ANSI/ASNT CP-189 - 2001 - nethd.zhongsou.comnethd.zhongsou.com/wtimg/i_6253417/109439-ANSIASNT... · ANSI/ASNT CP-189-2001 American National Standard ASNTStandard for Qualification

ANSI/ASNT CP-189-2001

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

FOUNDED 1941

®

Catalog No.: 2506ISBN: 1-57117-083-9

The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc.

FOUNDED 1941

®

ASNT Standardfor Qualification andCertification ofNondestructive TestingPersonnel

2001 Edition

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ANSI/ASNT CP-189-2001

American National StandardASNT Standard for

Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel

Secretariat

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

Approved July 30, 2001

American National Standards Institute

AbstractThis standard applies to personnel whose specific tasks or jobs require appropriate knowledge of the technicalprinciples underlying nondestructive testing (NDT) methods for which they have responsibilities within the scope oftheir employment. These specific tasks or jobs include, but are not limited to, performing, specifying, reviewing,monitoring, supervising, and evaluating NDT work.

To the extent applicable to the standard set forth herein, The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.(ASNT) does not assume the validity or invalidity, enforceability or unenforceability of patent rights, registeredtrademarks or copyrights in connection with any item referred to in this standard, study materials, or examinations.Users of this standard, study materials, or examinations are further cautioned and expressly advised thatdetermination of the validity or enforceability of any such patent rights, trademarks, or copyrights, and the risk ofthe infringement of such rights through misuse of protected materials are the responsibility of the user. Referenceto or pictorial depiction of specific types of products or equipment are for purposes of illustration only and do notrepresent the endorsement of such products or equipment by ASNT.

Employers or other persons utilizing nondestructive testing services are cautioned that they retain full responsibilityfor ultimate determination of the qualifications of NDT personnel and for the certification process. The process ofpersonnel qualification and certification as detailed in the standard does not relieve the employer of the ultimatelegal responsibility to ensure that the NDT personnel are fully qualified for the tasks being undertaken.

This standard is subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by ASNT.

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Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that therequirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met bythe standards developer.

Consensus is established when, in the judgement of the ANSI Board of Standards Review,substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests.Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarilyunanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that aconcerted effort be made toward their resolution.

The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does notin any respect preclude anyone, whether they have approved the standards or not, frommanufacturing, marketing, purchasing or using products, processes, or products notconforming to the standards.

The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in nocircumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, noperson shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American NationalStandard in the name of the American National Standards Institute.

Requests for interpretations to this standard shall be made in accordance with Appendix C.

CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at anytime. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action betaken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of AmericanNational Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writingthe American National Standards Institute.

Published by:

The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc.1711 Arlingate LaneColumbus, OH 43228-0518

Copyright © 2001 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in anyform, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without prior written permission of the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

ISBN: 1-57117-083-9

first printing 08/01

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AmericanNationalStandard


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Contents Page

ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13. Levels of Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24. Qualification Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25. Qualification and Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36. Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37. Expiration, Suspension, Revocation, and Reinstatement of Employer Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58. Employer Recertification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69. Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .610. Referenced Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Table 1 - General Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Table 2 - Specific Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Appendix A - Initial Training and Experience Requirements for Level I and Level II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Appendix B - Training Outlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Training for Level I Acoustic Emission Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Basic Acoustic Emission Physics Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Basic Acoustic Emission Technique Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Training for Level II Acoustic Emission Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Acoustic Emission Physics Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Acoustic Emission Technique Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Recommended Training References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Training for Level I Electromagnetic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Basic Electromagnetic Physics Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Electromagnetic Technique Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Training for Level II Electromagnetic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Electromagnetic Evaluation Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Recommended Training References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Training for Level I Leak Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Fundamentals in Leak Testing Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Safety in Leak Testing Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Leak Testing Methods Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Training for Level II Leak Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Principles of Leak Testing Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Pressure and Vacuum Technology Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22Leak Test Selection Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23Recommended Training References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Training for Level I Liquid Penetrant Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26Training for Level II Liquid Penetrant Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Recommended Training References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26Training for Level I Magnetic Particle Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28Training for Level II Magnetic Particle Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Recommended Training References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30Training for Level I Neutron Radiographic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Neutron Radiographic Equipment Operating and Emergency Instructions Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31Basic Neutron Radiographic Physics Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31Basic Neutron Radiographic Technique Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Training for Level II Neutron Radiographic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32Neutron Radiographic Physics Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32Neutron Radiographic Technique Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Recommended Training References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34


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Training for Level I Radiographic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36Radiographic Equipment Operating and Emergency Instructions Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36Basic Radiographic Physics Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36Radiographic Technique Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Training for Level II Radiographic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38Film Quality and Manufacturing Processes Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38Radiographic Evaluation and Interpretation Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39Recommended Training References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Training for Level I Thermal/Infrared Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42Basic Thermal/Infrared Physics Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42Basic Thermal/Infrared Operating Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42Basic Thermal/Infrared Applications Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

Training for Level II Thermal/Infrared Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Physics Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Operating Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Applications Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44Recommended Training References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

Training for Level I Ultrasonic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46Basic Ultrasonic Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46Ultrasonic Technique Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

Training for Level II Ultrasonic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47Ultrasonic Evaluation Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47Recommended Training References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

Training for Level I Visual Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50Training for Level II Visual Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

Recommended Training References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51Appendix C - Interpretation Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53CP-189 INQUIRY FORM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54


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Foreword (This foreword is not part of American National Standard CP-189-2001.)

An essential element in the effectiveness of nondestructive testing (NDT) is the qualification ofthe personnel who are responsible for and who perform nondestructive testing. Formal trainingand actual experience are important and necessary elements in acquiring the skills necessary toeffectively perform nondestructive tests.

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (ASNT) has, therefore, undertaken thepreparation and publication of this standard which specifies the procedures, essential factors,and minimum requirements for qualifying and certifying NDT personnel.

The ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel(Document No. ASNT-CP-189) was initially processed and approved for submittal to theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI) by the ASNT Standards Writing Committee. Thisrevision was processed by the ASNT Standards Development Committee. Committee approvalof the standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. Atthe time it approved this standard, the Standards Development Committee had the followingmembers:

Michael McDaniel, ChairmanRonald T. Nisbet, Vice-ChairmanMark A. Randig, SecretaryGeorge C. BelevPaul Deeds, Jr.Todd S. FleckensteinDarrell HarrisVictor HernandezStephen J. LavenderRichard McGuireCornelius MurrenWilliam C. PlumsteadMichael J. RuddyBruce D. SchlueterMike SkaggsKirit V. SmartMike TurnbowJohn H. Weiler

Approved by the Standards Development Committee July 30, 2001.

Final approval of the Standards Development committee occurred on November 14, 2000 withconsensus achieved in the canvass group February 12, 2001.

Appendix C is not a part of this American National Standard.


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ASNT Standard forQualification andCertification ofNondestructive TestingPersonnel

1. Scope

1.1 This standard establishes the minimumrequirements for the qualification and certification ofnondestructive testing (NDT) personnel.

1.2 This standard details the minimum training,education, and experience requirements for NDTpersonnel and provides criteria for documentingqualifications and certification.

1.3 This standard requires the employer to establish aprocedure for the certification of NDT personnel.

1.4 This standard requires that the employerincorporate any unique or additional requirements inthe certification procedure.

2. Definitions

2.1 Purpose. These definitions are intended to clarifythe meanings of terms used in this standard, as theyapply to this standard, and only to this standard. Nobroader application of these definitions is implied. (Forspecific definitions related to NDT see 10.2.)

2.1.1 Certification. Written testimony that anindividual has met the applicable requirements of thisstandard.

2.1.2 Closed-book examination. An examinationadministered without access to reference materialexcept that supplied with or in the examination.

2.1.3 Documented. The condition of being in writtenform.

2.1.4 Education. An institutionalized program,prescribed by appropriate authorities, that is offered byschools, institutes, organizations, colleges, oruniversities established for the sole purpose of

providing instruction in an orderly, planned, andsystematic fashion.

2.1.5 Employer. The corporate, private, or publicentity that employs personnel for wages or salary.

2.1.6 Examination. A formal, controlled, documentedinterrogation conducted in accordance with aprocedure.

2.1.7 Experience. Work activities accomplished in aspecific NDT method under the direction of qualifiedsupervision. Experience includes the performance ofthe NDT method and related activities but not includingtime spent in organized training programs.

2.1.8 General examination. A written examinationaddressing the basic principles of the applicable NDTmethod.

2.1.9 Method. One of the disciplines of NDT, forexample, ultrasonic testing, within which various testtechniques may exist.

2.1.10 NDT instructor. An individual qualified anddesignated in accordance with this standard to train oreducate NDT personnel. (See also Section 3.)

2.1.11 Outside organization. An agency or individualwho provides NDT Level III services. (See also 4.5.)

2.1.12 Practical examination. An examination used todemonstrate an individual’s ability in conducting theNDT methods that will be performed for the employer.For practical examinations, questions and answersneed not necessarily be written, but observations andresults must be documented.

2.1.13 Procedure. A detailed, written instruction forconducting a nondestructive test or certifyingpersonnel. Method procedures shall be approved bythe NDT Level III certified in the applicable method.

2.1.14 Qualification. The education, skills, training,knowledge and experience required for personnel toproperly perform to a specified NDT level.

2.1.15 Specific examination. A written examination todetermine an individual’s understanding of procedures,codes, standards, specifications, and equipment orinstrumentation for an NDT method used by theemployer.

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2.1.16 Test technique. A category within an NDTmethod; for example, immersion ultrasonic testing.

2.1.17 Training. An organized and documentedprogram of activities designed to impart the knowledgeand skills required to be qualified to this standard.

2.2 NDT Levels

2.2.1 NDT Level I, NDT Level II. An individual certifiedin accordance with this standard. (See also Section 3.)

2.2.2 NDT Level III. An individual possessing acurrently valid ASNT NDT Level III certificate (See10.1.2.) and certified in accordance with this standard.(See also Section 3.)

3. Levels of Qualification

3.1 Classification. Five levels of qualification aredefined in terms of the skills and knowledge requiredin a given method or methods to perform specifiedNDT activities.

3.2 NDT Level III. An NDT Level III shall have theskills and knowledge to establish techniques; tointerpret codes, standards, and specifications;designate the particular technique to be used; and toverify the adequacy of procedures. The individual shallalso have general familiarity with the NDT methodscovered in Tables 1 and 2 of this standard. The NDTLevel III shall be capable of conducting or directing thetraining and examining of NDT personnel in themethods for which the NDT Level III is qualified.

3.3 NDT Level II. An NDT Level II shall have the skillsand knowledge to set up and calibrate equipment, toconduct tests, and to interpret, evaluate, anddocument results in accordance with proceduresapproved by an NDT Level III. The NDT Level II shallbe thoroughly familiar with the scope and limitations ofthe method to which certified and should be capable ofdirecting the work of trainees and NDT Level Ipersonnel. The NDT Level II shall be able to organizeand report nondestructive test results.

3.4 NDT Level I. An NDT Level I shall have the skillsand knowledge to properly perform specificcalibrations, specific tests, and with prior writtenapproval of the NDT Level III, perform specificinterpretations and evaluations for acceptance orrejection and document the results, in accordance withspecific approved procedures. The NDT Level I shall

be able to follow approved nondestructive testingprocedures and shall receive the necessary guidanceor supervision from a certified NDT Level II or NDTLevel III individual.

3.5 Trainee. A person who is not yet certified to anylevel shall be considered a trainee. Trainees shall workwith a certified person, under the direction of an NDTLevel II or NDT Level III and shall not independentlyconduct any tests or write a report of test results.

3.6 NDT Instructor. An NDT instructor shall have theskills and knowledge to plan, organize, and presentclassroom, laboratory, demonstration, and/or on-the-job NDT instruction, training, and/or educationprograms in accordance with course outlines approvedby an NDT Level III.

4. Qualification Requirements

4.1 Training. Candidates for certification as NDTLevel I or Level II shall complete sufficient organizedtraining to become familiar with the principles of themethod and the practices of the applicable testtechnique. This training shall be conducted inaccordance with a course outline approved by an NDTLevel III. The course shall include the topics containedin Appendix B for the appropriate NDT method, plussuch additional topics as deemed necessary by theNDT Level III. The sequence, content, amount of timespent, and depth of coverage for each topic shall beapproved by the NDT Level III. Training programs shallinclude sufficient examinations to demonstrate that thenecessary information has been comprehended.

4.1.1 Credit. To receive credit for training hours, theindividual shall pass a final examination covering thetopics contained in that program.

4.1.2 NDT Level I and Level II. The minimum numberof hours of classroom training required for NDT Level Iand Level II candidates is described in Appendix A.

4.1.3 Presentation of Training. All training shall bepresented by an NDT instructor. However, the NDTinstructor may use personnel with specializedexpertise (for example, metallurgists, weldingengineers, etc.) who are not qualified in accordancewith this standard to assist in presentation of specificinformation. The NDT Level III shall in all cases beresponsible for the content of the completed course.

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4.1.4 NDT Level III. Training requirements for NDTLevel III will be satisfied if the individual holds a current ASNT NDT Level III certificate in the specificNDT method.

4.2 Experience. Candidates for certification shall haveacquired the practical experience to ensure they arecapable of performing the duties of the level in whichcertification is being sought.

4.2.1 NDT Level I and Level II. The minimum numberof hours of experience required for NDT Level I andLevel II candidates is described in Appendix A.

4.2.2 NDT Level III. Experience requirements for NDTLevel III will be satisfied if the individual holds acurrent ASNT NDT Level III certificate in the specificNDT method.

4.3 Previous Training and Experience.

4.3.1 NDT Level I and Level II. A candidate’s previoustraining and experience may be accepted by theemployer’s NDT Level III if documented and verified.Any claimed training or experience which is notdocumented and cannot be verified shall beconsidered invalid.

4.3.2 NDT Level III. The employer shall verify anddocument the current validity of a candidate’s ASNTNDT Level III certificate.

4.4 NDT Instructor.

4.4.1 Criteria. An NDT Instructor shall meet at leastone of the following criteria:

a) possess a current ASNT NDT Level III certificate inthe NDT method to be taught;

b) have academic credentials at least equivalent to aB.S. in engineering, physical science, or technology,and possess adequate knowledge in the NDT methodto be taught; or

c) be a graduate of a two-year school of science,engineering, or NDT and have five or more years ofexperience as an NDT Level II, or equivalent, in theNDT method to be taught; or

d) have ten or more years of NDT experience as anNDT Level II, or equivalent, in the NDT method to betaught.

4.4.2 Designation. The NDT instructor shall bedesignated by an NDT Level III individual. Thedesignation shall become part of the individual’squalification records.

4.5 Outside Services. At the option of the employer,an outside organization may be engaged to performthe duties of an NDT Level III. In such instances, theemployer shall be responsible for evaluating theorganization to ensure the services are in accordancewith the employer’s certification procedure and thisstandard, and so documented. An NDT Level III of theengaged outside organization shall be responsible forthe services provided.

5. Qualification and Certification

5.1 Procedure. The employer shall develop andmaintain a procedure detailing the program that will beused for qualification and certification of NDTpersonnel in accordance with this standard.

5.2 Procedure Requirements. The procedure shalldescribe the minimum requirements for certifyingpersonnel in each NDT method and the levels ofqualification desired. The procedure shall satisfy therequirements of this standard. The procedure shallinclude, as a minimum, the following:

a) personnel duties and responsibilities;

b) training requirements;

c) experience requirements;

d) examination requirements;

e) records and documentation requirements, includingcontrol, responsibility, and retention period; and

f) recertification requirements.

5.3 Approval. The employer’s certification procedureshall be approved by an NDT Level III designated bythe employer.

6. Examinations

6.1 Vision.

6.1.1 Near Distance. Prior to certification, NDTpersonnel shall be examined to ensure that they have

3

CP-189-2001


natural or corrected near-distance acuity in at leastone eye such that each individual is capable ofreading Jaeger Number l test chart or equivalent at adistance of not less than twelve inches.

6.1.2 Color Vision. NDT personnel for all methodsshall demonstrate the ability to differentiate among thecolors used in the method.

6.1.3 Frequency. Vision examinations shall beadministered annually, except that color differentiationexaminations need be repeated only at eachrecertification.

6.1.4 Administration. Vision examinations shall beadministered in accordance with a procedure, and bypersonnel, approved by an NDT Level III designatedby the employer.

6.2 NDT Level III Examinations.

6.2.1 Initial Requirement. Prior to the employer’scertification examinations, the candidate shall hold acurrent ASNT NDT Level III certificate with a currentlyvalid endorsement for each method for whichemployer certification is sought.

6.2.2 Specific Examination (for each method). Theemployer shall administer a written examinationconsisting of at least thirty questions relating to thecomprehension of the NDT-related requirements ofspecifications or standards used by the employer.Copies of the applicable specifications or standardsshall be available as reference material during theexamination.

6.2.3 Practical Examination. The candidate shallprepare an NDT procedure appropriate to theemployer’s needs; however, if documented experiencedemonstrates that the candidate has previouslyprepared acceptable NDT procedures in the methodusing the specifications, codes, and standards that areapplicable to that employer, a written practicalexamination (for example, preparation of a procedure)is not required. If experience is substituted for thewritten practical examination, the employer shalldocument the pertinent practical experience of theNDT Level III candidate.

a) If the NDT Level III will be required to perform testsor evaluate test results, the practical examination shallinclude the same demonstrations of the candidate’sability to perform the required activity(ies) as requiredin 6.3.3.b.

6.3 NDT Level I and Level II Examinations.

6.3.1 General. A general examination shall beapproved by an NDT Level III. Administration of theexamination shall be in accordance with paragraph 6.4of this standard and shall be closed-book. Referencematerial, such as charts, formulas, tables, and graphsmay be provided by the NDT Level III. Questions shallbe developed which represent a cross section of thebody of knowledge (Appendix B) applicable to eachmethod and NDT level. The minimum number ofquestions required for each method and level is listedin Table 1. Questions used in general examinations forNDT Level I and Level II personnel shall be similar intype and difficulty to those published by ASNT.

6.3.2 Specific. A specific examination shall beapproved by an NDT Level III. Administration shall bein accordance with paragraph 6.4 of this standard. TheNDT Level III shall determine whether appropriateprocedures, specifications, standards, or code sectionswill be provided. The examination shall addressvarious examples of equipment, procedures, and testtechniques that the candidate may use in theperformance of assigned duties. The minimum numberof questions required for each method and level islisted in Table 2.

6.3.3 Practical. A practical examination shall beapproved by an NDT Level III. Administration shall bein accordance with paragraph 6.4 of this standard. Thepractical examination shall consist of the following:

a) NDT Level I. The candidate shall demonstrateproficiency using the applicable nondestructive testmethod to examine at least one test sample for eachtechnique to be used in the candidate’s job and bydocumenting the results of the test. The test samplesshall be representative of the products that thecandidate will encounter in performing the jobfunctions.

b) NDT Level II. The candidate shall demonstrateproficiency by performing the applicablenondestructive test method in examining at least onesample per technique and a minimum of two samplesper method and by interpreting, evaluating, anddocumenting the results of the examination. The testsamples shall be representative of the product that thecandidate will encounter in performing the jobfunctions.

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6.4 Administration and Grading.

6.4.1 Responsibilities. An NDT Level III shall beresponsible for the administration and grading ofexaminations for NDT Level I and Level II personnelfor those methods in which the NDT Level III has avalid ASNT NDT Level III certificate. Theadministration and grading of multiple choicequestions may be delegated by the NDT Level III if sodocumented. For the practical examination, theindividual administering the examination must be anNDT Level III in the respective test method. Theemployer shall be responsible for having an individualpossessing a current ASNT NDT Level III certificatedevelop, administer, and grade NDT Level III specificand practical examinations.

6.4.2 Employer Examinations. For each employer-administered certification examination, eachcandidate shall achieve a grade of at least 70% andan average grade of 80% to be eligible for certification.All certification examinations shall have equal weightin determining the average grade.

6.4.3 Prerequisites for Passing PracticalExaminations. A prerequisite for passing the NDTLevel I and Level II practical examinations shall be thedetection of the discontinuities or conditions previouslyspecified by the NDT Level III. A prerequisite forpassing the NDT Level III practical examination shallbe detection, if performance of testing is required, andcorrect evaluation, if evaluation is required, of thediscontinuities or conditions previously specified by theNDT Level III.

6.4.4 NDT Level I Practical Examinations. The NDTLevel III shall use a written checklist in administeringand grading NDT Level I practical examinations. Thischecklist shall address at least the following items:proficiency in use of equipment and technique, properadherence to procedure, test sequence, calibrations,materials, documentation and extent of examinations.If the NDT Level I will interpret or evaluate results, thechecklist shall include these item(s).

6.4.5 NDT Level II Practical Examinations. The NDTLevel III shall use a written checklist in administeringand grading NDT Level II practical examinations. Thechecklist shall address at least the following items:proficiency in use of techniques and equipment; properadherence to procedure, test sequence, calibration,and materials; satisfactory detection and location ofdiscontinuities; proper extent of examination; and theaccuracy and completeness of interpretations,

evaluations, and documentation of the activities andtest results.

6.4.6 NDT Level III Practical Examinations. Personsadministering NDT Level III practical examinationsshall use a written checklist. The checklist shalladdress items relating to the technical and practicaladequacy of the NDT procedure(s) prepared by thecandidate. When applicable to the candidate’s jobresponsibilities, the checklist shall also address theitems listed in 6.4.5.

6.5 Reexamination. Candidates who fail to attain therequired passing grade must receive additionaldocumented training, or wait at least thirty (30) daysfor reexamination. This training shall address thedeficiencies which caused failure. A candidate shall notbe reexamined using the examination or specimenpreviously failed or both.

6.6 Administration of Examinations. In no case shallan examination be prepared or administered by theindividual being examined.

6.7 Administration of NDT Level III Examinations.The employer’s representative who administers theNDT Level III examinations shall possess a currentASNT NDT Level III certificate in the method for whichthe examination is administered and shall beknowledgeable and familiar with the standards,specifications, and products used or made by theemployer.

7. Expiration, Suspension, Revocation,and Reinstatement of EmployerCertification

7.1 Expiration. Individual certifications shall expire:

a) when employment with the employer is terminated;

b) at the end of three years for NDT Level I and NDTLevel II individuals;

c) for NDT Level III individuals, when the ASNTLevel III certificate has expired.

7.2 Suspension. The employer shall suspend anindividual’s certification if:

a) the vision examination interval exceeds one year;certification is reinstated concurrently with passing thevision reexamination; or

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b) the individual has not performed the duties in themethod(s) for which certified during any consecutivetwelve month period; or

c) the individual’s performance is determined to bedeficient in the required method or technique forspecific documented reasons; or

d) for NDT Level III personnel, when the ASNTLevel III certificate has not been renewed.

7.3 Revocation. The employer shall revoke anindividual’s certification when:

a) the individual has not performed the duties in themethod(s) for which certified during any consecutivetwenty-four month period; or

b) for NDT Level III personnel, the ASNT NDT Level IIIcertificate has been revoked; or

c) an individual’s conduct is deemed by the employerto be or have been unethical or incompetent.

7.4 Reinstatement.

7.4.1 Suspended Certifications. Reinstatement ofsuspended certifications for NDT Level I or NDT LevelII shall be determined by the NDT Level III.Reinstatement of suspended NDT Level IIIcertifications shall be determined by the employer,except that the requirement for ASNT NDT Level IIIcertification may not be waived.

7.4.2 Expired or Revoked Certifications.Certifications which have expired or have beenrevoked may only be reinstated by complying withSection 6.

8. Employer Recertification

8.1 NDT Level I and NDT Level II. NDT Level I andNDT Level II personnel shall be recertified inaccordance with Section 6.

8.2 NDT Level III. NDT Level III personnel shall berecertified by the employer every five years byverifying that the individual’s ASNT NDT Level IIIcertificate is current in each method for whichrecertification is sought.

9. Records

9.1 Responsibility for Documentation. The employershall document certifications in accordance with thisstandard.9.2 Contents of Documentation. The employer’scertification documentation shall include at least atraining record, certification record, an experiencerecord, a record of previous experience (if applicable),employee’s current examinations, and a visionexamination record.

9.2.1 Certification Record. The certification recordshall include at least the following information:

a) level of certification and NDT method, including thetest technique covered;

b) results of current employer examinations that theindividual has taken;

c) for Level III personnel, a copy of the candidate’sASNT Level III certificate;

d) dates of certification, expiration, suspension,revocation, and reinstatement; and

e) the signature, printed name, and title of theemployer’s certifying representative.

9.2.2 NDT Training Record. A documented history ofthe employee’s training shall be maintained whichidentifies: NDT training received by the individual, theorganization providing the training, dates of thetraining, hours of training, evidence of satisfactorycompletion, and the instructor’s name.

9.2.3 NDT Experience Record. A record whichidentifies the individual’s experience performingvarious nondestructive tests shall be maintained forpurposes of verifying initial certification experience andcontinuing experience.

9.2.4 Record of Previous Experience. Documentedevidence of the individual’s previous NDT training andexperience shall be maintained if previous training andexperience are used to satisfy any part of therequirements of this standard.

9.2.5 Visual Examination Records. Current recordsof vision examinations required by 6.1 shall bemaintained.

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10. Referenced Publications

10.1 The following documents contain provisionswhich, through reference in this text, constituteprovisions of this standard. Copies may be obtainedfrom the American Society for Nondestructive Testing,Inc., PO Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518,USA.

10.1.1 ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A,“Personnel Qualification and Certification inNondestructive Testing,” 1996 Edition.

10.1.2 ASNT Application package for certification ofNondestructive Testing Personnel.

10.2 The following document contains specific NDTterms which, through reference in this text, constituteprovisions of this standard. Copies may be obtainedfrom the American Society For Testing and Materials(ASTM), 100 Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA19100, USA.

10.2.1 ASTM E 1316-99 Standard Terminology forNondestructive Examinations, Section A — CommonNDT Terms.

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CP-189-2001

8

Table 1 – General ExaminationMinimum Number

of QuestionsMethodLevel I Level II

Acoustic Emission 40 40

Electromagnetic 40 40

Leak Test:

Bubble 20 20

Pressure Change 20 20

Halogen Diode 20 20

Mass Spectrometer 20 20

Liquid Penetrant 30 30

Magnetic Particle 30 30

Neutron Radiography 40 40

Radiography 40 40

Thermal/Infrared 40 40

Ultrasonic 40 40

Visual 30 30

Table 2 – Specific ExaminationMinimum Number

of QuestionsMethodLevel I Level II

Acoustic Emission 20 20

Electromagnetic 20 20

Leak Test:

Bubble 15 15

Pressure Change 15 15

Halogen Diode 15 15

Mass Spectrometer 20 40

Liquid Penetrant 20 15

Magnetic Particle 20 15

Neutron Radiography 15 15

Radiography 20 20

Thermal/Infrared 20 20

Ultrasonic 20 20

Visual 20 20


CP-189-2001

9

Appendix A - Initial Training and ExperienceRequirements for Level I and Level II

Required Experience

EvaluationMethod Level Technique

RequiredTraining (Hours)

Minimum Hoursin Method

(Total Hours inNDT)

AEIII

4040

200600

4001200

ETIII

4040

200600

4001200

LTIII

BTBT

24

7.540

1580

III

PCTPCT

2416

100265

200530

III

HDLTHDLT

128

100265

200530

III

MSLTMSLT

4024

265400

530800

MTIII

128

65200

130400

NRIII

2840

4001200

8002400

PTIII

48

65135

130270

RTIII

4040

200600

4001200

TIRIII

4040

200900

4001800

UTIII

4040

200600

4001200

VTIII

816

65135

130270

AE = Acoustic Emission TestingET = Electromagnetic TestingMT = Magnetic Particle TestingNR = Neutron Radiographic TestingPT = Penetrant TestingRT = Radiographic TestingTIR = Thermal/Infrared Testing

UT = Ultrasonic TestingVT = Visual TestingLT = Leak TestingBT = Bubble TestPCT = Pressure Change TestHDLT = Halogen Diode Leak TestMSLT = Mass Spectrometer Leak Test

NOTES:A: Experience shall be based on the actual hours worked in the specific method.B: A person may be qualified directly to NDT Level II with no time as a certified NDT Level I, providing the

required training and experience consists of the sum of the hours required for NDT Level I and NDT Level II.C: The required minimum experience shall be documented by method and by hour with supervisor or NDT Level

III approval.D: While fulfilling total NDT experience requirement, experience may be gained in more than one (1) method.

Minimum experience hours must be met for each method.


10


Appendix B — TrainingOutlines

Training for Level I AcousticEmission Testing

Basic Acoustic Emission Physics Course

1. Principles of Acoustic Emission Testing1.1 Characteristics of acoustic emission

1.1.1 Continuous emission1.1.2 Burst emission1.1.3 Emission/signal levels and frequencies

1.2 Sources of acoustic emission1.2.1 Sources in crystalline materials —

introduction1.2.2 Sources in nonmetals — introduction1.2.3 Sources in composites — introduction1.2.4 Other sources

1.3 Wave propagation — introduction1.3.1 Wave velocity in materials1.3.2 Attenuation1.3.3 Reflections, multiple paths1.3.4 Source input versus signal output

1.4 Repeated loadings: Kaiser and Felicityeffects and Felicity ratio1.4.1 In metals1.4.2 In composites

1.5 Terminology (Refer to AE Glossary, ASTM E1316.)

2. Sensing the AE Wave2.1 Sensors

2.1.1 Principles of operation2.1.2 Construction2.1.3 Frequency

2.2 Sensor attachment2.2.1 Coupling materials2.2.2 Attachment devices

Basic Acoustic Emission TechniqueCourse

1. Instrumentation and Signal Processing1.1 Cables

1.1.1 Coaxial cable1.1.2 Twisted pair cable1.1.3 Noise problems in cables1.1.4 Connectors

1.2 Signal conditioning1.2.1 Preamplifiers1.2.2 Amplifiers1.2.3 Filters1.2.4 Units of gain measurement

1.3 Signal detection1.3.1 Threshold comparator1.3.2 Units of threshold measurement1.3.3 Sensitivity determined by gain and/or

threshold1.4 Signal processing

1.4.1 Waveform characteristics1.4.2 Discrimination techniques1.4.3 Distribution techniques

1.5 Source location techniques1.5.1 Single channel location1.5.2 Linear location1.5.3 Planar location1.5.4 Other location techniques

1.6 Acoustic emission test systems1.6.1 Single channel systems1.6.2 Multichannel systems1.6.3 Dedicated industrial systems

1.7 Accessory techniques1.7.1 Audio indicators1.7.2 X-Y and strip chart recording1.7.3 Oscilloscopes1.7.4 Others

2. Acoustic Emission Test Techniques2.1 Equipment calibration and setup for test

2.1.1 Calibration signal generation techniques

2.1.2 Calibration procedures2.1.3 Sensor placement2.1.4 Adjustment of equipment controls2.1.5 Discrimination technique adjustments

2.2 Loading procedures2.2.1 Type of loading2.2.2 Maximum test load2.2.3 Load holds2.2.4 Repeated and programmed loadings2.2.5 Rate of loading

2.3 Data display2.3.1 Selection of display mode2.3.2 Use and reading of different kinds of

display2.4 Noise sources and pre-test identification

techniques2.4.1 Electromagnetic noise2.4.2 Mechanical noise

2.5 Precautions against noise2.5.1 Electrical shielding2.5.2 Electronic techniques

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2.5.3 Prevention of movement2.5.4 Attenuating materials and applications

2.6 Data interpretation and evaluation: introduction2.6.1 Separating relevant AE indications

from noise2.6.2 Accept/reject techniques and

evaluation criteria2.7 Reports

2.7.1 Purpose2.7.2 Content and structure

3. Codes, Standards and Procedures3.1 Guide-type standards (glossaries,

calibration, etc.)3.2 Standardized/codified AE test procedures3.3 User-developed test procedures

4. Applications of Acoustic Emission Testing(course should include at least 3 categoriesfrom 4.1 and at least 4 categories from 4.2)4.1 Laboratory studies (material characterization)

4.1.1 Crack growth and fracture mechanics4.1.2 Environmentally assisted cracking4.1.3 Dislocation movement (metals)4.1.4 Clarifying deformation mechanisms

(composites)4.1.5 Phase transformation and phase

stability4.1.6 Creep4.1.7 Residual stress4.1.8 Corrosion4.1.9 Fatigue4.1.10 Rupture4.1.11 Ductile/brittle transition4.1.12 Other material characterization

applications4.2 Structural applications

4.2.1 Pressure vessels (metal)4.2.2 Storage tanks (metal)4.2.3 Pressure vessels/storage tanks

(composite)4.2.4 Piping and pipelines4.2.5 Bucket trucks4.2.6 Aircraft4.2.7 Bridges4.2.8 Mines4.2.9 Dams, earthen slopes4.2.10 Pumps, valves, etc.4.2.11 Rotating plant4.2.12 In-process weld monitoring4.2.13 Leak detection and monitoring4.2.14 Other structural applications

Training for Level II AcousticEmission Testing

Acoustic Emission Physics Course

1. Principles of Acoustic Emission Testing1.1 Characteristics of acoustic emission testing

1.1.1 Introductory concepts of source, propagation, measurement, display, evaluation

1.1.2 Relationships between AE and other NDT methods

1.1.3 Significance of applied load in AE testing

1.1.4 Basic math review (exponents, graphing, metric units)

1.2 Materials and deformation1.2.1 Constitution of crystalline and

noncrystalline materials1.2.2 Stress and strain1.2.3 Elastic and plastic deformation; crack

growth1.3 Sources of acoustic emission

1.3.1 Burst emission, continuous emission1.3.2 Emission/signal levels, units of

amplitude measurement1.3.3 Sources in crystalline materials

a. Dislocations — plastic deformationb. Phase transformationsc. Deformation twinningd. Nonmetallic inclusionse. Subcritical crack growth

(1.) Subcritical crack growth under increasing load

(2.) Ductile tearing underincreasing load

(3.) Fatigue crack initiation and growth

(4.) Hydrogen embrittlement cracking

(5.) Stress corrosion cracking1.3.4 Sources in nonmetals

a. Microcrackingb. Gross crackingc. Crazingd. Other sources in nonmetals

1.3.5 Sources in compositesa. Fiber breakageb. Matrix crackingc. Fiber-matrix debondingd. Delaminatione. Fiber pull-out, relaxationf. Friction

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CP-189-2001


1.3.6 Other sourcesa. Pressure leaksb. Oxide and scale crackingc. Slag crackingd. Frictional sourcese. Liquefaction and solidificationf. Loose parts, intermittent contactg. Fluids and nonsolidsh. Crack closure

1.4 Wave propagation1.4.1 Near-field impulse response 1.4.2 Modes of propagation1.4.3 Mode conversion, reflection and

refraction1.4.4 Wave velocity in material1.4.5 Anisotropic propagation in composites1.4.6 Specimen geometry effects

1.5 Attenuation1.5.1 Geometric attenuation1.5.2 Dispersion1.5.3 Scattering, diffraction1.5.4 Attenuation due to energy loss

mechanisms1.5.5 Attenuation versus frequency

1.6 Kaiser and Felicity effects, and Felicity ratio1.6.1 In metals1.6.2 In composites1.6.3 In other materials

1.7 Terminology (Refer to AE Glossary, ASTM E1316.)

2. Sensing the AE Wave2.1 Transducing processes (piezoelectricity, etc.)2.2 Sensors

2.2.1 Construction2.2.2 Conversion efficiencies2.2.3 Calibration (sensitivity curve)

2.3 Sensor attachment2.3.1 Coupling materials2.3.2 Attachment devices2.3.3 Waveguides

2.4 Sensor utilization2.4.1 Flat response sensors2.4.2 Resonant response sensors2.4.3 Integral-electronics sensors2.4.4 Special sensors (directional, mode

responsive)2.4.5 Sensor selection

Acoustic Emission Technique Course

1. Instrumentation and Signal Processing1.1 Cables

1.1.1 Coaxial cable1.1.2 Twisted pair cable1.1.3 Optical fiber cable1.1.4 Noise problems in cables1.1.5 Impedance matching1.1.6 Connectors

1.2 Signal conditioning1.2.1 Preamplifiers1.2.2 Amplifiers1.2.3 Filters1.2.4 Units of gain measurement

1.3 Signal detection1.3.1 Threshold comparator1.3.2 Units of threshold measurement1.3.3 Sensitivity determined by gain and/or

threshold1.4 Signal processing

1.4.1 Waveform characteristicsa. Amplitude analysisb. Pulse duration analysisc. Rise time analysisd. Event and event rate processinge. MARSE

1.4.2 Discrimination techniques1.4.3 Distribution techniques

1.5 Source location techniques1.5.1 Single channel location1.5.2 Linear location1.5.3 Planar location1.5.4 Other location techniques

1.6 Acoustic emission test systems1.6.1 Single channel systems1.6.2 Multichannel systems1.6.3 Dedicated industrial systems

1.7 Accessory techniques1.7.1 Audio indicators1.7.2 X-Y and strip chart recording1.7.3 Oscilloscopes1.7.4 Magnetic recorders1.7.5 Others

1.8 Advanced signal processing techniques1.8.1 Signal definition1.8.2 Signal capture1.8.3 Frequency analysis1.8.4 Pattern recognition

2. Acoustic Emission Test Techniques2.1 Factors affecting test equipment selection

2.1.1 Material being monitored

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CP-189-2001


2.1.2 Location and nature of emission2.1.3 Type of information desired2.1.4 Size and shape of test part

2.2 Equipment calibration and setup for test2.2.1 Calibration signal generation

techniques2.2.2 Calibration procedures2.2.3 Sensor selection and placement2.2.4 Adjustment of equipment controls2.2.5 Discrimination technique adjustments

2.3 Loading procedures2.3.1 Type of loading2.3.2 Maximum test load2.3.3 Load holds2.3.4 Repeated and programmed loadings2.3.5 Rate of loading

2.4 Special test procedures2.4.1 High temperature/low temperature

tests2.4.2 Interrupted tests (including cyclic

fatigue)2.4.3 Long term tests2.4.4 Tests in high noise environments

2.5 Data display2.5.1 Selection of display mode2.5.2 Use and reading of different kinds of

display2.6 Noise sources and pre-test identification

techniques2.6.1 Electromagnetic noise2.6.2 Mechanical noise

2.7 Precautions against noise2.7.1 Electrical shielding2.7.2 Electronic techniques2.7.3 Prevention of movement2.7.4 Attenuating materials and applications

2.8 Data interpretation2.8.1 Recognizing noise in the recorded

data2.8.2 Noise elimination by data filtering

techniques2.8.3 Relevant and nonrelevant AE

response2.9 Data evaluation

2.9.1 Methods for ranking, grading, accepting/rejecting

2.9.2 Comparison with calibration signals2.9.3 Source evaluation by complementary

NDT methods2.10 Reports

2.10.1 Purpose2.10.2 Content and structure

3. Codes, Standards, Procedures and Societies3.1 Guide-type standards (glossaries, calibration

etc.)3.2 Standardized/codified AE test procedures3.3 User-developed test procedures3.4 Societies active in AE

4. Applications of Acoustic Emission Testing(course should include at least 3 categoriesfrom 4.1 and at least 4 categories from 4.2)4.1 Laboratory studies (material characterization)

4.1.1 Crack growth and fracture mechanics4.1.2 Environmentally assisted cracking4.1.3 Dislocation movement (metals)4.1.4 Clarifying deformation mechanisms

(composites)4.1.5 Phase transformation and phase

stability4.1.6 Creep4.1.7 Residual stress4.1.8 Corrosion4.1.9 Fatigue4.1.10 Rupture4.1.11 Ductile/brittle transition4.1.12 Other material characterization

applications4.2 Structural applications

4.2.1 Pressure vessels (metal)4.2.2 Storage tanks (metal)4.2.3 Pressure vessels/storage tanks

(composite)4.2.4 Piping and pipelines4.2.5 Bucket trucks4.2.6 Aircraft4.2.7 Bridges4.2.8 Mines4.2.9 Dams, earthen slopes4.2.10 Pumps, valves, etc.4.2.11 Rotating plant4.2.12 In-process weld monitoring4.2.13 Leak detection and monitoring4.2.14 Other structural applications

14

CP-189-2001


15

CP-189-2001

Recommended Training References Acoustic Emission Testing Method,Level I and II

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 03.03,Nondestructive Testing. Philadelphia, PA:American Society for Testing and Materials, latestEdition.*

Bingham, Ek and Tanner, eds. Acoustic EmissionTesting of Aerial Devices and AssociatedEquipment Used in the Utility Industries — STP1139. Philadelphia, PA: American Society forTesting and Materials, 1992.

Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V, Articles11 and 12. New York, NY: American Society ofMechanical Engineers, latest edition.

Drouillard, T. F. Acoustic Emission: A Bibliography withAbstracts. New York: Plenum Press, 1978.

Journal of Acoustic Emission, Volume 8, Number 1-2.(1989). Los Angeles, CA: Acoustic EmissionGroup.*

Mathews, J. R. Acoustic Emission, 1983.

Miller, Ronnie K. and Paul McIntire, eds.Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second edition:Volume 5, Acoustic Emission Testing. Columbus,OH: The American Society for NondestructiveTesting, Inc, 1987.*

Nicoll, A. R. Acoustic Emission. Germany: DGMMetallurgy Informationsgesellschaft, 1980.

Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: MetalsHandbook, Volume 17, ninth edition. Metals Park,OH: ASM International, 1989.*

Sachse, W., K. Yamaguchi and J. Roget, eds. AcousticEmission: Current Practice and Future Directions— STP 1077. Philadelphia, PA: American Societyfor Testing and Materials, 1991.*

Spanner, J. C. Acoustic Emission: Techniques andApplications. Evanston, IL: Intex Publishing Co.,1974.*

Spanner, J. C., and J. W. McElroy, eds. MonitoringStructural Integrity by Acoustic Emission — STP 571. Philadelphia, PA: American Society forTesting and Materials, 1975.

Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Acoustic EmissionTesting Method. Columbus, OH: The AmericanSociety for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., 1995.*

* Available from The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc., Columbus, OH.


Training for Level I ElectromagneticTesting

Basic Electromagnetic Physics Course

1. Introduction to Electromagnetic Testing(Eddy Current/Flux Leakage)a. Brief history of testingb. Basic principles of testing

2. Electromagnetic Theorya. Eddy current theory

(1) Generation of eddy currents by means ofan AC field

(2) Effect of fields created by eddy currents(impedance changes)

(3) Effect of change of impedance oninstrumentation

(4) Properties of eddy current(a) Travel in circular direction(b) Strongest on surface of test material(c) Zero value at center of solid conductor

placed in an alternating magnetic field(d) Strength, time relationship, and

orientation as functions of test-systemparameters and test-partcharacteristics

(e) Have properties of compressible fluids(f) Small magnitude of current flow(g) Relationship of frequency and plane

with current in coil(h) Effective permeability variations when

induced in magnetic materials(i) Effect of discontinuity orientation(j) Power losses

b. Flux leakage theory(1) Terminology and units(2) Principles of magnetization

(a) B-H curve(b) Magnetic properties(c) Magnetic field(d) Hysteresis loop(e) Magnetic permeability(f) Factors affecting permeability

(3) Magnetization — electromagnetism theory (a) Oersted’s law (b) Faraday’s law(c) Electromagnetic

(4) Flux leakage theory and principle (a) Residual (b) Active(c) Tangential leakage(d) Normal leakage fields

Electromagnetic Technique Course

1. Readout Mechanisma. Calibrated or uncalibrated meterb. Null meter with dial indicatorc. Oscilloscope and other monitor displaysd. Alarm, lights, etc.e. Numerical countersf. Marking systemg. Sorting gates and tablesh. Cutoff saw or shearsi. Automation and feedbackj. Strip-chart recorder

2. Types of Eddy Current Sensing Elementsa. Probes

(1) Types of arrangements(a) Absolute(b) Differential

(2) Lift-off(3) Theory of operation(4) Applications(5) Advantages(6) Limitations

b. Through, encircling, or annular coils(1) Types of arrangements

(a) Absolute(b) Differential

(2) Fill factor(3) Theory of operation(4) Applications(5) Advantages(6) Limitations

c. Factors affecting choice of sensing elements(1) Type of part to be inspected (2) Type of discontinuity to be detected(3) Speed of testing required(4) Amount of testing (percentage) required(5) Probable location of discontinuity

3. Types of Flux Leakage Sensing Elementsa. Principles of magnetic-measurement

techniquesb. Inductive-coil sensors

(1) Theory of electromotive force (emf)induced in coil

(2) Various constructions and designs of coils(3) Coil parameters affecting the flux leakage

response(4) Sensing-coil systems and connections

(single- and multi-element probes)c. Semiconductor sensing elements

(1) Hall-effect probes

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(2) Magnetoresistors(3) Magnetodiodes(4) Magnetotransistors(5) Magnetic and electric characteristics of

semiconductor sensing elementsd. Other methods of magnetic leakage field

detection(1) Magnetic-tape system (2) Magnetic powder(3) Magnetic-resonance sensor

Training for Level II ElectromagneticTesting

Electromagnetic Evaluation Course

1. Review of Electromagnetic Theorya. Eddy current theoryb. Flux leakage theoryc. Types of eddy current sensing probesd. Types of flux leakage sensing probes

2. Factors That Affect Coil Impedancea. Test part

(1) Conductivity(2) Permeability(3) Mass(4) Homogeneity

b. Test system(1) Frequency(2) Coupling(3) Field strength(4) Test coil and shape

3. Factors That Affect Flux Leakage Fields a. Degree of magnetizationb. Defect geometryc. Defect locationd. Defect orientatione. Velocity factorf. Distance between adjacent defects

4. Signal-to-Noise Ratio a. Definition b. Relationship to eddy current testingc. Relationship to flux leakage testingd. Methods of improving signal-to-noise ratio

5. Selection of Test Frequency a. Relationship of frequency to type of test b. Considerations affecting choice of test

(1) Signal-to-noise ratio (2) Phase discrimination

(3) Response speed(4) Skin effect

6. Selection of Method of Magnetization for FluxLeakage Testing a. Magnetization characteristics for various

magnetic materials b. Magnetization by means of electric fields

(1) Circular field (2) Longitudinal field(3) Value of flux density

c. Magnetization by means of permanentmagnets (1) Permanent magnet relationship and theory (2) Permanent magnet materials

d. Selection of proper magnetization method

7. Couplinga. “Fill factor” in through-coil inspectionb. “Lift-off” and compensation in probe coil

inspectionc. Flux leakage “fill factor” in flux leakage testingd. “Lift-off” in flux leakage testing

8. Field Strength and Its Selectiona. Permeability changesb. Saturationc. Effect of AC field strength on eddy current

testingd. Effect of field strength in flux leakage testing

9. Field Orientation for Flux Leakage Testinga. Circular fieldb. Longitudinal field

10. Instrument Design Considerationsa. Amplificationb. Phase detectionc. Differentiation of filtering

11. Applicationsa. Flaw detection

(1) Eddy current methods (2) Flux leakage methods

b. Sorting for properties related to conductivity —eddy current

c. Sorting for properties related to permeability(1) Eddy current methods (2) Flux leakage methods

d. Thickness evaluation — eddy currente. Measurement of magnetic-characteristic

values(1) Eddy current methods (2) Flux leakage methods

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12. User Standards and Operating Proceduresa. Explanation of standards and specifications

used in electromagnetic testingb. Explanation of operating procedures used in

electromagnetic testing

Recommended Training References Electromagnetic Testing Method,Level I and II

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 03.03,Nondestructive Testing. Philadelphia, PA:American Society for Testing and Materials, latestedition.*

ASNT Level III Study Guide: Eddy Current TestingMethod. Columbus, OH: The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc., 1983.*

Cecco, V. S., G. Van Drunen, and F. L. Sharp. EddyCurrent Testing. Columbia, MD: GP Courseware,1987.*

Eddy Current Testing, Classroom Training Handbook(CT-6-5). San Diego, CA: GeneralDynamics/Convair Division, 1979.†

Eddy Current Testing, Programmed InstructionHandbook (PI-4-5). San Diego, CA: GeneralDynamics/Convair Division, 1980.†

Libby, Hugo L. Introduction to ElectromagneticNondestructive Test Methods. Huntington, NY:Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., 1971.*

McGonnagle, Warren J. Nondestructive Testing,second edition. New York: Gordon & Breach,1975.*

McMaster, Robert C., ed. Nondestructive TestingHandbook, first edition. Columbus, OH: TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,1959.*

Mester, M. L., and Paul McIntire, eds. NondestructiveTesting Handbook, second edition: Volume 4,Electromagnetic Testing. Columbus, OH: TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,1986.*

Mix, Paul E. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: ATraining Guide. New York: John Wiley & Sons,1987.*

Radio Amateur’s Handbook. Neurington, CT: AmericanRadio Relay League, latest edition.

Nondestructive Inspection and Quality Control: MetalsHandbook, Volume 11, eighth edition. Metals Park,OH: American Society for Metals, 1976.*

Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Eddy Current/FluxLeakage Testing Method. Columbus, OH: TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,1995.*


† Currently published by The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc., Columbus, OH.


Training for Level I Leak Testing

Fundamentals in Leak Testing Course

1. Introductiona. History of leak testingb. Reasons for leak testing

(1) Material loss prevention(2) Contamination(3) Component/system reliability(4) Pressure-differential maintenance(5) Personnel/public safety

c. Functions of leak testing(1) Categories(2) Applications

d. Training and certification

2. Leak Testing Fundamentalsa. Terminology

(1) Leakage terms(2) Leakage tightness(3) Quantitative/semi-quantitative(4) Sensitivity/calibration terms

b. Leak testing units(1) Mathematics in leak testing(2) Exponential notation(3) Basic and fundamental units(4) Système Internationale (SI) units

c. Physical units in leak testing(1) Volume and pressure(2) Time and temperature(3) Absolute values(4) Standard or atmospheric conditions(5) Leakage measurement

d. Leak testing standards(1) Capillary or permeation(2) National Institute of Standards and

Technology (NIST) standards(3) System versus instrument calibration(4) Inaccuracy of calibration

e. Flow characteristics(1) Gas flow(2) Liquid flow(3) Correlation of leakage rates(4) Anomalous leaks(5) Leak clogging

f. Vacuum fundamentals(1) Introduction to vacuum

(a) Terminology(b) Principles(c) Units of pressure

(2) Characteristics of gases(a) Kinetic theory(b) Mean free path

(3) Gas laws(4) Quantity, throughput, and conductance of

gas(a) Quantity

(11) Comparison with an electric

circuit(21) Comparison with water flow

(b) Conductance analogy with electricalresistance(11) Resistance connected in series

(21) Resistance connected in parallel

g. Vacuum system operation(1) Effects of evacuating a vessel(2) Pump-down time

h. Vacuum system characteristics(1) General

(a) Operating limits(b) Rate of pressure rise — measurement

(2) Vacuum pumps(a) Mechanical pumps (positive

displacement)(11) Oil-sealed rotary pumps

(a1) Construction

(b1) Operation

(c1) Pump fluids

(d1) Difficulties with rotary pumps

(e1) Care of rotary pumps

(21) Mechanical booster pumps

(b) Vapor (diffusion) pumps(11) Construction

(21) Operation

(31) Pump fluids

(41) Difficulties with diffusion pumps

(51) Diagnosis of diffusion pump

trouble(c) Sublimation pumps (getter pumps)(d) Ion pumps(e) Turbomolecular pumps(f) Absorption pumps(g) Cryopumps

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Safety in Leak Testing Course

Note: It is recommended that the trainee, as wellas all other leak testing personnel, receiveinstruction in this course prior to performing workin leak testing.

1. Safety Considerationsa. Personnel and the publicb. Product serviceabilityc. Test validityd. Safe work practices

2. Safety Precautionsa. Explosive/implosive hazardsb. Flammability, ignitibility, combustibility hazardsc. Toxicity and asphyxiation hazardsd. Cleaning and electrical hazards

3. Pressure Precautionsa. Pressure test versus proof testb. Preliminary leak testingc. Pressurization checkd. Design limitationse. Equipment and setup

4. Safety Devicesa. Pressure control valves and regulatorsb. Pressure relief valves and ventsc. Flow rate of regulator and relief valves

5. Hazardous and Tracer Gas Safetya. Combustible gas detection and safetyb. Toxic gas detection and safetyc. Oxygen-deficiency detectorsd. Radioisotope detection

6. Types of Monitoring Equipmenta. Area monitorsb. Personnel monitorsc. Leak-locating devices

7. Safety Regulations a. State and federal regulations b. Safety codes/standardsc. Hazardous gas standardsd. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

radiation requirements

Leak Testing Methods Course

1. The following leak testing methods may beincorporated as applicable.a. Each of these methods can be further divided

into major techniques as shown in thefollowing examples.(1) Bubble testing

(a) Immersion(b) Film solution

(2) Ultrasonic testing(a) Sonic/mechanical flow(b) Sound generator

(3) Voltage discharge testing(a) Voltage spark(b) Color change

(4) Pressure leak testing(a) Hydrostatic(b) Pneumatic

(5) Ionization(a) Photoionization(b) Flame ionization

(6) Conductivity(a) Thermal conductivity(b) Solid state

(7) Radiation absorption(a) Infrared(b) Ultraviolet(c) Laser

(8) Chemical-based(a) Chemical penetrants(b) Chemical gas tracer (colorimetric)

(9) Halogen detector(a) Halide torch(b) Electron capture(c) Halogen diode

(10) Pressure change measurement(a) Absolute(b) Reference(c) Pressure rise(d) Flow(e) Pressure decay(f) Volumetric

(11) Mass spectrometer(a) Helium or argon leak detector(b) Residual gas analyzer

(12) Radioisotope

2. Leak Testing Method Course Outlinea. The following may be applied to any of the

listed methods.b. Terminologyc. Basic techniques and/or units


(1) Leak location — measurement/ monitoring(2) Visual and other sensing devices(3) Various techniques

d. Testing materials and equipment(1) Materials, gases/fluids used(2) Control devices and operation(3) Instrument/gages used(4) Range and calibration of instrument/gages

e. Testing principles and practices(1) Pressure/vacuum and control used(2) Principles of techniques used(3) Effects of temperature and other

atmospheric conditions(4) Calibration for testing(5) Probing/scanning or

measurement/monitoring(6) Leak interpretation evaluation

f. Acceptance and rejection criteriag. Safety concernsh. Advantages and limitationsi. Codes/standards

Training for Level II Leak Testing

Principles of Leak Testing Course

1. Introductiona. Leak testing fundamentals

(1) Reasons for leak testing (2) Functions of leak testing(3) Terminology(4) Leak testing units(5) Leak conductance

b. Leak testing standards(1) Leak standards(2) National Institute of Standards and

Technology (NIST) traceability andcalibration

(3) Instrument calibration versus testqualification

(4) System calibration techniques(5) Inaccuracy of calibration(6) Tracer-gas leak rate/air-equivalent leak

ratec. Leak testing safety

(1) Safety considerations (2) Safety precautions(3) Pressure precautions(4) Tracer gas safety and monitoring(5) Safety devices(6) Cleaning and electrical hazards(7) Safe work practices(8) Safety regulations

d. Leak testing procedure (1) Basic categories and techniques (2) Leak location versus leakage

measurement(3) Pressurization or evacuation(4) Sealed units with or without tracer gas(5) Units inaccessible from one or both sides(6) System at, above, or below atmospheric

pressuree. Leak testing specifications

(1) Design versus working conditions (2) Pressure and temperature control(3) Types of leak testing methods(4) Sensitivity of leak testing methods(5) Test method and sensitivity needed(6) Preparation of a leak testing specification

f. Detector/instrument performance factors (1) Design and use (2) Accuracy and precision(3) Linearity (straight/logarithmic scale)(4) Calibration and frequency(5) Response and recovery time

2. Physical Principles in Leak Testinga. Physical quantities

(1) Fundamental units (2) Volume and pressure(3) Time and temperature(4) Absolute values(5) Standard versus atmospheric conditions(6) Leakage rates

b. Structure of matter(1) Atomic theory(2) Ionization and ion pairs(3) States of matter(4) Molecular structure(5) Diatomic and monatomic molecules(6) Molecular weight

c. Gas principles and laws(1) Brownian movement(2) Mean free path(3) Pressure and temperature effects on

gases(4) Pascal’s law of pressure(5) Charles’ and Boyle’s gas laws(6) Ideal gas law(7) Dalton’s law of partial pressure(8) Vapor pressure and effects in vacuum

d. Gas properties(1) Kinetic theory of gases(2) Graham law of diffusion(3) Stratification(4) Avogadro’s principle(5) Gas law relationship

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(6) General ideal gas law(7) Gas mixture and concentration(8) Gas velocity, density, and viscosity

3. Principles of Gas Flow a. Standard leaks

(1) Capillary(2) Permeation

b. Modes of gas flow(1) Molecular and viscous(2) Transitional(3) Laminar, turbulent, sonic

c. Factors affecting gas flow d. Geometry of leakage path

(1) Mean free flow of fluid(2) Clogging and check valve effects(3) Irregular aperture size(4) Leak rate versus cross section of flow(5) Temperature and atmospheric conditions(6) Velocity gradient versus viscosity(7) Reynolds number versus Knudsen number

Pressure and Vacuum Technology Course

1. Pressure Technologya. Properties of a fluid

(1) What is a fluid?(2) Liquid versus gas(3) Compressibility(4) Partial and vapor pressure(5) Critical pressure and temperature(6) Viscosity of a liquid(7) Surface tension and capillarity of a liquid

b. Gas properties (1) Review of gas properties (2) What is a perfect/ideal gas?(3) Pressure and temperature effects on

gases(4) Viscosity of a gas(5) Gas flow modes(6) Gas flow conductance(7) Dynamic flow measurements(8) Factors affecting gas flow

c. Pressurization(1) Pressure measurements(2) Types of pressure gages

(a) Bourdon or diaphragm(b) Manometers

(3) Pressure control and procedure(4) Mixing of gases(5) Tracer gases and concentration(6) Pressure hold time(7) Pressure versus sensitivity

(8) Gage calibration(a) Working range(b) Frequency(c) Master gage versus dead-weight

testerd. Leak testing background/noise variables

(1) Atmospheric changes(2) Liquid/air temperature correction(3) Vapor pressure (evaporation/

condensation)(4) Vapor/moisture pockets(5) Geometry/volume changes(6) Surface/internal vibration waves

e. Detector/instrument performance variables(1) Instrument calibration variables(2) Limits of accuracy(3) Intrinsic and inherent safety performance(4) Protection for electromagnetic

interference, radio frequency interference,shock, etc.

(5) Flooding, poisoning, contamination f. Measurement and data documentation

(1) Experimental, simulation, and/orpreliminary testing

(2) Analysis of background/noise variables(3) Analysis of leakage indications/signals(4) Validation and error analysis(5) Interpretation and evaluation of results(6) Documentation of data and test results

2. Vacuum Technologya. Nature of vacuum

(1) What is a vacuum?(2) Vacuum terminology(3) Degrees of vacuum(4) Mean free path in a vacuum(5) Gas flow in a vacuum

b. Vacuum measurement(1) Pressure units in a vacuum(2) Absolute versus gage pressure(3) Mechanical gages

(a) Bourdon or diaphragm(b) Manometer (U-tube or McLeod)(c) Capacitance manometer

(4) Electrical gages(a) Thermal conductivity(b) Ionization

(5) Gage calibration — full rangec. Vacuum pumps

(1) Types of vacuum pumps(2) Mechanical pumps

(a) Reciprocating versus rotary(b) Roots, turbomolecular, drag pumps

(3) Nonmechanical pumps

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(a) Fluid entrainment or diffusion(b) Condensation or sorption

(4) Pump oils(5) Pumping speed and pump-down time

d. Vacuum materials(1) Outgassing — vapor pressure(2) Elastomers, gaskets, O rings(3) Metals, metal alloys, and nonmetals

(a) Carbon steel versus stainless steel(b) Aluminum, copper, nickel, and alloys

(4) Nonmetals(a) Glass, ceramics(b) Plastics, Tygon™, etc.

(5) Joint design(a) Sealed joint(b) Welded/brazed joint(c) Mechanical joint

(6) Vacuum greases and sealing materials(7) Tracer gas permeation through materials

e. Design of a vacuum system(1) Production of a vacuum

(a) Removal of gas molecules(b) Gas quantity or throughput(c) Conductance

(2) Stages of vacuum pumping(a) Various vacuum pumps(b) Various traps and baffles(c) Pumping stages or sequences

(3) Vacuum valve location(a) Vacuum valve design and seat

leakage(b) Isolation and protection(c) Automatic versus manual(d) Venting

f. Maintenance and cleanliness(1) Maintenance of vacuum equipment

(a) Under constant vacuum(b) Dry gas (nitrogen)

(2) Routing oil changes(3) System cleanliness

(a) Initial cleanliness(b) Cleaning procedures and effects on

leak location and measurement(c) Continued cleanliness

g. Analysis and documentation(1) Analysis of outgassing and background

contamination(2) Instrument/system calibration(3) Analysis of leakage indications/signals(4) Interpretation and evaluation(5) Documentation of calibration and test

results

Leak Test Selection Course

1. Choice of Leak Testing Procedurea. Basic categories of leak testing

(1) Leak location(2) Leakage measurement(3) Leakage monitoring

b. Types of leak testing methods(1) Specifications(2) Sensitivity

c. Basic techniques(1) Pressurization or evacuation(2) Sealed unit with or without tracer gases(3) Probing or visual leak location(4) Tracer or detector probing(5) Accumulation techniques

Recommended Training References Leak Testing Method, Level I and II


ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspection Code —Section V, Article 10, Leak Testing. New York:American Society of Mechanical Engineers, latestedition.

Calibration of Leak Detectors of the MassSpectrometer Type (2.1). New York: AmericanVacuum Society, 1973.**

Containment System Leakage Testing Requirements(ANSI/ANS 56.8). New York: American NationalStandards Institute, 1981.

Drinkwine and Lichlman. Partial Pressure Analyzerand Analysis. New York: American VacuumSociety, 1979.**

Dushman, S. Scientific Foundation of VacuumTechnique, third printing. Somerset, NJ: JohnWiley & Sons, Inc., 1965.

Guthrie, A. Vacuum Technology. Somerset, NJ: JohnWiley & Sons, Inc., 1963.**

Halmshaw, R., ed. Mathematics and Formulas in NDT.British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing, 1978.*

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Introduction to Helium Mass Spectrometer LeakDetection. Lexington, MA: Varian Assn., 1980.

Introduction to Vacuum and Leak Detection. Plainview,NY: Veeco Instruments, Inc., 1980.

Leak Detection Manual (Halogen), 1D-4816.Shenandoah, GA: General Electric.**

Leak Detection Manual (Helium), 4820-48000.Wilmington, DE: CEC/Du Pont, 1982.**

Leakage-rate Testing of Containment Structures forNuclear Reactors (N45.4). New York: AmericanNational Standards Institute, 1972.

Leakage Testing Handbook by General Electric andNASA under contracts CR-952 and NAS7-396,NASA Report #N69-38843, available as reportIST-295 from National Technical InformationServices, Springfield, VA.

Light Water Reactor Coolant Pressure Boundary LeakDetection (S67.03). Pittsburgh, PA: InstrumentSociety of America.


McMaster Robert C., ed. Nondestructive TestingHandbook, Volume 1: second edition, LeakTesting. Columbus, OH: The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc., 1982.*

Method for Vacuum Leak Detection (2.2). New York:American Vacuum Society, 1968.**

Military Publications†Leak Detection Compound, Oxygen Systems(MIL-I-2556C).**Leak Detector, Refrigerant Gas; Acetylene Burningwith Search Hose (MIL-L-3516C).**Leak Detector, Full System (MIL-L-83774). Liquid Dye for Leak Detection (MIL-D-81298).

Mix, Paul E. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: ATraining Guide. New York: John Wiley & Sons,Inc., 1987.*

Modey and Brown, eds. History of Vacuum Scienceand Technology. New York: American VacuumSociety, 1984.

Nondestructive Evaluation Criteria for Use of ASMESection III and USASI B31.7. Div., Reactor Dev.and Tech., U.S. Government, Department ofEnergy.†


Nondestructive Testing — A Survey. NASA Report SP-5113, Southwest Research Institute, available asReport N73-28517 from National TechnicalInformation Service, Springfield, VA.

O’Hanlon, J. A User’s Guide to Vacuum Technology.New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1989.*

Primary Reactor Containment Leakage Testing forWater-Cooled Power Reactors (Appendix J Title10 CFR Part 50). U.S. Government, Department ofEnergy.**

Procedure for the Calibration of Gas Analyzers of theMass Spectrometry Type (2.3). New York:American Vacuum Society, 1973.**

Quality Assurance Provision for Nondestructive TestingHandbook, QE-702-14E. Alabama: U.S. ArmyRedstone Arsenal.**

Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Bubble Leak TestingMethod. Columbus, OH: The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc., 1994.*

Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Halogen Diode Method.Columbus, OH: The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc., 1995.*

Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Mass SpectrometerTesting Method. Columbus, OH: The AmericanSociety for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., 1996.*

Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Pressure ChangeMeasurement Testing Method. Columbus, OH:The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,Inc., 1994.*

Testing of Nuclear Air-Cleaning Systems (ANSI/ASMEN510). New York: American National StandardsInstitute.

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Tompkin, H. Introduction to the Fundamentals ofVacuum Technology. New York: American VacuumSociety, 1984.

U.S. Government Fed. Test Method Standards†Leak Testing (Helium Mass Spectrometer) (#151b-method 441). Leak Testing (Pressurized Gas) (#151b–method 442). Leak Testing (Vacuum) (#151 b-method 443).

Vacuum Technology — Mass Spectrometer Type LeakDetector (3530). Geneva, Switzerland:International Organization for Standardization.

Vacuum Technology: Its Foundation, Formula, andTables. E. Syracuse, NY: Inficon Leybold-Heraeus,1980.

Water and Steam in the Power Cycle (Purity andQuality, Leak Detection and Measurement) (PTC19.11, Part II). New York: American Society ofMechanical Engineers, 1970.

Weast, R. C. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Wilson, N., and L. Beavis. Handbook of Vacuum LeakDetection. New York: American Vacuum Society,1979.

* Available from The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc. Columbus, OH.

** This book is a Recommended Reference becauseof the valuable data it contains. This title iscurrently out of print, however, and is not availablefrom ASNT.

† Available from the Naval Publications and FormsCenter, 5801 Tabor Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19120.

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Training for Level I Liquid PenetrantTesting

1. Introductiona. Brief history of nondestructive testing and

liquid penetrant testingb. Purpose of liquid penetrant testingc. Basic principles of liquid penetrant testingd. Types of liquid penetrants commercially

availablee. Method of personnel qualification

2. Liquid Penetrant Processinga. Preparation of partsb. Adequate lightingc. Application of penetrant to partsd. Removal of surface penetrante. Developer application and dryingf. Inspection and evaluationg. Postcleaning

3. Various Penetrant Testing Methodsa. Current ASTM and ASME standard methods

— ASTM E1208, 1209, 1210.b. Characteristics of each methodc. General applications of each method

4. Liquid Penetrant Testing Equipmenta. Liquid penetrant testing unitsb. Lighting equipment and light metersc. Materials for liquid penetrant testingd. Precautions in liquid penetrant inspection

Training for Level II Liquid PenetrantTesting

1. Reviewa. Basic principles b. Process of various methodsc. Equipment

2. Selection of the Appropriate Penetrant TestingMethoda. Advantages of various methodsb. Disadvantages of various methods

3. Inspection and Evaluation of Indicationsa. General

(1) Discontinuities inherent in variousmaterials

(2) Reason for indications(3) Appearance of indications

(4) Time for indications to appear(5) Effects of temperature and lighting (white

to UV)(6) Effects of metal smearing operations (shot

peening, machining, etc.)(7) Preferred sequence for penetrant

inspection(8) Part preparation (precleaning, stripping,

etc.)b. Factors affecting indications

(1) Penetrant used(2) Prior processing(3) Technique used

c. Indications from cracks(1) Cracks occurring during solidification(2) Cracks occurring during processing(3) Cracks occurring during service

d. Indications from porositye. Indications from specific material forms

(1) Forgings(2) Castings(3) Plate(4) Welds(5) Extrusions

f. Evaluation of indications(1) True indications(2) False indications(3) Relevant indications(4) Nonrelevant indications(5) Process control

(a) Controlling process variables(b) Testing and maintenance materials

4. Inspection Procedures and Standardsa. Inspection procedures (minimum

requirements)b. Standards/codes

(1) Applicable methods/processes(2) Acceptance criteria

5. Basic methods of instruction

Recommended Training References Liquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level Iand II


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ASNT Level III Study Guide: Liquid Penetrant TestingMethod. Columbus, OH: The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc., 1980.*

Boisvert, Bernie. Principles and Applications of LiquidPenetrant Testing: A Classroom Training Text.Columbus, OH: The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc., 1993.*

Liquid Penetrant Testing, Classroom TrainingHandbook (CT-6-2). San Diego, CA: GeneralDynamics/Convair Division, 1977.†

Liquid Penetrant Testing, Programmed InstructionHandbook (PI-4-2). San Diego, CA: GeneralDynamics/Convair Division, 1977.†

Lovejoy, David. Penetrant Testing: A Practical Guide.New York: Chapman & Hall, 1991.*

Materials Evaluation. Vol. 44, No. 12 (November1986). Columbus, OH: The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc.*

Materials Evaluation. Vol. 45, No. 7 (July 1987).Columbus, OH: The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc.*



McMaster, Robert C., ed. Nondestructive TestingHandbook, second edition: Volume 2, LiquidPenetrant Tests. Columbus, OH: The AmericanSociety for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., 1982 .*



Standard Reference Photographs for Liquid PenetrantInspection: Adjunct to ASTM E-433. Philadelphia,PA: ASTM, 1985.

Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant TestingMethod. Columbus, OH: The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc., 1996.

Welding Handbook, Volume 1. Miami, FL: AmericanWelding Society, latest edition.*




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Training for Level I MagneticParticle Testing

1. Principles of Magnets and Magnetic Fieldsa. Theory of magnetic fields

(1) Earth’s magnetic field(2) Magnetic fields around magnetized

materialsb. Theory of magnetism

(1) Magnetic poles(2) Law of magnetism(3) Materials influenced by magnetic fields

(a) Ferromagnetic (b) Paramagnetic

(4) Magnetic characteristics of nonferrousmaterials

c. Terminology associated with magnetic particletesting

2. Characteristics of Magnetic Fieldsa. Bar magnetb. Ring magnet

3. Effect of Discontinuities of Materialsa. Surface cracksb. Scratchesc. Subsurface defects

4. Magnetization by Means of Electric Currenta. Circular field

(1) Field around a straight conductor(2) Right hand rule(3) Field in parts through which current flows

(a) Long, solid, cylindrical, regular parts(b) Irregularly shaped parts(c) Tubular parts(d) Parts containing machined holes,

slots, etc.(4) Methods of inducing current flow in parts

(a) Contact plates(b) Prods

(5) Discontinuities commonly discovered bycircular fields

b. Longitudinal field(1) Field produced by current flow in a coil(2) Field direction in a current-carrying coil(3) Field strength in a current-carrying coil(4) Discontinuities commonly discovered by

longitudinal fields(5) Advantages of longitudinal magnetization(6) Disadvantages of longitudinal

magnetization

5. Selecting the Proper Method of Magnetizationa. Alloy, shape, and condition of partb. Type of magnetizing currentc. Direction of magnetic fieldd. Sequence of operationse. Value of flux density

6. Inspection Materialsa. Wet particlesb. Dry particles

7. Principles of Demagnetizationa. Residual magnetismb. Reasons for requiring demagnetizationc. Longitudinal and circular residual fieldsd. Basic principles of demagnetizatione. Retentivity and coercive forcef. Methods of demagnetization

8. Magnetic Particle Testing Equipmenta. Equipment selection considerations

(1) Type of magnetizing current(2) Location and nature of test(3) Test materials used(4) Purpose of test(5) Area inspected

b. Manual inspection equipmentc. Medium- and heavy-duty equipmentd. Stationary equipmente. Mechanized inspection equipment

(1) Semiautomatic inspection equipment (2) Single-purpose semiautomatic equipment(3) Multipurpose semiautomatic equipment(4) Fully automatic equipment

9. Types of Discontinuities Detected by MagneticParticle Testinga. Inclusions b. Blowholesc. Porosityd. Flakese. Cracksf. Pipesg. Laminationsh. Lapsi. Forging burstsj. Voids

10. Magnetic Particle Test Indications andInterpretationsa. Indications of nonmetallic inclusionsb. Indications of surface seamsc. Indications of cracksd. Indications of laminations

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e. Indications of lapsf. Indications of bursts and flakesg. Indications of porosityh. Nonrelevant indications

Training for Level II MagneticParticle Testing

1. Principlesa. Theory

(1) Flux patterns (2) Frequency and voltage factors(3) Current calculations(4) Surface flux strength(5) Subsurface effects

b. Magnets and magnetism (1) Distance factors versus strength of flux (2) Internal and external flux patterns(3) Phenomenon action at the discontinuity(4) Heat effects on magnetism (5) Material hardness versus magnetic

retention

2. Flux Fieldsa. Direct current

(1) Depth of penetration factors (2) Source of current

b. Direct pulsating current (1) Similarity to direct current (2) Advantages(3) Typical fields

c. Alternating current (1) Cyclic effects (2) Surface strength characteristics(3) Safety precautions(4) Voltage and current factors(5) Source of current

3. Effects of Discontinuities on Materialsa. Design factors

(1) Mechanical properties (2) Part use

b. Relationship to load-carrying ability

4. Magnetization by Means of Electric Currenta. Circular techniques

(1) Current calculations (2) Depth-factor considerations(3) Precautions — safety and overheating(4) Contact prods and yokes

(a) Requirements for prods and yokes (b) Current-carrying capabilities

(5) Discontinuities commonly detectedb. Longitudinal technique

(1) Principles of induced flux fields (2) Geometry of part to be inspected(3) Shapes and sizes of coils(4) Use of coils and cables

(a) Strength of field (b) Current directional flow versus fluxfield(c) Shapes, sizes, and current capacities

(5) Current calculations (a) Formulas (b) Types of current required(c) Current demand

(6) Discontinuities commonly detected

5. Selecting the Proper Method of Magnetizationa. Alloy, shape, and condition of part b. Type of magnetizing currentc. Direction of magnetic fieldd. Sequence of operationse. Value of flux density

6. Demagnetization Proceduresa. Need for demagnetization of parts b. Current, frequency, and field orientationc. Heat factors and precautionsd. Need for collapsing flux fields

7. Equipmenta. Portable type

(1) Reason for portable equipment(2) Capabilities of portable equipment(3) Similarity to stationary equipment

b. Stationary type(1) Capability of handling large and heavy

parts(2) Flexibility in use(3) Need for stationary equipment(4) Use of accessories and attachments

c. Automatic type(1) Requirements for automation(2) Sequential operations(3) Control and operation factors(4) Alarm and rejection mechanisms

d. Liquids and powders(1) Liquid requirements as a particle vehicle(2) Safety precautions(3) Temperature needs(4) Powder and paste contents(5) Mixing procedures(6) Need for accurate proportions

e. Black light type(1) Black light and fluorescence

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(2) Visible and black light comparisons(3) Requirements in the testing cycle(4) Techniques in use

f. Light-sensitive instruments(1) Need for instrumentation(2) Light characteristics

8. Types of Discontinuitiesa. In castings b. In ingotsc. In wrought sections and partsd. In welds

9. Evaluation Techniquesa. Use of standards

(1) Need for standards and references(2) Comparison of known with unknown(3) Specifications and certifications(4) Comparison techniques

b. Defect appraisal(1) History of part(2) Manufacturing process(3) Possible causes of defect(4) Use of part(5) Acceptance and rejection criteria(6) Use of tolerances

10. Quality Control of Equipment and Processesa. Malfunctioning of equipmentb. Proper magnetic particles and bath liquidc. Bath concentration

(1) Settling test(2) Other bath strength tests

d. Tests for black light intensity

Recommended Training References Magnetic Particle Method, Level I and II


ASNT Level III Study Guide: Magnetic Particle TestingMethod. Columbus, OH: The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc., 1980.*

Betz, Carl E. Principles of Magnetic Particle Testing.Chicago: Magnaflux Corp., 1997.

Magnetic Particle Testing, Classroom TrainingHandbook (CT-6-3). San Diego, CA: GeneralDynamics/Convair Division, 1977.†

Magnetic Particle Testing, Programmed InstructionHandbook (PI-4-3). San Diego, CA: GeneralDynamics/ Convair Division, 1977.†





Schmidt, J. Thomas and Kermit Skeie, technical eds,and Paul McIntire, ed. Nondestructive TestingHandbook, second edition: Volume 6, MagneticParticle Testing. Columbus, OH: The AmericanSociety for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., 1989.*

Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Magnetic Particle TestingMethod. Columbus, OH: The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc., 1994.*

Welding Handbook. Volume 1. Miami, FL: AmericanWelding Society, latest edition.*



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Training for Level I NeutronRadiographic Testing

Neutron Radiographic EquipmentOperating and Emergency InstructionsCourse

Note: It is recommended that the trainee receiveinstruction in this course prior to performing workin neutron radiography.

1. Personnel Monitoringa. Personnel-monitoring dosimeters

(1) Types(2) Reading(3) Record keeping

b. Permissible personnel exposure limits

2. Radiation-Survey Instrumentsa. Types of instrumentsb. Reading and interpreting meter indicationsc. Calibration frequencyd. Calibration expiration — actions to be takene. Battery check — importance

3. Radiation Area Surveysa. Type and quantity of radiationb. Posting

(1) Radiation areas(2) High radiation areas

c. Establishment of time limits

4. Radioactivitya. Radioactive components (fuel, sources, etc.)b. Induced radioactivity — due to neutron

radiography(1) Handling of radioactive components (2) Decay of radioactive components(3) Shipping of radioactive components

5. Radiation Area Work Practices — Safetya. Use of time, shielding, and distance to reduce

personnel radiation exposureb. Restricted areasc. Radioactive contamination

(1) Clothing requirements(2) Contamination control(3) Contamination cleanup

d. Specific procedures

6.* Explosive Device Safetya. Static electricityb. Grounding devices

c. Clothing requirementsd. Handling and storage requirements and

procedurese. Shipping and receiving procedures

7. State and Federal Regulationsa. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and

Agreement States authorityb. Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(OSHA)c. Department of Transportation (DOT)d.* State and federal explosive-licensing

requirements

* Required only by those personnel who will beinvolved in neutron radiography of explosive devices.

Basic Neutron Radiographic PhysicsCourse

1. Introduction a. History of industrial neutron radiographyb. General principles of examination of materials

by penetrating radiationc. Relationship of penetrating neutron radiation,

radiography, and radiometryd. Comparison with other NDT methods,

particularly with X-rays and gamma rayse. General areas of application

(1) Imaging (2) Metrology(3) Product

2. Physical Principlesa. Sources for neutron radiography (general

description)(1) Isotopes(2) Nuclear reactors(3) Accelerators

b. Interaction between neutrons and matter(1) Absorption

(a) Thermal neutrons(b) Resonance neutrons(c) Fast neutrons

(2) Scatter(a) Elastic(b) Inelastic

c. Neutron radiography techniques(1) Film imaging techniques(2) Nonfilm imaging techniques

d. Glossary of terms and units of measure

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3. Radiation Sources for Neutrons (SpecificDescription)a. Reactors

(1) Principle of fission chain reactions(2) Neutron thermalization (slowing down)(3) Thermal neutron flux

b. Accelerators(1) Types of accelerators(2) Neutron-producing reactions

c. Isotopic sources (1) Radioisotope + Be

(a) α - Be(b) γ - Be

(2) Radioisotope + D(a) γ - D

(3) Spontaneous fission(a) 252Cf

4. Personnel Safety and Radiation Protectiona. Hazards of excessive exposure

(1) General — beta, gamma radiation(2) Specific neutron hazards

(a) Relative biological effectiveness(b) Neutron activation

b. Methods of controlling radiation dose(1) Time(2) Distance (3) Shielding

c. Specific equipment requirements(1) Neutron monitoring dosimeters(2) Gamma ray monitoring dosimeters(3) Radiation survey equipment

(a) Beta/gamma(b) Neutron

(4) Recording/record keepingd. Radiation work procedurese. Federal, state, and local regulations

Basic Neutron Radiographic TechniqueCourse

1. Radiation-Detection Imaginga. Converter screens

(1) Principles of operation(2) Direct-imaging screens(3) Transfer-imaging screens

b. Film — principles, properties, and uses withneutron converter screens(1) Radiation response(2) Vacuum/contact considerations(3) Radiographic speed(4) Radiographic contrast

c. Track-etch(1) Radiation response(2) Vacuum/contact considerations(3) Radiographic speed(4) Radiographic contrast

2. Neutron Radiographic Process: Basic ImagingConsiderationsa. Definition of sensitivity (including

penetrameters)b. Contrast and definition

(1) Neutron energy and neutron screenrelationship

(2) Effect of scattering in objectc. Geometric principlesd. Generation and control of scattere. Choice of neutron sourcef. Choice of filmg. Use of exposure curvesh. Cause of correction of unsatisfactory

radiographs(1) High film density (2) Low film density(3) High contrast(4) Low contrast(5) Poor definition(6) Excessive film fog(7) Light leaks(8) Artifacts

i. Arithmetic of exposure

3. Test Result Interpretationa. Relationship between X-ray and n-rayb. Effects on measurement and interpretation of

testc. Administrative control of test quality by

interpreterd. Familiarization with image

Training for Level II NeutronRadiographic Testing

Neutron Radiographic Physics Course

1. Introductiona. General principles of examination of materials

by penetrating radiationb. Relationship of penetrating neutron radiation,

radiography, and radiometryc. Comparison with other methods, particularly

with X-rays and gamma raysd. Specific areas of application in industry


2. Review of Physical Principlesa. Nature of penetrating radiation (all types)

(1) Particles (2) Wave properties(3) Electromagnetic waves(4) Fundamentals of radiation physics(5) Sources of radiation

(a) Electronic sources(b) Isotopic sources(c) Nuclear reactors(d) Accelerators

b. Interaction between penetrating radiation andmatter (neutron and gamma ray)(1) Absorption (2) Scatter(3) Other interactions

c. Glossary of terms and units of measure

3. Radiation Sources for Neutronsa. Neutron sources — general

(1) Reactors(a) Principle of fission chain reactions(b) Fast-neutron flux — energy and

spatial distribution(c) Neutron thermalization(d) Thermal-neutron flux — energy and

spatial distribution(2) Accelerators

(a) Types of accelerators(b) Neutron-producing reactions(c) Available yields and energy spectra

(3) Isotopic sources(a) Radioisotope + Be(b) Radioisotope + D(c) Spontaneous fission — 252Cf

(4) Beam design(a) Source placement(b) Collimation(c) Filtering(d) Shielding

4. Radiation Detectiona. Imaging

(1) Converter screens(a) Principles of operations(b) Types of screens

(11) Direct exposure

(21) Transfer exposure

(31) Track-etch process

(41) Spectral sensitivity (each

process)(2) Film — principles, properties, use with

neutron converter screens

(a) Material examination (b) Monitoring

(3) Fluoroscopy (a) Fluorescent screen (b) Image amplification(c) Cine techniques

(4) Direct TV viewing(5) Special instrumentation associated with

above techniquesb. Nonimaging devices

(1) Solid-state (a) Scintillometer (b) Photoresistive devices(c) Other

(2) Gaseous (a) Proportional counters (b) Geiger counters(c) Ionization chambers(d) Other

(3) Neutron detectors (a) Boron-based gas counters (b) Fission counters(c) Helium-3 detectors(d) Lithium-based scintillator(e) Instrumentation

(11) Rate meters

(21) Counters

(31) Amplifiers and preamplifiers

(41) Recording readouts

(51) Other

5. Personnel Safety and Radiation Protectiona. Hazards of excessive exposure

(1) General — beta, gamma ray(2) Specific neutron hazards

(a) Relative biological effectiveness (RBE)(b) Neutron activation of components

b. Methods of controlling accumulated radiationdose (1) Time (2) Distance(3) Shielding

c. Specific equipment requirements(1) Neutron monitoring equipment(2) Gamma ray monitoring equipment(3) Survey(4) Recording(5) Exposure shields and/or rooms

(a) Operation(b) Alarms

d. Operation and emergency procedurese. Federal, state, and local regulations

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Neutron Radiographic Technique Course

1. Neutron Radiographic Processa. Basic neutron-imaging considerations

(1) Definition of sensitivity (includingpenetrameters)

(2) Contrast and definition(a) Neutron energy and neutron screen

relationship(b) Effect of scattering in object(c) Exposure versus foil thickness

(3) Geometric principles(4) Intensifying screens

(a) Fluorescent (neutron-sensitive)(b) Metallic (neutron-sensitive)

(5) Generation and control of scatter(6) Choice of source(7) Choice of film/detector(8) Use of exposure curves and process by

which they are generated(9) Fluoroscopic inspection

(a) Theory of operation (b) Applications(c) Limitations

(10)Film processing (a) Darkroom procedures (b) Darkroom equipment and chemicals(c) Film processing do’s and don’ts

(11)Viewing of radiographs(a) Illuminator requirements (intensity)(b) Background lighting(c) Judging quality of neutron radiographs

(12)Causes and correction of unsatisfactoryradiographs (a) High film density (b) Insufficient film density(c) High contrast(d) Low contrast(e) Poor definition(f) Excessive neutron scatter(g) Fog(h) Light leaks(i) Artifacts

(13)Arithmetic of exposure and of other factorsaffecting neutron radiographs

b. Miscellaneous applications(1) Blocking and filtering(2) Multifilm techniques(3) Enlargement and projection(4) Stereoradiography(5) Triangulation methods(6) Autoradiography(7) Flash neutron radiography

(8) “In-motion” radiography and fluoroscopy(9) Backscatter neutron radiography(10)Neutron tomography(11)Micro-neutron radiography(12)Causes of “diffraction” effects and

minimization of interference with test(13)Determination of focal-spot size(14)Panoramic techniques(15)Altering film contrast and density(16)Gaging and control processes

2. Test Result Interpretationa. Basic factors

(1) General aspects (relationship betweenX–ray and neutron radiographs)

(2) Effects on measurement and interpretationof test

(3) Administrative control of test quality byinterpreter

(4) Familiarization with imageb. Material considerations

(1) Metallurgy or other material considerationas it affects use of item and test results

(2) Materials-processing effects on use ofitem and test results

(3) Discontinuities — their causes and effects(4) Radiographic appearance of

discontinuitiesc. Codes, standards, specifications, and

procedures(1) Thermal neutron radiography(2) Resonance neutron radiography(3) Other applicable codes, etc.

Recommended Training References Neutron Radiographic Testing Method,Level I and II


Atomic Energy Review. Vol. 15, No. 2, June 1977.**

Berger, H. Neutron Radiography. Amsterdam,Netherlands: Elsevier Publishing Co., 1965.*

Berger, H. “Neutron Radiography,” Annual Reviews ofNuclear Science, Vol. 21. Palo Alto, CA: AnnualReview, Inc., 1971.**

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Berger, H. Neutron Radiography and Gaging — STP586. Philadelphia, PA: American Society forTesting and Materials, 1967.

Bryant, Lawrence A. and Paul McIntire, eds.Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second edition:Volume 3, Radiography and Radiation Testing.Columbus, OH: The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc., 1985.*

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10: Part 0-5.Washington D.C.: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1993.

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10: Part 20.Washington D.C.: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1996.

Domanus, J. C. Collimators for Thermal NeutronRadiography, An Overview. D. Reidel PublishingCo., 1987.

Herz, R. The Photographic Action of IonizingRadiations. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1969.**

Horns, A. A. and D. R. Wyman. Mathematics andPhysics of Neutron Radiography. ReidelPublishing Co., 1986.


Neutron Radiography Handbook. Holland and Boston:D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1981.**

Neutron Radiography: Proceedings of the First WorldConference. D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1981.

Neutron Radiography: Proceedings of the SecondWorld Conference. D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1981.

Neutron Radiography: Proceedings of the Third WorldConference. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.

Neutron Radiography: Proceedings of the FourthWorld Conference. Gordon & Breach SciencePublishers, 1992.


Radiographic Testing, Classroom Training Handbook(CT-6-6). San Diego, CA: GeneralDynamics/Convair Division, 1967.†

Radiographic Testing, Programmed InstructionHandbook (PI-4-6). San Diego, CA: GeneralDynamics/Convair Division, 1983.†

Radiography in Modern Industry, fourth edition.Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co., 1980.*

Sensitometric Properties of X-Ray Films. Rochester,NY: Eastman Kodak Co., 1974.**

Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Neutron RadiographicTesting Method. Columbus, OH: The AmericanSociety for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., 1994.*

Tyufakov, N. D., and A. S. Shtan. Principles of NeutronRadiography, TT76-52048. New Delhi, India:Amerind Publishing Co., 1979.**




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Training for Level I RadiographicTesting

Radiographic Equipment Operating andEmergency Instructions Course

Note: It is recommended that the trainee receiveinstruction in this course prior to performing workin radiography.

1. Personnel Monitoringa. Wearing of monitoring badgesb. Reading of pocket dosimetersc. Recording of daily dosimeter readingsd. “Off-scale” dosimeter – action requirede. Permissible exposure limits

2. Survey Instrumentsa. Types of radiation instrumentsb. Reading and interpreting meter indicationsc. Calibration frequencyd. Calibration expiration – actione. Battery check – importance

3. Leak Testing of Sealed Radioactive Sourcesa. Requirements for leak testingb. Purpose of leak testingc. Performance of leak testing

4. Radiation Survey Reportsa. Requirements for completionb. Description of report format

5. Radiographic Work Practicesa. Establishment of restricted areasb. Posting and surveillance of restricted areasc. Use of time, distance, and shielding to reduce

personnel radiation exposured. Applicable regulatory requirements for

surveys, posting, and control of radiation andhigh-radiation areas

6. Exposure Devicesa. Daily inspection and maintenanceb.* Radiation exposure limits for gamma ray

exposure devicesc. Labelingd. Usee. Use of collimators to reduce personnel

exposuref.* Use of “source changers” for gamma ray

sources

7. Emergency Proceduresa.* Vehicle accidents with radioactive sealed

sourcesb.* Fire involving sealed sourcesc.* “Source out” — failure to return to safe

shielded conditionsd.* Emergency call list

8. Storage and Shipment of Exposed Devices andSourcesa.* Vehicle storageb.* Storage vault — permanentc.* Shipping instructions — sourcesd.* Receiving instructions — radioactive material

9. State and Federal Regulationsa. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and

agreement states — authorityb. License reciprocityc.* Radioactive materials license requirements for

industrial radiographyd. Qualification requirements for radiography

personnele. Regulations for the control of radiation (state

or NRC as applicable)f.* Department of Transportation regulations for

radiographic-source shipmentg. Regulatory requirements for X-ray machines

(state and federal as applicable)

* Topics may be deleted if the radiography is limited toX-ray exposure devices.

Basic Radiographic Physics Course

1. Introductiona. History and discovery of radioactive materialsb. Definition of industrial radiographyc. Radiation protection — why?d. Basic math review: exponents, square root,

etc.

2. Fundamental Properties of Mattera. Elements and atomsb. Molecules and compoundsc. Atomic particles — properties of protons,

electrons, and neutronsd. Atomic structuree. Atomic number and weightf. Isotope versus radioisotope

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3. Radioactive Materialsa. Production

(1) Neutron activation(2) Nuclear fission

b. Stable versus unstable (radioactive) atomsc. Curie — the unit of activityd. Half life of radioactive materialse. Plotting of radioactive decayf. Specific activity — curies/gram

4. Types of Radiationa. Particulate radiation — properties: alpha, beta,

neutronb. Electromagnetic radiation — X-ray, gamma rayc. X-ray productiond. Gamma ray productione. Gamma ray energyf. Energy characteristics of common radioisotope

sourcesg. Energy characteristics of X-ray machines

5. Interaction of Radiation with Mattera. Ionizationb. Radiation interaction with matter

(1) Photoelectric effect(2) Compton scattering(3) Pair production

c. Unit of radiation exposure — the roentgend. Emissivity of commonly used radiographic

sourcese. Emissivity of X-ray exposure devicesf. Attenuation of electromagnetic radiation —

shieldingg. Half-value layers; tenth-value layersh. Inverse square law

6. Biological Effects of Radiationa. “Natural” background radiationb. Unit of radiation dose — remc. Difference between radiation and

contaminationd. Allowable personnel exposure limits and the

banking concepte. Theory of allowable dosef. Radiation damage — repair conceptg. Symptoms of radiation injuryh. Acute radiation exposure and somatic injuryi. Personnel monitoring for tracking exposurej. Organ radiosensitivity

7. Radiation Detectiona. Pocket dosimeterb. Difference between dose and dose ratec. Survey instruments

(1) Geiger-Müller tube(2) Ionization chambers(3) Scintillation chambers, counters

d. Film badge — radiation detectore. TLDs (thermoluminescent dosimeters)f. Calibration

8. Exposure Devices and Radiation Sourcesa. Radioisotope sources

(1) Sealed-source design and fabrication (2) Gamma ray sources(3) Beta and bremsstrahlung sources(4) Neutron sources

b. Radioisotope exposure device characteristicsc. Electronic radiation sources — 500 keV and

less, low energy(1) Generator — high-voltage rectifiers(2) X-ray tube design and fabrication(3) X-ray control circuits(4) Accelerating potential(5) Target material and configuration(6) Heat dissipation(7) Duty cycle(8) Beam filtration

d.* Electronic radiation sources — medium andhigh energy (1)* Resonance transformer (2)* Van de Graaff accelerator(3)* Linac(4)* Betatron(5)* Roentgen output(6)* Equipment design and fabrication(7)* Beam filtration

e.* Fluoroscopic radiation sources(1)* Fluoroscopic equipment design (2)* Direct-viewing screens(3)* Image amplification(4)* Special X-ray tube considerations and

duty cycle (5)* Screen unsharpness(6)* Screen conversion efficiency

9. Special Radiographic Sources and Techniquesa.* Flash radiographyb.* Stereo radiographyc.* In-motion radiographyd.* Autoradiography

* Topics may be deleted if these methods andtechniques are not used by the employer.

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Radiographic Technique Course

1. Introductiona. Process of radiographyb. Types of electromagnetic radiation sourcesc. Electromagnetic spectrumd. Penetrating ability or “quality” of X-rays and

gamma rayse. Spectrum of X-ray tube sourcef. Spectrum of gamma-radioisotope sourceg. X-ray tube — change of mA or kVp effect on

“quality” and intensity

2. Basic Principles of Radiographya. Geometric exposure principles

(1) “Shadow” formation and distortion(2) Shadow enlargement calculation(3) Shadow sharpness(4) Geometric unsharpness(5) Finding discontinuity depth

b. Radiographic screens(1) Lead intensifying screens(2) Fluorescent intensifying screens(3) Intensifying factors(4) Importance of screen-to-film contact(5) Importance of screen cleanliness and care(6) Techniques for cleaning screens

c. Radiographic cassettesd. Composition of industrial radiographic filme. The “heel effect” with X-ray tubes

3. Radiographsa. Formation of the latent image on filmb. Inherent unsharpnessc. Arithmetic of radiographic exposure

(1) Milliamperage — distance-timerelationship

(2) Reciprocity law(3) Photographic density(4) X-ray exposure charts — material

thickness, kV, and exposure(5) Gamma ray exposure chart(6) Inverse square law considerations(7) Calculation of exposure time for gamma

and X-ray sourcesd. Characteristic Hurter and Driffield (H&D) curvee. Film speed and class descriptionsf. Selection of film for particular purpose

4. Radiographic Image Quality a. Radiographic sensitivityb. Radiographic contrastc. Film contrast

d. Subject contraste. Definitionf. Film graininess and screen mottle effectsg. Penetrameters or image-quality indicators

5. Film Handling, Loading, and Processinga. Safe light and darkroom practicesb. Loading bench and cleanlinessc. Opening of film boxes and packetsd. Loading of film and sealing cassettese. Handling techniques for “green film”f. Elements of manual film processing

6. Exposure Techniques — Radiography a. Single-wall radiography b. Double-wall radiography

(1) Viewing two walls simultaneously(2) Offset double-wall exposure single-wall

viewing(3) Elliptical techniques

c. Panoramic radiographyd. Use of multiple-film loadinge. Specimen configuration

7. Fluoroscopic Techniquesa. Dark adaptation and eye sensitivity b. Special scattered radiation techniquesc. Personnel protectiond. Sensitivitye. Limitationsf. Direct screen viewingg. Indirect and remote screen viewing

Training for Level II RadiographicTesting

Film Quality and Manufacturing ProcessesCourse

1. Review of Basic Radiographic Principlesa. Interaction of radiation with matter b. Math reviewc. Exposure calculationsd. Geometric exposure principlese. Radiographic-image quality parameters

2. Darkroom Facilities, Techniques, andProcessinga. Facilities and equipment

(1) Automatic film processor versus manualprocessing


(2) Safe lights(3) Viewer lights(4) Loading bench(5) Miscellaneous equipment

b. Film loading (1) General rules for handling unprocessed

film (2) Types of film packaging(3) Cassette-loading techniques for sheet and

rollc. Protection of radiographic film in storaged. Processing of film — manual

(1) Developer and replenishment(2) Stop bath(3) Fixer and replenishment(4) Washing(5) Prevention of water spots(6) Drying

e. Automatic film processingf. Film filing and storage

(1) Retention-life measurements(2) Long-term storage(3) Filing and separation techniques

g. Unsatisfactory radiographs — causes andcures(1) High film density (2) Insufficient film density(3) High contrast(4) Low contrast(5) Poor definition(6) Fog(7) Light leaks(8) Artifacts

h. Film density(1) Step-wedge comparison film(2) Densitometers

3. Indications, Discontinuities, and Defectsa. Indicationsb. Discontinuities

(1) Inherent(2) Processing(3) Service

c. Defects

4. Manufacturing Processes and AssociatedDiscontinuitiesa. Casting processes and associated

discontinuities (1) Ingots, blooms, and billets(2) Sand casting(3) Centrifugal casting(4) Investment casting

b. Wrought processes and associateddiscontinuities(1) Forgings(2) Rolled products(3) Extruded products

c. Welding processes and associateddiscontinuities(1) Submerged arc welding (SAW)(2) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)(3) Gas metal arc welding (GMAW)(4) Flux corded arc welding (FCAW)(5) Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)(6) Resistance welding(7) Special welding processes — electron

beam, electroslag, electrogas, etc.

5. Radiological Safety Principles Reviewa. Controlling personnel exposureb. Time, distance, shielding conceptsc. ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable)

conceptd. Radiation detection equipmente. Exposure device operating characteristics

Radiographic Evaluation andInterpretation Course

1. Radiographic Viewinga. Film illuminator requirements b. Background lightingc. Multiple-composite viewingd. Penetrameter placemente. Personnel dark adaptation and visual acuityf. Film identificationg. Location markersh. Film-density measurementi. Film artifacts

2. Application Techniquesa. Multiple-film techniques

(1) Thickness variation parameters (2) Film speed(3) Film latitude

b. Enlargement and projection c. Geometrical relationships

(1) Geometrical unsharpness (2) Penetrameter sensitivity(3) Source-to-film distance(4) Focal-spot size

d. Triangulation methods for discontinuitylocation

e. Localized magnificationf. Film handling techniques

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3. Evaluation of Castingsa. Casting-method reviewb. Casting discontinuitiesc. Origin and typical orientation of discontinuitiesd. Radiographic appearancee. Casting codes/standards — applicable

acceptance criteriaf. Reference radiographs

4. Evaluation of Weldmentsa. Welding-method reviewb. Welding discontinuitiesc. Origin and typical orientation of discontinuitiesd. Radiographic appearancee. Welding codes/standards — applicable

acceptance criteriaf. Reference radiographs or pictograms

5. Standards, Codes, and Procedures forRadiographya. ASTM E94/E142b. Acceptable radiographic techniques and

setupsc. Applicable employer proceduresd. Procedure for radiograph parameter

verificatione. Radiographic reports

Recommended Training ReferencesRadiographic Testing Method, Level I and II


Basic Metallurgy for Non-destructive Testing, revisededition. Essex, England: W. H. Houldershaw, Ltd(British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing),1988.*

Bryant, Lawrence A., and Paul McIntire, eds.Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Volume 3:second edition, Radiography and RadiationTesting. Columbus, OH: The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc., 1985.*

Clark, G. L., Applied X-rays. New York: McGraw-HillBook Co., Inc., 1955.**

Halmshaw, R. Industrial Radiology Techniques.London: Wykeharn Publications; Ltd., New York:Springer-Verlag, Inc., 1971.**

Halmshaw, R. Industrial Radiology: Theory andPractice. Englewood NJ: Applied SciencePublishers, 1982.*

Halmshaw, R. Non-destructive Testing: Metallurgy andMaterials Science. London: Edward Arnold, 1987 *

Halmshaw, R. Physics of Industrial Radiology. NewYork: American Elsevier Publishing Co., 1966.**

Hartford Steam Boiler’s Complete RadiographyWorkbook, first edition. Hartford, CT: The HartfordSteam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co., 1983.

Industrial Radiography/Holography. Ridgefield Park,NJ: Agfa-Gevaert, Inc., 1986.*


McGuire, Stephen A., and Carol A. Peabody. WorkingSafely in Gamma Radiography. NUREG/BR-0024.Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,1982.*



Moore, Harry D., ed. Materials and Processes for NDTTechnology. Columbus, OH: The American Societyfor Nondestructive Testing, Inc., 1981.*

Munro, John J., III, and Francis E. Roy, Jr. GammaRadiography Radiation Safety Handbook.Burlington, MA: Amersham Corp., 1986.*

NDT Terminology. Wilmington, DE: E. I. du Pont deNemours and Co., 1981.


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Radiographs of Welds. International Institute ofWelding, latest edition.*

Radiographic Testing, Classroom Training Handbook(CT-6-6). San Diego, CA: GeneralDynamics/Convair Division, 1967.†

Radiographic Testing, Programmed InstructionHandbook (PI-4-6). San Diego, CA: GeneralDynamics/ Convair Division, 1983.†

Radiography in Modern Industry, fourth edition.Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co., 1980.*

Richardson, Harry D. NDT Radiography TrainingManual. Wilmington, DE: E. I. du Pont deNemours and Co., 1968 reprint.*

Schneeman, J. G. Industrial X-ray Interpretation.Columbus, OH: The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc., 1985.*

Sensitometric Properties of X-Ray Films. Rochester,NY: Eastman Kodak Co., 1974.**

Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Radiographic TestingMethod. Columbus, OH: The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc., 1996.*

The Sense and Nonsense of Weld Defects. MortonGrove, IL: Monticello Books, 1967.*

Thielsch, Helmut. Defects and Failures in PressureVessels and Piping. New York: ReinholdPublishing Corp., 1966.*


Welding Inspection. Miami, FL: American WeldingSociety, latest edition.

Note: Technical papers on much of the subjectmaterial can be found in the journal of ASNT, MaterialsEvaluation. For specific topics, see the 40-year indexof Materials Evaluation, published in MaterialsEvaluation, December 1982, Vol. 40, No. 13. Forpapers published subsequently, see the Decemberissues of Materials Evaluation for yearly indexes.




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Training for Level I Thermal/InfraredTesting

Basic Thermal/Infrared Physics Course

1. The nature of heat — what is it and how is itmeasured/expressed?a. Instrumentationb. Scales and conversions

2. Temperature — what is it and how is itmeasured/expressed?a. Instrumentationb. Scales and conversions

3. Heat Transfer Modes Familiarizationa. Heat conduction fundamentals

(1) Fourier’s law of heat conduction (concept)(2) Conductivity/resistance basics

b. Heat convection fundamentals(1) Newton’s law of cooling (concept)(2) Film coefficient/film resistance basics

c. Heat radiation fundamentals(1) Stefan-Boltzmann law (concept)(2) Emissivity/absorptivity/reflectivity/

transmissivity basics (Kirchhoff’s law)

4. Radiosity Concepts Familiarizationa. Reflectivityb. Transmissivityc. Absorptivityd. Emissivitye. Infrared radiometry and imagingf. Spatial resolution concepts

(1) Field of view (FOV)(2) Instantaneous field of view (IFOV) — ref.

ASTM E-1149(3) Minimum resolvable temperature

Difference (MRTD) — ref. ASTM E-1149,E-1213

(4) Spatial resolution for temperaturemeasurement — the split responsefunction (SRF)

g. Error potential in radiant measurements (anoverview)

Basic Thermal/Infrared Operating Course

1. Introductiona. Thermography definedb. How infrared imagers work

c. Differences among imagers and alternativeequipment

d. Operation of infrared thermal imager(1) Selecting the best perspective(2) Image area and lens selection for required

details(3) Optimizing the image

e. Operation of support equipment for infraredsurveys

2. Checking Equipment Calibration withBlackbody References

3. Infrared Image and Documentation Qualitya. Elements of a good infrared image

(1) Clarity (focus)(2) Dynamic range of the image(3) Recognizing and dealing with reflections(4) Recognizing and dealing with spurious

convectionb. Recording

(1) Videotape(2) Photographic images(3) Video photo cameras(4) Digital recording(5) Videoprinters

4. Support Data Collectiona. Environmental datab. Emissivity

(1) Measurement(2) Estimation(3) Surface modification

c. Surface reference temperaturesd. Identification and other

Basic Thermal/Infrared ApplicationsCourse

1. Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting fromDifferences in Thermal Resistance(QuasiSteady-State Heat Flow)a. Large surface-to-ambient temperature

differenceb. Small surface-to-ambient temperature

difference

2. Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting fromDifferences in Thermal Capacitance, UsingSystem or Environmental Heat Cycles


3. Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting fromDifferences in Physical State

4. Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting fromFluid Flow Problems

5. Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting fromFriction

6. Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting fromNon-homogeneous Exothermic or EndothermicConditions

7. Field Quantification of Point Temperaturesa. Simple techniques for emissivityb. Typical (high emissivity) applicationsc. Special problem of low emissivity applications

Training for Level II Thermal/InfraredTesting

Intermediate Thermal/Infrared PhysicsCourse

1. Basic Calculations in the Three Modes of HeatTransfera. Conduction — principles and elementary

calculation(1) Thermal resistance — principles and

elementary calculations(2) Heat capacitance — principles and

elementary calculationsb. Convection — principles and elementary

calculationsc. Radiation — principles and elementary

calculations

2. The Infrared Spectruma. Planck’s law/curves

(1) Typical detected bands(2) Spectral emissivities of real surfaces

b. Effects due to semitransparent windowsand/or gasses

c. Filters

3. Radiosity Problemsa. Blackbodies — theory and conceptsb. Emissivity problems

(1) Blackbody emissivity(2) The graybody and the non-graybody(3) Broad-band and narrow-band emitter

targets

(4) Specular and diffuse emitters(5) Lambertian and non-Lambertian emitters

(the angular sensitivity of emissivity)(6) Effects of emissivity errors

c. Calculation of emissivity, reflectivity, andtransmissivity (practical use of Kirchoff’s law)

d. Reflectivity problem(1) Quantifying effects of unavoidable

reflections(2) Theoretical corrections

e. Transmissivity problem(1) Quantified effects of partial transmittance(2) Theoretical corrections

4. Resolution Tests and Calculationsa. IFOV and FOV measurements and

calculationsb. MRTD measurements and calculationsc. Slit response function — measurement,

calculations, interpretations and comparisonsd. Resolution versus lens and distancee. Dynamic rangef. Data acquisition rate/data densityg. Frame rate and field rateh. Image data density

(1) Lines of resolution(2) IFOVs/line(3) Computer pixels/line

Intermediate Thermal/Infrared OperatingCourse

1. Operating for Infrared Measurements(quantification)a. Simple infrared energy measurementb. Quantifying the emissivity of the target surfacec. Quantifying temperature profiles

(1) Use of blackbody temperature referencesin the image

(2) Use of temperature measurement devicesfor reference surface temperatures

(3) Common sources of temperaturemeasurement errors

d. Computer processing to enhance imager data

2. Operating for High-Speed Data Collectiona. Producing accurate images of transient

processesb. Recording accurate images of transient

processesc. Equipment selection and operation for imaging

from moving vehicles

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3. Operating Special Equipment for “Active”Techniquesa. Hot or cold fluid energy sourcesb. Heat lamp energy sourcesc. Flash-lamp energy sourcesd. Electromagnetic inductione. Laser energy sources

4. Reports and Documentationa. Calibration requirements and recordsb. Report data requirementsc. Preparing reports

Intermediate Thermal/Infrared ApplicationsCourse

1. Temperature Measurement Applicationsa. Isotherms/alarm levels — personnel safety

audits, etc.b. Profiles

2. Energy Loss Analysis Applicationsa. Conduction losses through envelopes

(1) Basic envelop heat-flow quantification(2) Recognizing and dealing with wind effects

b. Mass-transfer heat exchange (air or otherflows into or out of the system)(1) Location(2) Quantification

3. “Active” Applicationsa. Insulation flawsb. De-Lamination of compositesc. Bond quality of coatingsd. Location of high heat-capacity components

4. Filtered Applicationsa. Sunlightb. Furnace interiorsc. Semitransparent targets

5. Transient Applicationsa. Imaging a rapidly moving processb. Imaging from a vehicle

Recommended Training References Thermal/Infrared Testing Method, Level I and II

Applied Infrared Photography. Eastman Kodak Co.,1987.

Buckley, Robert E. and Gene D. Nutter. Handbook ofApplied Thermal Design. New York: McGraw-Hill,1988.

Burnay, S. G., et. al., eds. Applications of ThermalImaging. Bristol, UK: Adam Hilger, 1988. Cohen,Julius. (1983, May). “Elements of Thermographyfor Nondestructive Testing,” NBS Technical Note,V1177 GPO S/N 83020123.

Colwell, Robert N., ed. Manual of Remote Sensing,second edition, Volumes I and II. American Societyof Photogrammetry, 1983.

DeWitt, D. P. and Gene D. Nutter. Theory and Practiceof Radiation Thermometry. New York: John Wiley& Sons, Inc., 1989.*

Falk, Davis S., Dieter R. Brill and David G. Stork.Seeing the Light. New York: John Wiley & Sons,Inc., 1977.

Geankoplis, Christie J. Transport Processes and UnitOperations. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon, 1978.**

Guyer, Eric C. Handbook of Applied Thermal Design.New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989.

Holman, J. P. Experimental Methods for Engineers.New York: McGraw-Hill.

Holman, J. P. Heat Transfer. New York: McGraw-Hill,1986.

Hougan, O. A., K. M. Watson and R. A. Ragates.Chemical Process Principles, third edition. NewYork: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1985.

Incropera, Frank P. and David P. DeWitt.Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. NewYork: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1985.*

Kaplan, Herbert. Practical Applications of InfraredThermal Sensing and Imaging Equipment, VolumeTT13. Bellingham, WA: SPIE Press, 1993.

Kerlin, Thomas W. and Robert L. Shepard. IndustrialTemperature Measurement. Research TrianglePark, NC: Instrument Society of America, 1982.

Kreith, Frank and Mark S. Bohn. Principles of HeatTransfer. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.

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Lloyd, J. M. Thermal Imaging Systems. New York:Plenum Press, 1975.

Madding, Robert P. Thermographic Instruments andSystems. University of Wisconsin-Extension,Department of Engineering and Applied Science,423 North Lake Street, Madison, WI 53706.**

Magnum, B. W. and G. T. Furukawa. Guidelines forRealizing the International Temperature Scale of1990. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1990.

Maldague, Xavier P. V. Nondestructive Evaluation ofMaterials by Infrared Thermography. London:Springer-Verlag, 1993.*

Manual for Thermographic Analysis of BuildingEnclosures, 149-GP-2MP. Committee onThermography, Canadian General StandardsBoard, 1986.

MIL-HDBK-728, Volume 1, “Nondestructive Testing.”

Pettersson, Bertil. Thermography, Testing of theThermal Insulation and Airtightness of Buildings.Swedish Council for Building Research, 1980.

Standards, Tentative Standards, and Special TechnicalPublications (STP) Relating to Infrared ImagingApplications. Philadelphia, PA: American Societyfor Testing and Materials, latest issue.

Stanley, Roderick K., technical ed; Paul McIntire andPatrick O. Moore, eds. Nondestructive TestingHandbook, second edition: Volume 9, SpecialNondestructive Testing Methods. Columbus, OH:The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,Inc., 1991.*

Tipler, Paul A. Modern Physics, second edition. WorthPublishers, Inc., 1978.

Turner, William C. and John F. Malloy. ThermalInsulation Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill,1981.**

Walder, Jearl. The Flying Circus of Physics. New York:John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1977.

Wolfe, William L. and George J. Ziessis, eds. TheInfrared Handbook. The Environmental ResearchInstitute of Michigan (prepared for The Departmentof Navy), 1985.

Ziessis, George J., ed. The Infrared & Electro-OpticalSystems Handbook, Volumes 1-8. Bellington, WA:SPIE Press, 1993.



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Training for Level I UltrasonicTesting

Basic Ultrasonic Course

Note: It is recommended that the trainee receiveinstruction in this course prior to performing workin ultrasonics.

1. Introductiona. Definition of ultrasonics b. History of ultrasonic testingc. Applications of ultrasonic energyd. Basic math reviewe. Responsibilities of levels of certification

2. Basic Principles of Acousticsa. Nature of sound wavesb. Modes of sound wave generationc. Velocity, frequency, and wavelength of sound

wavesd. Attenuation of sound wavese. Acoustic impedancef. Reflectiong. Refraction and mode conversionh. Snell’s law and critical anglesi. Fresnel and Fraunhofer effects

3. Equipmenta. Basic pulse-echo instrumentation (A, B, C

Scan and computerized systems)(1) Electronics — time base, pulser, receiver,

and various monitor displays(2) Control functions(3) Calibration

(a) Basic instrument calibration(b) Calibration blocks (types and use)

b. Digital thickness instrumentation c. Transducer operation and theory

(1) Piezoelectric effect (2) Types of crystals(3) Frequency (crystal thickness relationships)(4) Near field and far field(5) Beam spread(6) Construction, materials, and shapes(7) Types (straight, angle, dual, etc.)(8) Beam-intensity characteristics(9) Sensitivity, resolution, and damping (10)Mechanical vibration into part

d. Couplants (1) Purpose and principles (2) Materials and their efficiency

4. Basic Testing Methodsa. Contactb. Immersion

Ultrasonic Technique Course

1. Testing Methodsa. Contact

(1) Straight beam(2) Angle beam(3) Surface wave(4) Pulse-echo transmission(5) Multiple transducer(6) Curved surfaces

b. Immersion(1) Transducer in water(2) Water column, wheels, etc.(3) Submerged test part(4) Sound-beam path — transducer to part(5) Focused transducers(6) Curved surfaces

c. Comparison of contact and immersionmethods

2. Calibration (Electronic and Functional)a. Equipment

(1) Monitor displays (amplitude, sweep, etc.)(2) Recorders(3) Alarms(4) Automatic and semiautomatic systems(5) Electronic distance/amplitude correction(6) Transducers

b. Calibration of equipment electronics(1) Variable effects(2) Transmission accuracy(3) Calibration requirements(4) Calibration reflectors

c. Inspection calibration(1) Comparison with reference blocks(2) Pulse-echo variables(3) Reference for planned tests (straight

beam, angle beam, etc.)(4) Transmission factors(5) Transducer(6) Couplants(7) Materials

3. Straight Beam Examination to SpecificProceduresa. Selection of parametersb. Test standardsc. Evaluation of resultsd. Test reports


4. Angle Beam Examination to SpecificProceduresa. Selection of parametersb. Test standardsc. Evaluation of resultsd. Test reports

Training for Level II UltrasonicTesting

Ultrasonic Evaluation Course

1. Review of Ultrasonic Technique Coursea. Principles of ultrasonicsb. Equipment

(1) A Scan(2) B Scan(3) C Scan(4) Computerized systems

c. Testing techniquesd. Calibration

(1) Straight beam(2) Angle beam(3) Resonance(4) Special applications

2. Evaluation of Base-Material Product Formsa. Ingots

(1) Process review(2) Types, origin, and typical orientation of

discontinuities(3) Response of discontinuities to ultrasound(4) Applicable codes/standards

b. Plate and sheet(1) Rolling process(2) Types, origin, and typical orientation of


c. Bar and rod(1) Forming process(2) Types, origin, and typical orientation of


d. Pipe and tubular products(1) Manufacturing process(2) Types, origin, and typical orientation of


e. Forgings(1) Process review(2) Types, origin, and typical orientation of


f. Castings(1) Process review(2) Types, origin, and typical orientation of

discontinuities(3) Response of ultrasound to discontinuities(4) Applicable codes/standards

g. Composite structures(1) Process review(2) Types, origin, and typical orientation of

discontinuities(3) Response of ultrasound to discontinuities(4) Applicable codes/standards

h. Other product forms as applicable — rubber,glass, etc.

3. Evaluation of Weldmentsa. Welding processesb. Weld geometriesc. Welding discontinuitiesd. Origin and typical orientation of discontinuitiese. Response of discontinuities to ultrasoundf. Applicable codes/standards

4. Evaluation of Bonded Structuresa. Manufacturing processesb. Types of discontinuitiesc. Origin and typical orientation of discontinuitiesd. Response of discontinuities to ultrasounde. Applicable codes/standards

5. Discontinuity Detectiona. Sensitivity to reflections

(1) Size, type, and location of discontinuities(2) Techniques used in detection(3) Wave characteristics(4) Material and velocity(5) Discontinuity

b. Resolution(1) Standard reference comparisons(2) History of part(3) Probability of type of discontinuity(4) Degrees of operator discrimination(5) Effects of ultrasonic frequency(6) Damping effects

c. Determination of discontinuity size(1) Various monitor displays and meter

indications(2) Transducer movement versus display

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(3) Two-dimensional testing techniques(4) Signal patterns

d. Location of discontinuity(1) Various monitor displays(2) Amplitude and linear time(3) Search technique

6. Evaluationa. Comparison procedures

(1) Standards and references(2) Amplitude, area, and distance relationship(3) Application of results of other NDT

methodsb. Object appraisal

(1) History of part(2) Intended use of part(3) Existing and applicable code interpretation(4) Type of discontinuity and location

Recommended Training References Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I and II


ASNT Level III Study Guide: Ultrasonic TestingMethod. Columbus, OH: The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc., 1992.*

Birks, Albert S. and Robert E. Green, Jr., technicaleds; Paul McIntire, ed. Nondestructive TestingHandbook, second edition: Volume 7, UltrasonicTesting. Columbus, OH: The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc., 1991.*

Ensminger, D. Ultrasonics: Fundamentals TechnologyApplications, second edition. New York and Basel:Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1988.*

Ensminger, D. Ultrasonics: The Low and High IntensityApplications. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1973.

Halmshaw, R. Non-Destructive Testing: Metallurgy andMaterials Science Series. London: Edward Arnold,1987.

Handbook for Standardization of NondestructiveTesting Methods, MIL-HDBK-333 (USAF), Volume2. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1974.

Krautkramer, Josef, and Herbert Krautkramer.Ultrasonic Testing of Materials, third edition. NewYork: Springer-Verlag, 1983.*





Procedures and Recommendations for the UltrasonicTesting of Butt Welds, second edition. London:The Welding Institute, 1972.*

Rose, J. L., and B. B. Goldberg. Basic Physics inDiagnostic Ultrasound. New York: John Wiley &Sons, 1979.**

Silvus, H. S., Jr. Advanced Ultrasonic TestingSystems: A State of the Art Survey. San Antonio,TX: Nondestructive Testing Information AnalysisCenter (NTIAC), 1977.**

Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic TestingMethod. Columbus, OH: The American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc., 1994.*

Ultrasonic Method Training Program: Instructor’sPackage. Columbus, OH: The American Societyfor Nondestructive Testing, Inc., 1981.*

Ultrasonic Method Training Program: Student’sPackage. Columbus, OH: The American Societyfor Nondestructive Testing, Inc., 1981.*

Ultrasonic Testing, Classroom Training Handbook (CT-6-4). San Diego, CA: GeneralDynamics/Convair Division, 1967.†

Ultrasonic Testing, Programmed Instruction Handbook(PI-4-4), Vols. 1, 2, and 3. San Diego, CA: GeneralDynamics/Convair Division, 1967.†

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Welding Handbook. Volume 1. Miami, FL: AmericanWelding Society, latest edition.*




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Training for Level I Visual Testing

Note: The guidelines listed below should beimplemented using equipment and proceduresrelevant to the employer’s industry. No times aregiven for a specific subject; this should bespecified in the employer’s written practice. Basedupon the employer’s product, not all of thereferenced subcategories need apply.

1. Introductiona. Definition of visual testingb. History of visual testingc. Overview of visual testing applications

2. DefinitionsStandard terms and their meanings in theemployer’s industry

3. Fundamentalsa. Visionb. Lightingc. Material attributesd. Environmental factorse. Visual perceptionf. Direct and indirect methods

4. Equipment (as applicable)a. Mirrorsb. Magnifiersc. Borescopesd. Fiberscopese. Closed-circuit televisionf. Light sources and special lightingg. Gages, templates, scales, micrometers,

calipers, special tools, etc.h. Automated systemsi. Computer-enhanced systems

5. Employer-Defined Applications(Includes a description of inherent, processing andservice discontinuities)a. Mineral-based materialb. Metallic materials, including weldsc. Organic-based materialsd. Other materials (employer-defined)

6. Visual Testing to Specific Proceduresa. Selection of parameters

(1) Inspection objectives(2) Inspection checkpoints(3) Sampling plans

(4) Inspection patterns(5) Documented procedures

b. Test standards/calibrationc. Classification of indications per acceptance

criteriad. Reports and documentation

Training for Level II Visual Testing

The guidelines listed below should beimplemented using equipment and proceduresrelevant to the employer’s industry. The employershould tailor the program to the company’sparticular application area. Discontinuity cause,appearance, and how to best visually detect andidentify these discontinuities should beemphasized. No times are given for a specificsubject; this should be specified in the employer’swritten practice. Depending upon the employer’sproduct, not all the referenced subcategories needapply.

1. Review of Level Ia. Definitionsb. Fundamentals of visual testingc. Equipmentd. Applications

2. Visiona. The eyeb. Vision limitationsc. Disordersd. Employer’s vision examination methods

3. Lightinga. Fundamentals of lightb. Lighting measurementsc. Recommended lighting levelsd. Lighting techniques for inspection

4. Material Attributesa. Cleanlinessb. Colorc. Conditiond. Shapee. Sizef. Temperatureg. Textureh. Type

5. Environmental and Physiological Factorsa. Atmosphereb. Cleanliness

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c. Comfortd. Distancee. Elevationf. Fatigueg. Healthh. Humidityi. Mental attitudej. Positionk. Safetyl. Temperature

6. Visual Perception a. What your eyes see b. What your mind seesc. What others perceived. What the designer, engineer, etc. wants you to

see

7. Equipmenta. Automated systemsb. Borescopesc. Closed-circuit televisiond. Computer-based systemse. Fiberscopesf. Gages, micrometers, calipers, templates,

scales, etc.g. Imaging systemsh. Light sources and special lightingi. Magnifiersj. Mirrorsk. Special optical systemsl. Standard lighting

8. Employer-Defined Applicationsa. Mineral-based materialb. Metallic materials (including welds)c. Organic-based materialsd. Other materials and products (employer-

defined)

9. Acceptance/Rejection Criteriaa. Subjective basis (qualitative)b. Objective basis (quantitative)c. Evaluation of results per acceptance criteria

10. Recording and Reportsa. Subjective methodb. Objective methodc. Recording methods

Recommended Training References Visual Testing Method, Level I and II

Allgaier, Michael W. and Stanley Ness, technical eds.;Paul McIntire and Patrick Moore, eds.Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second edition:Volume 8, Visual and Optical Testing. Columbus,OH: The American Society for NondestructiveTesting, Inc., 1993.*

Anderson, R. C. Visual Examination: Inspection ofMetals, Volume 1. Metals Park, OH: ASMInternational, 1983.**

Berger, Harold, ed. Nondestructive Testing Standards— A Review — STP 624, “Considerations andStandards for Visual Inspection Techniques .”Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing andMaterials, 1977.

Cary, H. B. Modern Welding Technology. EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1979.

Hobart Welding Guide. Troy, OH: Hobart School ofWelding Technology, 1980.


Megaw, E. D. “Factors Affecting Visual InspectionAccuracy,” Applied Ergonomics, Cleveland, OH:IPC Business Press. March, 1979.**


Schoonard, J. W., et al. “Studies of Visual Inspection,”Ergonomics, Vol. 16, No. 4. Philadelphia, PA:Taylor & Francis, Inc., 1973.**

The Tools and Rules of Precision Measuring. Athol,MA: L. S. Starret Co., 1982.

Visual Examination Technology — 101, 102, and 103.Charlotte, NC: EPRI NDE Center, 1983.

Welding and Fabrication Data Book. Cleveland, OH:Welding Design and Fabrication, 1984.**

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Welding Inspection. Miami, FL: American WeldingSociety, latest edition.



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Appendix C — Interpretation Policy(Not a part of American National Standard ANSI/ASNT CP-189)

C.1 Purpose. It is the responsibility of the ASNT Standards Development Committee(SDC) to issue interpretations of standards it has developed where questionsregarding the proper way to comply with such standards have arisen. This appendixestablishes the procedures the ASNT SDC and those inquiring shall use to makesuch interpretations.

C.2 Inquiries. The following guidelines for preparing an inquiry will expedite considerationand response to the inquirer.

C.2.1 Each inquiry should be limited to a single aspect of the standard or previousinterpretation of the standard. Inquiries concerning multiple inquiries orunrelated subjects may be returned for further clarification.

C.2.2 The specific question to be answered by SDC should be distinctly set apartfrom the body of the letter and must be in condensed, precise questionformat, omitting superfluous background information and if possible, asked insuch a manner that a “yes” or “no” (perhaps with a short explanation) wouldbe an acceptable reply.

C.2.3 The inquiry should state the purpose of the question, which could be toobtain a clarification of the standard’s mandates or the intent of the canvassgroup as it developed the standard.

C.2.4 The inquiry should contain the needed information for SDC’s understandingof the question.

C.2.5 The inquiry should include references to the applicable paragraph(s) of thestandard or previous interpretation of the standard.

C.2.6 Inquiries must be in writing and addressed to the Chairman of the StandardsDevelopment Committee at ASNT headquarters in Columbus, Ohio.


54

CP-189 INQUIRY FORM(Not a part of American National Standard ANSI/ASNT CP-189)

Name: ________________________________ Date: ____________________________________

______________________________________

Address: ______________________________

______________________________________

Phone: ________________________________ CP-189 Edition: ____________________________

Email: ________________________________ Paragraph(s): ____________________________

State the Purpose of the Inquiry

❑ Revision of present ❑ New or additional ❑ Request for interpretationrequirement(s) requirement(s)

(a) Proposed Revision(s), Addition(s) or Inquiry

(b) Statement of Need or Reply

(c) Background Information

Return completed form to:

Chairman, ASNT Standards Development Committee1711 Arlingate Lane

Columbus, OH 43228-0518

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