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Ramos APUSH Review B 2
War of 1812• Events leading up to war • War Hawks pushed President Madison
into war with Britain • The War • Results of the War of 1812
– Britain no longer threat to the U.S– Status quo with regard to territory– Increased nationalism in U.S– Rush Bagot Treaty of 1817 – Beginning of industrial revolution– U.S. now focused on westward expansion
Ramos APUSH Review B 3
War of 1812
• W ar Hawks• H artford Convention, 1814• I mpressment• T reaty of Ghent, 1815• E mbargo Act, 1807• N ew Orleans
Ramos APUSH Review B 4
Era Of Good Feelings 1816-1824 President Monroe
• Nationalism• One-party rule• Westward expansion• Clay’s American System• Monroe Doctrine
Ramos APUSH Review B 5
The American System
• Proposed by Senator Henry Clay
• High tariffs on imports
• New transportation systems and internal improvements
• Never completely implemented
Henry Clay
Ramos APUSH Review B 6
Monroe Doctrine
• Part of President Monroe’s 1823 Message to Congress
• Warned European powers not to interfere with Western Hemisphere affairs or overthrow independent republics there
• Promised the U.S. wouldn’t interfere with European affairs or colonies
• Roosevelt Corollary
Ramos APUSH Review B 7
Was the Era of Good Feelings an appropriate term?
• Panic of 1819• Missouri Compromise• Divisions over the 1816 tariff• Divisions over internal improvements
Ramos APUSH Review B 8
Development of Mass Democracy in Antebellum
America
• Bill of Rights, 1791• Jeffersonian Democracy: government for
the people• "New Democracy" continues to emerge
after Panic of 1819
Ramos APUSH Review B 9
•1828 presidential election
•Mass campaigning techniques
•Jackson as a “man of the people”; Adams as an “aristocrat” and an “elitist”
• Jackson wins handily
•The idea of “Jacksonian democracy”
JacksonianJacksonianJacksonianJacksonian
DemocracyDemocracyDemocracyDemocracy
Ramos APUSH Review B 10
Jacksonian Democracy
• K illing of the BUS• N ullification controversy• I ndian removal• C reation of 2-Party System• K itchen Cabinet • S poils system• S ectionalism
Ramos APUSH Review B 11
• Jackson orders removal of Indians to the west
• 1830: Indian Removal Act
• Jackson uses military force to move certain tribes
• The Trail of Tears
Indian Removal
Ramos APUSH Review B 12
Whigs v Democrats• Northern industrialists
and merchants • Supported Clay‘s
"American System"• Reduce the spoils system• Southern states‘ rights
advocates angry at Jackson‘s stand on nullification
• Evangelicals from Anti-Masonic party join
• Later supported moral reforms
• Use national gov‘t to solve societies problems
• Common people and machine politicians in the East
• States‘ Rights – opposed to "American System"
• Favored spoils system• Anti-monopoly—favored
increased competition• Believed federal gov‘t
should not be involved in people‘s personal lives
Ramos APUSH Review B 14
President Polk
• Jacksonian Program (Young Hickory)• California• Oregon• I ndependent Treasury System (revives
Van Buren‘s banking system)• Lower tariff (Walker Tariff, 1846)
Ramos APUSH Review B 15
• Third parties: Anti-Masons, Liberty, Free Soil, Know Nothings (all will join Republican Party by the 1850s)
• Development of workingmen's parties• General incorporation laws in 1840s; limited
liability• Women's suffrage movement: Seneca Falls in
1848• Blacks are disenfranchised in North except in
New England• Frederick Jackson Turner thesis: existence of
cheap land in West results in a democratic frontier that eventually impacts the entire country
Ramos APUSH Review B 16
Major reform movements made possible by the rise of mass
politics
• Abolitionism• Temperance• Women‘s Rights• Education
Ramos APUSH Review B 17
Growth of American Nationalism
• Louisiana Purchase
• War hawks• War of 1812
• Era of Good Feelings • Manifest Destiny
• Daniel Webster: ―Union, one and inseparable‖(Webster-Hayne debate, 1930)
• Growing economy/Transportation revolution
Ramos APUSH Review B 18
Marshall Supreme Court decisions that strengthen national gov ‘t:
judicial nationalism
• Marbury v. Madison, 1803 – Judicial Review• Fletcher v. Peck, 1810 – The Court invalidated a
state law (Georgia‘s Yazoo Land sale)• Dartmouth v. Woodward, 1819 : Court ruled states
could not invalidate charters issued during the colonial period. Helped safeguard businesses from state control.
• McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 : Ruled BUS was constitutional; states could not tax the bank.
• Cohens v. Virginia, 1821: Supreme Court had right to review decisions by state supreme courts.
• Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 – Only Congress has the right to regulate interstate commerce
Ramos APUSH Review B 19
Nationalist Culture• Noah Webster's American English Dictionary:
Americans no longer were bound by the rules of British English
• McGuffey Readers: taught millions of youngsters to read while instilling themes of morality, patriotism, and republicanism
• Knickerbocker Group: focused on genuinely American themes
• James Fenimore Cooper: Leatherstocking Tales; Last of the Mohicans
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Paul Revere poem (glorified the famous ride prior to the Battle of Lexington and Concord)
Ramos APUSH Review B 20
Art• John Trumbull: portrayals of important historical events
in American history Declaration of Independence (1819); Washington Resigning His Commission (1822-24); Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown (1820)
• Hudson River School: landscape painting movement that glorified America‘s naturalscenery– Thomas Cole, Asher Durand, Frederic Edwin Church, Albert
Bierstadt
• Stephen Foster: songs conveyed American themes and culture
• Transcendentalism: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman
Ramos APUSH Review B 21
Transcendentalism
• What was Transcendentalism? • Emerson • Thoreau
Ralph Waldo EmersonHenry David Thoreau
Ramos APUSH Review B 23
Sectionalism
• Missouri Compromise of 1820 • Tariff issue • Texas• Regional Specialization • Anti-abolitionism• Mexican Cession • Compromise 1850• Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854• Dred Scott case, 1857 • John Brown • Election of 1860
Ramos APUSH Review B 24
Compromise of 1850
• pFACT– Pop ular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession
– F ugitive Slave Law– A bolition of slave trade in Washington, D.C.
(note: it doesn‘t END slavery there!)– C alifornia enters as a free state
– T exas agrees to accept money in return for abandoning claims to New Mexico territory.
Ramos APUSH Review B 25
Conflict Between State and Federal Sovereignty, 1810 -1860
• Federal gains in power– Supremacy Clause
– Marshall Court’s decisions– Clay’s American System
– Nullification
Ramos APUSH Review B 26
John Marshall‘s Supreme Court Decisions• Marbury v. Madison, 1803 – Judicial Review (note: Not
in time period but significant as a precedent)• Fletcher v. Peck, 1810 – The Court invalidated a state
law (Georgia‘s Yazoo Land sale)• Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee , 1816: Supreme Court
rejected ―compact theory and state claims that they were equally sovereign with the federal gov‘t.
• Dartmouth v. Woodward, 1819 : Court ruled states could not invalidate charters issued during the colonial period. Helped safeguard businesses from state control.
• McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 : Ruled BUS was constitutional; states could not tax the bank.
• Cohens v. Virginia, 1821 – Supreme Court had right to review decisions by state supreme courts.
• Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 – Only Congress has the right to regulate interstate commerce
Ramos APUSH Review B 27
States ’ Rights• 10th Amendment• Jeffersonian and Jacksonian• Madison, Monroe and Jackson veto• 1830s: Southern states ban abolitionist
literature in Southern mail • Popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession
and Kansas and Nebraska • Dred Scott decision, 1857: slave owners
could take slaves into the territories
Ramos APUSH Review B 28
AGE OF REFORM: Antebellum America
• Jacksonian Democracy • Second Great Awakening• Abolitionism• Temperance• Women’s Rights• Education• Change in Religion• Utopian Communities
Ramos APUSH Review B 29
Second Great Awakening Reforms inspired by "perfectionism"
(Puritan ideal)
• Abolitionism A• Temperance Totally• Women's suffrage Wicked
• Education Elephant• Mental institutions Made
• Prison reform Pigs• Debtor's prisons Devour
• Wilderness Utopias Worms
Ramos APUSH Review B 30
Reforms• Abolitionism: most important & successful• Temperance • Women's Rights
Ramos APUSH Review B 31
� Grew out of the abolitionist movement
�Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
�Sojourner Truth
Early Women’s
Rights
Movement
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Sojourner Truth
Ramos APUSH Review B 32
• Brainchild of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
• Closely modeled on the Declaration of Independence
• Called for equality for women• Resolution calling for women’s
right to vote passes narrowly during convention
Seneca Falls
Declaration of
Sentiments
Ramos APUSH Review B 34
Market Revolution 1790 -1860
• Demographics• Economic Nationalism• American System• Industrial Revolution
– (TRIC -- textiles, railroads, iron and coal)– Significance
• Transportation Revolution– Significance: national market economy, regional
specialization, Westward movement• Business• Farming • Regional Specialization
Ramos APUSH Review B 35
Immigration
• Old Immigration: Part I (17th-19th century)• Old Immigration: Part II-Irish and German
1840s and 1850s • Nativism• Know-Nothings
Ramos APUSH Review B 36
• “America for Americans only”
• American RepublicanParty
• “Know-Nothing” Party• Irish immigration,
1845–1854• Decline of the Know-
Nothings
Nativism
Membership certificate for a Philadelphia nativist organization
Ramos APUSH Review B 37
Westward Expansion
• Treaty of Paris, 1783• Treaty of Greenville, 1795• Louisiana Purchase, 1803• Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811• Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817• Convention of 1818 • Florida Purchase Treaty, 1819 (Adams-Onis
Treaty) • Missouri Compromise, 1820• Indian Removal Act, 1830
Ramos APUSH Review B 38
Westward Expansion cont
• Manifest Destiny(1840s) [TOM = Texas, Oregon, Mexican Cession]
• Annex Texas by President Tyler• President Polk- CA & Oregon• Mexican War 1846-1848
– Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
• Gadsden Purchase, 1853• Alaska Purchase Treaty, 1867
Ramos APUSH Review B 39
• Belief that the United States was destined to expand and control the North American continent
• Often used to justifyterritorial expansion
• Impact on the westwardmovement
• Conflicts
Manifest Destiny
Ramos APUSH Review B 40
SLAVERY ISSUE
• Cotton gin leads to "King Cotton" in the South
• Southern society • Three Souths
– Border South: DE, KY, MD, MO; slaves = 17% pop– Middle South: VA, NC, TN, AK; slaves = 30% pop– Lower South: SC, FL, GA, AL, MI, LA, TX; slaves =
47% pop
• Missouri Compromise of 1820• Slave Revolts
Ramos APUSH Review B 41
SLAVERY ISSUE- Abolitionism
• Gradual emancipation? • American Colonization Society • Second Great Awakening• William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator,
1831 • American Anti-Slavery Society
Ramos APUSH Review B 42
SLAVERY ISSUE- AA Abolitionists
• David Walker • Sojourner Truth • Frederick Douglass • Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher
Stowe • Underground Railroad: Harriet Tubman
Ramos APUSH Review B 43
Frederick Douglass
• Born as a slave in 1817
• Taught to read and write by the wife of his owner
• Escaped from slavery • A leading abolitionist
speaker• Founded his own anti-
slavery newspaper, The North Star
Ramos APUSH Review B 44
SLAVERY ISSUE• Wilmot Proviso, 1848• Free Soil Party 1840s• Compromise of 1850 • Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 • Dred Scott case, 1857• Lincoln-Douglas debates, 1858 • John Brown• Election of 1860 • South Carolina Ordinance of Secession,
1860
Ramos APUSH Review B 45
• Idea that residents of a new territory should have the right to choose whether slavery would be legal or illegal there
• Douglas and the Kansas-Nebraska Act
• “Bleeding Kansas”
Popular Sovereignty
Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas
Cartoon caption: “Liberty, the fair maid of Kansas in the hands of the “border ruffians”
Ramos APUSH Review B 46
• Abraham Lincoln challenges Stephen A. Douglas for Illinois Senate seat• “Freeport Doctrine”: comes up in the second debate• Douglas alienates Southern Democrats but wins the Senate seat• 1860 presidential election
The Lincoln -Douglas Debates and the
“Freeport Doctrine ”
Ramos APUSH Review B 47
• Radical abolitionist
• Led bloody anti-slave raids in Kansas
• Sought to arm slaves to start a rebellion against white masters
• Failed plot to seize arsenal at Harpers Ferry
• Put on trial for treason; eventually found guilty and hanged
• Became a potent symbol for both Northerners and Southerners
John Brown
Ramos APUSH Review B 48
Sectionalism and Causes of Civil War
• Miss Missouri Compromise, 1820• Nully Nullification Controversy, 1832• Gagged Gag Rule, 1836• When Wilmot Proviso, 1848• Clay‘s Compromise of 1850• Kangaroo Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854• Bit Bleeding Kansas‖• Dumb Dred Scott case, 1857• John‘s John Brown, 1859• Ear Election of 1860
Ramos APUSH Review B 49
AA Slave Culture
• Elements of West African culture • Family• Oral Tradition• Religion• Music
Ramos APUSH Review B 50
The Civil War (1861 -1865)
• Anaconda Plan • 1st Bull Run (1861)• Shiloh • Antietam (1862) • Emancipation Proclamation• Gettysburg (1863• Vicksburg (1863)• Appomattox Court House
Ramos APUSH Review B 51
• First military draft in U.S. history (1863)
• Exceptions: substitutes, slave owners
• New York City draft riots
• Other drafts in American history
Conscription
and the
Draft
Controversy
Ramos APUSH Review B 52
Impact of Civil War on Society
• Social• Economic• Constitutional• Political
Ramos APUSH Review B 53
• Both enacted in 1862 during the Civil War
• Both encouraged western expansion and settlement
• Pacific Railway Acts• Homestead Act
Transcontinental Railroad •
Homestead Act
Ramos APUSH Review B 54
• Many freedmen couldn’t afford their own land
• Sharecropping: landholders divided their property into plots and provided farmers on each plot with seed and farm implements to work the land
• The sharecropper used a portion of his crop to pay the landholder
• Landholders often abused the system
Sharecropping
Ramos APUSH Review B 55
• Habeas corpus: a person cannot be held in jail indefinitely without formal charges being filed against them
• “Copperheads”/“Peace Democrats”• Ex parte Merriman• Long-term effects of suspending habeas corpus
Suspension of Habeas Corpus
during the Civil War
Chief Justice Roger Taney
Ramos APUSH Review B 56
Reconstruction 1865 -1877
• Reintegrate former-Confederate states• Freedmen’s Bureau • Military Reconstruction Act (1867) • 13th-15th Amendments• Civil Rights Act of 1875
– Ruled unconstitutional in Civil Rights Cases (1883)
• KKK terrorism• Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction
Ramos APUSH Review B 57
• 13th (1865): Ended slavery
• Black codes/Civil Rights Act of 1866
• 14th (1868): Defined citizenship; “equal protection of the laws”
Post-Civil War
Amendments
Poster celebrating the 13th Amendment
Ramos APUSH Review B 58
• 15th Amendment (1870): Gave blacks the right to vote
Post -Civil War
Amendments
(continued)
Ramos APUSH Review B 59
• Originally organized as a social club for Confederate veterans • Top goal became assuring white supremacy• Violent tactics• Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 • decline of the KKK• Revivals in the 1920s, 1950s and 1960s
The Ku Klux Klan
Former Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest, the first Grand Wizard of the KKK