WEST POMERANIAN UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY, SZCZECIN,POLAND

THE FACULTY OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING AND MECHATRONICS

DEPARTMENT OF THERMAL ENGINEERING

Anna Majchrzycka

CONVERSION OF BIOMASS TO BIOPOWER

IV RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS WINTER SCHOOL 14-18 of January 2015

AFYON KOCATEPE UNIVERSITY

1. Introduction

2. Statistics and future in EU and Poland

3. Biomass and biomass processing

4. Technologies of biomass conversion

5. Biofuels technology

6. Combustion and co-combustion of biomass

7. CHP technologies

Ecological Footprint

• is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems.

• is a standard measurement of a unit’s influence on its habitat

based on consumption and pollution

• it compares human demand with planet Earth's ecological

capacity to regenerate.

• it represents the amount of biologically productive land and

sea area needed to regenerate the resources a human

population consumes and to absorb and render harmless

the corresponding waste.

Using this assessment, it is possible to estimate how much of the

Earth it would take to support humanity if everybody lived a

given lifestyle.

Mean ecological footprint:

EU COUNTRIES 4,5 gha/ capita,

POLAND - 3,9 gha/capita ( 20 in EU)

Carbon footprint

It is "the total set of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

caused by an organization, event, product or person”.

Greenhouse gases can be emitted through transport, land

clearance, and the production and consumption of food,

fuels, manufactured goods, materials, wood, roads,etc.

For simplicity of reporting, it is often expressed in terms of

the amount of carbon dioxide, or its equivalent of other

GHGs, emitted.

Efectt of 1 t CH4 = 25 t of CO2.

N=300 W

1,5H / 24H

5 kg CO2 / DAY

166 kg CO2 / MONTH

1 933 kg CO2 / rok YEAR

N=2000 W

10 min / 24H

7 kg CO2 / DAY

209 kg CO2 / MONTH

2 511 kg CO2 / YEAR

N= 1500 W

0,5 H/24H

7 kg CO2 /DAY

226 kg CO2 /MONTH

2 717 kg CO2 /YEAR

HDI (Human Development Index ).

• determines level of life: income /capita, level of education,

length of life .

• is a composite statistic used to rank countries by level of

"human development" and separate "very high human

development", "high human development", "medium human

development", and "low human development" countries.

• in POLAND HDI = 0,86.

Sustainable development is possible if countries will fulfill

pararelly two criteria:

ecological footprint < 1,8 gha/capita and HDI> 0,8.

http://www.theecologist.org/siteimage/scale/800/600/108286.png

Currently in the world over than 80 % energy is being

produced from fossil fuels.

The 20-20-20 targets.

This ‘climate and energy packet’ includes the following targets

for 2020:

• reduce CO2 emission by 20%,

• reduce energy consumption by 20%,

• increase renewable sources energy consumption up to

20% by 2020 (in comparison to 1990).

Demand for the gross final energy from the RES divided according to the energy types [TJ]

Method of use Year

2006 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Electric energy 370.6 715.0 1516.1 2686.6 3256.3 3396.3 Solid biomass 159.2 298.5 503.2 892.3 953.0 994.9 Biogas 13.8 31.4 140.7 344.5 555.6 592.6 Wind 22.0 174.0 631.9 1178.4 1470.0 1530.0 Water 175.6 211.0 240.3 271.4 276.7 276.7 Photovoltaics 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 2.1 Heat 4312.7 4481.7 5046.3 6255.9 7048.7 7618.4 Solid biomass 4249.8 4315.1 4595.7 5405.9 5870.8 6333.2 Biogas 27.1 72.2 256.5 503.1 750.0 800.0 Geothermics 32.2 80.1 147.5 221.5 298.5 348.1

Solar 3.6 14.2 46.7 125.4 129.4 137.1

Source: Ministerstwo Gospodarki [Ministry of Economy], http://www.mg.gov.pl, 2010

3 E

ENERGY

ECOLOGY

EFFECTIVITY

BIOMASS

Biomass is any living or recently dead material that can be

used as fuel.

612622 OHCOH6CO6

BIOMASS

CHLOROPLASTS

GLUCOSE

Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen ,P.Oleskowicz-Popiel: The future of biogas in Europe:visions and targets 2020.

Energy crops (Miscanthus,

Switch Grass, Reed Canary

Grass,grasses oilseed,

willow, poplar ,etc.)

Agriculture wastes (straw,

hay, flax, tobacco, leafy

tops, haulms, manure,

dunghill, etc.)

Wastes (cartboard, cotton,

selected garbage )

Organic industrial byproducts

(cellulose,lignine,fruits,meat,etc)

Wood ( forest ,waste wood

products) B

IOM

AS

S

Source :

THE MOTIVATION FOR USING BIOMASS & BIOFUELS

• Reducing dependence on imported oil,

• Making non-fossil fuel (RES) available,

• Reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions

and maintaining agricultural land in production,

• Increasing demand for domestic agricultural products,

maintaining rural employment, etc.

LIQUID BIOFUELS

Biofuels

Liquid or gaseous fuels used primarily for transport produced

from biomass.

Biofuels comprise biogasoline, biodiesel and other liquid

biofuels.

Second generation biofuels refer to biofuels produced from

wastes, residues, non-food cellulosic material and lingo-

cellulosic material.

SPARK IGNITION ENGINES

• GASOLINE,

• BIOGASOLINE,

• ALCOHOLS,

• ETHERS,

• GASOLINE + ALCOHOLS

• GASOLINE + ETHER

• BIOGAS

Otto cycle

Source: http://www.szymkrzysztof.republika.pl/silnik.htm, 11.01.2015l

DIESEL ENGINES

• PETROLEUM OIL

• FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester)

• FAEE (Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester)

• RME (Rape Methyl Ester)

• RME + Petroleum OIL

• RME+ ALCOHOL

• DME (Dimethyl Ether)

• METHYL ALCOHOL

• ETHYL ALCOHOL

• BIOGAS

Sabathe cycle

• PURE VEGETABLE OIL (PURE PLANT OIL - PPO)

Production of vegetable oils for use as fuels is theoretically

limited only by the agricultural capacity of a given economy.

• WASTE VEGETABLE OIL

Waste vegetable oil, as byproducts from industrial deep

fryers in potato processing plants, snack food factories and

fast food restaurants.

• ANIMAL FAT

Waste industrial animal fat, fatty byproducts etc.

OXYGEN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• ALCOHOLS

• ETHERS

ETHANOL AND METHANOL CAN BE USED AS A GASOLINE

EXTENDER OR SUBSTITUTE .

ALCOHOLS ARE FEEDSTOCKS TO MAKE GASOLINE ADDITIVES:

• ETHANOL FOR ETHYL TERTIARY BUTYL ETHER (ETBE),

• METHANOL IS FEEDSTOCK TO MAKE METHYL TERTIARY

BUTYL ETHER (MTBE),

ETHANOL AND METHANOL CAN BE PRODUCES

FROM :

• CARBOHYDRATES

• SUGAR

• STARCH,

• CELLULOSE

BY FERMIENTTION USING YEAST OR THE OTHER

ORGANISMS

© INRA,

culture of

Pycnoporus

cinnabarinu STRAW

WOOD

BREAKDOWN

OF LIGNINS

CELULOSE &

HEMICELULOSE

Trichoderma

reseli fungus

HYDROLYSIS

E

T

H

A

N

O

L

FERMENTATION

+ SUGAR

PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC

FEEDSTOCK

YEAST

ALCOHOLS (R-OH)

methanol CH3OH,

ethanol C2H5OH,

izopropanol C3H7OH,

butanol C2H5CH(OH)CH3,

izobuthanol (CH3)2CHCH2OH,

tertbutanol (CH3)3COH

Ethers (R1-O-R 2) or (R-O-R )

Methyl tertiary buthyl ether (MTBE)

•Ethyl tertiary buthyl ether (ETBE)

• Methyltertamyl ether (TAME)

• Ethylterthamyl ether (TAEE)

•Diizoprophyl ether (DIPE)

Oxygen compound FORMULA Density

t=15°C

kg/m3

RON MON V.P

(Reid’s

method),

kPa

T boiling

poimt, °C T

freezing

point,

°C

Qi

MJ/kg

O2

% m

Solubitiy

in water,

% m

C/H Heat of

evaporation

, kJ/kg

Methyl alcohol CH,OH 795,6 107 91 32 64,7 -97,7 19,9 49,93 oo 1/4 1100

Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH 793,2 108 92 16 78,3 -114,1 26,8 34,73 oo 1/3 910

Isoproyl alcohol

(IPA) C3H7OH 788,5 118,0 102 14 82,3 -87,8 29,9 26,63 oo 1/2,76 700

Butyl alcohol II C2H5CH(OH)CH3 811,9 6 100,0 -114,0 33,8 21,59 oo 1/2,5

Butyl alcohol

(IBA)

(CH3),CHCH2OH 809,6 110 90 4 108,7 -88,5 32,4 21,59 10,0 1/2,5 680

Tertbutyl alcohol

(TBA)

(CH3)3COH 792,6 109 93 7 82,8 +25,6 33,8 21,59 oo 1/2,5 544

Methylotert-butyl

ether (MTBE)

(CH,)OC(CH3), 743,0 116 101 54 55,0 -109,8 35,1 18,15 4,8 1/2,4 337

Ethylotert-butyl

ether (ETBE)

C,H5OC(CH3), 750,0 118 102 28 72,0 36,7 15,66 1,2 1/2,33 321

Disopropyl ether

(DIPE)

(CH3)2CHOC(CH3)3 733,0 110 100 24 68,0 36,4 15,66 2,0 1/2,33 410

Tertamylobutyl

(TAME)

CH3OC(C2H5)(CH,)

2 770,0 111 98 16 85,0 37,9 15,66 2,0 1/2,33 410

Eter izopropylo-

tertbutylowy

(PTBE)

(CH3),CHOC(CH3)

3 757,0 20 88,5 37,5 13,77 0 1/2,28 410

Dimethyl carbonate

(DMC)

CO(OCH3), 1082,0 (LOB + LOM)/2 = =

104

11 90,2 4,0 53,30 1/2 410

Gasoline Super

EN228

C4 - C12 720...775 min. 95 min. 85 45...105 25...215 <-40 <-41,0 O...2/7 0 350...380

PROPERTIES OF THE OXYGEN COMPOUNDS

BIODIESEL

Source: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/

1900 - the first known use of vegetable oil as fuel

1912 - Rudolf Diesel investigated using vegetable oil to fuel

engines of his design.

Rudolf Diesel

"The fact that fat oils from vegetable sources can be used

may seem insignificant today, but such oils may perhaps

become in course of time of the same importance as some

natural mineral oils and the tar products are now."

BIODIESEL

• is a clean burning renewable fuel made using natural

vegetable oils and fats,

• is intended to be used as a replacement for petroleum diesel

fuel, or can be blended with petroleum diesel fuel in any

proportion,

• does not require modifications to a diesel engine to be used,

• is safer to handle compared to petroleum diesel fuel and

biodegradable.

+ +

VEGETABLE OIL

FATTY ACID

GLYCEROL

ALCOHOL

(C1-C5)

CATALYST

GLYCEROL FAME

TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS

PARAMETERS OF TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS

• Moderate temperature - alcaline catalyst (KOH,NaOH)

• t =100oC – acid catalyst

• t >250oC – without catalyst , pressure p=10MPa, excess of CH3OH.

PRODUCTION OF RAPE-SEED OIL METHYL ESTER

(RME)

R1, R2, R2 – ALKYL GROUPS

GLYCEROL

RME

RAPE OIL

CH3OH

Source: ://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/images/Biodiesel-production-schematic.png

RAPE OIL 470 l CH3OH 79 l CATALYST KOH

7,8 kg

CATALYTIC

MIXTURE

PURIFICATION

REACTOR

RME – 400 l

GLYCEROL -135 kg

Grams CO2 Equivalent / Km

http://www.biofuel.be/whatisbiodiesel.html

Emission of B20 and B100 compared with Petroleum diesel

** B100 (100% biodiesel) with NOx adsorbing catalyst on vehicle

Comparison of emissions

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Total Unburned HCs

CO

Particulate Matter

**NOx

Sulfates

PAHs

n-PAHs

Mutagenicity

CO2

%

B100 **

B20

Petroleum Diesel

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)

SOLID BIOFUELS

1ha - 10 ton biomass - 5 ton hard coal

[www.energetyka.most.org.pl ]

http://www.renewableenergy.no/sitepageview.aspx?articleID=177#anker_1

PROPERTIES OF BIOMASS

PROPERTIES OF BIOMASS

*DRY BIOMASS

GROSS CALORIFIC

VALUE

DENSITY

ASH MELTING

POINT

5- 60

>70

0,4-0,5

Based on : W.Rybak -Spalanie i wspólspalanie biopaliw stałych, Wrocław, OW PW2006

WOOD CHIPS FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION

consist of wood mechanically reduced to small pieces for

the generation of energy

• dimensions: length at edge max. 60 mm

• free from paint, varnish, coating, impregnation

• free from chipboard

• free from plastics and metals of any kind

• no contamination of any kind

PELLETS & BRIQUETTES

Source: J.Frączek, S.Kuropaska, B.Ł, Łapczyńska –Kordon: Thermal conversion of biomass ,Kraków 2011

z 1 t of saw dust gives 600-900 kg of pellets

Preparation of saw dust Drying

Grinding

Cooling

Packaging Transportation Compacting

Scheme of pellet production line

Briquettes c

Briquettes cylinders

Grill briquettes

Fireplace briquettes

http://www.paliwadrzewne.pl

Source: Final report on producers , traders and consumers of mixed biomass pellets.October 2009, Ed.Baltic Energy Conservation Agency, E.Wach.M.Bastian

BC ( Biomass+Coal) briquettes Qi = 19 – 26 MJ/kg

Emission from BC i hard oal

Parameter

Haed caol

Cal size-pea

Briquette

BC

Efficiency of the boiler [%]

80,9

85,5

Emission indicator CO [mg/m3]

2347

2361

Emission indicator SO2 [mg/m3]

315

308

Emission indicator NOx [mg/m3]

311

144

• Moisture content in straw depend upon logging proces

• Straw used for burning contain 14-20% of moisture,

• Remainded dry mass contains 50% of coal, H 2 = 6%

O 2 = 42% , small amount of N 2 ,S, Si.

STRAW

Straw ballots

Peat briquettess

Flax straw briquettes

http://www.paliwadrzewne.pl

• Yellow straw is not recommended for combustion as it

contains a large contents of S, Cl and alkaline compounds

• Because of removal S,Cl and alkaline compounds gray

(wilted straw ) straw is recommended for combustion

burning.

THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF

BIOMASS

• PYROLYSIS

• GASIFICATION

• COMBUSTION

PYROLYSIS

AIR

PYROLISIS B

I

O

M

A

S

S

DIESEL ENGINE

PYROLYTIC OIL

PYROLYTIC OIL

DRIER

EXHAUST

GASES

PYROLYSIS

high-temperature process, where the biomass is heated in the oxygen -

free atmosphere, generating vapours and some charcoal.

The vapours are cooled and condensed, forming pyrolytic oil ,

PURIFICATION

Wood

Straw

Based on: W.Rybak:Spalanie i wspólspalanie biomasy, OW PW, Wrocław ,2006

WOOD PYROLYSIS

• I period t > 170°C – release of water

• II period t = 170 – 270°C release of CO2 i CO;

• III period t = 270 – 290°C exotermic reactions, release

of: methanol, acetic acid, hydrocarbons, hydrogen

• IV period t = 280 – 400°C intensive release of

hydrocarbons, hydrogen.

In case of charcoal, contents of carbon in the final product

depends upon of the process temperature.

PYROLYSIS

Source ADRIAN LOENING:Landfill Gas and Related Energy Anaerobic Biomass Energy Systems

GASIFICATION

Gasification

thermochemical conversion of a solid or liquid

carbon-based material (feedstock) into a

combustible gaseous product (combustible gas)

by the supply of a gasification agent (another

gaseous compound).

GASIFICATION

Gasification is a partial oxidation process whereby a carbon

source such as coal, natural gas or biomass, is broken down

into CO , H2 and CO2 and possibly hydrocarbon molecules

such as CH4.

GASIFICATION PROCESS

POSSIBLE GASYFYING MEDIUM: AIR, OXYGEN, STEAM

GAS

GENERATOR

BIOMASS

CRUDE GAS PURIFICATION GAS

OXIDIZER OXIDIZER

BIOMASS

GAS GAS

GAS

BIOMASS OXIDIZER

BIOMASS

1. Gas generators with a stable bed 2. Gas generator with

bubble fluidized bed Based on: W.Rybak:Spalanie i wspólspalanie biomasy, OW PW, Wrocław ,2006

BIOMASS

BIOMASS

OXIDIZER OXIDIZER

GAS GAS

4. Stream gas generator 3. Gas generator withcirculating fluidised bed

Based on source : W.Rybak:Spalanie i wspólspalanie biomasy, OW PW, Wrocław ,2006

m=1500kg/h, t=600-800OC

Photo;M.Markowski

CHEMICAL CONVERSION OF BIOMASS

BIOMASS

ACID HYDROLYSIS

HCl, H2 SO4

TEMPERATURE

PENTOSE SUGAR

HEXOSE SUGAR

LIGNIN

ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS

CATHALYST

ETHANOL

HYDROLYSIS OF BIOMASS:

• CORROSION

• RECOVERY OF ACIDS USED IN PROCESS IS

COSTLY

FERMENTATION

BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF

BIOMASS

BIOGAS

. http://gim44.home.pl/prace_uczniow/tym/images/smok3.jpgjpg

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

is the process whereby bacteria break down organic

material in the absence of air, yielding a biogas.

PRODUCTS

• Biogas: CH4 and CO2.

• A solid residue - digestate that is similar, but

not identical, to compost,

• A liquid liquor that can be used as a fertilizer.

Mesophilic digestion

takes place between t =20ºC - 40ºC and can take a

month or two to complete.

Thermophilic digestion

takes place t=50-65ºC and is faster, but the bacteria are

more sensitive.

TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF BIOGAS

http://www.kolumbus.fi/suomen.biokaasukeskus/en/enperus.html

GAS COMPONENT CONTENTS

Methane, CH4 55 - 75 %

Carbon dioxide, CO2 25 - 45 %

Carbon monoxide, CO 0 - 0,3%

Oxygen, O2 0,8%

Nitrogen, N2 1 - 5 %

Hydrogen, H2 0 - 3%

Hydrogen sulfide, H2S 0,1-0,5 %

Oxygen, O2 Traces

Manure

Corn drying

Digestor

Raw biomaterial: maize, animal

droppings,ensilage,crop

residue, feed residue

Gas

purification

Gas analysis Buildings

Grid

CHP

Failure cooling Internal load

Tank for the

fermented

substance

file:///G:/images/Schemat_biogazowni1.jpg

Fot. www.flickr.com

Mikro biogasplants

Autogenous microbiogas plants,

where boigas is produced by

bacteries of proliferation at

t=15 – 20oC.

Fot. walbrzych.olx.pl

Lanfill gas

1 t of garbage gives approximately 200 m3 of landfill gas

http://www.energiaidom.pl/prad-i-cieplo-z-odpadow

Composition of landfill gas according to EPA

(Environmental Protection Agency )

Gas Chemical formula Concentration, EPA, ppm

Methane CH4 500000

Carbon dioxide CO2 500000

Carbon monoxide CO 309,72

Ammonia NH3

Ethylene C2H4

Ethane C2H6 1105

Propane C3H8 11,1

Acetone C2H6CO 7,1

Hydrogen sulfide H2S 35,5

Ethyl mercaptane C2H2SH 2,28

Methyl mercaptane

CH3SH 4,34

Landfill gas (LFG) is generated through the degradation of

municipal solid waste (MSW) by microorganisms.

The quality (higher percent methane gases signify higher

qualities) of the gas is highly dependent on the

composition of the waste, presence of oxygen,

temperature, physical geometry and time elapsed since

waste disposal.

Composition of landfill gas

GAS COMPONENT CONTENTS

Methane, CH4 54 %

Carbon dioxide, CO2 42 %

Oxygen, O2 0,8%

Nitrogen, N2 3,1%

Chlorine (total Cl2 ) 22 mg/ml

Fluor (total F2 ) 5 mg/ml

Hydrogen sulfide, H2S 81 mg/ml

Net Calorific Value

NCV= 16,785 – 20,495 kJ/m3

USE OF LANDFILL GAS

• Boiler, dryer, and process heater

• Pipeline-quality gas, CNG, LNG

• Electricity generation

• Internal combustion engine

• Microturbine

• Fuel cell

• Other purposes

The use of landfill gas is divided into:

• electricity generation,

• direct use.

Direct use is the use of the gas for various reasons,

usually within 8.0 km of the landfill.

Scheme of degassing instalation at the waste dump

Grid

1st

cumulative

gas station

2- nd

cumulative gas

station

Gas

well

CHP

Condensation

well

Incineration

Compression

station

Transformer

Exhaust-pipe

Gas control station

Swedish –Polish project ,, Biogas from algae”

• Trelleborg (Sweden ) spent yearly 0,5 mln crowns (50 000€/year) for

removing algaes( see-weeds)

• Trelleborg i Sopot (Poland) run a project of a biogas plant supplied with

algaes

• 1,2 mln € financed from UE, Project ,, Southern Baltic”

• Now machines for collectin algaes are tested

• Fermentation residues contains a lot of Cd ,

• Now the test of the special biofilters for Cd capture are being performed

http://ekogroup.info/szwedzko-polski-biogaz-z-glonow/

http://ekogroup.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/biogaz_algi_glony_energia-300x201.jpg

COMBUSTION

PRIMARY ENERGY

Chemical energy contained in the fuel

FINAL ENERGY

Effective energy obtained from the fuel ,considering

conversion and transportation losses.

EFFECTIVE ENERGY

Effective energy that comes from combustion of fuel.

Combustible BALAST

C S H 2 ASH MOISTURE

SOLID AND LIQUID FUELS

Combustible BALAST

C S H 2 CO 2 ,N 2 , H 2 O

GAS

iQBQ

Q

B

NCVQi - Net calorific value of the fuel

- Mass rate of combusted fuel

- Heat rate released in combustion process

COMBUSTION

Biomass usability in the power plants of the different scale.

Biofuel/ application Small power plants Large power plants

Wood

Wooden chips

Wooden dust

Pellets

Briquettes

Straw and crop

grasses

Straw briquetts

Recommended

Recommended

Not recommended

Specially recommended

Specially recommended

Not recommended

Not recommended

Not recommended

Specially recommended

Recommended

Recommended

Not recommended

Specially recommended

Specially recommended

Conception of biomass co-firing with hard coal

[ Source: H.Kruczek BIOMASA DLA CELÓW ENERGETYCZNYCH, Wrocław 2005]

Hard coal

and biomass

Biomass

Hard coal

Combustible gas

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES OF BIOMASS COFIRING

K

biomasapaliwo konwencjonalnePP

spaliny

K

biomasapaliwo konwencjonalneRG

gaz ze zgazowania biomasy

(a)

(b)

Co-firing of biomass witht e use of Dutch –oven PP (a) and the gas generaator RG (b)

b) (Lahden Lampovoima Oy, Lahti, Finland)

Conventional fuel

Flue gas

Conventional fuel

Conventional fuel

Gasification of biomass

SOURCE: H.Kruczek-Prezentacja ,, Biomasa dla celów energetycznych”,Politechnika Wrocławska., h_kruczek - biomasa[1]ppt.

biomass

biomass

Kbiomasa (100%)

KK

paliwo konwencjonalne (100%)biomasa (100%)

K

biomasa

paliwo konw.

paliwo

konwencjonalne

K

Direct combustion of biomass

(Kokkolan Voima Oy, Finland)

Direct combustion of biomass in The hybrid installations

(Denmark SK Power - Avedore II, Dania)

Mixed technology of biomass cofiring

(Zespół Elektrowni Pątnów-Adamów-Konin S.A., Poland)

Co-firing of biomass

(Elektrownia Dolna Odra, Szczecin, Poland)

K

biomasa

paliwo konw.

SOURCE: H.Kruczek-Prezentacja ,, Biomasa dla celów energetycznych”,Politechnika Wrocławska., h_kruczek - biomasa[1]ppt.

Drying

Ignition Combustion

EXHAUST GASES

After burning

BIOMASS

ASH PRIMARY AIR

COMBUSTION OF BIOMASS IN THE BOILER

EQUIPPED WITH THE DUTCH OVEN

AIR II

AIR I

BIOFUEL EXHAUST GASES

W.Rybak: Spalanie i współspalania biomasy,WO PW, 2006

Dolna Odra Power Station is a coal-fired power station

It consists of 8 units, 2 with 220 MW and 6 with 232 MW.

BIOMASS CO-FIRING

POWER PLANT DOLNA ODRA

NOWE CZARNOWO

Photos: A.Majchrzycka

FLUIDISED BED BOILERS

Source : http://www.liberty23.com

CIRCULATED FLUIDISED BED TECHNOLOGY

ADVANTAGES

•fuel feasibility

•high reliability

•low maintenance

•high efficiency,

•low emission

•staged combustion

•excellent mixing

•long solid retention time’in-furnace sulfur removal

SZCZECIN POWER PLANT BUILT 1911÷1916

IN POWER PLANT SZCZECIN –GDAŃSKA

INNOVATION CHP TECHNOLOGY IN POWER PLANT

SZCZECIN –GDAŃSKA

The greatest boiler in Poland

fuelled with biomass:

• steam production 230 t/h,

temperature t= 535 °C,

• pressure p =70 bar .

Power plant with fluidised bed boiler fuelled with biomass.

Commencement of operation

15.12. 2011 r.

VIEW FROM THE BOILER TERRACE-BIOMASS STOCKYARD

VIEW FROM THE BOILER TERRACE-BIOMASS STOCKYARD

BIOMASS STOCKYARD

PURIFICATION OF BIOMASS FROM METALS AND

NON-FERROUS MATERIALS

SEPARATION OF BIOMASS NON MEETING REQUIREMENTS

BIOMASS CONVEYOR

FLUIDISED BOILER

• Production of ,,green electricity” Nel= 440 000 MWh/year

• Heat production NT=1 900 000 GJ/year

• Biomass consumption m = 550 000 ton/year

SZCZECIN - GDAŃSKA POWER PLANT

SZCZECIN GDAŃSKA POWER PLANT

ECOLOGICAL EFFECT

• Replacement of CO2 emission 550 tys. ton/year from

combustion of hard coal by combustion of biomass

• Reduction of SO2 emission of 69% ,

• Reduction of dust emission - 63%,

• Reduction of waste - 80% .

ECOLOGICAL EFFECT

• Replacement of CO2 emission 550 tys. ton/year from

combustion of hard coal by combustion of biomass

• Reduction of SO2 emission of 69% ,

• Reduction of dust emission - 63%,

• Reduction of waste - 80% .

Straw fired boiler in the small rural heat

generating plant

PHOTO:A.MAJCHRZYCKA

Photo:A.Majchrzycka

Straw boiler

1 10 100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1.000.000 10.000.000

1

thermal capacity in kWth

[ Source: H.Kruczek BIOMASA DLA CELÓW ENERGETYCZNYCH, Wrocław 2005]

Heat boiler fuelled with:

Heat boiler

"WARMET-

SDS Ceramik"

- coke,

- hard coal, brown coal,

- hard coal dust

- oil fuel

Parameters of heat boiler:

- maximal heat power 13,5 kW,

- efficiency ,when feeded with the solid fuel 80 %

- efficiency when feeded with the fuel oil >92 %

- wood

- wooden briquettes,

- sawdust,

- peat,

- straw.

Heat boilr fuelled with:

pellets

– eko-pea,

– wood .

Heat boiler parameters:

– maximal heat power 13,5

kW,

– nominal effciency 87 %

Heat boiler -Ling Combi

Heat boiler fuelled with:

– straw

– wood

Heat boiler parameters:

– nominal heat power 15 kW,

– nominal effciency 80 %

– single load of combustion chamber:

2 straw bricks of 45x40x80 cm

CHP

COMBINED HEAT AND POWER

ADVANTAGES OF CHP :

• Energetic efficiency about 40% higher than separated

production of electricity and power,

• About 30% less fuel consumption than that in the

conventional boilers,

• Reduced emissions,

• Lower production costs .

CHP SYSTEMS BASED ON COMBUSTION OF :

• BIOMASS,

• BIOGAS,

• LANDFILL GAS,

• SLUDGE,

• RDF (Residue Delivered Fuel),

• MDF (Municipal Delivered Fuel).

PLANNING

REALISATION OF THE

PROJECT

EXPLOITATION

COMBINED HEAT AND POWER

CHP

B

I

O

F

U

E

L

S

Horizontal and

vertical gas well

Horizontal and

vertical gas well

Gas filled well

Compressor

and gas analyser

LANDFILL FIRED CHP SYSTEM

CHP

Transformer

station

Source : S.Kohler: Utilization of the biogaz, Mead west energy Conference 2007,

REGULATOR

REGULATOR

GAS

AIR

COOLING

EXHAUST

GAS

HEAT

EXCHANGER

TURBO

COMPRESSOR

GAS FUELLED CHP SYSTEM

Source : S.Kohler: Utilization of the biogaz, Mead west energy Conference 2007,

Mixing

of gas

&

air

SLUDGE CHP SYSTEMS

CHP

SLUDGE

FERMEN

TATOR

FERTILIZERS

GAS FROM WASTE DUMP

DRIED

SLUDGE

file:///G:/images/P1010017.jpg

Compressor

Gasometer

Source : S.Kohler: Utilization of the biogaz, Mead west energy Conference 2007,

file:///G:/images/P1010017.jpgfile:///G:/images/P1010017.jpg

CHP MODULES