Amit Kumar Chatter Jee Report

8/8/2019 Amit Kumar Chatter Jee Report

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A SOCIAL STUDY ON

UNDERSTANDING THE SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT OF

TRANSFORMATION OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE FROM AGRICULTURE TO

SHRIMP BASED AQUACULTURE

Amit Kumar Chatterjee, BM/July/06/19/1476, PGDM-RM Batch 2006-2008

Faculty of Management Studies-Institute of Rural Management

IIRM Campus, Tagore Marg, Mansarovar,

Jaipur-302020, Rajasthan (India)

Tel.: 0141-2395402, 2396648, 2399071

Mobile Number-09314594292

Fax: 0141-2397512

e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Under the guidance of

FACULTY GUIDE-Prof.Swati Sethi

CORPORATE GUIDES-Mr.A.Anurag Danda, Mr. Subhro Sen

WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE-INDIA

&

Faculty of Management Studies

Institute of Rural Management

Summer Internship Programme - 2007

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BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM STATEMENT

Everyone knows that Bengalis are fond of fish and private consumption of fish is highest

in West Bengal. In last two decades West Bengal became major contributing state in fish

and seafood exports also. The major exporting product being shrimp and the area under

shrimp culture is approximately 46,750 ha. State of West Bengal is also the second

largest producer only after Andhra Pradesh)1.

From industrial point of view production is very important because profit is their sole

motive and more profit will result into more money distribution in the whole market

chain. Now the Sundarbans Region aqua farmers are having continuous bad production

due to unsustainable land usage.Continuous bad production is harmful for the good will of West Bengal shrimp as a

whole and that affects the whole market chain. If the demand of West Bengal shrimp is

less; people of different level will be in great trouble.

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Objectives of the study

1. To understand the socio economic impact of agro to aqua practice conversion.

2. To understand the consequences of such conversion on the shrimp industry

and the actors involved in it, particularly the tiger shrimp PL collectors and

local PL nursing centers.

Analysis

The past occupation of the people was mainly agriculture and allied activities. Among the

ten aqua farmers surveyed by me five men were dependent on only agriculture at past,two aqua farmers were fisherman and they used to catch fish on the riverside. Rest three

aqua farmer did small business and fishery in freshwater pond along with agriculture.

It is quite obvious that the present occupation of the aqua farmers will be aquaculture but

it most cases in the present scenario the income from secondary occupation is becoming

greater than income from primary occupation i.e. aquaculture. It is due to less profit or

loss in aquaculture. It will be evident from the cost benefit analysis of the practice. The

secondary occupations are Kutcha house material making, Auctioning of fish (Aratdar),

Private tuition, pump set renting business, Decorator, Small business like tea shop,

Agriculture.

It has been noticed that the farmers who depend on only aquaculture have lifelong

experience of fishing, other five farmers started aquaculture after land conversion.

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Fixed Cost2006(rupees)

Own land use cost Land lease

cost

Panchayat Tax Land Revenue

M.Mollah 38,000.00 150.00 280.00

B.Das 39000.00Khokon Das 19000.00 209000.00 75.00 1400.00

K.Das 57000.00 81000.00 225.00 3000.00

M.Sardar 10500.00 15.00 280.00

S.Sardar 28500.00 112.00 1387.00

J.Sardar 28500.00 9500.00 112.00 937.00

A.Mollah 22800.00 9500.00 90.00 1800.00

S.Kamila 15200.00 14000.00 60.00 680.00

A.Bhowmick 36100.00 125.00 2500.00

Variable Cost2006(rupees)

P.M.Seedcost

Feedcost

Fert &Chem.

Labourcost

Marketing

Otherseed

cost

Misc.

M.Mollah 35000 2000 3500 7000

B.Das 27000 3000 2000 10000 2000 2000 720

Khokon Das 83000 20000 12000 36000 3500 24000 61000

K.Das 200000 12000 13000 33000 14000

M.Sardar 7600 780 1500

S.Sardar 15000 5000 3000 2000 2500 3500

J.Sardar 25000 1100 2500 1800 2500

A.Mollah 20000 10000 10000 1000 1000 6000S.Kamila 15000 2000 3000 3000 500 2500

A.Bhowmick 14500 1000 4000 2000 1000 4000

Total

Cost=V.C+F.C

Revenue

from P.M

Revenue from

other fishes

Revenue- Total Cost

M.Mollah 88450.00 21000.00 19500.00 -ve

B.Das 85000.00 90000.00 10000.00 15000.00

Khokon Das 468975.00 656100.00 108000.00 295025.00

K.Das 413225.00 400000.00 100000.00 86775.00

M.Sardar 20675.00 5000.00 3000.00 -ve

S.Sardar 62000.00 50000.00 24000.00 12000.00

J.Sardar 71949.00 80000.00 20000.00 28051.00

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A.Mollah 82190.00 80000.00 17000.00 14810.00

S.Kamila 55940.00 25000.00 1400.00 -ve

A.Bhowmick 65225.00 100000.00 20000.00 54775.00

Comments on the economical condition

Farmers Name Profit

per hec.

Comments

M.Mollah Own land so arrives at B.E.P.

B.Das 9124 Able to survive because of private tuition

Khokon Das 43069 Achieved profit and he is well aware of his technique and

procedure of farming by experience

K.Das 15080 He is happy with this result because he has some amount of land

and he is successful because of auctioning business.

M.Sardar Pump Set renting business is working for his family, secondary

income > Primary income.

S.Sardar 11678 Slight profit, here also secondary occupation is important.

J.Sardar 20475 Again dependent on secondary occupation after achieving small

profit in aquaculture.

A.Mollah 12717 Got profit and does not know why he got profit past year and this

year due to disease he did not get profit.

S.Kamila Dependent on his fish auctioning business.

A.Bhowmick 42086 Traditional farmer and he also do not know how he get profit.

Socioeconomic status of aqua farmers and seed collectors

Number of employed people (aqua farmer)

Name of aqua

farmers

Experienc

e

Male Female Employed

M.Mollah 32 6 2 4

B.Das 7 3 1 1

Khokon Das 25 5 5 2

K.Das 30 4 4 4

M.Sardar 7 3 2 1

S.Sardar 7 4 2 2

J.Sardar 7 5 4 5

A.Mollah 18 4 2 1

S.Kamila 10 3 2 1

A.Bhowmick 10 2 3 1

30 Illiterates 39 27 22

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Number of employed people (seed collector)

Name of seed

collectors

Experi

ence

Male Female Family

strength

Employ

ed

A 18 1 1 7 3

B Ch 2 1 5 2

C 30 1 1 4 3D Ch 2 3 5 2

E 20 3 2 5 2

F 40 3 3 6 3

G 40 1 1 7 3

H 25 1 2 6 2

I 10 2 2 5 2

J 25 1 1 10 5

K 25 1 1 7 3

L 10 0 2 8 3

M 30 1 1 8 3

N 22 1 1 4 2

O Ch 1 0 5 1

P Ch 0 1 3 1

Q 12 1 1 5 1

R 25 2 1 7 2

S 15 1 4 6 2

T 10 1 2 8 2

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26 31 121 47

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The general preference of farmers is wild seed, which leads to environmental

degradation. What are the causes behind the common perception of the farmers that wild

seed is better than hatchery seeds?

According to the farmers the causes are:

i) Hatchery seed have lower immunity power than wild seed so they are vulnerable to

disease.

ii) When seed comes from other states the Rich aqua farmers/ business man take all

good quality seeds and only bad quality seed is available.

iii) Hatchery seeds are born in Tamilnadu, Andra Pradesh & Orissa. When farmers give

hatchery seed in their pond they are not able to survive there because of changed

physical condition.

iv) Due to greater demand of hatchery seed the hatcheries hatch seeds from 150-300 gm

Mother/Queen Penaeus monodon but it should be of 500 gm are more to get good

quality seed. So when Mothers are not of optimum size the seeds also cannot grow

more than optimum size. When the farmers try to make them big they all dies at a

time and farmers face huge loss.

v) Two to three times breeding of one mother fish does not yield good quality seed.

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Credit and extension services

Government or Non-government support is almost zero in this area. So the farmers

face severe funding problem. Bank does not provide them any loan nor does the

fishery department arrange loan for them. They borrow money at season beginning

from local moneylenders. Local NGO Joygopalpur Youth Development Centre

formed female SHG groups and the loan given to the SHG members were used also

in aquaculture and money was vested, no one paid the loan back.

One or two farmers take personal credit from bank. But when Fishery department

provided loan via banks they didnt pay back that time also due to bad harvest or

unwillingness to repay the money as the amount was of medium size.

Nevertheless if micro credit was available to them then also they had to take money

form moneylenders who are auctioneers of fish. As the current market mechanism

does not allow them to sell the fishes directly to the shrimp export industries, if they

do not take any money from them then also auctioneer will take a commission from

them to sell the fishes.

Because of this reason the farmers think that it is better to borrow money from them

and a strong buy back mechanism exists between the aqua farmers and auctioneers.

Table 6 contains the details of loans or borrowings.

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Amount of financial support to the farmers

Farmers Name 2005 2006 2007

M.Mollah Rs.20000

FISHERY DEPT. via

UBI

Rs.10000

AUCTIONEER

Rs.20000

M.Sardar Rs.5000

AUCTIONEER

Rs.5000 AUCTIONEER

Rs.35000

BENFISH FOR CRAB

FARMING

Rs.5000

AUCTIONEER

K.Das Rs. 20000

FISHERY DEPT. via

UBI

S.Kamila Rs.35000BENFISH FOR CRAB

FARMING

Rs.5000SHG loan through wife

Khokan Das Rs.150000

AUCTIONEER

Rs.150000

AUCTIONEER

Rs.200000

AUCTIONEER

B.Das Rs.6000

AUCTIONEER

Rs.10000

AUCTIONEER

Rs.10000

AUCTIONEER

J.Sardar Rs.15000

AUCTIONEER

Rs.35000

BENFISH FOR CRAB

FARMING

Rs.15000

AUCTIONEER

Rs.15000

AUCTIONEER

S.Sardar Rs.11000

FROM

PANCHAYET

Rs.3000

Rs.3000

AUCTIONEER

Rs.3000

AUCTIONEER

A.Bhowmik Rs.5000

AUCTIONEER

Rs.5000 AUCTIONEER

RS.15000

PERSONAL CREDIT

FROM UBI

Rs.5000

AUCTIONEER

A.Mollah Rs.6000

AUCTIONEER

Rs.7000 AUCTIONEER Rs.9500

AUCTIONEER

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Table makes it clear that the amount borrowed from the local moneylenders is so small

that they can survive without taking this loan. Every person who takes money from Bank

(personal credit) or moneylender pays back the money in time but in case of government

loan they do not repay the loan. This does not mean that they have enough money for

betterment of their practice; they need funds to upgrade the current system. Now they

have to use low cost inputs, as they do not have sufficient money, which ultimately

results in harvest failure.

Impact of shrimp disease outbreak and measures taken

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The conversion of land in Bermajur-I had specific impacts, which year by year changed

the livelihood pattern and ecology both.

Socioeconomic impact

a Seed & disease: The farmers do not know why quality seeds also being affected.

Unavailability of quality hatchery seed is a problem indeed but wild seed and

good quality hatchery seeds are also being affected by disease. So they are facing

huge loss.

b Feed: There are many species in the pond, as the farmers do not want to take the

risk of cultivating only one species and there is less and lesser amount of natural

feed in the pond. The fishes and shrimp are not getting enough food in the pond

so when the seed density is very low production is good but when it is normal

disease is more prominent

c Funding and marketing: The villagers are not able to market their fishes in a

profitable manner because when they are borrowing money from some one he has

to sell his fishes there so he can not get enough profit from this existing marketing

chain of shrimp.

When any type of transformation occurs in an area it is quite obvious that the people with

more money will get more benefit, the actual needy people do not get the benefit and this

comment was told hundred times during the survey of farmers and seed collectors. The

strong buy back mechanism between seed collector, seed agent and aqua farmer,

auctioneer was described before due to which farmers are unable to get right price.

Secondly as they do not have any other option they have to give certain commission to

The auctioneer if the farmer has his own resources also. In the case of seed collectors

their daily catch is so low that they are not able to see the seeds directly to the farmers,

the seed agent collects all the PLs at a time and when they gather 10-1200 seeds they sell

it to the farmers .For selling the wild seeds they do not have to face much problem

because the demand of wild seed in this area is high due to the common misconceptions

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about hatchery seeds. Table on the next page gives the detail of the rates of the wild seed

andP.monodon, which will further help to understand the current market scenario.

TABLE 9 Wild seed price pattern

Name of

seed

collectors

10 YEARS AGO

(RUPEES)

5 YEARS AGO

(RUPEES/1000)

NOW

(RUPEES/1000)

A 150-160 150-500 60-300

B 30-150 700 350-400

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C 30 700-1000 300-500

D

E 150-300 1500 100-500

F 150-300 1500 100-500

G 100-300 400 250-700

H 150-300 1500 100-500I 150-300 1500 100-500

J 150-300 1500 100-500

K 500-600 1500 350

L 600-800 250-350

M 100-300 200-300 250-300

N 200-300 300-400 250-300

O 500-800 200-300

P 1500-2200 200-800

Q 150-800

R 150-700 1000-2000 100-700

S 50-400 700-1500 350-600T 60-300 850-2000 400-550

30-700 850-2000 60-800

Demand and supply of tiger shrimp post larvae

From the rate of wild seed given by the seed collectors of Bermajur-I it can be said that

10 years ago as the supply of seed in the river was very high the seed price was not very

high, the availability of seeds was so high that the collectors were not able to count the

seeds one by one they took the seeds on a plate and sold them to the farmers directly, so

10 years ago the power of the seed gents was not much as it is now.5years ago the

farmers started full fledged production in this area and as the existence of Hatchery Seed

Center was not prominent the demand of wild seed was high the supply was also high

and the seed collectors earned a lot of money which enabled them to climb the steps of

social hierarchy level. Right now the availability of wild seeds is not good the supply is

high and they have found a new rival now, actually Hatchery Seed Center, the centers

due to their own faults are allowing the seed collectors to continue their business. Though

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demand is high the wild seed price is medium because of the Hatchery Seed Center

which maintains a constant price throughout the year, when the Hatchery Seed Centers

are closed at September to December they wild seed collectors get the highest price

Rs.700-800 per thousand. So if good quality hatchery seed is provided to the farmers by

any suitable mechanism the wild seed demand will be less ,the seed collectors will shift

from their current occupation(may be greater demand of hatchery seed can create an

alternative livelihood for them and the marine eco system can be saved .

TABLE 10 Shrimp price pattern of tiger shrimp

Name of

aqua farmers

10 YEARS AGO

(RUPEES/KG.)

5 YEARS AGO

(RUPEES/KG.)

NOW

(RUPEES/KG.)

M.Mollah 550 150-350 90-250

B.Das 400-600 250-350 150-220

Khokon Das 600 450-500 100-350K.Das 800 500 390

M.Sardar 200-500

S.Sardar 450 250-400 220-380

J.Sardar

A.Mollah 350-450 350-450 185-400

S.Kamila 750 400-450 300-350

A.Bhowmick 350 500 250-500

The price of p.monodon shows a decreasing trend, after a large number of people started

producing p.monodon the supply was so high that the price automatically dropped as a

consequence of market competition. The second and third reason are the size of the

produce the p.monodon of this region never attains the premium marketable size so the

price is also less, let us have a look on the different sizes of p.monodon and their market

price in Table 11, Table 12 gives a view of the premium marketable size and its rate.

Table 11 Optimum marketable size and price of tiger shrimp

SIZE GRADE WEIGHT MARKET RATE (Rs.)

U20, GRA I 22=1 kg. 390-500

U23-30 II 23=1kg. 290-350

U41 III 41=1kg. 230-290U51 IV 51=1kg. 110-200

Table 12 Optimum marketable size and price of tiger shrimp

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Name of aqua farmers Premium marketable size Price(Rs.)

M.Mollah 1=35-40gm. 350

B.Das 2-3=100gm. 320-350

Khokon Das 2=90gm. 350

K.Das 2=90gm. 390

M.Sardar 3=100gm. 350-500S.Sardar 1=75gm. 500

J.Sardar 1=50gm. 500

A.Mollah 1=35-50gm. 400-650

S.Kamila 2=100gm. 270-300

A.Bhowmick 3=100gm. 400-450

The second reason is low price providing of The Shrimp Processing Industries. When the

aqua farmers sell their products to auctioneers the auctioneers get a profit of Rs. 40-100

per k.g., but they also have to pay a certain of commission to the commission agent orfish agent who take the fishes from them and sell directly to the export agency. They are

not also getting the whole benefit as their daily collection is decreasing day by day; this is

also their constraint due to which they are able to sell their fishes directly to the export

agencies. The fish agents get some money from the auctioneer because they are acting as

a bridge between the important stakeholders of this industry.

3.11 Market Chain and current export import situation

Now let us have a look at the shrimp-producing pattern of West Bengal. For the year

2005-2006.National status of frozen shrimp exports as compared with marine products

quantity wise-28% of total exports of marine products, value wise- 59% of total exports

of marine products. Where West Bengals share of frozen shrimp exports from India is

quantity wise 29.5% of total exports from India, value wise 29% of total exports from

India.

State wise details of shrimp farming for the year 2005-06

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The graph 2shows that West Bengal is second highest producer of shrimp in India, the

amount of land used for cultivation is almost same but the production of Andhra Pradesh

is far greater than West Bengal that means that the condition of the whole industry is not

well it is not gets desired output. From graph 3 and 4 on the next page the amount of

shrimp exported vis a vis marine products both value wise and amount wise can be

observed, here the surprising thing is that both value wise and production wise other

marine product exports are far behind shrimp. Throughout 7 years production is almost

same in West Bengal.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Quanti ty in Metr ic

1995-

1996

1996-

1997

1997-

1998

1998-

1999

1 9 9 9 -

2000

2000-

2001

2001-

2002

2002-

2003Year

Frozen shrimp and other marine pro ducts exports from K

Quant i ty of f rozen s hrimp exported (in M

Quant i ty of other marine products expor

Graph 3

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Country wise exports of marine products from Kolkata and

Haldia ports for 2002-03 Quantity ( in MT)

26%

25%16%

14%

12%5% 2%

USA

JAPAN

EU

CHINA

SOUTH EAST ASIA

MIDDLE EAST

OTHERS

0

10 0

20 0

30 0

40 0

50 0

60 0

Value in Cro

1 9 9 5 -

1996

1 9 9 6 -

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 7 -

1998

1998-

1 9 9 9

1 9 9 9 -

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 -

2 0 0 1

2001-

2002

2002-

2 0 0 3

Yea

V a l u e o f f r o z e n s h ri m p a n d o t h e r m a r i n e p r o d u c ts e x p o r t e d f

Value o f f rozen shr imp exported ( in c rore

Tota l va lue o ther marine products export

Graph

4&5

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C ountry wise exports of marine products from Kol

ports for 2002-03 V alue (In C rores)

3 2 %

3 7%

1 2%

4 %

12 % 0%3 %US A

J A P A N

EU

CHINA

SO U TH EA ST A

MIDDLE EA ST

OTHERS

Graph 6

In graph 5 and 6 the export of marine products to different countries both value wise and

amount wise is given, Japan and USA are the major importers.On the next page the

existing shrimp value chain is given and it shows that in every steps middle men are

eating a great part of the total profit generated from this industry.

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21

WILD SEED COLLECTORS

MIDDLEMAN/TRA

DER

SHRIMP FARMERS

AUCTIONEERS/LOC

AL TRADERS

MIDDLEMAN/OU

TSIDER TRADER

PRIMARY FISH DEPOT

SHRIMP PROCESSING

INDUSTRY

INTERNATIONAL

MARKAT

HATCHERY

SHRIMP NURSERY

FEED

MANUFACTURERS

SHRIMP POND

WORKERS

CHEMICAL

COMPANIES

LOCAL

RETAI

LERS

DOMESTIC

MARKET

DEPOT WORKERS ICEMANUFACTURERS/TRA

RS

MIDDLEMAN

PLATE NO.

19MODEL ofshrimpvaluechain


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Key stakeholder matrix of this shrimp value chain.

Stake holder Kinds of

stake

holder

Responsibilities Who

are they

What they

are

supposed to

give

What they

get

Impres

and

conclus

Forest

Department

(FOD)

Primary Maintaining he

forest and

natural

resources

GOs Policy, Plan,

Service

Achievement

of target,

financial

assistance

No inte

with

conserv

Without

liveliho

Fisheries

Department

(FID)

Primary Overall

monitoring and

development of

aquaculture

GOs Expert,

Service,

Assistance

and

Management

Achievement

of target,

financial

assistance

Absence

adequat

number

expert,

funding

monitor

Rural

development

Department

Primary Development

and wellness of

villagers

GOs Policy, Plan,

Service

Achievement

of target,

financialassistance

No

develop

In this a

Local NGOs

(YDC,

SHIS etc)

Secondary Local

development

NGOs Support,

Training,

Advice

Money,

Recognition

Till no

activity

shrimp

resource

mgmt

Wild shrimp

trader

Secondary Dealing,

Trading, Moneyinvestment

Users Support Income,

Profit

Income,

Wild shrimp

collector

Secondary Collecting wild

shrimp PL


Profit

Destruc

marine

ecosyste

Aqua farmer Primary Shrimp farming Users Good, Income, No

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Sustainable

practice

skill, Profit,

Training

knowled

skill, tra

Auctioneer/Fish

trader (money

investor)

Secondary Dealing,

Trading, Money

investment


Profit

High

generati

Shrimp

processing

industry (SPI)

Secondary Processing of

shrimp and

export to

foreign country

Users Support Sales

volume,

Profit,

PublicImage

Lower

payme

resource

Hatchery Secondary Hatching of

shrimp Pl from

matured mother

shrimps

Users Good

quality seeds

Sales

volume,

Profit,

Public Image

Sells

quality

bad ima

Hatchery seed

middleman

Secondary Dealing,

Transportation

of seeds

Users Support Public

Image,

Income,

Profit

High

generati

Hatchery seed

nursery

Secondary Selling and

maintenance of

shrimp PL s

Users Support Public

Image,

Income,

Profit

Sells

quality

bad ima

Middle man

fishery

Secondary Dealing,

Trading


Profit

Pays

price a

more pr

MPEDA Secondary Assistance GOs Financial

support,

Advice

Achievement

of target,

financial

assistance

No assi

advice

In this matrix the different beneficiary role and expectation and what they are really

doing is given.

Case Study: Paddy cum shrimp polyculture in tushkhali & manipur

grampanchayat

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Paddy cum shrimp farming or polyculture is not a new practice. The basic procedure of

paddy cum shrimp culture is cultivating paddy and shrimp in a same area. But after this

basic destination the procedure and practice of paddy cum shrimp culture varies from

place to place.

The practice, which was observed, is paddy cum polyculture in fresh water. A FGD was

done with 6 paddy cum polyculture practitioners. The main focus of this practice is fresh

water shrimp/ prawn macrobrachium rosenburghii.

PERIOD: Mid June to October ending or November beginning.

SOURCE of SEED: In this whole island there is no hatchery seed or Nursing centre. So

they collect wild fresh shrimp seed. Most of the farmers buy the seeds from local seed

agent and put the shrimps in a different pond at the month of May. When these grow up

to 20 gms shrimps are taken to main pond. Other farmer catches 10-20 gms PL from field

in rainy season and put those seeds in the pond.

SEED DENSITY AND PRICE

8000-16000/hec.

1500-2000 per thousand seed.

SHARE OF PADDY LAND AND SHRIMP LAND:

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RATIO PADDY (hectare) FISH (hectare)

4:3 0.274 0.2055

3:1 0.822 0.274

7:1 0.23975 0.03425

13:1 0.1644 0.025

14:1 0.959 0.0685

AQUATIC SPECIES CULTIVATED IN THE PRACTICE:

Rui,Katla, Mrigal, Puti, Bata, Tilapia, Tangra, Silvercarp, Shol, Koi, Magur, Singi,

Bhangah, Parsey, Bele, Lata, Mourala, Golda, Bagda, Bhetki.

PADDY SPECIES CULTIVATED IN THIS PRACTICE:

Nanasri, Sabita, Hogla, Palbery.

DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POND

Pond depth: 5-7 ft.

Paddy land depth from pond bank: 2-2-5 ft.

Source of water: Rainwater, Canal water

Water gate: One (Inlet & out let)

CHEMICALS AND FERTILIZERS GIVEN IN THE POND & FIELD

POND: 16 kg/ha. Mahua Oil cake, 40 kg/ha. Lime, Mustard Oil cake if necessary.

PADDY FIELD: NONASRI Urea 40 kg/ha, POLBERI Do not need any fertilizer only

organic fertilizer KHARIF PRACTICE

PRODUCTION:

Farmer Paddy Shrimp Other

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Farmer-1 3840 kg/hec. 80 kg/hec. 240 kg/hec.

Farmer-2 3360 kg/hec. 320kg/hec. 8200 kg/hec.




From the total production of this practice they use the paddy mainly for their

consumption purpose so they do not have to buy food grain. The fishes they get from this

practice is used for both consumption and selling. They sell the fishes at near by

Dhamakhali Nazat. Barasat fish market.

FINANCE: The farmers invest their own money; do not prefer borrowing from money

lender. There are groups of farmers 10 members each who deposit Rs.20 per month in a

savings account and on the basis of that money they take loan.

MECHANISM: At first the farmers put the seeds surrounded by paddy field. After

seeding farmers sow the paddy in the field at monsoon. At first pond water is taken from

canal by pumping. Once they have pumped the water there is no need of water intake.

Rain water is the source of water afterwards. During Rainy season the fish and Paddy

both are grown up and the whole land is now full of water, so fishes come out of the little

pond and the whole area serves as their bigger pond. After Rainy season the field is dry

and fishes go back to their old residence.

Paddy cum shrimp practice

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COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

Fixed Cost: Group-I Group-II

Land usage: - Rs.48,000 Rs.48,000

Tax:- Rs.120 Rs.120 ___

Total Rs.48120/- Rs.48120/-

VARIABLE COST (Per Hectare)

Item Group-I Group-II

SeedCost Shrimp Rs. 8000.00 Rs.12000.00

Other Fish Rs. 9600.00 Rs.12000.00

Paddy Rs. 1200.00 Rs. 480.00

Fertilizer&

Lime

Fish Rs. 280.00 Rs. 1600.00

Paddy Rs. 1200.00

Labour Cost Rs. 4000.00

Miscellaneous Rs. 1600.00 Rs. 1000.00

Marketing Rs. 1000.00 Rs. 1500.00

Total Rs.26880.00 Rs.27580.00

REVENUE

Group-I Group-II

Paddy Rs.16600.00 Rs.40320.00

Shrimp Rs.24000.00 Rs.36000.00

Other Fish Rs.32000.00 Rs.40000.00

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________________________________________________

Total Rs.72600.00 Rs.116320.00

Profit & Loss A/C.

Group-II: Profit Rs. 40,620/- per hectare

Group-I: Loss Rs. 2400/- per hectare

At season ending the farmers simply reap the paddy first and then easily vacate the little

pond which is full fishes now.

So the main benefits of this practice are:

a. Less risk as in case of rare incident only they will lose their investment in two

areas.

b. Disease rate is very less. This is because of large area, low seed density and no

intake of water from river.

c. Natural feed is available in the pond because of paddy field.

d. Food security is more in this practice.

e. Cost benefit is quite good as the land is their own land so they do not have to

pay the land usage cost.

METHODOLOGY

Research design: Exploratory research.

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Population: The 700 aqua farmers and 250 seed collectors (approx) of Bermajur II GP,

Almost 100 hatchery seed centers/nurseries from where the aqua farmers of study area

buy seeds.

Rationale behind sampling plan: The sample units were chosen in accordance with the

requirement of the project. Convenience sampling has been done to obtain a clear picture

in a limited time of the current scenario of shrimp farming from Bermajur II GP, which

falls within Sundarbans Region.

Sampling plan

Sample size: 1) Ten aqua farmers,2) Twenty seed collectors,3) Ten hatchery seed nursing

centers Sampling design: Convenience sampling

Data collection: I) Primary data: Questionnaires

II) Secondary data: Government departments and organizations, Research

bodies, Educational institutes, Libraries & NGOs of West Bengal,

Departmental documents, Photographs and Maps

Research Tools used Semi Structured Interview, Focus Group Discussion, Observation

Method, Unstructured interview

FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.0 Findings

a From the past two years the farmers were unable to get profit or sufficient profit

from this practice so they have to depend a lot on their secondary occupation.

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b The causes behind failure of their practice are

i) Disease: Disease occur in the ponds throughout the year and fishes become

dead within 2-14 days.

ii) Low quality of hatchery seeds yields in harvest failure.

iii) No financial support or advice for betterment of his or her practice from any

government or non-government agency as a result a strong buy back arrangement

exists between aqua farmer and auctioneer, seed collector and seed middleman,

auctioneer and shrimp marketer middleman.

All of these can be described as socio economical impact of this industry.

c The wild seed availability is decreasing from the past five years and the price is

also decreasing, it is because of more and more hatchery seed centers and their

constant rate maintaining capability throughout the year while the price of wild

seed is variable throughout the year.

d The causes of the current perception about hatchery seeds are:

1. Viral Disease in the shrimp pond

2. The quality of the seeds which others states provide in their own

practice is not same with supplied seeds

3. Due to greater demand of hatchery seed the hatcheries hatch seeds

from immature Mother/QueenPenaeus monodon .

4. The whole business is dependent upon agents

e The two most profitable business role of this market chain are seed agents (both

wild and hatchery), the fish agents and the hatcheries of Andhra Pradesh,

Tamilnadu, Orissa who got actual benefit of the shrimp farming in Sunderbans

area i.e. the benefit of the transformation of people from agriculture to

aquaculture.

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Suggestions

a As the farmers do not have sound knowledge about the procedures of giving

different inputs in the pond nor they have knowledge of different disease and their

possible remedies constant guidance and monitoring is the most important and

viable way by which they can understand their faults and can take necessary

actions to improve their practice when needed.

b Right now the GFC have a complete committee structure and the other farmers in

different areas also have collective mechanism between them though they do not

get funding. The farmers can open a savings bank account in the name of their

committee where they will deposit a certain amount of money per month. On the

basis of their deposit they can get loan from the bank. The seed collectors also

avail this benefit as they also have little amount of distributed land where they

practice aquaculture.

c The usage of wild seed can be decreased when the hatchery seeds will give good

yield; the Fishery department of Government of West Bengal has to regulate the

supply and quality of hatchery seed which comes from other states. The whole

industry will be affected if the hatchery seed quality remains same.

d The hatchery seed centers should form an alliance between them which will select

members from them who will go to original hatchery and choose the best seed on

behalf of the hatchery seed centers. By following this way they will get cost

benefit and quality benefit as well.

e The local ngo have to contact with a reputed Shrimp Hatchery from where the

farmers will take the seeds and form seed banks in their village with the help of

WWF-India and their local partner ngo.

f The fishermen committees have better marketing option for their produce .If the

committee members directly contact with the shrimp export industries of Kolkata

to sell their products directly to them they get better profit. For this they have to

collect all of their produce everyday, which they will directly supply, to Kolkata. .

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The overall picture of the stakeholders of this industry after suggestion

implementation will be quite like the flowchart given on the next page

32

HATCHERY

SHRIMP NURSERYSEED BANK

TESTING AND

GOVERNMENTREGULATIONS

PLAT

E22:SUGGESTEDMODEL


33/36

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. www.wikipedia.com

2. www.socialresearch.net

3. Aquaculture Asia Magazine-Network of Aquacultures In Asia PacificTechnology

33

SHRIMP FARMERS

SHRIMP FARMER

CO-OPERATIVE

PRIMARY FISH DEPOT

SHRIMP PROCESSING

INDUSTRY

INTERNATIONAL

MARKAT

FEED

MANUFACTURERS

SHRIMP POND

WORKERS

CHEMICAL

COMPANIES

LOCAL

RETAILERS

DOMESTIC

MARKET

DEPOT WORKERS ICEMANUFACTURERS/TRADE

RS

TESTING ANDGOVERNMENT

REGULATIONS
http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.socialresearch.net/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.socialresearch.net/


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4. Series No. 1 An Improved Traditional Shrimp Culture Technique for Increasing

Pond Yield by P. Kungvankij1, L. B. Tiro, Jr, B. J. Pudadera, Jr2, I.O. Potestas

and T. E. ChuaNetwork of Aquaculture Centres in Asia (NACA) Regional Lead

Centre in the Philippines (RLCP)

5. Local Contributions to Operationalising the UNFCCC, CBD and UNCCD Case

study: Reducing Vulnerability to Climate Change in the Southwest Coastal

Region of Bangladesh

6. Muhammad Abdur Rouf and Kathe R. Jensen ,Coastal Fisheries Management and

Community Livelihood(Integrated Tropical Coastal Zone Management,School of

Environment, Resources and Development-ITCZM)

7. Land Use Zoning for Integrated Coastal Zone ManagementMd. Shahadat Hossain

and C. Kwei Lin(Integrated Tropical Coastal Zone Management,School of

Environment, Resources and Development-ITCZM)

8. Environmental classification of mangrove wetlands of India ,V. Selvam

9. International Principles for Responsible Shrimp Farming6 2006 FAO, NACA,

UNEP, WB, WWF

10. Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific - Sustainable

AquacultureFertilization, soil and water quality management in small-scale

ponds Inland aquaculture By S. Adhikari, Central Institute of Freshwater

Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar

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11. Policy Working Paper: Dynamic Agribusiness-focused Aquaculture for Poverty

Reduction and Economic Growth in Bangladesh M. Karim, M. Ahmed, R.K.

Talukder,M.A. Taslim, H. Z. Rahman March 2006

12. WWF Aquaculture Resource Materials, Aquaculture and Biodiversity Dr. Jason

W. Clay VP, Conservation Innovation, WWF-US and others

13. Wild shrimp seed collection of Penaeus monodonin Godavari estuary, Andhra

Pradesh, India, Magnus Petersson Arbetsgruppen fr Tropisk Ekologi ,Minor

Field Study 74,Committee of Tropical Ecology Uppsala University, Sweden

14. A PRO-POOR ANALYSIS OF THE SHRIMP SECTOR IN BANGLADESH, by

Sarah Gammage, Kenneth Swanberg, Mubina Khandkar, Md. Zahidul Hassan,

Md. Zobair, and Abureza M. Muzareba,USAID-Bangladesh

15. Shrimp aquaculture State of the art Report 1Patrik RnnbckSwedish EIA Centre

Swedish University of Agricultural sciences, SLUUppsala Sweden

16. Shrimp News International

17. WWF Position Statement on Shrimp Aquaculture, December 1998

18. Marketing Research,Westfall & Boyd

19. District Statistical Hand Book by Bureau of Applied Economics And

Statistics,Govt. of West Bengal, December, 1996

20. Marine Products Export Development Agency(MPEDA)

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21. Marshall and Rossman, Designing Qualitative Research, 3rd Ed. London: Sage

Publications, 1999, p. 115)

22. Participatory Rural Development around Fisheries in Sandeshkhali II SHGs under

Barefoot Leadership of an Uncrowned Mukut, Prof. Samar K. Datta Centre for

Management in Agriculture Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad,July

2005

23. Aquatic plants for waste water treatment, Natural Science at the edge magazine,

article written by B.C.Wolverton.

24. Project Oceanography Fall 2000, Neighborhood Water quality, Lesson 3.

Solutions to Pollution, source http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu

Documents

Amit Kumar Chatter Jee Report