģa kapacitāte mērās TEU (twenty-foot equivalent

unit);

► Lielākie konteineru kuģi mūsdienas sasniedz 400 metru garumu

un var transportēt 15,000 konteinerus (TEU);

► Apkalpe sastāda 13 cilvēki;

KONTEINERU KUĢA EVOLŪCIJA

KUĢNIECĪBAS TIRGI

► Tiek iedalīti 3 tirgus kategorijās:

- The liner market;

- The tramp market (dry cargo);

- The tanker market;

LOĢISTIKA

A B

LOĢISTIKA

► Loģistika ir izejvielu, resursu, ražošanas, gatavās produkcijas,

pakalpojumu un informācijas plānošanas, izpildes un kontroles process no

tās radīšanas vietas līdz patērētājam, ar mērķi samazināt izmaksas un

pilnīgi apmierināt patērētāja vajadzības.

► Termins “loģistika” ir radies senajā Grieķijā no vārda logicos

(aprēķināms; nosakāms).

► Ar vārdu "loģistika" Romas impērijā apzīmēja pārtikas sadales

noteikumus.

► Bizantijas impērijā loģistika tika definēta kā armijas nodrošinājuma

pārvietošana un vadība.

► Izmantojot loģistiku, Napoleons pārvietoja savu karaspēku ātrāk un

taktiski veiksmīgāk, kas deva lielu efektu cīņās.

IZAICINĀJUMI

Ar kādiem izaicinājumiem jāsastopas starptautiskajos kravu pārvadājumos:

► Atrast uzticamus sadarbības partnerus sevišķi tālajos maršrutos;(Ķīnas piemērs)

► Atrast optimālo transporta maršrutu;

► Kombinēt sūtījumus, lai iegūtu efektīvas un lētākas transporta izmaksas;

► Track & trace kamēr krava tiek pārvietota;

► Savlaicīga komunikācija, pareizi dokumenti;(ISF piemērs)

► Laikā sakārtot muitu, tranzīta uc. regulatorās procedūras;(EXW piemērs)

IZAICINĀJUMI

1. Regulējumi attiecināmie uz produkciju.

2. Valstiskie regulējumi.

► Customs, Port and Airport Authorities, Transport

Authorities, Health and Agriculture Authorities.

TĀLĀKIE IZAICINĀJUMI

► pareiza un savlaicīga paziņošana (pre-arrival);

► efektīva robežu šķērsošana;

► efektīva ostu / lidostu darbība;

► muitas darbība;

► savlaicīga preču izlaišana apritē;

► drošība transporta laikā;

PUSES, KAS IESAISTĪTAS STARPTAUTISKAJOS

KRAVU PĀRVADĀJUMOS

► PĀRDEVĒJS/PIRCĒJS – SELLER/BUYER - SHIPPER/CONSIGNEE:The seller and the buyer are the parties contracting with eachother for the delivery of the goods. The seller may be theproducer or manufacturer of the goods, or may be a party actingas the producer/manufacturer’s agent. Both parties agree on thetrade terms which will influence the type and terms of shippingdocuments (e.g. bill of lading or sea waybill).

► THE CONSIGNEE is the party to whom the goods are consignedor sent by THE SHIPPER. The consignee may be the buyer of thegoods, or a party acting as import agent for the buyer.



► KRAVAS SAŅĒMĒJS - THE RECEIVER: is the party who takes receipt ofthe goods from the sea carrier at the port or place of delivery. Someconsignees will take direct delivery of goods from carriers, but manyconsignees in the liner trades employ an agent such as a freightforwarder to act as a “CLEARING AGENT” in the customs and otherformalities of importing the goods, and for transportation of goods totheir ultimate destination. When loss or damage to goods is discoveredon discharge, it is often the receiver who notifies the carrier.

► PAZIŅOŠANA PAR IENĀKŠANU – THE NOTIFY PARTY: (a term found inmost bills of lading and sea waybills) is the party who must be informedby the carrier of the ship’s arrival, so that collection of the goods can bearranged. The notify party may be the consignee or a receiver.



► EKSPEDITORS – FREIGHT FORWARDER: A business that plans, coordinatesand monitors all operations necessary for the transport and internationalfreight logistics, including auxiliary services and any kind of communications.A freight forwarder is a transport intermediary, operating in the liner trades,who arranges the export of another party’s goods (by land, sea or air) and“forwards” the goods into the care of the sea carrier. Freight forwarders canadvise on routeing, can arrange carriage with a carrier (booking space,paying freight, etc.), can prepare or assist in preparting customs documents,can make customs entry (clearance) of goods, can arrange packaging andwarehousing of goods before shipment, can arrange goods transit insurance,and can in many cases arrange “groupage” or “consolidation”, meaning themore cost-effective shipment in one transport unit of several small parcelssent by different shippers, where they are all destined for the same deliveryport or place)



► CONSOLIDATOR: Intermediary who sells cubic meters of container

space destined for a particular port and groups goods from various

exporters to fill a full container. Any company that has a small volume to

ship will use this actor;

► MUITAS BROKERIS – CUSTOMS AGENT: Natural or legal person

authorized to perform, on behalf of others, the formalities of customs

clearance of goods: produce documents, request inspections, pay duties

and taxes;



► KUĢNIECĪBAS KOMPĀNIJA – SHIPPING COMPANY: Legal owner of avessel or vessels transporting goods to different ports, followingparticular routes or lines. The shipper is the party who contracts for thecarriage of the goods by sea and delivers the goods into his care,whether this party is the seller or an agent of the seller;

► FEEDER (COASTAL) VESSEL OWNER / OCEAN (DEEP SEA) VESSELOWNER;

► KUĢU LĪNIJAS ĢENTS – SHIPPING AGENTS: Natural person or legalrepresentative of the shipping company in a given port. The shippingagent organizes the administrative tasks carried out during the ships stayat port. They also handle functional tasks related to the carrying ofmerchandise and related documents;



► NVOC: The seller, however, may be employing the services of a freightforwarder to perform the various functions involved in exporting thegoods, and it may be the freight forwarder who contracts for carriage ofthe goods with the shipowner, making the freight forwarder the legalshipper. Another possibility is that a certain amount of cargo space onboard the ship has been contracted to a non-vessel owning carrier(NVOC) , and the seller or his agent has contracted with the NVOC totransport the goods; in that case, the NVOC will be the legal shipper inthe contract with the shipowner. Whoever the shipper is in law, however,the document evidencing receipt of the goods by the carrier (e.g. a billof lading or sea waybill) will be issued by the carrier to that party, andthat party will be giving employment to the ship. In some countries,including the USA, the shipper may be called the consignor.



► PĀRVADĀTĀJS - CARRIER: Responsible for transporting thecontainer from a specified location to the destination port. A carrier isa party who contracts with a shipper for the transport of goods by sea.In the liner trades, where nonvessel owning carriers offer shippingservices , the carrier with whom the seller or the seller’s agent makeshis carriage contract is not necessarily the carrier actually performingthe sea carriage. Furthermore, where a ship is chartered and is beingoperated commercially by the charterer (such as a time charterer),the identity of the legal carrier may depend on the information statedon the bill of lading or sea waybill;

► APDROŠINĀTĀJS – INSURANCE COMPANY: Insurance companies,cover any incidents that may occur during the transport of goods bycharging a premium;



► BANKAS: Offer a variety of products and solutions in the field of internationalbusiness (documentary credits, export credits…). Banks will form links in thetransport document chain when payment for the goods is being made by meansof a Letter of Credit. For notes on the documentary credit system. For notes onthe bill of lading in the documentary credit system;

► ČĀRTERA AĢENTS – CHARTERERS AGENT: Since time charterers require their cargooperations in each port to be overseen by reliable port agents, particularly in specialisedtrades, the charterers will normally reserve the right to nominate agents, although these“charterers’ agents” will usually be appointed and have their fees paid by the owners.(The owners will therefore be the principal in the legal relationship.)

As in a voyage charter on free in and out terms , a protecting agent may be appointedby the owners where there is any conflict of interest between owner’s and charterer’srequirements.

Since the master is normally under the charterer’s orders regarding employment andagency , charterer’s agents have the right to sign bills of lading on behalf of the master,although the master will usually be required to sign a form or letter authorising them todo this.

NO KĀ SASTĀV FRAKTS LIKME


► The Basic Ocean Freight – BAS. Tarifs par kādu prece tiek pārvadāta. Vairākifaktori ietekmē, kā piemēram izcelsme-nogāde, kravas veids;

► The mandatory surcharges. Piecenojums, papildus izmaksas, ar kurām apliekaskatrs sūtījums. Šīs izmaksas veidojas neatkarīgi no BAS;

► Bunker Adjustment Factor – SBF. The Bunker Adjustment Factor (SBF) is acharge to account for the fluctuations in bunker costs (oil used by the vessels) thatchanges on quarterly basis. Click here to see the current SBF levels;

► Terminal Handling Charges – THC. Our Terminal Handling Charges are based onthe cost of handling the container in the terminals, including loading and dischargingcontainers to/from the vessel. Click here to see the current THC levels;

► Documentation Charges. Documentation Charges are a service whereby providewith the necessary transport documents at the origin and destination, based onshipping instructions;


► Emergency Risk Surcharge – ERS. The Emergency Risk Surcharge (ERS)covers additional costs faced by the carrier when moving cargo in dangerousregions including those that are threatened by hazards, violence or piracy. Thefee will be applied to bookings that are from, to or transited through theaffected areas;

► Low Sulphur Surcharge – LSS. The Low Sulphur Surcharge (LSS) covers theexpenses related to the usage of low-sulphur fuel with a maximum sulphurcontent of 0.1% used in shipments transported completely or partially across theSulphur Emission Control Areas;

► Verified Gross Mass – VGM. (Stājās spēkā ar 01.07.2016.)


► PAMATPRINCIPI:

- neatkarīgi no transporta veida galvenais noteicošais faktors ir pieprasījuma - piedāvājuma likums; - konkurence;

► FAKTORI:

- kravas specifikācija: apjoms, svars;- kravas vērtība;- attālums;- kanālu nodevas;- importa / eksporta bilance (equipment repositioning cost);- kuģu regularitāte, kuģa ātrums, tranzīta laiks;- konteinera apgrozījuma ātrums;

KUĢU LĪNIJU KONFERENCES

Konferences sāka veidot kuģu īpašnieki, lai nostabilizētu frakts likmes,un izvairītos no likmju samazinājuma sakarā ar operātoru pārpilnību;

Konferences veido kuģu īpašnieki operācijām kādā konkrētā maršrutā.Piemēram konference “transpacific west bound freight agreement”operē no ASV uz Tālajiem Austrumiem & Indijas sub-kontinentu;

Konferences ir atvērta tipa un slēgta tipa, kur jauni dalībnieki netiekielaisti;

Konference: formāls līgums starp kuģu līniju īpašniekiem nosakotcenas, kapacitāti, maršrutus;

Konference izziņo frakts tarifus;

Frakts parasti tiek noteikta pēc kravas vērtības: dārgākām precēm šistarifs ir augstāks nekā lētākām precēm;


► Konference nosaka tarifus pēc lojalitātes principiem:

1) lai piesaistītu maksimālu kravas apjomus konkrētajos maršrutos;

2) lai konferences locekļi iegūtu maksimālu labumu;

3) lai samazinātu konkurenci;

► Konferenču klientiem tiek pamatā piedāvātas 3 lojalitātes

programmas:

a) atlaižu sistēma ar atlikto maksājumu (deferred rebate system);

b) duālā likmju sistēma (dual rate system);

c) tūlitējo atlaižu sistēma (immediate rebate system);

B+C parasti izmanto kontraktos.


► Atliktās atlaides: atlaides tiek kalkulētas frakts summām par laika

periodu. Parasti 3 līdz 6 mēneši. Atlaides tiek atmaksātas pēc laika

(deferred period) pieņemot, ka klients turpina izmantot konferenci

saviem sūtījumiem;

► Duālās likmes: klients paraksta līgumu ar konferenci par ekskluzīvu

patronāžu uz konkrētu partiju vai apjomu. Attiecigi saņemot zemākas

likmes nekā klientiem, kuri strādā bez kontraktiem;

► Tulītējās atlaides: klients saņem atlaidi nekavējoši:

- apjoms;

- destinācija;

- konteineru disbalanss;

- ir vieta uz kuģa, kuru jāaizpilda;

STARPTAUTISKĀS TRANSPORTA

ORGANIZĀCIJAS

► FIATA, the International Freight Forwarders Association

represents the freight forwarding industry, and is a non-governmental

organization with members covering approximately 40,000 forwarding

and logistics firms, and employing around 8 - 10 million people in 150

countries;

► IATA, the International Air Transport Association

is a non-governmental organization representing the airline industry, with

members covering some 240 airlines comprising 84% of total air traffic.

IATA provides a standard approach for cargo facilitation to comply with

government regulations requiring the provision of cargo information. IATA

has developed Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR) to prepare and

document dangerous shipments;


ORGANIZĀCIJAS

► IATA's Live Animals Regulations (LAR)

is a standard for transporting live animals. The Convention

on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES),

recommends in its Resolution for Transport of Live Specimens

(Conf. 10.21) that all parties dealing with the preparation

and transport of live animal specimens follow the

instructions provided by the LAR and incorporate them in

their national legislation;


ORGANIZĀCIJAS

► IATA's Perishable Cargo Regulations (PCR)

is a reference guide for all parties involved in the packaging

and handling of perishables for air transportation. CITES

recommends that all parties dealing with the preparation

and transport of live plant specimens follow the instructions

of the PCR and incorporate them in their national

legislation. For electronic communication, IATA has

developed solutions through e-freight, which aims to remove

paper from the air cargo supply chain and replace it with

cheaper, more accurate and more reliable electronic

messaging. Both traditional EDI messages through IATA's

CARGO-IMP standards and XML messages are used.


ORGANIZĀCIJAS

► ICS, the International Chamber of Shipping and the

International Shipping Federation (ISF)

are the principal international trade association and

employers' organization for merchant ship operators,

representing all sectors and trades and about 80% of the

world merchant fleet.

They represent the industry on trade facilitation issues, such

as:

- maritime safety

- shipbuilding standards

- cargo liability

- shipping policy and free trade


ORGANIZĀCIJAS

► IRU, the International Road Transport Union

is the world road transport organization representing the

interests of truck operators (as well as the interests of bus,

coach and taxi operators) for the mobility of people and

goods by road.

IRU is active in trade facilitation for road transport and aims

to harmonize, as far as possible, all legislation currently

governing road transport, in order to ensure inter-

operability, avoid duplication and unnecessary confusion

leading to costly delays, law infringements and fines.


ORGANIZĀCIJAS

► UIC, the International Union of Railways / Union

Internationale des Chemins de fer

is a non-governmental organization representing the railway

industry. UIC sets and publishes standards for railway

sectors, such as for wagons, railway equipment and railway

stations. UIC holds responsibility for the railway consignment

note (the CIM).UIC has developed standards for the exchange

of information between railway companies and railway

infrastructure operators, called TSI (Technical Specifications

for Interoperability).


ORGANIZĀCIJAS

► SMDG

is a user group for shipping lines, container terminals and

port authorities, and has developed standards for the

maritime container industry, for the exchange of information

of stowage plans and of individual movements of sea

containers to, within, and from ports.

PALDIES PAR UZMANĪBU!

Documents

–KARJERA LOĢISTIKĀ, JŪRAS PĀRVADĀJUMOS · 1989 –riga marine college 1996 –karjera loĢistikĀ, jŪras kravu pĀrvadĀjumos 2004 –e-business school of ireland