Group no.2

• FATIMA GUL • ABIDA PARVEEN • SITARA AYAZ

• MARYAM TARIQ

ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL FARM WITH ITS TRANSLATION

Topic

People all over the world irrespective of the differences of class, region, society, gender and mode of speech exchange information with one another.

There are innumerable mediums like

that of literature, print media and

electronic media. By which people of

one land convey their ideas to the

people of their own region and at the

same time to those living abroad.

Translation is a significant mode that provides a means for people

to be benefitted from the knowledge of various nations and

cultures.

Latin word ‘translatus

‘carried across’

It refers to the act or process of translation that takes place in order to convert the source or actual text written in a source language into a target text with target language.

NAMEas ‘translation studies’ after the publication of Holmes’ paper entitled The Name and the Nature of translation

studies

TRANSLATION AS AN ACADEMIC

DISCIPLINE

It accounts for the role of translator as a

mediator who tries to reconcile between

two languages and two cultures. It talks

about the process that any translator has

to undergo.

It emphasize

s that h

ow

any translator s

tores the

informatio

n of source

text in his m

emory after

reading it and th

en this

informatio

n is

transferre

d into ta

rget

language after a

semantic re

presentation

and synthesis of the

whole inform

ation

The investigation of the aim of target text, its communicative, semantic and thematic value, the place and the time in which it is written, its participants and its tenor and mode of delivering the information are some of the issues that translator has to deal with.

THE DISCUSSION OF WORD FOR WORD AND SENSE FOR

SENSE TRANSLATION, WRITER AND READER

ORIENTED APPROACH OF TRANSLATION, THE

COINAGE AND BORROWING OF WORDS, LOSS AND

INABILITY OF FULL EQUIVALENCE ARE SOME OTHER AREAS THAT ARE

STUDIED UNDER THE TITLE OF THIS SUBJECT.

TRANSLATION STUDIES HAS UNDERGONE

THROUGH COUNTLESS PHASES OF

DEVELOPMENT SINCE THE TIME OF ROMANS.

With the passage of time various questions

were raised by several critics and scholars

that paved the way for its acknowledgment

as an academic discipline in mid-twentieth

century.

From twentie

th century

onwards, vario

us

approaches towards

translatio

n like th

at of

equivalence, translatio

n

shift, approach based on

discourse and register

analysis were ta

ken

Many theorist

s—such as R

oman Jacobson,

Eugene Nida, New Mark, V

inay and

Darbelent, Catfo

rt, Katharin

a Reiss,

House and many m

ore propounded their

theories a

nd models.

dominant approaches

TRANSLATION IS EQUIVALENCE AND

EQUIVALENCE EFFECT.

Latin word equivalence

‘be of equal worth’

DURING 1950S AND 1960S THE QUESTION WAS RAISED THAT TO

WHICH EXTEND EQUIVALENCE CAN BE BROUGHT IN TARGET

TEXT.

• he

A STRUCTURALIST WHOSE VIEWS OF TRANSLATION ARE BASED ON DE SAUSSURE’S LINGUISTIC CONCEPTS

AS THERE IS AN ARBITRARY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SIGNIFIER—THE WORDS AND SIGNIFIED—THE ACTUAL THINGS OUTSIDE THE LANGUAGE; SIMILARLY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOURCE TXT AND TARGET TEXT IS NOT FIXED. SO, THERE CANNOT BE FULL EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO TEXTS; FOR EACH HAS ITS OWN SYSTEM OF CODE UNITS COMPLETELY DIFFERENT FROM ANY OTHER LANGUAGE

THREE LEVELS DUE TO WHICH THE DISTINCTION OCCURS BETWEEN THE

CONTENT OF SOURCE TEXT AND THAT OF TARGET TEXT

gender.

It denotes the idea that every language has its own gender construction. Certain objects are defined masculine in one language; while in any other language, these same objects are considered feminine or neutral.

LEVEL OF ASPECT.

IT TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE DIFFERENCES OF STRUCTURES OF VERBS. IT EMPHASIZES THE POINT THAT SOME TIMES IN ONE LANGUAGE ONE STRUCTURE OF TENSE IS USED; WHILE IN ANY OTHER LANGUAGE THE SAME STRUCTURE OF THE TENSE IS IMPOSSIBLE TO TRANSFER.

SEMANTIC FIELDS

IT REFERS TO THE FACT THAT EACH LANGUAGE CONSISTS OF ITS OWN SEMANTIC FIELD. SOMETIMES ONE LANGUAGE CONTAINS A NUMBER OF WORDS FOR ANY OBJECT WHICH IS CONSIDERED VALUABLE IN THAT LANGUAGE

TRANSLATION SHIFT APPROACH.

It deals with the question that how the message and the meaning of the

source text is shifted into target language and how the translator

shifts form one technique or procedure of translation to some other strategy according to his requirement while handling the

process of translation.

VINAY AND DARBELNETTRANSLATION IS DIVIDED INTO TWO

STRATEGIES THAT COVER SEVEN MAIN PROCEDURES. DIRECT TRANSLATION IS THE FIRST TECHNIQUE THAT THE TRANSLATOR IS ADVISED TO USE. THIS DIRECT TRANSLATION INCLUDES THREE PROCEDURES

borrowing.

It is the procedure in which the words of source text are transferred into target text exactly as they are; for target language has no equivalent word to fill the semantic gap.

• It is a special kind of borrowing in which the Words of the source language are translated into target language by adding a flavor. In this regard the main word remains the same but usually connectors are literally translated.

Literal

translation word for

translation

is done.

SUB DIVIDED INTO FOUR PROCEDURES.

TranspositionIt corresponds to the alteration

of parts of speech. In source text one lexeme belongs to one part of speech; but when it is

translated, it changes its place according to the usage of target

language.

MODULATION

It refers to the semantic change between source language and target language. If in language, certain expressions are abstract they show part whole relationship, they are active sentences, their symbols are fixed; then these expressions in another language will have a different semantic relationship like that of concrete expressions, they will be passive sentence, their relationship is part to part relationship, there symbols are not fined and vice versa.

EQUIVALENCE

THIS CONCEPT OF EQUIVALENCE IS GENERALLY LIMITED ONLY TO EQUIVALENCE IS GENERALLY

LIMITED ONLY TO EQUIVALENCE OF IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS, METAPHORS AND PROVERBS.

TRANSLATOR TRIES TO FIND OUT THE EXACT EXPRESSION TARGET

LANGUAGE AS IT IS CONVEYED IN SOURCE LANGUAGE.

ADAPTION

Adaptation is the last procedure of

translation suggested by Vinay and

Darbelnet. In this procedure, cultural

expressions of source language are

shifted or adapted according to the

culture of target language.

SEVEN PROCEDURES OF DIRECT AND OBLIQUE TRANSLATION WORK.

LEXEMESSYNTAX OR

GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES

MESSAGE THEME

CONNECTORS SUCH AS DEXIS DEMONSTRATE

D PRONOUNS

ORDER OF THE TEXT OR

SEMANTIC LEVEL

WORDS

servitude

Servitude deals with those changes carried out by

translators that are necessary for the

transference of message of source text.

OPTIONAL CORRESPONDS

To those alterations that the translator decides to make by choosing an

appropriate option from several available situations

FIVE STEPS

STRUCTURAL ASPECT

DESCRIPTIVE

INTELLECTUAL AND

EFFECTIVE FEATURES

METALINGUISTIC

DIMENSION

STYLISTIC

FEATURES OF

SOURCE TEXT

Influenced by Fithian and Hallidayan linguistic models.

EACH LANGUAGE OPERATES ON TWO LEVELS; THE LEVEL OF RANGE THAT UNDERLINES THE DIMENSIONS SUCH AS PHONOLOGY, SYNTAX AND SO ON, THE OTHER LEVEL OF LANGUAGE IS THAT OF RANK THAT VIEWS FEATURES SUCH AS WORDS, PHRASES, SENTENCES AND SO FORTH.

According to him translation actually means the linguistic shift between ST and TT.

TWO CATEGORIES

FORMAL CORRESPONDENCE

• It gives value to the categories of TL according to its system. It focuses that the aspects of TL should occupy the same place as the features of SL have a specific place in ST

TEXTUAL EQUIVALENCE.

IT HIGHLIGHTS THAT ST SHOULD BE TRANSLATED INTO TT BY CHOOSING EQUIVALENT LINGUISTIC ALTERNATIVE.

TWO TYPES OF SHIFTS

• The first one is the shift of level. It refers to the shift in which grammatical aspects of SL become lexical features in TL or vice versa

• The other aspect of shift is that of category.

THIS SHIFT OF CATEGORY IS SUB DIVIDED INTO FOUR MAIN AREAS

Structural shift is the major type of shift. It takes into account the transference of grammatical patterns between two modes of speech

CLASS SHIFT

IS ANOTHER BRANCH OF CATEGORY SHIFT. THE ALTERATION OF PARTS OF SPEECH OCCURS IN THIS SHIFT

Unit or rank shift

a valuable shift under the domain of category shift. This shift occurs as two languages have their own hierarchal structures and the construction of linguistic expressions sharply distinctive from one another.

Intra system shift

last type of shift that falls under the category shift. It

throws light on the point that although all of the languages

of the world have a similar system; all the languages have parts of speech and

grammatical rules.

SYNOPSIS OF ANIMAL

FARM

THE ROLE OF TRANSLATOR

In translated text of Animal Farm, Syed Irfan Alihas played a significant part. He is a mediator who has tried his level best to bring reconciliation between English and Urdu language.

There are a number of reasons for the selection of animal farm by George Orwell. Its content and languageis simple that can easily be interpreted. It has been chosen on account of the shortage of time; for it has a small length; so that this project can fulfill the required criteria by closely analyzing the text.

APPLICATION

AspectAccording to Jacobson aspect is another important factor due to which one language seems different from the other. This can be feature examined in the texts of animal farm. Orwell comments upon the character of Benjamin after the rebellion in these words, ‘Old Benjamin, the donkey seemed quite unchanged since the Rebellion’. While in translation it is “

. In English it is conveyed that Benjamin appears unchanged while in Urdu the sense of the verb ‘seemed’ is missing.

Gender differences

In English version, while community upon the character of Clover it has been said that, “Clover was… approaching middle life.” But in Urdu version Clover,

. In English the ‘life’ is a neutral concept whereas, in Urdu is a feminine phenomenon; because the words

and are the clear proofs of its feminine nature.

Then, when Old Major decides to deliver his message of freedom to all other animals; in the beginning while discussing about his life he says, “I have had a long life, I have had much time for thought”. While in Urdu, it is conveyed as

Here the word ‘time’ in English is neutral; while the word

of Urdu language has masculine status that is apparent from the expression of .

Similarly, while denoting about the atmosphere of the room of Mr. Jones, the former owner of the animal farm, Orwell writes, “with the ring of light from the lantern dancing from side to side”. In Urdu it is In English, ‘light’ is a neutral entity; while the word is feminine; as it is depicted from the words and

WHILE DELIVERING HIS SPEECH, MAJOR SUGGESTS SOME RULES FOR ANIMALS TO FOLLOW. ONE OF THEM IS THAT NO ANIMALS WILL “ENGAGE IN TRADE” ITS TRANSLATION IS “ ”.HERE BOTH WORDS “TRADE” AND “ ” HAVE A DIFFERENT SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIP. THE WORD “ ” IS A GENERAL TERM REFERRING TO SUPER ORDINATE; WHILE THE WORD “TRADE” SEEMS TO BE ONE OF THE TOOLS OF “ ”WORKS AS HYPONYMY.

SEMANTIC FIELD

Major advices animals that, “all men are enemies. All animals are comrades”. It has been translated as “ ”. Here, there is a semantic difference between “comrades” and “ ”; belongs to the semantic field of kinship; while “comrade” is a term used for friends.

Animals have developed seven commandments that sum up the basic issues of farm. One of them is, “whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings is a friend”. Its conversion is “ ”.there is a great deal semantic difference between “ ” and “legs”.

These are the two separate hyponyms

under the super ordinate of body.

Another commandment in English text

is “no animal shall kill another animal.

It has got its

translation as”

”

. Semantically,

“killing” and “

” are quite

different. “

” refers to the

general evil that can be said Super

Ordinate, while “killing” is one form of “

” denoting to the field of hyponymy.

Borrowing is the most common technique that is replicated in these texts. While translating the character description of

Old Major Arfan Ali has written in the text that “

”. Here, two words “Major”and

Wellington beauty are directly borrowed from the ST exactly as there are. Before delivering his speech to all

animals, here, plate form has exactly been copied from the

English text. In Major’s speech, it is depicted that

council

• . The w

ord “

gallon”

is a

borrowed w

ords i

n ord

er to

decide th

e fact

that w

hether

rats

will

inclu

ded in th

e list

of

Comra

des or n

ot. “

”here

, the w

ord “

votin

g” is

a

loan w

ord. I

n additi

on, wire

less

set a

nd wire

less

and

“

”

are

sam

e

inst

ances t

hat are

take

n from

the E

nglish la

nguage in th

eir

simila

r sty

le

Claque is another procedure whose examples are apparent in the text of Animal Farm. “Beast of England” is a song that is sung at different occasions. Its first line is “beasts of England, beast of Ireland”. Its translate version is” ”. Here, the word “ ” is a claque word that has been borrowed from English word “England” but with an Urdu touch. When boner gets sick, after his hard work, animals are being convinced that Napoleon “was already making arrangements to send boner to be treated in the hospital at Wellington”.

• Here, the term “ ” has been borrowed

from the English term “hospital” by adding the color

of Urdu language.

• Expressing about the prosperity of Animal Farm, it

is said in translated version that,

• “

”. Here, the word “

” has been given an Urdu to with its English

existence. Thus, it is a crucial factor of translation in

which words are borrowed in accordance with TL.

Literal translation has remained a common technique of translation. It can also be noted in the text of Animal Farm. The description of Boner’s size is given as he was “nearly eighteen hands high and as strong as any two ordinary horses were together. Its Urdu version as his body was” ”. Here, the word for word translation has been employed as the words. “ ”. After, the cover through of man, the production of Animal Farm is in full control of animals as it is denoted that “soon there were fine buckets of frothing creamy milk”. Its Urdu translation is “ ”. In this sentence, “five buckets” has been literally translated as

`The technique of transposition is also evident in the texts of Animal Farm. The depiction of Mr. Jones is seemed in the novel at the beginning. It is reported that he “made his way up to bed, where Mrs. Jones was already snoring. It is converted in Urdu as “

• Here the word “snoring” in the English is used as verb’s it has been shown that she “was snoring” but in Urdu version “ ”. Under the category of noun; for it is apparent from the expression of “ ”. The character of “Old Major he was always called, though the name under which he had been exhibited was wellington beauty”. In Urdu text is appeared as wellington beauty

Modulation is a prominent aspect

replicated in the text of Animal Farm.

During his speech to all animals’ Major

says, “no animal is free”. Its Urdu

translation is

“

”. In

English text, there is a sense of

negativity as shown by “no animal”

but in Urdu affirmative expression is

found. In both sentences, the opposite

words of “free” and “

” has

been used; but there message is not

affected by this change of position.

Some times in order to

discuss one concept

English has to two words

like that of ‘pop-holes’.

Whereas in Urdu, there is

one word for the same

object as

According to Pakistani culture, he has used the expression of “ap” in order to show respect to Napoleon. He has used many commonly understood idiomatic expression such as and Most of the time, sense four sense translations has been done in accordance with the patterns of Pakistani culture

On the whole translation is like a road that has many paths to move forward. The more the time passes, the more the path and avenues come into existence. Many critics and scholars of translation are moving forward to find their destination. Many models and theories have their own directions. However, all have same destination, same end, same purpose, but from different angles.

Equivalence underlined by Vinay and

Darvelnet has also a lot of value in

matter of translation of Animal Farm.

Orwell gives a depiction of the doings of

animals before the deliverance of Major’s

speech. It is said that “ word had gone round

during the day that Old Major, the prize middle

white boar, had had a strange dream on

previous night…” It has got its translation as

Here in English,

‘word had gone’ is an idiomatic expression

whose possible equivalent expression is

Sometimes, although it is trie

d to use best

possible equivalent expression; but sometimes

one language has no equivalent expression.

At the end of the novel, Boxer

dies. It is reported that “three

days later it was announced that

he (Boxer) had died in the

hospital at Willingdon”. In Urdu,

it is

Here,

is an idiomatic expression.

Catford’s linguistic theory of translation also

contributes a great deal towards underlying

the differences between two languages. The

shift of level can easily be investigated in the

texts of Animal Form.

Old Major of the farm is respected by all animals. It appears in English text that “everyone was quite ready to use an hour’s sleep in order to hear what he had to say”. Its translated version is that animals Here, the word ‘an’ in English sentence is a grammatical feature. It is a definite article. But in Urdu translation, this word ‘an’ becomes a lexeme of When animals, on account of being less intelligent are unable to memorize seven commandments; then only one commandment in place of seven is selected.

There are many features of category shift that are applicable on Animal Farm in its English and Urdu versions. Structural shift appears many times in the texts. Out of seven commandments of animals one is, “no animal shall drink alcohol” its translation In English version, the sentence follows the pattern of subject, verb, object. Here, ‘animal’ is a subject who performs the action of not ‘drinking’ and the object used for drinking is ‘alcohol’. However, there is a prohibition of drinking alcohol. But the sentence of Urdu doesn’t follow this sentence structure; rather it has its own pattern.

The class shift has also some role in translation. But it is similar to that of the concept of transposition under line by Vinay and Darbelnet.Another kind of shift that has a definite effect to differentiate the Animal Farm of English from Animal Farm of Urdu language is the shift of unit or rank. English and Urdu have their own hierarchical structures.

In the novel, Snowball and Napoleon are against

each other. Napoleon convinces other animals to

accept Snowball as a traitor. Boxer is convinced

and he says, “If Comrade Napoleon says it, must

be right.” Its Urdu version is,

• Here English sentence has a hierarchical pattern of words such as ‘Comrade, Napoleon, Right’ and so on. These words are combined to make phrases such as ‘Comrade Napoleon’. Then phrases are united together to make clauses such as ‘if Comrade Napoleon says it’. Finally the sentence is completed by the combination of clauses. But the sentence of Urdu has different hierarchical pattern. The smallest units of Urdu sentence are words like and so on. The words are combined together to formulate a sentence. Here there is no concept of phrases and clauses. Hence, both English and Urdu languages have their own ranks and units that result in shift between these languages during translation.s

Intra system It is apparent fro

m the

text that English has much

vocabulary to discuss about harmful

drinks; as the words for these drinks

are ‘beer, whisky, alcohol’ and so

own. But in Urdu language, only the

word has to signify all sources

of harmful drinks.

Any question???