APL 13 - Collection of Papers

7/22/2019 APL 13 - Collection of Papers

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]gfastnla [rass O law dalarotgn l ne [ubhg s`gld

Wnu ora raofgld o euhh varsgnl ne t`gs bnnj, enr eraa!

V`gs bnnj gs port ne tà ]gfastnla a-hgbrory wàra cnst ne nur

pubhgmotgnls ora euhhy ommassgbha enr eraa. Enr ommass tn cnra

eraa bnnjs vgsgt9 www.sgfastnla.mnc/hgbrory

Fnwlhnof Euhh [FE

Ugsgt tà ]gfastnla a-hgbrory tn fnwlhnof cnst ne nur a-bnnjs enr

nlhy ₨ 6,1;. Enr t`gs cglgcoh eaa ynu wghh ramagva o euhhy eulmtgnloh

[FE olf by fngld sn, ynu àhp tn jaap nur hgbrory rullgld.

www.sgfastnla.mnc/hgbrory



OLOHAMVO [ROA@G]VNRGMO HAGFAL]GO

PGGG





OLOHAMVO [ROA@G]VNRGMO

HAGFAL]GO

PGGG

[QBHGMO rgNL] NE 'G@A GL]VGVQVA NE [RA@G] hNRW

QLGUAR]Gg W NE HAGFAL

HAGFAL QLGUAR]GVW [RA]]

?70;



G]BL 7;.5;2?.60=.0

Ln port nh't `gs bnnj coy bm rmpr nfum mf gl oly gbrc, by prgl t, p`ntn prgg gt, cgmrneghc

nr oly cmols, wgt`nut wrgttml pmrcgssgnl Grnc tà pubhgs`mr



MNLVALV]

[.T. vol fal Brnaja, Bawnlgldsspnral ugt fa Gizartgif al olfara pargnfal np fa

@nngfnljsmà Ojjars, dac. ]nl al Braudah, prnv. Lnnrf-Brobolt 4

Yusoccaleossuld 57

M.M. Bojahs al R.T.I.C. vol far @oc, Uarjnnhf oevoh ugt aal Cgffal-Brnlstgif

al aal Cgffal-GIzartgif lafarzattgld np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars, dac. ]nl

al Braudah, prnv. Lnnrf-Brobolt 0?]uccory 04

C.I. Iolsco, Fgotncaaêlolohysa vol aal ooltoh oorfawarjsmàrval ugt aljaha

jughal np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars, dac. ]nl al Braudah, prnv. Lnnrf-

Brobolt 7=

Yusoccaleossuld 75

[.I.O. Calsm`, Fgarhgij sjahatcotargooh vol fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars, dac. ]nl

al Braudah, prnv. Lnnrf-Brobolt 74

Yusoccaleossuld 77

[.T. vol fal Brnaja, Aal rgij davuhfa jugh cat lafarzattgldscotargooh ugt fa

Gizartgif, davnlfal ta Dahaal, prnv. Hgcburd ?;?

Yusoccaleossuld ???

M.M. Bojahs, Fa bawnlgldsdasm`gafalgs vol fa Coosjolt G9 [holtalrastal ugt fa

Brnlstgif al Rncaglsa tgif davnlfal ta Nss-GIssahstroot, prnv. Lnnrf-Brobolt . . . ??1

]uccory ?20

Fasmrgptgnl ne snca erugts olf saafs ?27





BATNLGLD]][NRAL QGV FA GIYARVGIF AL OLFARA [ARGNFAL

N[ FA @NNGFNLJ]M@A OJJAR], DAC. ]NL AL BRAQDAH,

[RNU. LNNRF-BROBOLV

[.T. UOL FAL BRNAJA

Nlfar fa lazarzattgldsspnral al vnlfstal fga tussal ?754 al ?746 np fa @nngfnljsmà

Ojjars zgil ooldatrneeal, nvaràarsal fga ugt fa Cgffal-hIzartgif. Fa caast gl àt nnd

hnpalfa lafarzattgldsspnral vnrcal drnta (vnnrroof >) jughal. Baòhva tar phootsa varvoorfgdf oorfawarj gs nnj oorfawarj vol fa Lnnrfzaajust al ugt Lnnrf-Eroljrgij ooldatrneeal.

GL@NQF

Glhagfgld?.? Nlfarznajsdasm`gafalgs?.2 Npdrovgldstarraglal al vnlfstncstolfgd-

àfal?.= Holfsmòppahgija sgtuotga?.6 Drnlfspnral al vnlfstal

Fa pargnfa vnnr fa Gizartgif2.? Casnhgt`gmuc al Lanhgt`gmuc2.2 Cgffal-Brnlstgif2.= Hota Brnlstgif (al Urnada Gizartgif >)

6.?.= Hnssa vnlfstalFa bawnlgld gl fa Gizartgif=.? Ohdacaal

=.2 Mnlstrumtgas=.= Drnta jughal=.=.? Unrc=.=.2 Npvuhhgld=.=.= [orohhahhal=.=.6 Eulmtga=.6 Oorfawarj=.6.? Glhagfgld=.6.2 Drnap O9 hnmooh varvoorfgdf oorfawarj

=.6.= Drnap B9 justoorfawarj=.6.6 Drnap M9 gcpnrt jwohgtagtsoorfawarj=.6.1 Fotargld al vardahgijgld vol àt oorfa

warj=.1 Nvargda vnlfstal=.5 Fa fotargld vol fa lafarzattgld

6. Fa pargnfa lo fa Gizar tgif: rastaralfa dadavals6.? Rncaglsa tgif6.?.? Glhagfgld6.?.2 Drnlfspnral

6.2 Cgffahaauwal6.= Drnlfspnral al vnlfstal cat nlfugfahgija

fotargld6.=.? Drnlfspnral6.=.2 Unlfstal

YusoccaleossuldJughgl`nufal]gtuargld vol vnlfstluccars gl tarragl FLntalHgtarotuur

Olohamto PGGG, G]BL 7;-5;2?-60=-0©?70?, Hagfal Qlgvarsgty [rass, prgltaf gl tà Latàrholfs



Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG

?. GLHAGFGLD

?.? Nlfarznajsdasm`gafalgs

Fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars vnrcal aal fnnràt Tghàhcglojolooh al fa wad vol Brau-dah loor Lafarwattal fnnrslafal ojjarmncphax gl fa dacaalta ]nl al Braudah,mo. 4 jc lnnrfahgij vol àt maltruc volAglf`nval (egd. ?). Fa mnõrfglotal zgil9joortbhof 1GA, =7;.1;;/?5=.5;;. Com`gloha zolfwgllgld tussal ?754 al ?746 npparmahal tal zugfal vol àt Tghàhcglojolooh doe oolhagfgld tnt ormànhndgsmàomtgvgtagt vol varsm`ghhalfa zgifal. Ncfot

aljaha nlfarznajgldal cnastal phootsvglfal nlfar fa fragdalfa oolwazgdàgfvol fa zolfwgllgldscom`glas woral nlfarznajsncstolfgdàfal al -rasuhtotal ba

drgipahgijarwgis lgat staafs nptgcooh.@at ormànhndgsmà nlfarznaj warf gl

cag ?754 gldahagf cat fa vnlfst vol twaa`nutal wotarputtal al smàrval volRncagls al Cgffahaauws oorfawarj oolfa wastzgifa vol fa wad Braudah-Lafar-wattal (vdh. Baax ?754o). Hotar gl àt ioorwarfal fnnr vrgiwghhgdars ugt fa ncdavgld,gl socalwarjgld cat fa prnvglmgooh ormànhnnd, fa àar D. Baax, ool fa nnstzgifa volfa wad vaha spnral al vnlfstal, vlh. ugtfa Gizartgif, ool àt hgm`t dabrom`t (Baax?754b: ?750). Fgt wos oolhagfgld àt nlt-

zolfal vol twaa lnd lgat ooldatosta parmahal ta fnal ugtstahhal vnnr aal systacotgsm` ormànhndgsm` nlfarznaj (parmaahlrs.250; al 24;0, samtga F). @at bafnahfa

Egd. ?. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Hgddgld vol fa vglfphoots. ?921.;;;. Obb. ?. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Hoda far Eulfstahha. ?921.;;;.



[.T. vol fal Brnaja - Bawnlgldsspnral np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars

nlfarznaj warf gl ?74= ugtdavnarf fnnràt Glstgtuut vnnr [ra`gstnrga ta Hagfal npaal faah vol àt tarragl fot oolshnnt np

aal vnlfstrgij oraooh fot gl ?754 nlfarznm`t wos. Nnj lu jwocal waar vahadrnlfspnral al vnlfstal ool àt @m`t,`nnefzojahgij fotaralf ugt fa Gizartgif(vdh. Uarwars ?74=o). Lo oeshugtgld volfgt nlfarznaj jnlfal np fazahefa parmahal, nlfar snnrtdahgija ncstolfgdàfalohs gl ?754, fnnr aljaha vrgiwghhgdars lndoolvuhhalfa woorlacgldal dafool wnrfal.Vavals warfal waar vaha vnlfstal dabnr

dal (vdh. Baax ?746).Gl àt lu vnhdalfa varshod wnrfal fa

dalnacfa woorlacgldal al vnlfstal baòlfahf.'

S.2 Npdrovgldstarraglal al vnlfstncstolfgd-

àfal

Vgifals fa `garvnnr gl àt jnrt baòlfahfanpdrovgldsmocpodlas zgil np aljaha phootsal drnlfspnral gl joort dabrom`t. Fa nl-

far`lda hgddgld vol fa tarraglal gs, vnnrznvar cndahgij, vostdahadf gl bgihoda ?, fadrnlfspnral zahe gl egd. 2 al bgihoda ?.Fa tarraglal zgil vol aal hattar vnnrzgal.

Varragl O. Fnnr vrgiwghhgdars bhnntdahadfgl oudustus ?754. Fa axomta hgddgld gs lgatbajalf. Fa caast wastahgij dahadal drnlfspnral cnatal mo. 2;; c NLN vol fannstpult vol tarragl B dasgtuaarf wnrfal(cnlf. caf. D. Baax al oolfugfgld npvahftajalgld). Ool àt tarragl ta jnppahalvnlfstal nltbrajal gl àt bastufaarfacotargooh.\ Gl fa drnlfspnral zgil daalfugfahgija mnlegdurotgas ool ta wgizal. Aalfotargld gl fa Gizartgif gs vnnr faza bawnlgldsspnral àt caast woorsm`gilhgij (ooltajalgld D. Baax). Hgtarotuur9 Baax ?754b.

Varraglal B al M. Nlfarznm`t tussal oudustus al famacbar ?754 fnnr vrgiwghhgdars

gl socalwarjgld cat D. Baax. Ohs davnhdvol fa slahàgf woorcaa àt nlfarznaj

Egd. 2. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. [hottadrnlf vol fa tarrag

lal O-M. ?96;; (vnnr sgtuargld al hadalfo zga bgihoda ?). Obb. 2. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Drulfrgeg far EhomàlO-M. ?96;;. (Eør Hoda ulf Hadalfo sgaà Baghoda ?).



?; Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG

sncs cnast wnrfal ugtdavnarf, jnlfalvnnrlocahgij fa vnrcal al pnsgtgas voldrnta jughal wnrfal vostdahadf, fga vol

poohjughal zahfal. Faza nltbrajal np fanvarzgm`tstajalgld fol nnj drntalfaahs.Uol aljaha jughal jnl nnj àt prnegahdatajalf wnrfal. Fa bardgld al ofcglgstrotga vol vnlfstal àbbal avalaalsnlfar àt npdrovgldstacpn cnatal hgifal.Oolshugtalf ool àt lnnrfahgija faah voltarragl B jnlfal aglf ?754 al badgl ?750lnd vaha vnlfstal dabnrdal wnrfal: àtgltajalal al glcatal vol fa bgiba`nralfa

drnlfspnral jnl am`tar lgat caar daraohgsaarf wnrfal. Hgtarotuur9 Baax ?754b al?750.

Varragl F. Nlfarznm`t tussal ?6 cag al?1 iu` ?74= fnnr àt Glstgtuut vnnr [ra`gstnrga ta Hagfal, nlfar hagfgld vol D.I.Uarwars.\ Yas puttal (G-UG) warfal npaldahadf vnnr aal systacotgsm` nlfarznajvol fa ta varwom`tal lafarzattgldsrastal.Aal zavalfa put (UGG) fgalfa vnnr aaldafatoghhaarf nlfarznaj vol àt nufabnuwholf (as), gl socalwarjgld catI.L.B. [nahcol (]tgm`tgld vnnr Bnfac-jortargld). Nvar fgt hootsta nlfarznaj zohgl fa tnajncst varshod wnrfal dafool.Gl fa puttal G-UG zgil fa drnlfspnral npççl lgvaou vostdahadf. Fgt lgvaou hnnpt, ohsdavnhd vol fa lotuurhgija dastahfàgf volàt tarragl, vol zugf loor lnnrf np, cat`nndtas vol dacgffahf ?1,6; c tnt ?1,01

c bnval L.O.[. Uol fa caasta drntarajughal gs àt prnegah datajalf, vol fanvargda nlfarznm`ta drnlfspnral gs ohhaalfa fgapta npdalncal. Aal dargld ooltohdrnlfspnral jnl fnnr tgifdabraj lgat lofarnlfarznm`t wnrfal (vlh. gl put U). Hgtarotuur9 Uol Fgij ?74= alz.i.:Uarwars ?74=o.

Jughalsarga A. Gl oudustus ?74= al coort?746 warf tgifals nltzolfgld lnd aal ool

toh oeznlfarhgija jughal nlfarznm`t alprnvgsnrgsm` gldacatal fnnr I. al L.Rnycols (Bhofah) al T. vol far ]olfal

(Dahfrnp). Uol aal faah vol fa jughaljnl bnvalfgal àt prnegah datajalf wnrfal. Uarsmàgfala jughal bhajal bgllal fadralzal vol àt aarfar nlfarznm`ta tarraglF ta hgddal. @at caralfaah vol faza hootstajughal jnl om`taroe daîfaltgegmaarf wnrfalcat fa aarfar dalnacfa drnlfspnralwoorbgi lofar nlfarznaj lgat cndahgij wosdawaast. Hgtarotuur9 Baax ?746: Uol far]olfal ?74= al z.i.

Varragl E. Avalaals lo oeshugtgld vol àtnlfarznaj np tarragl F warfal fnnrpotar T. @aastars (]glt-Nafalrnfa) alolfaral lnd fgvarsa drnlfspnral nlfarznm`t np aal tarragl woorvol fa zugfdrals oolshnnt np tarragl F. Tadals àtvarhnral dool vol fa vahf tajalgld gs faaxomta sgtuargld àhoos lgat caar ta om`taròhal. Cndahgij shnnt àt oraooh ool np putGU vol tarragl F.

Fa npdadroval tarraglal bashool tasocalaal npparvhoj vol nldavaar ;,1 ò.

Fa `garlo vnhdalfa oebaahfgldal vol vnlfstal al drnlfspnral dool vardazahf vol aaloolfugfgld fga àt npdrovgldstarragl (hattar) al àt vnlfstluccar ooldaaet.\Unlfstal fga lgat ugt drnlfspnral oejncstgd zgil, àbbal bnvalfgal aal stgp vnnr

faza oolfugfgld. Unlfstal woorvol fa iugsta vglfphoots lgat bajalf gs, zgil vnnrzgal vol fa oolfugfgld9 ;. Uarsmàgfalavol fa hootstbafnahfa vnlfstal zgil zajaroejncstgd vol bugtal fa agdalhgija npdrovgldstarraglal.

?.= Holfsmòppahgija sgtuotga

@at gl àt Broboltsa fajzolfdabgaf dahadal ojjarmncphax cat fa looc @nng-



[.T. vol fal Brnaja - Bawnlgldsspnral np fa @nngfnljsm a Ojjars ??

fnljsmà Ojjars bafajt aal jhagla L-Ydargm`ta fajzolfrud, fga ugt àt Hoot-[hagstnmaal fotaart. Cat aal coxgcoha

`nndta vol rugc ?5 c bnval L.O.[.staajt faza rud algda catars bnval fa- vooj wot lottara - ncdavalfa drnlfalugt al vnrct bnvalfgal àt `nndsta pultgl fa ncdavgld. Ool fa wastzgifa strnnctnp lgat caar fol aljaha `nlfarfal catarsoestolf àt rgvgartia fa Fnccah. Ool falnnrfzgifa al fa zugfzgifa wnrft fa vglfphoots gldashntal fnnr fa BraudahsmàBaaj al fa @nngfnljsmà Baaj (egd. ?).

Aal fardahgij holfsmòp haalt zgm` ugtarcota dnaf vnnr àt `nufal vol vaa al vnnrojjarbnuw. Aal dandroegsmà sgtuotga ohs`garbnval dasmàtst, àaet gl àt varhafalvaha dacaalsmòppal gl àt zugfal vol nlsholf ooldatrnjjal tnt àt vastgdal vol aallafarzattgld (vdh. Uarwars ?742, p. ?60).@at gs fol nnj lgat varwnlfarhgij fot fa@nngfnljsmà Ojjars fa spnral vol aalholdfurgda bawnlgldsdasm`gafalgs frodal.

Vgifals àt nlfarznaj np tarragl F warfoolfom`t bastaaf ool fa npbnuw vol àtbnfacprnegah, fot nltwgjjahf gs gl zwojhacgd, zaar egil zolf al fot tnt aal bruglaaljaarfdrnlf ba`nnrt (fat. I.L.B. [nahcol,]tgbnjo, Todalgldal).

Nlfar àt coogvahf bavnlf zgm` aalcoxgcooh ?,?; c fgj, `nnefzojahgijfnljar drgisbrugl dajhaurf asfaj, fot oolfa nlfarzgifa warf badralsf fnnr sm`np-stajal al drappahs. Balafal fgt lgvaou

wos, vnnrlocahgij gl àt zugfahgij faah volàt tarragl, aal caar (fnljar) daahbrugla`nrgznlt oolwazgd vol coxgcooh ;,6 cfgjta. Vgifals àt nlfarznaj warf gl àtzugfahgija faah vol put G fugfahgij woordalncal fot faza `nrgznlt `gar ugtaalvgahgl aal bnvalsta `ncndaal dajhaurfa bolfal aal nlfarsta caar vughdrgiza al davhajtabolf. Valshntta vnhdfa àt lgat caar fnnrbnfacvnrcgld baîlvhnafa daha zolf.

Fa nltwgjjahgld vol fgt prnegah jol ohsvnhdt wnrfal daramnlstruaarf9 rgat np fadaha M-hood rustalfa vughdrgiza bolfia gl

fa nvar àt ohdacaal (fnljar) daahbrugla`nrgznlt, vnrcfa àt hnnplgvaou vol falafarzattgld ugt fa Gizartgif. Aal oolwgizgld `garvnnr vnrct àt eagt fot fapra`gstnrgsmà drnlfspnral zgm` pos fugfahgij oetajalfal ýlfar fgt lgvaou. Fa(fnljar) daahbrugla `nrgznlt ohs daàah gsfnnr fa àar [nahcol ohs àt rastolt volfa B-`nrgznlt (cat aal bnvalsta varwarjtaal aal nlfarsta nlvarwarjta faah) vol aal

cnfarpnfznh daîltarprataarf. Fgt cnfar-pnfznh cnat c.g. davnrcf zgil lofot àthnnplgvaou ugt fa Gizartgif oedafajt wos,fnnr àt npwoogal (ne avaltuaah npbraldal) vol zolf. Lnd hotar, woorsm`gilhgij glfa Cgffahaauwal, gs àt cnfarpnfznhdafaahtahgij ne daàah (b.v. gl àt lnnrfahgija faah vol put G zgm`tboor) ncdazat,woorvol fa spnral vol sm`npstajal ‖ alwoorsm`gilhgij nnj fa drappahs ‖ ool fabosgs vol àt asfaj datugdal. Fa tnt gl àt

daha zolf dastnjal al nlfar ool àt asfaj'òldalfa' drappahs vol ? - 2 c braaf al;,2 - ;,= c fgap warfal vnnroh gl àtnnstahgija faah vol tarragl F woordalncal(gldatajalf ohs ramalta varstnrgldal). [hootsahgij jnlfal `gargl jorraspnral npdacarjtwnrfal. Fa rgm`tgld vol fa caasta drappahsjnct nvaraal cat fga vol fa ramalta parmaahsmàgfgldal. ]nnrtdahgija, cat nltdgllgld gl varbolf dabrom`ta varsm`gilsahal

zgil nlfar caar ugt àt lnnrfal vol nlsholf dnaf bajalf (vdh. Uol As ?751 (?754),p. =5 a.v.: Jnng ?74?/42 al ?747, p. 40a.v.). Gl fa lovnhdalfa aauwal jnl zgm`,fnnr àt npbraldal vol cat phoddalcota-rgooh al strnngsah varcaldfa cast ugt fapntstoh, aal asfaj nltwgjjahal vol coxgcooh ?,?; c fgjta.

Fa nufarfnc vol fa (npdawoogfa >)hood nlfar àt asfaj gs lnd prnbhacotgsm`.



?2 Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG

[nhhalcnlstars fga gl ?754 fnnr R.M.Iolssal (Hob. vnnr [ohoanbntolga al[ohylnhndga, Qtram`t) al gl ?74= fnnr M.M.

Bojahs (G.[.H.) zgil dalncal, havarfalnlfar àt asfaj ohhaal starj damnrrnfaarfstugecaah np, lgat brugjboor vnnr àtcojal vol aal fgodroc ne aal m`rnlnhndgsmà oehagfgld. @at strotgdroegsm` varzocahfa ormànhndgsmà cotargooh ugt putUGG taht vnnr àt dafaahta nlfar àt asfajloost aal zavaltgdtoh pra`gstnrgsmà smàrval nnj lnd twaa Rncaglsa smàrval, vgar?;a-?=a aauwsa smàrval (woornlfar twaa

vol fgramt bnval àt daha zolf) al aal dadhozuurfa ?5a-?0a aauwsa smàre (gltarlroppnrt I.I. Ossalfnrp). Tnrtah- al fgarwarjgld cnat, vnnroh gl àt hootsta davoh,ohs aal cndahgija brnl vol varstnrgld gldafom`tal da`nufal wnrfal. Aal ugtsproojnvar fa nufarfnc vol fa bafnahfa hoodcnat fol nnj om`tarwada bhgival.

?.6 Drnlfspnral al vnlfstal

Fa woordalncal drnlfspnral zgil gl facaasta davohhal fnnr calsahgij tnafnalnltstool. Aal ugtznlfargld foornp vnrctfa `naegizarvnrcgda varjhaurgld gl putF UG (vlr. F ?7=). @at doot `gar vrgi zajarnc àt wnrtahdot vol aal ncdavohhal bnnc(vdh. Jnng ?746). @at inldsta vnlfstcotargooh ugt fgt drnlfspnnr stoct ugt fa GIzar-tgif.

Fa gl L-Y rgm`tgld shgldaralfa bool gltarragl O gs gl àt vahf ohs aal fgardold

(vnssa`nh) daîltarprataarf.Fa fnnr D. Baax (?750) varcahfa dauh

cat aal fgapta vol rugc = c nlfar àtramalta coogvahf, cnat dasgtuaarf wnrfal

iugst tal lnnrfal vol tarragl B. Faza dauhjnl tgifals fa nltzolfgld nvar tgaltohhalcatars varvnhdf wnrfal gl aal rgm`tgldnldavaar YT - LN (cnlf. caf. D. Baax).Fa braafta bafrnad mo. 6 c (g.t.t. ?; c

vnhdals Baax ?750). Np fa bnfac warfalfa rastal vol aal `nutal wotarput ooldatrneeal (zga p. 55). Fa cndahgijàgf fot

àt `gar nc aal dadroval dauh doot, al lgatnc aal lotuurhgija wotarhnnp, cnat lgatugtdashntal wnrfal. Fa np fa bnfacdavnlfal pntsmàrval jnlfal fnnr nlslgat ohs aal dashntal vnlfstdrnap bastufaarf wnrfal, coor zgil aarfar raafs glfa Gizartgif dafotaarf (Baax ?750).

Fa fotargld vol drnlfspnral gs dasm`gaf ool fa òlf vol àt argl davnlfalcotargooh, caastoh oorfawarj. Fa vaha

jughal al poohjughal stoccal `nnefzojahgij ugt fa Gizartgif, aljaha ugt faCgffal-Brnlstgif al fa Rncaglsa tgif.Aal drnnt ooltoh drnlfspnral bhaae bgi dabraj ool (fotaarbora) vnlfstal znlfarm`rnlnhndgsmà tnawgizgld, coor hgijt vnnràt caralfaah bgi fa lafarzattgld ugt faGizartgif ta `nral. Drnlfspnral vol Cgffahaauwsa ne hotara fotuc zgil ohs ramaltavarstnrgldal gldatajalf.

@at vnlfstcotargooh bashoot aal rugcara tgifsspolla fol fa drnlfspnral. Ynwahdrnlfspnral ohs vnlfstal wnrfal varfarpar pargnfa baòlfahf.

2. FA [ARGNFA UNNR FA GIYARVGIF

2.? Casnhgt`gmuc al LanQt`gmuc

@nawah wa àt eobrgmaral al dabrugjalvol vuurstalal ortaeomtal tnt gl fa GIzar-tgif lgat cndal ugtshugtal, gs gl gafar davohaal faah vol àt vuurstaalcotargooh ool

vnnroedoolfa pargnfal tna ta wgizal. Fgtdahft nnj vnnr àt vuurstaalcotargooh ugtGIzartgif-drnlfspnral. Gl tntooh zgil =40stujs vuurstaal davnlfal. Unnr znvarzgm`tboor gs daal varsa vuurstaal dabrugjt,coor gl samulfogra pnsgtga davnlfalstujjal. @at batraet gl `nnefzooj brnjjalal nldaratnumàarfa oeshodal. Nlfar àtnvargda cotargooh bavglfal zgm` ?4 jrob-



[.T. vol fal Brnaja - Bawnlgldsspnral np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars ?=

Egd. =. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Uuurstalal ortaeomtal (?-4, 7-?;) al lanhgtgsm (>) oorfawarj (0). ?9?. Obb. =. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. ]ghaxortaeojta (?-4, 7-?;) ulf lanhgtgsm a (>) Jarocgj (0). ?9?.

bars ne erodcaltal foorvol (np aal jhaglajhgldjrobbar lo staafs dacoojt np oeshodal: vdh. egd. =9 2-4), aal pgihspgts catsmòm`tfnnrl (egd. =9 7), aal rnlfncvrgiwah daàah daratnumàarfa' jhgld (egd.=9 ?;) al talcglsta zaval jarlstujjal(vdh. egd. =9 ?).

Unnr calsahgija oolwazgdàgf np àttarragl tgifals àt Casnhgt`gmuc sprajalvgie stujjal Tnccarsncjwortsgat, jhagla

jrobbars (vdh. egd. =9 2, 6, 4) al aljahacgmrn-jarlstujjal, znohs àt gl egd. =9 ?oedabaahfa axacphoor cat twaa shodvhoj-jal. Np zgil vrnadst ugt àt Cgffal-Lanhgt`gmuc (avt. Brnlstgif) fotaart fa pgih-spgts cat smòm`tfnnrl al louwaQijsugtdawarjta waaròjal, fga woorsm`gilhgijool bagfa zgifal daàah daratnumàarf gs(egd. =9 7) . ' Fazahefa fotargld dahft vnnr

twaa oeshodal fga bhgijboor vol dashapalvuurstalal bgihal oejncstgd zgil. Np ççlarvol gs aal jrobbar dacoojt (egd. =9 5).Fa ugt aal GIzartgifjugh oejncstgda jhgldcat np fa fnrsoha zgifa vrgi vhojja ratnumàool fa bnnrfal al àt prnxgcoha aglfa(egd. =9 ?;) gs dacoojt vol vuurstaal volàt Rgimj`nht-typa (fat. M.M. Bojahs,G.[.H.). Fa shodbuht nltbraajt. Aal fotargldgl àt Cgffal-Lan@t`gmuc gs baòhva vnnr

fgt stuj nnj lnd faljboor vnnr fa aarfardalnacfa jhagla jrobbars al cgmrn-jarlstujjal (vdh. Uol @ooral & Cnffarcol?74=).

Gl àt oorfawarj vol fa @nngfnljsmàOjjars voht sham`ts ççl smàre ool ta wgizalfga cndahgij gl àt (Hoot-)Lanhgt`gmuctùgs`nnrt (egd. =9 0). @at pnterodcalt gscat egila jwortsdrugs varsm`roohf al vrgi




zajar cat tnuwglfrujjal varsgarf. @nawahàt ooldabrom`ta potrnnl al àt dabrugjvol tnuw (daal wgjjahfroofstacpah) ool fa

sm`nufarvarsgargld vol @ghvarsuc-urlal ugtfa Urnada Brnlstgif àrgllart (vdh. Dhosbardal ?716b, b.v. Egd. 5=9 ?-=), wgizal fadarglda fgjta (;,4 mc) al àt dhoffa npparvhoj vol fa smàre aarfar np aal fotargldgl àt Hoot-Lan`t`gmuc.

2.2 Cgffal-Brnlstgif

Aljaha jughal al poohjughal np tarragl F(lh. F ?;1/?04, F 2;=, F 2?6, F 222,

F 2=4, A 4) zgil np drnlf vol ùl gl`nufgl fa Cgffal-Brnlstgif ta fotaral al wgizalnp àt bastool vol aal lafarzattgld tarphajja. Fa ‖ rahotgae jhagla ‖ jughal wnrfal, vnnr znvar bajalf, dajalcarjt fnnr

F ?;1/?04

F2?6

; 222

hgh!ÎÎ:v':-99<

• : - # r .'g\\i999.' : • ' 9 . .

• . • • ' - ' s

. • • • 9 : • : • • :

9 : • •. . •• • : , - .

• • • . ' * • ' . ' • " •

" . -, • • • . . • ' . ' • ' - ' " T-'••.•••. O \

Egd. 6. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Cgffal-Brnlstgif, jugh-prnegahal. ?92;.

Obb. 6. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Cgtthara Brnlzazagt, Dru-balprnegha. ?92;.

aal jncvnrcgda bnfac (egd. 6) al aalzaar darglda `navaahàgf vnlfstcotargooh(cox. ?6 smàrval par jugh, F 222). Fa

sncs vrgi fnljara vuQgld (F 222) bavottabaòhva oorfawarjerodcaltal aljaha stuj

ias vuurstaal, woorvol sham`ts ççl bawarjt (jhgldatia cat zgiratnumà, F 2=4).Fa eulmtga vol fa jughal gs nlfugfahgij.

Fa gl faza drnlfspnral davnlfal oorfawarjerodcaltal bavottal vrgiwah staafsdrglf ne jwortsdrugs (ne aal mncbglotgafoorvol) ohs varsm`ro`ldscotargooh, caastohgl rugca cota. Fa oecatgldal foorvol `d-dal vnnrlocahgij balafal 1 cc. Uaahohgs tavals drne zolf al pntdrugs tnadavnadf.@at gl egd. 19 2= oedabaahfa bnfacerodcaltbavot fooraltadal sham`ts drnva brnjiaspntdrugs ohs varsm`rohgldscotargooh. @nawahfgt hootsta daal ohdacaal varbragfa traj gsbgi oorfawarj ugt faza pargnfa, doot àt`gar lgat nc aal ugtznlfarhgij varsm`gilsah(cnlf. caf. H.[. Hnuwa Jnngicols,R.C.U.N., Hagfal). [nterodcaltal cat vardahgijbora jalcarjal ohs àt `gar basm`ra

val oorfawarj zgil bnvalfgal davnlfalgl jughal ugt fa Gizartgif al gl fa bnval-drnlf, varspragf nvar àt daàha nlfarznm`ta oraooh. Gl àt oorfawarjrapartngrahgijal tnlvnrcgda tnt accarvnrcgda pnttal nvaràarst ta àbbal (egd. 1 al 5). Farolfal zgil vnnrlocahgij rnlf ne oedaphot.Bgi fa bnfacs, wahja sncs zaar fgj aldrnnt zgil, voht fa nc`nndbugdalfa vnatvol fa gl egd. 5 oedabaahfa pnt np. Fa pnt-

wolfal zgil staafs ruw dahotal (sncs catvgldarstrapal) ne gats dadhof al àbbalaal fgjta vol caastoh caar fol ?; cc.Uarsgargld jnct vnnr gl fa vnrc vol vgl-dartnpglfrujjal, znwah np fa rolf ohs npfa bugtalwolf. Gl àt hootsta davoh dootàt staafs nc aal nchnpalfa rgi, oh nelgat np aal stoebolf ne varfgjjgld ooldabrom`t (vdh. egd. 19 ?=-2;). Unnr varsgargld



[.T. vol fal Brnaja - Bawnlgldsspnral np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars ?1

5 c 4n . ; ?5?

•?V

B2;

Egd. 1. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Cgffal-Brnlstgif, oorfawarj. ?9= (> 3 stolf nlzajar). Obb. 1. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Cgtthara Brnlzazagt, Jarocgj. ?9= (> 3 ]tolf ulsgmàr).



?5 Olohamto [roa gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG

Egd. 5. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Cgffal-Brnlstgif, oorfawarj. ?96.

Obb. 5. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Cgtthara Brnlzazagt, Jaro-cgj. ?96.

fgramt nlfar fa rolf socal cat rolfvarsgargld (egd. 19 ?6-?5) vardahgija calvnlfstcotargooh ugt @ag-al Bnagmnp (HnuwaJnngicols ?746, egd. =;m). Fa jhaur volàt oorfawarj gs np fa bugtalwolf dawnnlhgij raffgs` yahhnw tnt pglj (oolfugfgld vnhdals Culsahh ]ngh Mnhnr Mòrts).Rnfara, bruglara al drgizara tgltal zgilam`tar nnj vartadalwnnrfgdf. Fa bgllalwolf al jarl zgil vooj fnljarfar.

Baòhva fa mo. 26; erodcaltal cat

bnvaldalnacfa jalcarjal, havarfa favglfphoots aal ‖ woorsm`gilhgij gl dashntal mnltaxt davnlfal ‖ mnhhamtga vol mo.21; smàrval np fga vol àt vnrgda oorfawarj oewgijt fnnrfot gl `nnefzooj drnezolf al pntdrugs ohs varsm`ro`ldscotargoohzgil dabrugjt: drglf al jwortsdrugs zgilsham`ts spoorzooc ool fa dabrugjta jhag

tnadavnadf.* Nvargdals àbbal nnj fagl egd. 19 ?2 al ?4 oedabaahfa erodcaltalfgt jalcarj. Tah`m`t stoct fgt cotargooh

ugt aal hotara eosa fol àt oorfawarjwoorgl drglf al jwortsdrugs fncglaral.

@at doot - zajar wot àt oorfawarjugt fa Brnlstgifdrnlfspnral batraet - ncprnfujtal vol fa @ghvarsuc-muhtuur al wahnc Frojalstagl/Horal oorfawarj (vdh.Dhosbardal ?757). M?6-fotargldal vnnrfardahgij oorfawarj hgddal tussal mo. ?1;;al ?;;; U. M`r. @at accarvnrcgda Horal-oorfawarj hgijt pos gl aal hoot stofguc volfaza pargnfa nltwgjjahf ta zgil (Holtgld& Cnnj ?744, p. ??4-??7). Fa np waglgdajghncatars vol fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjarsdahadal vglfphoots Lgilsah, woor nvaraaljncstgd oorfawarj gs davnlfal, àaet aalM?6-fotargld vol =;7; ¿ 41 B[, newah??6; U. M`r. (Baax al @uhst ?750).

2.= Hota Brnlstgif (al Urnada Gizartgif>)

Aljaha vnlfstal vol fa @nngfnljsmàOjjars cnatal lo fa Cgffal-Brnlstgifal výýr fa pargnfa vol gltalsgava bawnlgldtgifals fa Gizartgif dafotaarf wnrfal.Foorbgi cnat prgcogr ool fa Hota Brnlstgif dafom`t wnrfal al cndahgij tavalsool fa Urnada Gizartgif. Ncfot daaldrnlfspnral cat zajaràgf ool fgt tgifvoj zgil tna ta wgizal, gs àt dnaf cndahgijfot àt nc vnlfstal doot ugt fa pargeargavol aal wnnlphoots fga bugtal àt nlfarznm`ta oraooh àaet dahadal, bgivnnrbaahf

tal zugfal vol tarragl F. Aal nlnlfarbrnjal bawnlgld np fa @nngfnljsmàOjjars vol fa Cgffal-Brnlstgif tnt gl nelo fa Hota Brnlstgif cnat lgat ugtdashntalwnrfal.

Fa bafnahfa vnlfstal zgil `nnefzojahgijoorfawarjerodcaltal (egd. 4 al 09 ?-4).Aal ugtznlfarhgija vnlfst gs datnnlf gl egd.4. Faza fulwolfgda rolfsmàre gs davnlfal




Egd. 4. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Hota Brnlstgif, oorfawarjcat stacpahvmrsgmrgld. Bnval =92, nlfar ?92.

Obb. 4. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. ]potm Brnlzazagt, Jaro-cgj cgt ]tacpah varzgaruld. Nbal =92, ultal ?92.

ool àt zugfahgija aglfa vol put G np tarraglF. Nlfar fa ool fa bgllalzgifa daeomat-taarfa rolfhgp gs ool fa bugtalzgifa stac-pahvarsgargld ooldabrom`t, gldashntal fnnr`nrgznltoha drnaval. Fa gldafrujta cntga

val bastool staafs ugt aal maltroha pult alfrga mnlmaltrgsmà mgrjahs. Fa jhaur vol àtzaar dhoffa npparvhoj gs, vnhdals fa oolfugfgldal vol Culsahh ]ngh Mnhnr Mòrts,vary forj droy (hNWR =/?). Fa jarl gshgm`tar drgis, iugst nlfar fa bugtalwolfzahes pgljgs` droy (1WR 4/2). Vnadavnadfvarsm`ro@ldscotargooh gs lgat zgm`tboor.@nawah fa aarsta dafom`ta ugtdoot loorstacpahvarsgarf oorfawarj ugt fa Ho Vàla

pargnfa (vdh. ]m`woppom` ?744), bhgijt àtprnegah cat loca fa daeomattaarfa rolfhgp ‖ `gar am`tar lgat tarud ta vglfal.Dnafa porohhahhal vnnr znwah prnegah ohsvarsgargld havaral vglfphootsal cat vnlfstcotargooh vol fa Qrlaleahfarjuhtur. Ohsfgm`tstbgizgilfa vglfphoots jol Ràglbom`-Eharzàgc (Lnrfràgl-Tasteohal) dalnacfwnrfal, mo. ?6; jc YN vol fa @nng

fnljsmà Ojjars dahadal (Inom`gc ?745).]pamgooh àt oorfawarj ugt droe 4 varfgaltnlza oolfom`t (p. 46 al Bghf 09 4-?4).@at prnegah vol nlza rolfsmàre jnct daàah nvaraal cat aal erodcalt fot ool aalVrgm`taròhsbamàr wnrft tnadasm`raval(Bghf 09 ?;, vdh. nnj 49 ?, 2, ?2 al 09 ?).Uarsgargld cat Ugarjragsstacpah, nlfar albnval badralsf fnnr drnaval, jnct np aalvnufgd davnrcfa smòhal ugt àtzahefa droevnnr (Bghf 09 ?5, ?4). Inom`gc jnct tntaal phootsgld gl fa eosa @ohhstott B2 (vnhdals fa glfaQld vol A. Darsbom`/T. Jgc-cgd/A. Undt) al aal fotargld gl fa 0a aauw

U. M`r. Faza fotargld cod nnj vnnr nlsstuj ooldalncal wnrfal. Ta àbbal`gar fol ta cojal cat aal erodcalt volaal Vrgm`taròhsbamàr ugt fa hootsta eosavol fa Hota Brnlstgif, tavals ççl vol fawaglgda outàltgaja jarocgsmà prnfuj-tal vol fa Qrlaleahfarjuhtur fga àt dabgaf vol fa Lgafarràglgsmà Drob`ødah-

juhtur baragjt àbbal (vdh. Uarwars ?74?,p.5?).

Bgi fa nvargda vnlfstal vol oorfawarjugt faza pargnfa doot àt staafs nc hnmohavnnrtbraldsahal. Aal faah arvol gs spoorzooc cat drglf ne jwortsdrugs varsm`roohf(egd. 09 ?, 2, 6, 4), aal olfar faah ohhaalcat pntdrugs (egd. 09 =, 1, 5). Oedazgal volàt pnterodcalt vol egd. 09 ? gs fa bugtalwolf staafs gats ruw (lgat dapnhgist ne bascatal) al wgist fa jhaur np aal nxyfaralfbojcghgau. @at erodcalt vol egd. 09 ? gsfooraltadal cgl ne caar dapnhgist al fnljardrgis tnt zwort vol jhaur: àt voht npfnnr aal smàrp oedazatta, jnrta òhs. Gfaltgaj oorfawarj, woorsm`gilhgij ta fotaralrnlf fa nvardold vol Hota Brnlstgif loorUrnada Gizartgif (mo. 4;; v. M`r.) gs davnlfal gl aal lafarzattgld np fa vglfphootsTgimàl - fa Baralfnlmj (nlfarznaj G.[.H.,nldapubhgmaarf). Fa stujjal vol egd. 09 2




Egd. 0. @nngfnljsm`m Ojjars. Hota Brnlstgif (al Urnada Gizartgif >), oorfawarj (?-4) al erodcalt vol vuurstalal sgjjah (0). Oorfawarj ?9=, vuurstaal ?9?.

Obb. 0. @nngfnljsm`m Ojjars. ]pota Brnlzazagt (ulf Erøà Agsalzagt >), Jarocgj (?-4) ulf Erodcalt aglar ]gmàh ous]ghax (0). Jarocgj ?9=. ]ghax ?9?.

al 09 5 zgil gl GIzartgif-jughal davnlfal.Ya wgijal vol àt GIzartgif-oorfawarj oefnnr fa mncbglotga vol spgtsa rolf, varsgargld fgramt nlfar fa rolf (vgldartnp- rasp.lodahglfrujjal), ruw npparvhoj al drnecglarooh varsm`rohgldscotargooh (fgt hootstaohhaal bgi egd. 09 2). Unnr àt fulwolfgdaerodcalt ugt poohjugh F 11 (egd. 09 =) gscat loca fa dhof oedastrajal rolf al fanchnpalfa rgi vgldartnpglfrujjal np àtpult vol fa coxgcoha fnnrslafa npcarjahgij. Cal vardahgija fgt stuj cat fa gl fa

Hota Brnlstgif dafotaarfa pnt lr. ?=; ugtàt urlalvahf vol Hood ]puh (Uarwars?741, egd. =). @ohsvarsgargld bastoolfa ugtaal rgi vgldartnpglfrujjal (egd. 09 6) jnctbgi pnttal ugt faza pargnfa radahcotgd vnnr.Gl egd. 09 1 gs vrgi zajar aal erodcalt volaal fulwolfgda @aljahtossa oedabaahf.Loor vnrc, oewarjgld al fgjta daàahnvaraaljncstgda axacphoral vol fgt pnt-typa zgil vol àt ugt fa Hota Brnlstgiffotaralfa urlalvahf vol Hood ]puh bajalf(Uarwars ?741, b.v. egd. 69 ?=0). Unnr fa




cat drglf varsm`roohfa pnt vol egd. 09 4 gsdaal dnaf vardahgijgldsstuj ta lnacal.'

Aal hns davnlfal erodcalt vol aal vuur-

stalal sgjjah cat `nnddhols (egd. 09 0) jolzaar dnaf gl àt `gar baòlfahfa tgifvojtùgs`nral (vdh. Hnuwa Jnngicols ?746, p.??5).

=. FA BATNLGLD GL FA GIYARVGIF

=.? Ohdacaal

Fa caasta drnlfspnral al vnlfstal vol fa@nngfnljsmà Ojjars fotaral ugt aal davnrfarfa eosa vol fa Gizartgif. Ya zgilnp ohha nlfarznm`ta tarraglal vaahvuhfgdwoordalncal. ]ham`ts gl àt nnstahgijfaah vol tarragl F zgil za smòors. Tacnatal nls `gar fa nnstdrals faljal volfa lafarzattgld fga np fa tarraglal B t/c Edafaahtahgij ool àt hgm`t gs dabrom`t.Olfara lafarzattgldsdralzal zgil lgat àrjalboor. Bawnlgldsspnral fga cndahgijugt fazahefa pargnfa stoccal, zgil davnlfal np mo. ?;; al mo. 2;; c NLN

vol tarragl B (vdh. Baax ?754b). Np àthootstdalnacfa pult cnat tarragl Ownrfal dasgtuaarf.

Unnr fa vaha poohjughal al olfara jhaglajughal np tarragl F dahft fot zgi sham`tsvnnr aal baparjt faah dafotaarf jullalwnrfal al vaahoh lnd cat rasarva, wadalsaal darglda gl`nuf ool vnlfstal. Tacndal am`tar oollacal fot àt caralfaah arvol gl fa `gar baòlfahfa pargnfa

tùgs`nnrt.

=.2 Mnlstrumtgas

@nawah tgifals fa nlfarznajgldal vahapoohjughal zgil ooldatrneeal, cat loca nptarragl F, jnlfal sham`ts fa phottadrnlfalvol twaa mnlstrumtgas wnrfal àrjalf.

Dabnuw O (egd. 7). Fa phottadrnlf voldabnuw O warf ooldatrneeal gl àt zugfa-

N

Egd. 7. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Gizartgif, phottadrnlf voldabnuw O (fgaptas gl mc). ?92;;.

Obb. 7. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars . Agsalzagt, Drulfrgeg vnlDaboufm O (Vgmeml gl mc). ?92;;.

hgija faah vol fa puttal G al UG vol tarraglF. Fa zugfahgija `naj arvol jnl lgat nlfarznm`t wnrfal ohs davnhd vol fa oolwazgdàgf vol aal holfwad np faza phoots.Fa haldtaos vol àt dabnuw gs LN - YT

dargm`t. Fa haldta bafroodt talcglsta ?2,1c, fa braafta 4 c. @at gs lgat fugfahgijne àt nltbrajal vol poohjughal ool fajnrta LN-zgifa àt davnhd gs vol nlfgapgldroval vol pohal vnnr faza jnrta wolf.Dabnuw O gs fugfahgij aal ùgs vol àttypa @ops (vdh. Uarwars ?742, p. 5= a.v.),cat aal twaasmàpgda glfahgld al twaatadalnvar ahjoor dahadal gldoldal nldavaargl àt cgffal vol fa holda zgifal. Fa gl

dold bastoot ugt tahjals twaa aalàfalvol talcglsta twaa pohal. @at vnnr @opsooldatnnlfa bnuwprglmgpa vol àt phootsal vol aal cgffalpooh gl fa hgil tussaltwaa sargas poohjughal ugt fa gldoldsportgial, gs nnj `gar tnadapost (vdh. Uarwars?742, Obb. 16). Npvohhalfa varsm`ghhalcat fa ùgzal ugt @ops zgil am`tar np twaapultal ool ta daval: za jullal np aal gats



2; Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG

oewgijalfa mnlstrumtgawgiza fugfal. Gl faaarsta phoots bafroodt gl @ops fa oestolftussal twaa cgffalpohal (lnjbohjfrodars)lnngt caar fol 1 c. Fa twaa davnlfalpoohjughal vnnr lnjbohjfrodars vol dabnuwO àbbal fooraltadal aal nlfarhglda oestolf vol 5,1 c. Nnj gl fa LN-àhet volàt dabnuw cod cal lnd aal cgffalpoohvarwom`tal. Aal twaafa varsm`gh batraetfa poohjughal gl fa holda zgifal vol àtdabnuw. Aal vardahgijgld cat fa ùgzalvol @ops haart fot àt `gar cnat doolnc jughal vnnr pohal fga vnhdals Uarwars(?742, p. 0=) bugtal fa agdalhgija wolf

stnlfal. Fgt jol damnlmhufaarf wnrfal ugtfa nlfarhglda oestolf tussal fa jughal alfa `ddgld arvol tal npzgm`ta vol fa gldoldsportgi vol àt ùgs. Bgllal àt varspragfgldsdabgaf vol fa ççl- al twaa-smàpgda ùgzal ‖ woorgl nnj nlza vglfphoots post (vdh. Uarwars ?742, Obb. 10) -vartnlal olfara ùgzal fol fga ugt @opscaar nvaraaljncst cat dabnuw O. Favnnrlnacfa varsm`ghhal, spamgooh fa npstah

hgld vol fa cgffalpohal, coojt fa phottadrnlf vol dabnuw O àt bast vardahgijboor cat fga vol tnt àt typa @ops tarajalal ùgzal vol fa Tasteoohsa vglfphoots ]nast-Orfay. @gar jncal twaa-smàpgda ùgzal vnnr, fga ‖ bgi aal haldtavol caar fol ?1 c - lgat caar fol twaacgffalpohal tahhal (Ormònhndgsmà Falj-

Egd. ?;. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Gizartgif, rolferodcal-tal vol oorfawarj ugt dabnuw O. ? :6.

Obb. ?;. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Agsalzagt. Rolferodcal-ta vnl Jarocgj ous Daboufa O. ?96.

cohar gl Daeo`r, p. ?=2, @ous G, GG, UGGG).Nnj hgijt `gar sproja ta zgil vol sham`tsççl rgi pohal par wolf.

Fa vnhdalfa tnt dabnuw O ta rajalalpoohjughal àbbal vnlfstcotargooh npdahavarf (prne. 3 mncphaat prnegah: rer. 3rolferodcalt: ber. 3 bnfacerodcalt: wer.3 wolferodcalt)9F 1 2 - Cgffal-Brnlstgif9 ? rer. (ruw:

egd. 19 ?2): Gizartgif9 ? wer.(ruw): Brnlstgif ne Gizartgif9 ?ber. (ruw).

F 1=- Gizartgif9 1 wer. (2 dhof, 2 ruw, ?nlfugfahgij).

F 1 6 - Gizartgif9 ? rer. (dhof: egd. ?;), ?wer. (bascatal).

F 1 5 - Gizartgif9 ? rer. (dhof: egd. ?;), 6wer. (? dhof, 2 ruw, ? bascatal).2 brnjias dabrolf haac.

Fýh‖ Gizartgif9 = wer. (? ruw + vgldar-tnpglfruj, 2 nlfugfahgij).

F 5 2 - Gizartgif9 ? wer. (ruw). ? damohmg-laarf bnterodcalt, aljaha erodcaltias `nutsjnnh.

@at Gizartgif-oorfawarj gs staafs voldrnap O (zga p. 24 a.v.). Aal axomta phootsgld bgllal fa pargnfa vol fa bawnlgld gslgat cndahgij. Ar gs wah aal oolwgizgld fotfgt dabnuw gl dabrugj wos lo àt fgm`t-rojal vol fa lobgidahadal drnta jughal(zga p. 21).

Vgifals àt nlfarznaj np tarragl E warfal fnnr fa vrgiwghhgdars poohjughal ool àthgm`t dabrom`t fga tnt aal twaafa ram`t

`najgda mnlstrumtga ba`nnrf cnatal àbbal (zga nnj Baax ?746). Tadals àt varhnral dool vol fa tgifals àt nlfarznajfnnr T. @aastars dacoojta tajalgld, jolaal basm`rgivgld lnd sham`ts dadaval wnrfal ool fa òlf vol zgil àrgllargld. Favgar N-T dargm`ta rgial poohjughal àbbalaal ram`t`naj vol mo. 4 x 6,1 c ncshntal.Gldoldal zgil lgat woordalncal. Faza



[.T. vol fal Brnajm - Bawnlgldsspnral np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars 2?

dadavals, cat loca fa varcahfa oecatgldal, cojal àt nlwoorsm`gilhgij fot àt`gar, olfars fol bgi dabnuw O, nc aal mnl

strumtga cat wnnleulmtga doot. Fa poohjughal bavottal aljaha tgaltohhal oorfawarjerodcaltal. @nawah faza fnnr nlslgat dasmàgfal vol nvargd cotargooh voltarragl E jnlfal wnrfal bastufaarf,coojt fa socalstahhgld vol àt tntooh ooloorfawarjerodcaltal aal fotargld volfaza mnlstrumtga gl fa Gizartgif `nndstwoorsm`gilhgij (Cgffal-Brnlstgif9 ?? stujs:Gizartgif9 75 stujs: ramalta tgif9 2 stujs).

Np drnlf vol fa `navaahàgf vnlfstalvol fa tarraglal B t/c E, cod varnlfarstahf wnrfal fot bugtal faza tarraglalolfara dabnuwal dahadal àbbal fga tntfa lafarzattgld ba`nnrf àbbal. Unnraljaha olfara mnlstrumtgas fga cndahgijgl fazahefa pargnfa tùgs`nral, wnrftvarwazal loor p. 55. Fa batajalgs vol farastaralfa hnssa poohjughal bhgiet gl àtnldawgssa.

npdatajalf: fa jughal B 1*\ al M 70 jallalaal holdwarpgda vnrc. Jugh F 05 bhaajnlfar àt dasmòoefa vhoj gl caarfara

jhagla jughal ugtaal ta vohhal.Uol aal drnnt ooltoh axacphoral gsbnvalfgal fa vnrc gl àt vartgjoha vhojbajalf. Fa prnegahvnrcal zgil gl fa vnhdalfa drnapal gl ta fahal.

G. Jughal cat vhojja bnfac al vrgiwah vartgjoha wolf. Fa caasta jughal ba`nral tntfaza drnap. Fa vnrc vol fa wolf jol zugvar ram`thgilgd zgil ne roeahgd, fa nvardoldvol bnfac loor wolf `najgd ne oedarnlf.Aal roeahgda wolf jol àt davnhd zgil volaal varvoh vol fa nnrsprnljahgija vnrc volfa wolf. Fa fgocatar al fgapta vol fajughal vorgêral starj. ]cohha al tadahgijfgapa jughal zgil am`tar zahfzooc (F 2=1).Fa glsprgldgld gl fa stagha wolf vol jughA 1 jol àt davnhd zgil vol aal nplgauwugtdroval lo aal dafaahtahgija npvuhhgld(zga nnj egd. ?2).

=.= Drnta jughal

=.=.? Unrc (egd. ??)Aal zavaltgdtoh jughal cat aal fnnrslafavol caar fol ? c jol ool fa òlf volsncs drnta `navaahàfal vnlfstcotargoohgl fa Gizartgif dafotaarf wnrfal. Fardahgijajughal nltbrajal gl àt nnstahgija faah voltarragl F. Ya hgijal ahjoor lnngt ta nvarslgifal. Fa gl`nuf vol fa drntara axacphoral bafroodt = o 6 c\, gl aal aljah da

voh (F 246) zahes 6 o 1 c\ Fnnrfot àthnnpvhoj vol fa Gizartgif coor phootsahgijbawoorf gs dabhaval, cnat fa nnrsprnljahgija jughgl`nuf gl fa caasta davohhal lndgats drntar zgil dawaast. Fa caarfaràgfvol fa drnta jughal gs gl àt `nrgznltohavhoj cgl ne caar mgrjahvnrcgd tnt nvoohne nlradahcotgd vol vnrc. Unnr A ??gs fooraltadal aal vrgiwah vgarjolta vnrc

GG. Jughal cat vhojja bnfac al smùglnphnpalfa wolf. Uol fa nlfgapa axacphoral jol aal ooltoh nnrsprnljahgij npaal `ndar lgvaou aal vartgjoha wolf daòfàbbal (b.v. F 04, F 77). Uol aal fugfahgija brauj tussal fa vnrc vol fa jughalugt drnap G al fga ugt drnap GG jol lgat dasprnjal wnrfal.

GGG. Jughal cat vhojja bnfac al phootsa

hgij datropta wolf. @nawah gl aljaha davohhal ool aal nvarslgifgld cat aal jhaglara jugh ne poohjugh dafom`t znu jullalwnrfal (F 61, F 67, F 224), zgil ar olfarajughal woor fugfahgij aal varsprgldgld glfa wolf gs ooldabrom`t (F 75, F 70). Glàt davoh vol jugh F 75 jol batar dasprnjalwnrfal vol aal ugtsporgld gl fa bnfac.



22 Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG

F246 F241 F?;? F24; M1 F76 F200 A8=

F00 F74 F 2=?/== B =

c

F 2?1;61 F?;;

A?; BG A?2 A??

A 1 ; 2=1

B5 F77 N 226

F21= F6=

F67

; =; 6; 5; 0; ?;;

C -

6; -

C '

C '

?;;- • mc

F 2=6 F04

F244 F=;?

F2?= AB

F70

F 245 F72

F2?4

Az9

Egd. ??. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Gizartgif, juøprnegahal. ?96;. Obb. ??. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Egsalzagt. Druàllrnegha. ?96;.



[.T. vol fal Brnaja - Bawnlgldsspnral np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars 2=

GU. Jughal cat nlradahcotgd davnrcfabnfac al/ne wolf. Gl faza rastdrnap zgilprnegahal nlfardabrom`t fga gl cglfara necaarfara cota vol fga ugt fa drnapal G-GGGoewgijal. Fa caasta jughbnfacs zgil cglne caar vhoj. Jugh F 72 àaet ohs algda volfa oedabaahfa jughal aal jncvnrcgda bnfac.

Rajalgld `nufalf cat àt darglda ooltohbajalfa jughprnegahal vol fa tarraglal Bal M, jol dazadf wnrfal fot fa varsm`ghhalfa prnegahtypal zgm` lgat mnlmaltraralnp bapoohfa phootsal bgllal àt daàah volfa nlfarznm`ta tarraglal. Ar jol avalcglaal rahotga dahadf wnrfal tussal àt prnegahtypa al fa vnrc gl àt `nrgznltoha vhoj.

; 00

=.=.2 Npvuhhgld (egd. ?2)Uol aal twgltgdtoh jughal gs baòhva favnrc tavals fa npvuhhgld dafnmucaltaarf.Gl jughal cat loor var`nufgld vaah fnljar,ùcaus zolf zgil nnj staafs vaah oorfawarjerodcaltal al olfar vnlfstcotargooh

ooldatrneeal, g.t.t. jughal cat aal hgm`tardajhaurfa vuhhgld. Fa `navaahàgf dabrolfhaac, spgljhnsias, staal a.f. òldt par jughvrgi starj socal cat fa `navaahàgf pnt-erodcaltal foorgl (vdh. p. 4=). Ta àbbalbhgijboor cat lafarzattgldsoevoh ta cojal.

Unnr fa wgiza vol npvuQgld vol fajughal zgil tal cglsta frga cndahgijàfalool ta daval.o) Gl fa aarsta phoots jullal jughal fgm`t-

dawnrpal zgil cat zolf fot bgi àt npalalvol lgauwa jughal vrgijwoc. Jughal fgavnnr aal baholdrgij faah cat daah zolf zgildavuhf al waglgd vnlfstal bavottal (b.v.F 6= al F 244, zga egd. ?2), jullal npfardahgija wgiza zgil vnhdaroojt. Np fabnfac vol fa zaar drnta jugh F 246 wos glàt cgffal aal buht zolf davnrcf, fa fugfahgijsta oolwgizgld vnnr àt npvuhhal fnnrcalsalòlf. Fa gltomta wolf vol fa

F 244

Igieg

\º*.

*'**««<.

,\8rs

A1

\\\\\

Egd. ?2. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Qzartgif, jughvuhhgldal.?96;.

Obb. ?2. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Agsalzagt, Drubaleøhhul-dal. ?96;.




caasta jughal fugft arnp fot arnsga vol fajughwolf louwahgijs aal rnh vol batajalgsbgi fa npvuhhgld daspaahf jol àbbal.b) Jughal jullal holdzooc zgil vnhdaroojtcat (gldawoogf, gldaspnahf, gldatropt) zolfal lafarzattgldsoevoh ugt fa nchgddalfabnvaldrnlf. Fa radahcotgda egila dahoodfàgf fga cal foorbgi varwom`tal cod (vdh.b.v. Avols & Hgcbray ?746, egd. 1), vohtavaltuaah ool ta wgizal nlfargl jugh F 6=(egd. ?2). Ynwah vnnr cndahgijàgf o ohs bdahft fot àt ormànhndgsmà cotargooh glfa jughvuhhgld ugt fa bnvaldrnlf oejncstgdcnat zgil al foorfnnr caarfara aauwal

jol vartadalwnnrfgdal. Fgt wnrft daîhhustraarf fnnr fa oorfawarjerodcaltal ugtfa Brnlstgif wahja gl varsm`ghhalfa GIzar-tgifjughal zgil ooldatrneeal.

m) Jughal warfal gl aal aljaha jaar ne gleosal davuhf cat oevohcotargooh vol fa arval ne ugt fa ùgzal. Fa fnljara `ncndalavuh`ld gl fa nlfarsta àhet vol fa vnlfstrgija jugh F 00 (egd. ?2) fnat ool aal fardahgija wgiza vol npvuhhgld faljal, avalohs fa

oolwazgdàgf vol frga fgjja, `ncndaalfnljar dajhaurfa hodal gl jugh F 04 (egd.?2). @at vnlfstcotargooh vol np fazawgiza npdavuhfa jughal zoh aal jnrtaratgifsspolla vartadalwnnrfgdal fol fot ugtjughal fga np wgiza o al b zgil npdavuhf.

Nlfoljs fa gl egd. ?2 daîhhustraarfa vorgotgagl fa socalstah`ld vol fa jughvuhhgldal,jol lgat cat zajaràgf bapoohf wnrfal

np wahja wgiza fa jughal npdavuhf zgilal foorfnnr gs avalcgl bajalf wahjam`rnlnhndgsmà woorfa fa gl`nuf àaet.Gl fa projtgij zuhhal bgi àt fgm`trojal volaal jugh nnj caar fol ççl vol fa dasmàtsta npvuhhgldswgizal aal rnh àbbal daspaahf. Lozojjal vol fa vuhhgld (cat tnavnadgld vol lgauw, nnj inldar ormànhndgsm` cotargooh bnvalgl), wnrtah- al fgar

warjgld zuhhal àt egil-m`rnlnhndgsm` jorojtar vol àt ormànhndgsmà cotargooh volaal np wgiza m npdavuhfa jugh bnvalfgalom`taroe àbbal jullal varstnral.

Fot vaah vol fa jughal, wahja ohha glzwoj hacgd zolf zgil ooldahadf, aal lnd daàah gltomta wolf àbbal, wgist ndalsm`gilhgij np aal jnrtstnlfgd npalhgddal vnnroe

doolf ool fa npvuhhgld. Ar cnat am`tarrajalgld da`nufal wnrfal cat aal wolf-varstavgdgld, b.v. cat baùhp vol vham`twarj. Aal oolwgizgld foorvnnr havart jughA 1. Bgi àt ugtdroval vol faza fgapa, glàt `nrgznltoha vhoj vrgiwah rnlfa jugh,

warf ool fa rolf vol fa bnfac aal mgrjahvnrcgda hgm`tdrgiza varjhaurgld cat foorglfnljara phajias zgm`tboor. Var phootsa warfoh ool aal nnrsprnljahgija oezattgld catstnjias dafom`t (Uol far ]olfal z.i.).Aljaha myhglfrgsmà jughal cat vhojja bnfac gl fa lafarzattgld ugt fa Cgffal-Brnlstgif ta Lgilsah (Baax & @uhst ?750),fga daàah vardahgijboor zgil cat vaah volfa jughal vol fa @nngfgljsmà Ojjars, var

tnnlfal tadal fa wolf fugfahgija spnralvol vham`twarj (cnlf. caf. D. Baax alT. @aastars).

=.=.= [orohhahhal

Fa `garbnval raafs dalnacfa my`lfrgsmàjughal ugt fa fgm`tbgi fa @nngfnljsmàOjjars dahadal lafarzattgld Lgilsah fotaralugt fa Cgffal-Brnlstgif (Baax & @uhst?750). Unnr jughalmnlmaltrotgas ugt GIzar-

tgiflafarzattgldal fgalal wa nlza bhgj targm`tal np Lnnrf-Bahdgê al Tast-Fugtsholf.Uol vglfphootsal fga dandroegsm` dnaf oolshugtal np nlza vglfphoots jallal wa dnafdafnmucaltaarfa jughalmnlmaltrotgas cataal vorgotga gl vnrc al oecatgldal fga vardahgijboor gs cat fa sgtuotga np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Gl Bahdgê zgil fot9@ugsa-Hnzar, prnv. Nnst-Uhoolfaral (Uol



[.T. vol fal Brnaja - Bawnlgldsspnral np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars 21

Fnnrsahoar ?742): Rnscaar-]tobard (Rnn-sals & Hux ?757), Rnscaar-Fgapastroot(Fa Bna & Uol Gcpa ?747) al Uhgitgldal

(Uolfar`naval ?740) gl fa prnvglmgaHgcburd. Gl Lnrfràgl-Tasteohal hgddalDravalbrngm`-Dustnre, Jrags Lauss(Ragm`coll ?747) al Taaza-Booh, JragsDahfarl (Cøhhar-Tghha ?755). Fa jughal volfa `gar dalnacfa vglfphootsal @ddal glzolf ne hnss. Aal drnap vol 15 jughal ugt]øllgldòusal, Lnrfràgl-Tasteohal(Tghàhcg ?74=) àaet aal vaah baparjtarvnrcalsmoho, l.?. staafs cat vhojja bnfacwoorvol fa fnnrslafa drntar ne dahgij gs oolfga vol fa rnlfa tnt nvoha npalgld (Jadah-

-stucpedrubal). Fa jughal, woorvol fafgapta sncs caar fol = c bafroodt, zgil`gar fnnr haac-, zolfal drglfhodal àaldadroval. Fardahgija jughal jwocal gl faGizartgif vol Cgffal- al Tast-Aurnpo,glmhusgae Drnnt-Brgttollgê, vrgi ohdacaalvnnr (zga b.v. Rnsalstnmj ?747, p. ?05, p.265 a.v.). Bgi fa aarfar dalnacfa vglfphootsal àbbal ohhaal aljaha vol fa gl hnss

dahadal jughal aal jadahvnrc. Fa zolfdrnlf vol fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars,@ugsa-Hnzar al Taaza-Booh hgat àt cojalvol aal fardahgija vnrc woorsm`gilhgij lgattna.

=.=.6 EulmtgaBgi àt lodool vol fa eulmtga fga fa drntajughal vol fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars àbbal daòf, jullal wa ugtdool vol fa mnl

stotargld fot fa caasta jughal bhgijboorlafarzattgldsoevoh bavottal. Aal oewgijalfa vuhhgld jol sham`ts vnnr jugh B 2; damnlstotaarf wnrfal. Uol fa 2;= erodcaltal vol GIzartgif-oorfawarj foorugt zgil ?11dasgltarf ne bgilo dasgltarf. @nawah àtvnnr aal faa! nc drnta erodcaltal doot,zgil daal mncphata ne bgilo mncphata pnttal socal ta stahhal. Aal eulmtga vol fazajugh ohs pnttalbojjarsnval gs fol nnj cgl

far woorsm`gilhgij. Cndahgij àaet zn'lnval gl fa nlcgffahhgija lobgiàgf dahadal.\

Fot fa drnta jughal gl àt ohdacaalvnnr àt jwgitrojal vol lafarzattgldsoevoh dadroval warfal, gs lgat woorsm`gilhgij, ooldazgal gl varsmàgfala jughal zaarwaglgd vnlfstcotargooh gs ooldatrneeal (zgap. 4=). Fa vnlfstorcnafa òldt lgat socalcat bapoohfa jughtypal, coor gs tal fahaphootsdabnlfal. Fa drnta jughal gl tarraglF fga dahadal zgil tal zugfal al tal nnstalvol jugh F 277 (put U), àbbal locahgijznlfar ugtznlfargld rahotgae waglgd vnlfstcotargooh npdahavarf. Varhnnps zgi npdacarjt fot fa hgddgld vol dabnuw O gl fgtdabgaf, woorbgi aal mnlmaltrotga vol oevohta varwom`tal voht, fnat varcnafal fot àtdabnuw pos lo àt fgm`trojal vol fa jughalgs damnlstruaarf.

Fa caast doldbora gltarpratotga vnnrjughal cat vhojja bnfac al myhglfar-,bgialjnre-, tnl- ne jadahvnrc gs fga volvnnrroofjugh. @garbgi wnrft vnnroh ool fa

bardgld vol drool dafom`t. @at warj volBarsu (?76;) cat batrajjgld tnt fa lafarzattgld Hgttha Tnnfbury, Tghts`gra (D.-B.)gs `garvnnr vol drnnt bahold dawaast. Gleagta zgil fa mnlmrata oolwgizgldal vnnr aaleulmtga ohs npshodphoots zahfzooc. Nnj faugt jughal np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjarsvarzocahfa zofal jullal lgat ohs znfolgdwnrfal basm`nuwf (Bojahs & Uol far @oc?70;). Dulstgda ugtznlfargldal vnrcal

fa vnlfstal vol jughal cat hns dastnrtdrool (vdh. ]m`cgft a.o. ?751) al voljughal cat drnta, cat drool davuhfa pnttal (Raylnhfs ?746, p. ??7 al ?21). Gljughal ooldatrneeal drnta pnttal znlfarnrdolgsmà gl`nuf jullal gl fgt varbolfavalaals varcahf wnrfal. Gl fa aarfardalnacfa vglfphoots @ugsa-Hnzar warfaal vnnrroofpnt cat aal gl`nuf vol ?51hgtar gl aal jugh davnlfal (Uol Fnnrsahoar




?742, p. =64). Qgt aljaha woorlacgldalgl Cgffal- al Yugf-Lafarholf bhgijt fotnnj `gar gl fa Gizartgif vnhucglauza pnt

tal ‖ sncs gl mncbglotga cat jhaglara -gl jughal warfal daphootst (Rnycols ?744,p. 44 a.v.). Gl sham`ts ççl vol fa davohhalgs tavals fa jughvnrc bajalf. @at doot `garnc aal gl bnvaloolzgm`t ram`t`najgda jughvol 2,1 x 2,; c vol nlbajalfa fgapta, gl?720 nltfajt ta Jnttal, prnv. Dahfarholf(Bursm` ?727).

Drool jol am`tar nnj hns gl jughal bawoorf wnrfal, gl darnnsta ne nldarnnstatnastolf. Fgt gs znwah ugt ramalta atlndroegsmà, ohs ugt `gstnrgsmà brnllal alAldahsa ormànhndgsmà axpargcaltal bajalf (Bnwal & Tnnf ?750: Raylnhfs?746). Unnrwoorfal vnnr aal dashoodfanpshod vol nldarnnst drool zgil aal hodavnm`tgdàgfsdroof, aal hoda tacparotuural aal oloêrnba otcnseaar (rgij ool MNi).Darnnst drool agst cglfar stralda vnnrznrdal fol nldarnnst drool, coor jol lornnstal lgat caar ohs zoogdrool fgalal

(vdh. Dohh ?741). Aal hnssa npshod hgijtnnj gl aal sgtuotga ohs fga vol fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars ta rao`saral, fnnr bajhafgld vol fa wolf cat b.v. vham`twarj, fotoedascaarf gs cat haac ne jhag (vnnr oolwgizgldal vnnr vham`twarj zga p. 26).Unnr fa oeshugtgld vol fa npalgld jol dafom`t wnrfal ool pholjal cat jhagoefaj-jgld ne ool aal jhaghood fga fgramt np àthns dastnrta drool hgdt (vdh. Raylnhfs ?746,p. ?2=). Vomgtus varcahft gl fa Darcolgoàt oefajjal vol vnnrroofjughal cat

egcus, f.w.z. cat cast ne oevoh (Bnwal &Tnnf ?750, p. =). Fot fa drnta `navaahàfal oevoh ugt snccgda jughal vol fa@nngfnljsmà Ojjars np aal fardahgijdabrugj zgil tarud ta vnaral, wnrft cglfar woorsm gilhgij wollaar cal waat fotvarsmàgfala jughal zaar waglgd oevoh-

cotargooh àbbal bavot (p. 4=).@at frnnd`nufal vol vnnrrofal gl

jughal varagst volzahesprajalf aal raho

tgae hoda drnlfwotarspgadah. @at drnlfwotar hgijt, ohtòls dafuralfa fa bawnlgldgl fa Gizartgif, lgat àt bnfaclgvaou volfa jughal baragjt ta àbbal. Aal oolwgizgld foorvnnr havart aal wotarput ugt faRncaglsa tgif (A 5), woorvol àt rastaralfa `nutwarj zgm` tussal 2,5; al mo. =,?;c nlfar àt ramalta coogvahf bavnlf, wotfugft np aal hoodsta drnlfwotarstolf balafal àt lgvaou vol fa jughal, woorvolfa fgapsta np cox. 2,1; c nlfar àt

ramalta coogvahf ùl bnfac daòf cnatalàbbal.' Aal drnlfwotarstolf tnt bnvalàt bnfaclgvaou vol fa jughal znu nldatwgieahf aal varstnrgld vol ùl vaahoh ram`thgilgda wolfprnegah ta zgal dadaval àbbal.

Tollaar wa fa loor vnral dabrom`tadadavals nvarzgal, fol jol fa mnlmhusgazgil fot fa caarfaràgf vol fa drnta jughalvol fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars brugjboordawaast gs vnnr npshod, ne àt lu prnfujtal

gl hnssa vnrc ne gl ncùhsahs (pnttal) batrne. @at gs lgat oollacahgij fot ohha jughalnp fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars fazahefa eulmtga àbbal daòf. Cat loca jughal ugtdrnap GU cat aal darglda fgapta ne aal cglne caar rnlfa bnfac (F 72, F 2?4, F244) hgijal cglfar dasm`gjt vnnr aal eulmtga ohs vnnrroofjugh. Jughal cat datroptawolf (drnap GGG) rnapal avalaals vroodtajals np. Gl Rnscaar-]tobard gs aal da

tropta wolf ooldatrneeal gl aal jugh fganvargdals jadahvnrcgd dalnacf jol wnrfal al aal cndahgija eulmtga vol vnnrroof-jugh tnadafom`t gs (Rnnsals & Hux ?757,oeb. ?= al p. ?2). @at gs gl fgt davoh am`tarcndaìj fot àt nc aal varvoh vol fa wolfdoot, lo aal dafaahtahgija npvuhhgld vol fajugh.

Unnr jughal np lafarzattgldstarraglal




zgil baòhva fa gltarpratotga ohs vnnrroof-jughal lnd olfara eulmtgas ta nvarwadal,znohs waaejughal, jnnjjughal, jughal vnnr

àt varwarjal vol fa nndstprnfujtal, alz.(vdh. Barsu ?76;, p. 44 a.v.: Cøhhar-Tghha?755, p. =05 a.v.: Rnsalstnmj ?747, p.?00). [nsgtgava oolwgizgldal vnnr faza nedala eulmtga zgil am`tar vnnr fa jughalvol fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars lgat talnacal.

Fa gltarpratotga vol jughal ohs cndahgijanpshodphootsal braldt nls np àt vnhdalfaprnbhaac. Qgt varsmàgfala pra`gstnrgsmàal hotara lafarzattgldal zgil strumturalbajalf fga avalaals ohs rastal vol npshodphootsal wnrfal daîltarprataarf, l.?. phottadrnlfal vol spgajars (zga Cøhhar-Tghha?744, p. ?55 a.v. vnnr nvarzgm`t). Tollaarspgajars al jughal aal gfaltgaja eulmtgaòffal, fol cod cal varnlfarstahhal fotbagfa lgat tadahgijartgif gl ççl al fazahefalafarzattgld oolwazgd woral. Uol fa aarfar dalnacfa vglfphootsal cat jughalmnl-maltrotgas, glmhusgae fa @nngfnljsmà Oj

jars, àbbal Lgilsah, Dravalbrngm`-Dustnreal Taaza-Booh faza varsm`gilsahal fugfahgijnp àtzahefa tarragl. Lacal wa ool fot fajughal al spgajars dahgijtgifgd vnnrjwocal,fol hgdt fa mnlmhusga vnnr fa òlf fot`gargl nlfarsmàgfal prnfujtal npdashodalwarfal, b.v. drool tadalnvar vnafarhnne nevhaas (vdh. Ragm`coll ?747, p. 10;), nefot za tntooh varsm`ghhalfa eulmtgas òffal.Ar zgi tarhnnps lnd np dawazal fot jughal-

mnlmaltrotgas gl varsmàgfala davohhal bugtal àt tarragl vol fa wnnlarval dahadalcnatal àbbal (@nngfnljsmà Ojjars,@ugsa-Hnzar, Rnscaar-]tobard, ]øllgld-òusal, Uhgitgldal, Taaza-Booh).

jncstgd vol caarfara fugzalfal pnttal,ool fa Gizartgif tnadawazal. Rugc ??.;;;foorvol stoccal ugt drnlfspnral vol fga

pargnfa. Gl davoh vol hnssa vnlfstal cnat‖ dazgal fa oolwazgdàgf vol Rncaglsoorfawarj ‖ ooldalncal wnrfal fotzgm` foornlfar nnj glàacs oorfawarjugt fa Rncaglsa tgif bavglft.'"

@at - vrgi zajar staafs cat fa òlf dacoojta ‖ oorfawarj gs np drnlf vol ugtarhgija jalcarjal gl ta fahal gl frga `nnefdrnapal, wahja socal hgijal ta vohhal catvarsm`ghhalfa dabgafal vol àrjncst.

=.6.2 Drnap O9 hnmooh varvoorfgdf oorfawarjUol fa caarfaràgf vol àt oorfawarjjullal wa oollacal fot àt gl fa agdalradgn varvoorfgdf gs. @at doot bgi faza drnapnc ?5.057 smàrval (3 75,4% vol àtGizartgif-oorfawarj), l.?. ?4 mncphata prnegahal, 2.?=6 rolfsmàrval, ?.;2= bnfac-smàrval, ?=.50? wolfsmàrval al ?6 erodcaltal vol bolfnral.

Uarsm`rohgld, oewarjgld, jhaur, a.f. Unnrznvar varsm`ro`ldscotargooh zgm`tboor gs,doot àt staafs nc pntdrugs. Drne zolfjnct foorloost smòors vnnr: drnvar cglarooh cotargooh gs ugtarst zahfal ‖ al folstaafs gl zaar darglda `navaahàfal ‖ tnadavnadf.

Unnr fa oewarjgld vol fa bugtalwolfdahfal fa vnhdalfa parmaltodas9dhof (n.o. dapnhgist) 22,6%

ruw ?5,5%bascatal (daàah ne dafaahtahgij) 16,4%lgat ta bapohal 5,=%

?;;,;%

=.6 Oorfawarj Aal dargld faah vol àt oorfawarj gs bnval-=.6.? Glhagfgld fgal varsgarf (p. 6=). @at zgil vnnrlocahgij

Gl tntooh zgil ?4.61? pnterodcaltal, oe- jnccal al `nda pnttal fga bascatal zgil.




@at bascatal faah jol tnt fa rolf hnpal netnt aal hodar pult, fot bgi pnttal catsm`nufar zahfal ne lnngt balafal fa nvar

dold vol bugj loor sm`nufar hgdt. Bastootfaza nvardold ugt aal jlgj, fol gs fa sm`nufar zahfal bascatal. @ohzal zgil lnngt bascatal. ]mòhal zgil `nnefzojahgij dhof.]màrval cat ruw npparvhoj zgil vnnr aalfaah tna ta sm`rgival ool bascatal pnttalwoorvol àt bnvalsta faah nlbascatal gsdahotal, ne pnttal fga sham`t (zwoj) bascatal zgil. Unnr aal olfar faah ba`nralfa smàrval tna ool jhagla aalhafgda ruwapnttal. Nnj varwargld àaet ruwa npparvhojjal fnal nltstool. Gl aal ooltoh davohhal bhajal pnttal np fa bugj ruw dahotal al np fa sm`nufar dadhof ta zgil.

Fa wolffgjta vol àt oorfawarj hgdt`nnefzojahgij tussal ;,1 al ?,2 mc, woorbgi npvoht fot zaar drnta pnttal aal lgatne louwahgijs fgjjara wolf àbbal foljhagla pnttal.

Unnrlocahgij bgi bascatal oorfawarjjnl aal ooltoh cohal aal npbnuw gl

bolfal woordalncal wnrfal, caastoh= - 5 mc braaf, wahja gl vaha davohhal foj-polsdawgis ool ahjoor woral daàm`t.

Fa jhaur vol àt oorfawarj fugft arnpfot fa caasta pnttal cat aal ruw ne bascatal npparvhoj (tgifahgij) gl aal nxy-faralf cgàu warfal dabojjal. [nttalcat aal dhof npparvhoj warfal vaahoh ‖coor zajar lgat ugtshugtalf ‖ gl aal rafumaralf cghgau dabojjal. Aal faah vol fa

smàrval gs samulfogr fnnr vuur ooldatost ne dasgltarf.

Bnfacvnrc. Ooldazgal bgi fa baòlfahgld vol fa pntvnrcal bgllal àt oorfawarj vol drnap O varwazal zoh wnrfalloor bapoohfa bnfacvnrcal, wnrft `garool lu aarst oolfom`t bastaaf.

Ar zgil twaa bnfactypal ool ta wgizal

fga socal àt caralfaah vol fa davnlfalbnfacs bavottal.

O. Bnfacs cat dajlgjta nvardold loor

fa wolf (egd. ?=9 ?-5, 0, 7, ?0-2;). Fgtbnfactypa gs àt bast vartadalwnnrfgdf.Fa nvardold vol bnfacphoot loor wolfjol vgo aal jnrt stagh troiamt varhnpal, znlfar fot vol aal am`ta vnat dasprnjal jolwnrfal (Egd. ?=9 =, 5). Aal `nhha bnfacphoot, znohs datnnlf gl egd. ?=9 0, jnctwaglgd vnnr. Fa fgocatar vol fa bnfacphoot nvarsm`rgift zahfal fa ?1 mc. Bnfacscat ççl ne caar fnnrbnrgldal zgil zascooh woordalncal (vdh. egd. ?=9 ?0-2;,

egd. ?09 F 2?1 + F 246). Fa dotal zgilgl aljaha davohhal fugfahgij vnnroedoolfool àt bojprnmas ooldabrom`t (egd. ?=9?7), gl olfara davohhal hgijt aal fnnrbnrgldom`taroe dacoojt ta zgil (b.v. egd. ?=9 2;).Nvar fa eulmtga vol pnttal cat ççl necaarfara dotal gl fa bnfac, aal gl faGizartgif vol nlza strajal lgat zahfzoocvarsm`gilsah, bastoot daal fugfahgijàgf.Tah wnrft gl fgt varbolf lndoh aals ool

aal eulmtga bgi àt jooscojal dafom`t(vdh. ]tõmj` ?747, p. 2;).

B. Bnfacs cat aal vhnagalfa nvardoldloor fa wolf (egd. ?=9 4, ?;, ?1-?4). Fazabnfacs zgil cglfar vartadalwnnrfgdf (alsham`tar àrjalboor) fol fga vol àt vnrgdatypa. Oedazgal vol àt gl egd. ?=94 datnnlfa stuj, traeeal wa fgt bnfactypa sham`tsool bgi lgat-bascatal oorfawarj, `nnefzojahgij dhoffa smòhal al jnccal. Bgi aal

tgaltoh vol faza bnfacs gs sproja vol aalugt`nhhgld gl àt maltruc vol fa bnfac,gl wahja davohhal wa vol ncpòhnsbnfacssprajal. Fa ugt`nhhgld jol davnrcf zgilfnnr àt glfrujjal vol aal rnlf ne spgtsvnnrwarp (egd. ?=9 ?;). Gl olfara davohhaldaval fa drnntta vol fa fnnrslafa alpnhgistspnral ool fot aal foorvol oewgijalfa warjwgiza gs davnhdf (egd. ?=9 ?1, ?5).




‖ - / 6

ss/4nl

\ ?? Ç\-X-XWG% o g = X 9 < -

Xr) Z9&.Egd. ?=. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Gizartgif, hnmooh varvoorfgdf oorfawarj (3 drnap O), bnfacsmàrval. ?96.

Obb. ?=. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Agsalzagt, ol Nrt ulf ]tahha àrdastahhta Jarocgj (3 Druppa O), Bnfalsmàrbal. ?96.

Fa ugt jrugsahglds datrnjjal dnntias bastoolfa varsgargld bugtal np fa bnfac volwoorsm`gilhgij aal smòoh ugt jugh F 2=1(egd. ?=9 ?4), gs àt algda vnnrbaahf vol

bnfacvarsgargld.Bugtal fa twaa dalnacfa bnfactypalvohhal fa zahfzoca bnfacsmàrval woorbgisproja gs vol aal ugtstoolfa `nhha vnat(2 P, egd. ?=9 ??, ?2) ne vol aal zwoj ugtdavnarfa stolfrgld (2 x, egd. ?=: ?=, ?6).

Rolfvnrc al rolfvarsgargld. Fa pnttal vartnlal nvar àt ohdacaal aal rolf wahja

(oedarnlf) phot ne rnlf gs, ne loor bugtaltna ful ugthnnpt. Bgi bascatal pnttaltraeeal wa lndoh aals loor bgllal tna oe-dasmùglfa rolfal ool, wot rasuhtaart

gl aal spgtsa bnvalzgifa (b.v. egd. ?09Gho'). Bgi drnta bascatal pnttal jolvooj aal fugfahgij loor bgllal tna ncdashodal rolf woordalncal wnrfal.

Rolfvarsgargld gs ooldatrneeal np ??0(3 1,1%) vol fa 2.?1? rolfal (rolfsmàr-val + àha prnegahal) vol àt oorfawarjvol drnap O. Unnr znvar àrjalboordoot àt vrgiwah staafs nc vgldartnp- ne



=; Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG

lodahglfrujjal bnvalnp fa rolf. Vwaahnssa vnlfstal vartnlal vgldartnpglfruj-jal np fa bugtalzgifa vol fa rolf. Fugfa

hgija dnherolfvarsgargld gs lnngt woordalncal. Rolfvarsgargld jnct zahfal vnnrbgi rolfsmàrval cat dhoffa bugtalwolf,l.?. bgi ?,5% (?0/?.??5) vol fa rolfal ugtfaza motadnrga. Aal faah `garvol jol lndtnaba`nral ool bascatal pnttal woorvolàt bnvalsta faah vol fa wolf dadhof gs.Bgi rolfsmàrval vol pnttal fga zajar tntfaza hootsta motadnrga ba`nral gs 6,6%(4/?17) varsgarf. Unnr tnt bnvalool bascatal pnttal gs àt mgiear 7,1% (=1/=54).Unnr fa rolfsmàrval woorvol àt wolf-faah ruw ne nlfugfahgij oedawarjt gs, zgilfa mgiears raspamtgavahgij ??,7% (67/6?2)al 7,=% (7/74). Gl aal ooltoh davohhalhgijt aal ooldabrom`ta rolfvarsgargld waarwaddastrajal ta zgil.

cootvar`nufgldal dajnzal9smòoh 9 cox. fnnrslafa < 2 x `nndta:jnc 9 cox. fnnrslafa 3 ?,1 - 2 x

`nndta:`nda pnt 9 cox. fnnrslafa 8 ?,1 x `nndta.

Aal pnt znlfar sm`nufar (f.w.z. znlfaraal loor bgllal dargm`t bnvalfaah) àatnpal, aal pnt cat sm`nufar (al òhs)àat dashntal. Fa rolf gs àt ugtarsta faahvol fa pnt nvar ? mc haldta.

Unnr fa eraqualtga al oewarjgld vol fapntvnrcal wnrft varwazal loor tobah ?.Aal sahamtga vol àt oorfawarj gs oedabaahfgl fa egdural ?6-2?.

G. Npal pnttal.Gl faza drnap jncal vnnrlocahgij smòhalal jnccal vnnr, wahja caralfaahs nlba-scatal zgil. Rolfvarsgargld gs zahfzooc.

[ntvnrc. Unnr fa glfahgld vol fa pntvnrcal stool sham`ts waglgd mncphata prnegahal tar basm`gjjgld. Ohs ugtdoldscota

rgooh zgil foornc tavals drnta rolfsmàrvaldalncal woorvol tal cglsta fa stolfzajar gs. @at bnfacdafaahta vol fa pnttalàaet bgi fa glfahgld daal rnh daspaahf.Hnssa vnlfstal vol bugtal tarragl F zgillgat dabrugjt, nc mnltocglotga cat glàacs oorfawarj ugt fa Rncaglsa tgifznvaah cndahgij ta vnnrjncal. Yn jnlfal21= stujjal balut wnrfal. Aal glfahgld glfrga drnta drnapal (G, GG, GGG) gs dacoojt np

bosgs vol fa pntnpbnuw: aal nlfarvarfa-`ld gl typal gs dacoojt np bosgs vol spamgegaja vnrcjalcarjal, fa drnntta al favar`nufgld tussal fa coxgcoha fnnrslafaal fa `nndta. Unnr aal varfahgld nptartgogr lgvaou (vorgoltal) zgil faza mrgtargoavalaals balut.

Unnr fa tarcal fga np fa prnpnrtgas volpnttal batrajjgld àbbal, zgil fa vnhdalfa

Go. (ehd. ?6 al ?1).

Hoppalsmòhal. Ar zgil np fa @nngfnljsm`m Ojjars

fahal vol vgie varsm`ghhalfa hoppalsmòhal (Hoppalsmòhal) davnlfal, woorvol vgar cat varfgjta ne ugtdabndal rolf. Fa vorgolt cat varfgjta ne ugtdabndal rolfgs fnnr Corgal (?74;, p. 251) cat fa looc 'porosnh-smòoh'ooldafugf. Tadals ùl spamgoha jorojtar wnrfal fa davnlfal stujjal `gar oeznlfarhgij baòlfahf .

?. (egd. ?6). Fgt axacphoor gs np fa bugtalzgifa varsgarf cat vgldartnpglfrujjal. Fa bgllalzgifa al fahnbbal zgil vrgi dhof. Fa rolf àaet nnrsprnljahgij zaspultal bazatal. Foortussal zgil loor bugtal dabndalhnbbal ooldabrom`t, wahja ool fa bgllalzgifa aal hgm`tavarfgjjgld daval. Np fa pultal dacatal gs fa `nndtacox. ?;,; mc, fa fnnrslafa ?5,2 mc. Fa fgjta, fga bgifa scohha bnfac lnd ?,1 mc bafroodt, laact loor bnval

tna oe tnt ;,7 mc. Fa jhaur gs ool fa bugtalzgifa hgd`t

raffgs` brnwl (1WR 5/6) cat aljaha phajjal droy

(hNWR 1/?). Fa bnvalàhet vol fa bgllalzgifa al àtglwalfgda gs raffgs` yahhnw (1WR 5/5), loor nlfar tnanvardoolf gl droy (hNWR 6/?). @at varsm`rohgldscotargoohbastoot ugt pntdrugs vol cox. ;,2 mc drnntta.

2. (egd. ?19 ?). Fgt erodcalt gs ool fa vrgi dhoffa bugtalzgifa varsgarf cat glstajal vol aal (aljahtolfgda >)spotah. Fa bgllalzgifa al rolf zgil avalaals dhof. Fawolffgjta bafroodt ;,7 mc tnt àt pult woornp favnnrlocahgij loor fa bgllalzgifa varfgjta rolf badglt.Fa jhaur gs hgd`t brnwl (4.1WR 5/6). @at erodcalt gs var-



[.T. vol fal Brnaja - Bawnlgldsspnral np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. =?

F 00 +F2?= + F 2?1+;24;

Egd. ?6. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Gizartgif, hnmooh varvoorfgdf oorfawarj (3 drnap O), typa GO (hoppalsmòhal): bnval9

ramnlstrumtga. ?92. Obb. ?6. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Agsalzagt, ol Nrt ulf ]tahha àrdastahhta Jarocgj (3 Druppa O), Vyp Go (Hoppalsmòhal): nbml9 Rajnlstrujtgnl. ?92.



=2 Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG

Egd. ?1. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Gizart gif, hnmooh varvoorfgdf oorfawarj (3 drnap O), typa Go (hoppalsmò hal): cgffal9

ramnlstrumtga. ?92. Obb. ?1. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Agsalzagt, ol Nrt ulf ]tahha àrdastahhta Jarocgj (3 Druppa O), Vyp Go (Hoppalsmòhal): Cgtta9 Rajnlst rujtgnl . ?92.



[.T. vol fal Brnaja - Bawnlgldsspnral np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars ==

‖|O ‖ ƒ

X' *• ' /

.\, w X

S -' I\ƒ 4

F7; X.-= - • * / Gb\Gb*

Gb\

X

Egd. ?5. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Gizar tgif, hnmooh varvoorfgdf oorfawarj (3 drnap O), typa Gb. ?:6.

Obb. ?5. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Agsalzagt, ol Nrt ulf ]tahha àrdastahhta Jarocgj (3 Druppa O), Vyp Gb. ?96.

sm`roohf cat pntdrugs vol cox. ;,2 mc drnntta.=. (egd. ?19 2). Vwaa lgat ool ahjoor possalfa erodcaltalugt jugh F 75 àbbal nldatwgieahf tnt fazahefa pnt ba`nnrf. Fa wolf gs, avalohs fa bgilo V-vnrcgda rolf,`nbbahgd dadhof al ;,0 mc fgj. Fa jhaur gs ool àt npparvhoj waoj raf (hNR 6/6) tnt raffgs` brnwl (1WR 1/=),glwalfgd vary forj droy (2.1WR L=/;). @at varsm`rohgldscotargooh bastoot ugt pntdrugs vol cox. ;,2 mc drnntta.

6. (egd. ?19 =). Fgt erodcalt voht np fnnr fot fa ugtdabndal hnb ool fa bnvalzgifa lgat gl aal pult, coor gl aal`nrgznltoha rolf øijt ta aglfgdal al fnnrfot fa bugtalwolf Qm`t bascatal gs. Fa bgllalzgifa gs hgm`t dadhof.Fa fgjta vol fa wolf bafroodt ;,1 mc. Fa jhaur gs hgd`t

raffgs` brnwl (1WR 5/6). Uarsm`rohgldscotargooh gs lgatzgm`tboor.1. (egd. ?19 6). Faza hoppalsmòoh gs np fa gats dhoffa




X P X X B?0 B G.

G m .;??0 \F 00

Egd. ?4. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Gizar tgif, hnmooh varvoorfgdf oorfawarj (3 drnap O), typal Gm al hf. ?96. Obb. ?4. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Agsalzagt, ol Nrt ulf ]tahha àrdastahhta Jarocgj (3 Druppa O), Vypal Gm ulf hf. ?96.

bugtalwolf varsgarf cat vgldartnpglfrujjal. Fa bgllalzgifa gs dhof. Fa smòoh àaet nnrsprnljahgij om`t pultalbazatal. Fa àha rolf gs, glmhusgae fa pultal, vrgiwah photal lgat varfgjt ne ugtdabndal. Fa `nndta bafroodt 4,1 mc,fa fnnrslafa ?1,1 mc, fa fgjta nvar fa àha smòoh mo.

?,1 mc. Ool fa bugtalzgifa gs fa jhaur hgd`t raf (2.1WR5/5) tnt hgd`t brnwl (4.1WR 5/6) ool fa bgllalzgifa alglwalfgd hgd`t brnwl (4.1WR 5/6) tnt droy (1WR 1/?).@at varsm`rohgldscotargooh bastoot ugt pntdrugs vol cox.;,2 mc drnntta.

Gb. (egd. ?5).

]mòhal, jnccal al `nda pnttal znlfar fugfahgija jlgjne taruddabndal rolf. Ar zgil zas vorgoltal nlfarsmàgfal.G b ' . Jhagla smòhal cat jnrta, mnlvaxa wolf. Fa wolfaglfgdt vrgi stagh gl fa rolf. Fa bnfac gs staafs vol typa

B rvdh. p. 20).G b . Jhagla smòhal cat holda, hgm`t mnlvaxa wolf. Baòhva fot fa wolf holdar gs fol bgi fa vnrgda vorgolt,aglfgdt `gi dacgffahf nnj cglfar stagh gl fa rolf. Fabnfac gs vol typa B.

Gb . Drnta smòhal al jnccal cat ram`ta tnt hgm`tmnlvaxa wolf. Dhoffa al dafaahtahgij bascatal axacphoral vartnlal sncs aal zwojja bugjjlgj (vdh. B 5+ B ?2, A =). Fa `ndara vnrcal cat vrgi stagha wolf(jnccal) zgil staafs bascatal. Cndahgij shugtal zgifgramt ool np vorgolt Gb .

Gb . Jhagla jnccal cat stagha, ram`ta wolf. Fa bnfacgs woorsm`gilhgij staafs vol typa O.Gb . Jhagla jnccal cat mnlvaxa wolf. Fa wolf aglfgdtvartgjooh gl fa rolf. Fa bnfac gs woorsm`gilhgij staafsvol typa O.



[.T. vol fal Brnaja - Bawnlgldsspnral np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars =1

Gb . @nda pnttal cat ram`ta tnt mnlvaxa wolf, cgl necaar accarvnrcgd. Fa bnfac gs woorsm`gilhgij staafsvol typa O.

Ga. (egd. ?4).]mòhal cat fugfahgija bugjjlgj al lgat-ugtdabndal rolf.Fa bugjjlgj gs lgat var vol fa rolf varwgifarf. Balafalàt jlgjpult gs fa wolf ram`t tnt mnlvax, arbnval ram`ttnt hgm`t mnlmooe. Fa wolf alfgdt vrgi stagh tnt ram`tstolfgd gl fa rolf, wahja lnngt fugfahgij ugtdabndal gs.Gl aal davoh gs fugfahgij aal bnfac vol typa B zgm`tboor(F 2=1). Fa drnntta vorgaart starj.

hf. (egd. ?4).

]mòhal al jnccal cat loor bugtal dabndal rolf.U.g zgil twaa vorgoltal ta nlfarsmàgfal9hf . Hoda smòhal cat loor bugtal dabndal rolf. Fahgm`t mnlvaxa wolf vartnnlt gl fa caasta davohhal lgatvar vol fa rolf aal varstarjta rnlfgld ne aal zwojjajlgj, wahja wnrft davnhdf fnnr aal hgm`t ugtdabndalrolf. Aal bnfac vol àt typa B gs bgi faza vorgolt woor-sm`giløij lnrcooh.

hf . Jnccal al `nda smòhal cat loor bugtal dabndalrolf. Fa mnlvaxa wolf hnnpt tnt (vrgiwah) vartgjohastolf np nl bugdt fol - oh ne lgat obrupt - loor bugtal.Bgi drntara axacphoral gs vol aal ugtdabndal rolf sncslouwahgijs sproja (vdh. F 00, F 2?= ?.). Aljaha axacphoral zgil hgm`t dashntal ta lnacal (vdh. F 07, F 2=1).Aal cgl ne caar rnlfa bnfac zoh - gl gafar davoh bgijhaglara axacphoral lnrcooh dawaast zgil. Fa drnnttahnnpt starj ugtaal.

GG. Dashntal pnttal cat loor bgllal ççl axacphoor bajalf

dargm`ta rolf.Gl faza drnap jncal vnnrlocahgij jnccal al `nda pnttal vnnr, fga vrgiwah staafsbascatal zgil. Fa bnfac gs vrgiwah zajarstaafs vol typa O.

hho . Urgiwah accarvnrcgda `nda pntt al. Np aal holda,bgilo ram`ta, stagha bugj vnhdt vgo aal varstarjta rnlfgldaal jnrta, gats smùgl loor bgllal dabndal sm`nufar.Fa rolf gs staafs ool fa bgllalzgifa oedasmùglf, gl aal

ooltoh davohhal fugfahgij aarst loor bgllal tna ncdashodal (B 2;, F 2?1, A 1). Bnval fa drnntsta ncvold zgilfa pnttal lnngt fugfahgij bascatal, coor nnj zahfal dadhof (ruw dahotal).

Gho . Cgl ne caar tnlvnrcgda `nda pn ttal. Gl tadalstahhgld tnt fa pnttal vol fa vnrgda vorgolt doot fa bugjnldacarjt gl fa sm`nufar nvar. Fa sm`nufar gs staafsholdar fol fga vol fa olfara vorgoltal vol typa Gho aljol zaar var fnnrhnpal. Rolfvarsgargld jnct vnnr alwah `nnefzojahgij bgi pnt tal cat vrgi stagh aglfgdalfasm`nufar. Fa rolfsmàre ugt poohjugh F 15 vol dabnuwO (egd. ?;) cnat avalaals tnt faza vorgolt darajalfwnrfal.

Ghb. (egd. ?0).

Jnccal al `nda pnttal cat fubbahjnlgsm` prnegah.Np aal ram`ta bugj vnhdt vgo aal jlgj ne starja rnlfgldaal vrgi stagha tnt starj loor bgllal lagdalfa, ram`tasm`nufar, wahja vrgi jnrt gs. Ar zgil twaa vorgoltal tanlfarsmàgfal:G hb ' . Drnta jnccal al `nda pnttal cat fubbahjnlgsm`prnegah. Rolfvarsgargld gs sham`ts damnlstotaarf bgi axacphoral cat vrgi stagha, bascatal ne ruwa sm`nufar (= x).Npvohhalf gs foorbgi fot np fa vgldartnpglfrujjal staafssmùgla vadal oolshugtal (vdh. B ?0), gats wot bgi olfaravarsgarfa rolfal lnngt gs woordalncal. Açl axacphooràaet aal np frga phootsal fnnrbnnrfa bnfac (F 2?1

-\F246).Ghb . Jhagla jnc cat fubbahjnlgsm` prnegah. Ar gs sham`ts

Gho. (egd. ?0).

Jnccal al `nda pnttal cat rnlfa nvardold vol bugj

loor sm`nufar. Ar voht aal nlfarvarfahgld gl vgar vorgoltalool ta braldal.Gho . Jhagla jnccal cat stagha wolf. Fa vrgi s tagha,ram`ta bugj doot vhnagalf nvar gl aal jnrta, stagha sm`nufar. Faza vnrc stoot fgm`t bgi fga vol fa `nda pnttal volvorgolt Gho .Gho . Drnta jnccal cat ugtstoolfa bugj . Ba ohva fnnrfa gats drntara oecatgldal al cglfar stagha bugj varsm`ghtfaza vorgolt vol fa vnrgda vorgolt fnnr aal dacgffahfstarjar loor bgllal stoolfa sm`nufar, wahja aal davorgaarfa haldta àaet.

GGG. Dashntal pnttal cat npstoolfa ne loorbugtal dargm`ta rolf.Faza drnap ncvot vnnrlocahgij jnccalal `nda, vaahoh bascatal pnttal. Oedazgalvol fa pnttal vol fa typal Ghho al Ghhb,zuhhal fa pnttal staafs aal bnfac vol typaO àbbal daòf. Rolfvarsgargld jnct bgi

fa pnttal vol drnap GGG npcarjahgij waglgdvnnr.

Ghho. (egd. ?7).

Hoda smòhal cat dajlgjta nvardold vol bugj loor staghasm`nufar al ugtstoolfa rolf. Fa bnfac gs woorsm`gilhgijstaafs vol typa B. Fa nvardold vol bugj loor sm`nufarbavglft zgm` louwahgijs bnval fa bnfac al jol zaarsmàrp zgil (vdh. A 7).




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Egd. ?0. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Gizartgif, hnmooh varvoorfgdf oorfawarj (3 drnap O), typal Gho al Ghb. ?96. Obb. ?0. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Agsalzagt, ol Nrt ulf ]tahha àrdastahhta Jarocgj (3 Druppa O), Vypal Gho ulf GG.?96.




Egd. ?7. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Gizartgif, hnmooh varvoorfgdf oorfawarj (3 drnap O), typal GhGo-GGGa. ?96. Obb. ?7. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Agsalzagt, ol Nrt ulf ]tahha àrdastahhta Jarocgj {3 Druppa O), Vypal Ghho-hhha. ?96.




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Egd. 2;. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars . Gizar tgif , hnmooh varvoorfgdf oorfawarj (3 drnap O), typal GhGe-GGG`. ?96. Obb. 2;. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars . Agsalzagt, ol Nrt ulf ]tahha àrdastahhta Jarocgj (3 Druppa O), Vypal GhGe-GGG`. ?96.




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Egd. 2?. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Gizartgif, hnmooh varvoorfgdf oorfawarj (3 drnap O), typa Ghhg al nvargda vnrcal. ?96.

Obb. 2?. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Agsalzagt, ol Nrt ulf ]tahha àrdastahhta Jarocgj (3 Druppa O), Vyp Ghhg ulf øbrgda

Enrcal. ?96.

Ghhb. (egd. ?7).

@nda smòhal al hoda jnccal cat cgl ne caar dajlgjtanvardold vol bugj loor sm`nufar, cat ugtstoolfa rolf nejnrta òhs. Np aal ram`ta tnt hgm`t mnlvaxa bugj vnhdt aalsmàrpa jlgj ne aal starja rnlfgld al caastoh aal zaarjnrta sm`nufar. Fa nvardold vol fa sm`nufar loor fa ugtstoolfa rolf ne jnrta òhs gs avalaals smàrp ne starjdarnlf. F ?61 laact fnnr àt vrgi holda, vhnagalfabnvalfaah aal ugtznlfargldspnsgtga gl. Fa drnntta vol fapnttal vorgaart starj.

GGGm. (egd. ?7).

Jnccal al/ne `nda pnttal cat dajlgjta nvardold volbugj loor ram`ta sm`nufar al vartgjoha tnt ugtstoolfa rolfne jnrta òhs. Fa bugj gs vrgiwah ram`t al doot vgo aal jlgjnvar gl aal caastoh jnrta sm`nufar. Fa nvardold loor faòhs ne rolf varhnnpt fnnrdools avalaals vgo aal jlgj.Tot fa vnrc al drnntta batraet, bastoot ar aal starja varwoltsmòp cat Ghb'. Ar zgil frga vorgoltal ta nlfarsmàgfal.GG Gm '. Cat vrgiwah vartgjoha sm`nufar al gats ugts toolfa




Vobah ?. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars . Gizartgif , fa eraqualtga vol pntvn rcal vol drnap O al ùl oewarjgld.

Bascatal9 o 3 da` aah bascatal (f .w .z . t n t 8 ? mc vol fa pn tn pa lg ld ) : b 3 da f a a h t a h g i jbas cat al, t n t ool (bh) ne t n t bnval {b2) fa nva rdo ld vol bu gj lo or sm`n ufa r (vnnr da

f a a h t a h g i j bascatal pn t t al u g t d r nap G z g a cal nlfar b h ) .

pntvnrc ooltoh % bascatal lgat

bascatal

nlfug

fahgij

pntvnrc ooltoh %o bh b2 tntooh

lgat

bascatal

nlfug

fahgij

Go

Gb

Gbh

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Gb6

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Gb\

Ga

hf

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1

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6

=

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6

1

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5

20

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?,5

?,2

6,4

?,2

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5,;

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2,6

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6

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2

2

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?

4

5

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26

6

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5

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6

6

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5

20

-

tntooh

drnap G 01 ==,0

5 2 -0 44 -

Gho

Ghoh

Gho\

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Ghb

Ghbh

GGb2

60

5

1

?;24

20

24

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2,6

2,;

6,;?;,4

??,?

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?7

1

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6

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26

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25

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drnap GG 4a =;,2

?7 5 61

4; 1 ?

rolf.GGGm . Cat loor bgllal stoolfa sm`nufar al jnrta ugt

stoolfa òhs ne rolf. Fa rolf gs caastoh rnlf.=GGGm . Cat loor bgllal stoolfa sm`nufar al jnrta vartgjoha òhs ne rolf. Fa rolf gs staafs oedaphot.

Ghhf. (egd. ?7).

Jnccal al/ne `nda pnttal cat rnlfa nvardold vol bugjloor sm`nufar al vartgjoha ne ugtstoolfa òhs/rolf. @atbatraet `gar pnttal woorvol waglgd caar fol àt bnvalfaah bajalf gs. @ul dacaalsmòppahgija traj gs aal lgatdajlgjta nvardold vol fa bugj loor aal jnrta sm`nufar.Ar zgil frga vorgoltal ta nlfarsmàgfal.Ghhf . Cat stagha sm`nufar al stagh ugtstoolfa jnr ta òhs

ne rolf. Fa drnntta vorgaart starj. Faza vnrc stoot zaar2 2

fgm`t bgi fga vol GGGm al Ghhf .hh hf\. Cat vrgi starj loor bgllal dabndal sm`nufar alugtstoolfa rolf ne jnrta òhs. Unnroh aal vrgi var ugtdabndal rolf ne jnrta òhs (B ?6) varhaalt faza vnrc aalstarjar daprneghaarf oolzgal fol Ghhf . Ar jncal rahotgaejhagla axacphoral vnnr.Ghh f\. Cat vrgi starj loor bgllal dabndal sm`nufar,nvardoolf gl npstoolfa jnrta òhs ne rolf.

Ghha. (egd. ?7).

@nda pnttal (>) cat vhnagalfa nvardold vol bugj loorstagha sm`nufar al jnrta, (vrgiwah) vartgjoha òhs. Fazapnttal zgil zaar zwoj daprneghaarf. Rolfvarsgargld jnct



[.T. vol fal Brnaja - Bawnlgldsspnral np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars 6?

Vobah ? (varvnhd)

pntvnrc ooltoh % bascatal lgat

bascatal

nlfug

fahgij

pntvnrc ooltoh %

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Ghhb 26 7,1 - - - - 26 -

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Ghhe = ?,2 ? - - ? - 2

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Ghhdh

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drnap GGG 72 =5,5

= 2; ?;

== 61 ?6

tntooh 21= ?;;,5

20 20 11

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Ghhd . Cat ugtdabndal rolf.

ƒƒƒƒ. (ehd. 2;).@nda pntt al (>) cat holda sm`nufar, wahja vhnagalf glaal (vrgiwah) vartgjooh stoolfa rolf ne òhs nvardoot.Loor àt varhnnp nlfar fa sm`nufar cnatal wa am`tardgssal.

Ghhd. eegd. 2;).

Cgl ne caar tnlvnrcgda `nda pnttal cat npstoolfa neugtdabndal rolf. Faza pnttal hgijal starj np fga volvorgolt Gho , cat fgt varsm gh fot fa rolfportgi bgidawarjtgs. Ar zgil twaa vorgoltal ta nlfarsmàgfal.Ghhd . Cat npstoolfa rolf.

Ghh`. (egd. 2;).@nda pnttal cat tnlvnrcgda tnt zwoj fubbahjnlgsmàrncp al jnrta, gats ugtstoolfa òhs. Fa pnttal àbbal aalrahotgae holda sm`nufar. Fa nvardold vol sm`nufar looròhs gs vhnagalf tnt vrgi starj dabndal. Bgi aal ooltoh drntaaxacphoral gs fugfahgij fot fa rolf aarst loor bgllal tnancdashodal al foorlo oedawarjt gs (B ?, F 00, F 2?=,F 2?1). Fa pnttal zgil lnngt np fa òhs bascatal. Ar zgilfrga vorgoltal ta nlfarsmàgfal.

Ghh` . Drnta `nda pnttal cat stagha, vrgiwah ram`ta sm`nufar. Fa òhs hgijt dacgffahf jnrtar fol bgi Ghh`\. F 00cnat aal bgilo fubbahjnlgsmà rncp àbbal daòf.




Ghh ` . Drnta `nda pn ttal cat loor bgllal dabndalsm`nufar. Fa drnta axacphoral zuhhal àt caast vnhucglauza vootwarj ugt fa lafarzattgld àbbal davnrcf.Ghh` . Jhagla `nda pnt tal cat ug tstoolfa jnrta òhs ne

rolf. B 22 hgijt aal jhagla ugtdova vol pnttal vol vorgoltGhh` ta zgil.

Ghhg. (egd. 2?).

@nda pnt cat starj ugtstoolfa bugj, holda sm`nufar aljnrta òhs. Bnval fa starj ugtfgialfa bugj vnhdt vgo aalstarja rnlfgld aal holda, loor bgllal dabndal sm`nufaral aal jnrta, bgilo vartgjoha òhs. Ar gs sham`ts ççl axacphoor cat faza dafrnldal vnrc bajalf.

Qgt tobah ? bhgijt fot fa drnapal G-GGGbgllal fa sahamtga loor ooltohhal nldavaardahgijahgij varfaahf zgil. Tot typal alvorgoltal batraet, nlfoljs àt dargldaooltoh brugjbora rolferodcaltal fot gl fasahamtga gs npdalncal al fa varnlfarstahfanvarvartadalwnnrfgdgld vol dnaf àrjalbora vnrcal (Go, Ghhb), cndal wa oollacal fot fa vaah daradgstraarfa vnrcal Gf\,Gho'*, Gh b' al Ghhb aartgifs aal oolzgalhgijbastolffaah vol àt vootwarj àbbal ugtdacoojt.

Uol fa vaha pnterodcaltal fga waglgdvol fa nnrsprnljahgija pntvnrc prgisdaval,cndal twaa sargas lgat nlvarcahf dahotalwnrfal. Ya zgil lgat nlfardabrom`t gl tobah?. Gl fa aarsta phoots zgil ar aljaha (8 ?;)

rolfsmàrval vol pnttal cat aal vrgi holdamyhglfrgsmà tnt tram`tarvnrcgda òhs (egd.2?, ram`ts). @at hgijt `nnefzojahgij ta dool

nc `nda pnttal vol drnta oecatgldal.Nnj fa gl egd. 2=9 ?0 oedabaahfa varsgarfaòhs post gl faza motadnrga. ]ham`ts gl davohvol B ?;? (egd. 2?) jol avaltuaah dafom`twnrfal ool smàrp dajlgjt Corla-oorfa-warj cat holda òhs (vdh. Uarwars ?742,Obb. 02, hgljs). Gl fa twaafa phoots zgilar wolferodcaltal vol pnttal woorvolbugj al sm`nufar vrgiwah òojs np ahjoorstool (egd. 2?, hgljs cgffal). @at doot `gargl aal ooltoh davohhal vrgi zajar nc vnrcal

fga daîlspgraarf zgil np Lnnrferols oorfawarj (Corla-oorfawarj).

Valshntta zgil aljaha olfara npcarjahgija stujjal ta varcahfal (egd. 2?, hgljsnlfar). @at batraet aal erodcalt catjroodòhs (F 5), woorvnnr daal porohhahhalool ta daval zgil al nc aal zaar fgjwolfgd,òrfdabojjal al ruw rolferodcalt woorvol lgat zajar gs ne àt ool vootwarj àaettnaba`nnrf (Y 1).

Gl egd. 22 zgil hnssa vnlfstal vol bugtaltarragl F oedabaahf fga aal oolvuhhgldvnrcal np àt raafs baòlfahfa vnrcal-rapartngra al woorsm`gilhgij ugt fazahefa

Egd. 22. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Gizartgif , hnmooh varvoorfgdf oorfawarj (3 drnap O), vnlfstal znlfar bajalfa vglfphoots. ?96.

Obb. 22. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars . Agsalzagt , ol Nrt ulf ]tahha àrdastaQta Jarocgj (3 Druppa O), ]traueulfa. ?96.



[.T. vol fal Brnajm - Bawnlgldsspnral np fa @nngfnlsmà Ojjars 6=

pargnfa stoccal. Fa hgljs oedabaahfapnt post bgllal fa vorgotgabraafta volvorgolt Gb*, fa bagfa olfara pnttal àbbal

daal oolwgisbora porohhahhal nlfar faaarfar baòlfahfa vnrcal.

Tolfvarsgargld. Np ?,4% (27?/?5.057) volfa smàrval jnct wolfvarsgargld vnnr. @atparmaltoda gs vnnr lgat-bascatal smàrval=,0%, vnnr bascatal smàrval ;,;=%.Uarsgargld cat vgldartnp- ne lodahglfruj-jal, jocstraajvarsgargld al olfara hgilvar-sgargld gs vaahvuhfgd ooldabrom`t, olfara

varsgargldswgizal jncal waglgd vnnr (tob.2). Fa varsgargldstypal varfgalal aallofara tnahgm`tgld.

Vob. 2. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Tolfvarsgmrgldstypal bgiGizartgif-oorfawarj vol Drnap O.

varsgargldstypa ooltoh %

o. hnssa vgldartnp'/lodahglfrujjal ?;? =6,4b. jocstraajvarsgargld 76 =2,=m. hgilvarsgargld (drnaval) 4= 21,?f. nvargda varsgargldstypal ?= 6,1a. damncbglaarfa varsgargldstypal 5 2,?

e. nlfugfahgij varsgargldstypa 6 ?,6

tntooh 27? ?;;,?

Of o. Uhojbafajjalfa varsgargld gs bgllal faza drnap zaar doldboor (egd. 2=o9 =,1), avalohs nlradahcotgd varspragfa glfrujjal (egd. 2=o9 ?). ]mòorsar hgijal vartgjohargial glfrujjal (egd. 2=o9 6) al aal `nrg

znltoha rgi glfrujjal. Gl snccgda davohhalgs àt vgldaraglf lgat ram`t gldastnjal,coor gs aal jrobbawadgld dacoojt. Unnrohbgi faza hootsta tam`lgaj bhgiet vooj aalnpdafrujt rastia jhag np fa wolf 'om`tar.

Of b. Jocstraajvarsgargld gs gl varsm`ghhalfa vnrcal ooldabrom`t, b.v. gl vartgjohabolal (egd. 2=o9 2, 5) al gl dnhvalfa bolal(egd. 2=o9 4), woorbgi fa bolal ahjoor sncs

jrugsal. Aalcooh gs jocstraajvarsgargldnlfarbrnjal fnnr scohha dapnhgista bolal(egd. 2=o9 0).

Of m. @at trajjal vol sncs fgapa drnaval cat baùhp vol aal aljahtolfgda spotahcat vrgi drnva pult gs `gar àt caast tnadapost (67 x). Fa caastoh vrgi ram`ta drnaval jullal vrgiwah porohhah hnpal ne ahjoorjrugsal (egd. 2=o9 ?;). Nnj dnhvalfa hgilaljncal vnnr: jnrta drnaeias (egd. 2=o9 7)zgil ugtznlfarhgij. Gl aal baparjt ooltohdavohhal (?5 x) gs aal radahcotgd potrnnl(n.o. smòojbnrfpotrnnl > egd. 2=o9 ?6)ooldabrom`t: caastoh batraet àt egiladrnaval np aal dhof npparvhoj (egd. 2=o9?2, ?=, ?1, ?5). Gl tal cglsta om`t davohhalzgil fa drnaval lgat datrnjjal, coor fnnroolaaldashntal glstajal dacoojt (egd. 2=o9

??).Of f. @gar zgil glfrujjal c.b.v. aal al

jahtolfgda spotah àt bast vartadalwnnrfgdf(5 x), gl potrnlal (egd. 2=o9 ?4) ne npparvhojtafajjalf (egd. 2=o9 ?0). Nnj zgilcaartolfgda spotahs vnnr varsgargld dabrugjt(2 x), gl ççl davoh woorsm`gilhgij aal vgar-tolfgda spotah (egd. 2=o9 ?7). Gl aal olfardavoh gs varcnafahgij aal joc dabrugjtwoorcaa lnrco`tar jocstraajvarsgargldooldabrom`t warf (egd. 2=b9 2;). Bgi fasmòors vnnrjncalfa rahgêevarsgargld (6 x)gs sham`ts gl ççl davoh cat zajaràgf sprojavol varsgargld gl vahfal, newah 'Johalfar-bard-varsgargld' (egd. 2=b9 2?). Unnr faglfrujjal warfal fa spotah al fa lodah

dabrugjt. Qgtznlfarhgij gs aal varsgargldstypa fot àt bast cat 'bnrstahvarsgargld'ooldafugf jol wnrfal (egd. 2=b9 26: zgannj egd. ?7).

Of a. Gl aljaha davohhal gs aal mncbglotga vol varsgargldstypal tnadapost, l.?.mncbglotgas vol vgldartnpglfrujjal aldrnaval, spotahglfrujjal al drnaval, jocstraajvarsgargld al drnaval (egd. 2=b9 22).




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Egd. 2=o. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Gizartgif, wolfvarsgargld np hnmooh varvoorfgdf oorfawarj (3 drnap O). ?92. Obb. 2=o. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Agsalzagt, Tolfvarzgaruld oue ol Nrt ulf ]tahha àrdastahhtar Jarocgj (3 Druppa O).?92.




c 2;

2= 26

Egd. 2=b. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Gizartgif, wolfvarsgargld np hnmooh varvoorfgdf oorfawarj (3 drnap O). ?92. Obb. 2=b. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Agsalzagt, Tolfvarzgaruld oue ob Nrt ulf ]tahha àrdastahhtar Jarocgj (3 Druppa O).?92.

Bgiznlfar gs aal rolfsmàre woorvol fawolf varsgarf gs cat vartgjoha rgial vgldar-tnpglfrujjal fga daeholjaarf wnrfal fnnrdnntias (egd. 2=b9 2=).

Gl davoh vol dashntal pntvnrcal voht npfot fa varsgargld zgm` zahfal np fa sm`nufar ne fa òhs bavglft, coor vrgiwah staafsnp fa bugj. @nawah bgi vaha varsgarfa smàrval fa varfara oewarjgld nlfugfahgij gs,bhgijt fot jocstraajvarsgargld al egilapotrnnlcotgda hgilvarsgargld bgi vnnrjaurnp aal dhoffa wolf warfal ooldabrom`t:vnnr drnva nlradahcotgda hgilvarsgargld,vgldartnp- al lodahglfrujjal warf fooraltadal vnnrlocahgij aal ruwar nppar

vhoj dabrugjt. Bgi zahfzoca davohhal volbascatal oorfawarj cat wolfvarsgarglddoot àt staafs nc vgldartnp- ne lodah-glfrujjal (egd. 2=o9 ?).

=.6.= Drnap B9 justoorfawarj

Daàah oewgijalf vol àt nvargda oorfawarj gs aal drnap vol 14; smàrval (3 =,=%vol àt GIzartgif-oorfawarj), woorvol àtcaast gl àt nnd hnpalfa jalcarj àt

pnrauza jorojtar gs, varnnrzoojt fnnr àt

wadbrolfal vol pholtoorfgd varsm`rohgldscotargooh (egd. 26). Fgt varsm`rohgldscotargooh bastnlf, vnnrznvar àrjalboor, ugtdaslgpparfa wghfa drossal (fat. M.M. Bojahs,G.[.H.). Fa cndahgijàgf fot àt nc var-sm`roQld cat fgarhgija cast doot, cod lgatugtdashntal wnrfal. Vavals gs vooj pntdrugs

Egd. 26. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Gizartgif, fatoghnplocavol justoorfawarj (3 drnap B). =92.

Obb. 26. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Agsalzagt, Fatoghoue-

lo`ca vnl Jøstaljarocgj (3 Druppa B). =92.




n 24;

Egd. 21. @nngfnljsm a Ojjars. Gizartgif, justoogfawarj (3 drnap B), rolfal bnfacsmàrval. ?92. Obb. 21. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Agsalzagt, Jøstaljarocgj {3 Druppa B), Rolf- ulf Bnfalsmàrbal. ?92.

ool fa jhag tnadavnadf. @at oorfawarj gsbnvalfgal zaar ulgenrc np olfara pultal.@at gs sham`t oedawarjt, cat ohs rasuhtootaal `nbba`d npparvhoj, fot ruw ne gats dadhof gs. ]ham`ts ççlcooh warf aal basca

tal npparvhoj woordalncal. Fa jhaur gsugtwalfgd gl fa caasta davohhal pglj tntraffgs` yahhnw (bgi 4.1WR) al vary poha

brnwl (bgi hNWR), glwalfgd vaahoh hgd`t

droy tnt forj droy. @at cotargooh gs zom`tar dabojjal al brnssar fol àt nvargdaoorfawarj. Fa fgjta vol fa caasta smàrval hgdt tussal ;,1 mc al ;,7 mc. Uol fapntvnrcal gs waglgd bajalf, ohs davnhdvol fa darglda oecatgldal vol àt caastacotargooh (egd. 21). ]mòhal hgijal aal baholdrgij oolfaah gl àt vootwarjrapartngradaòf ta àbbal. Fugfahgija rolfvarsgargldjnct lgat vnnr, coor wah zgil aljaha rolfal znfolgd (sham`t >) oedawarjt fot zafa glfruj wajjal varsgarf ta zgil. @at dootfol nc smùgldastahfa ruwa vadal nehgilal bnvalnp fa rolf, wot algdszgls faglfruj vol dnherolfvarsgargld wajt (egd.

219 ? al 2). Fugfahgija wolfvarsgargld gssham`ts aalcooh woordalncal (vgldartnp-glfrujjal).

Ugar smàrval vol fgt oorfawarj zgildaolohysaarf np fgotncaaêlgl`nuf9 @at

bhgijt gl faza davohhal staafs ta dool ncoorfawarj dacoojt vol jhag ugt corgaldabgaf, g.t.t. ohha cnlstars vol oorfawarjvol drnap O (Iolsco ?70;). Np drnlfvol àt agdal al ulgenrca jorojtar volfa dalnacfa 14; smàrval laac gj ool,fot àt gl ohha davohhal nc jhag ugt corgaldabgaf doot.

@at `gar baòlfahfa oorfawarj jnctgl npvohhalf `nda mnlmaltrotgas (??% -=0% vol àt tntooh ool GIzartgifsmàrval)vnnr gl jughal gl al lobgi put GU vol tarragl F (F 2?=, F 2?1, F 226, F 225, F2=6, F 2=1, A 0: zga nnj p. 4= a.v.).

Qgt àtzahefa cotargooh bastool nnj vgiejhagla erodcaltal (ugt jugh F 2=2) fga lgatool vootwarj, coor ool aal `nh myhglfar-vnrcgd vnnrwarp tnaba`nnrf hgijal ta àbbal.



[.T. vol fal Brnaja Bawnlgldsspnral np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars 64

Fas

Egd. 25. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Gizartgif, gcpnrt jwohgtagtsoorfawarj (3 drnap M). ?92. Obb. 25. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Agsalzagt, Gcpnrt-_uohgtotsjarocgj (3 Druppa M). ?92.

=.6.6 Drnap M9 gcpnrt jwohgtagtsoorfawarj.Unnr aal ooltoh vol ?2 smàrval (3 ;,?%

vol àt GIzartgif-oorfawarj), fga ool talcglsta frga pnttal vol `nda jwo`tagtàbbal tnaba`nnrf, cnat aal àrjncstugt lnd olfara strajal wnrfal varnlfarstahf.?. (egd. 259 ?) Tolferodcalt, varsgarf catdrnaval gl zgdzodbulfahs al gl `nrgznltohabulfahs. @nnefzojahgij gl fa drnaval, coornnj phootsahgij ool àt npparvhoj, zgilrastal rnfa jhaurstne om`tardabhaval. @at

erodcalt gs iugst bnval fa pntbnfac oedabrnjal. Fa bgllal- al bugtalzgifa zgildapnhgist al zwort, fa jarl gs drgizar. @atvarsm`rohgldscotargooh bastoot ugt egil pnt-drugs (8 ;,? mc).

2. (egd. 259 2). ]m`nufarerodcalt vol aalfulwolfgda pnt (;,6 mc fgj), ool bgllal-al bugtalzgifa fgapzwort al ugtarst dhofdapnhgist. Fa jarl gs hgm`tar (droygs` brnwl.

hNWR 1/2). Fa nlfarzgifa vol àt cat`nrgznltoha drnaval (jocstraajvarsgargld >)

varsgarfa erodcalt wnrft badralsf fnnraal oolzat. @at bojsah gs ugtznlfarhgij òrf.Np fa brauj dazgal jnct fgt erodcaltstarj nvaraal cat fa `garlo ta basm`rgivalbasm`ghfarfa pnt, oh`nawah sham`ts egilpntdrugs ohs varsm`rohgldscotargooh oolwazgd gs.

=. (egd. 259 =). Yas dapnhgista ‖ vnnrlocahgij jhagla ‖ erodcaltal cat aal rnfabasm`ghfargld ool fa bugtalzgifa {fusjy

raf, 4.1R =/6) jullal tnt ççl pnt ba`nnrf àbbal (lrs. F 00, F =;;, A 1 (= x)al aal hns davnlfal erodcalt). Fa zaardhof dapnhgista bgllalwolf gs staafs vrgiwahzwort, fa jarl gs @m`tar {droygs` brnwl,

hNWR 1/2). @at varsm`rohgldscotargooh volfa jhag bastoot ugt egil pntdrugs (8 ;,?mc), egil zolf al wot drne zolf ne egildrglf. Fa wolffgjta bafroodt ;,4 mc. @at




oedabaahfa basm`ghfarfa sm`nufarerodcaltcat drnavalbulfahs (jocstraajvarsgargld >)gs ool fa nlfarzgifa np aal gats `nhha oolzat oedabrnjal. Loor faza oolzat tna dootfa jhaur vol rnnf nvar gl raffgs` brnwl

(1WR 6/=). Fa basm`ghfargld hgijt `gar oewazgd. Aal `najgd pnterodcalt cat fazahe

fa rnnfbrugla jhaur ugt jugh F 04 ba`nnrtnldatwgieahf tnt faza zahefa pnt. Frga avalcgl basm`ghfarfa smàrval vol cndahgijfazahefa pnt jullal lnd ool fa raajstnadavnadf wnrfal (lrs. F 04 (2 x) alF =;;). Ta àbbal fus cat aal dafaahtahgij basm`ghfarfa pnt cat `najgd prnegah

ta cojal.

=.6.1 Fotargld al vardahgijgld vol àt oorfawarj

Aal npparvhojjgda basm`nuwgld vol àtoorfawarj coojt oh slah fugfahgij fot talcglsta aal baholdrgij faah arvol tùgs`nnrt gl fa Cgffal-GIzartgif, woorvnnrfnnr D.I. Uarwars fa pargnfa vol 11;/61;- 21; U. M`r. ne hotar gs ooldadaval (Uarwars ?742, p. ?2= a.v., p. ?=1). @garnp

wgist ohhaal oh fa rugca oolwazgdàgf vol`najgda tnt smàrp`najgda vnrcal al daàah bascatal pnttal (vdh. Uarwars ?742,p. ?2=). Frga M?6-fotargldal vol varspragf`nutsjnnh ugt jughal cat aal rgija oorfa-warjgl`nuf bavastgdal faza glfruj. Fadatohhal zgil9DrL-72?= 9 265; ¿ =; B[ vnnr `nutsjnnhugt jugh F 04.DrL-72?6 9 2=21 ¿ =1 B[ vnnr `nutsjnnh

ugt jugh F 00.DrL-72?1 9 2211 ¿ 11 B[ vnnr `nutsjnnhugt àt nldastnnrfa faah vol jugh F 07/7;.

Nc faza M?6-datohhal ta jullal vardahgijal cat fa vnnr fa Cgffal-GIzartgifdalnacfa ioortohhal ‖ fga np `gstnrgsm`dafotaarfa varsm`gilsahal taruddool ‖ fgalal fa M?6-foto damo`braarf ta wnrfal. Fafotargld vnnr jugh F 04 jnct fol cat

rafahgija zajaràgf ugt gl fa rugca tgifsspolla tussal àt badgl vol fa 0a al àtaglfa vol fa 5a aauw v. M`r., vnnr F 00

dahft aal fotargld gl àt twaafa ne farfajwort vol fa 1a aauw v. M`r. al fa fotargld vnnr F 07/7; cnat varsm`nval wnrfalloor fa hootsta àhet vol fa 1a ne àt badgl vol fa 6a aauw v. M`r. (mohgbrotga npbosgs vol Cnnj ?740). @gar post algdmnccaltoor9 Yahes fa inldsta hgcgatvnnr F 04 jol lgat ohs aal smàrpa balofargld vol fa npvuhfotuc vol fazajugh basm`nuwf wnrfal, ncfot `garglerodcaltal davnlfal zgil vol aal Lnnrf

erolsa gcpnrtpnt, fga np typnhndgsmàdrnlfal vrgi zajar ta fotaral gs gl fa twaafa àhet vol fa 1a aauw v. M`r. (p. 15).Olfara erodcaltal vol fazahefa pntjncal ugt jugh F 00, fga aal foorbgipossalfa damo`braarfa fotargld àaet.''

Fa mnlmhusga cnat fol zgil, fot fa jughal fga M?6-fotargldal àbbal dahavarf,ncstraajs fa 1a aauw v. M`r. zgil npdavuhf:fa vnlfstal `garugt stoccal gl prglmgpa

ugt àt badgl vol fa Cgffal-GIzartgif.Aal lofara basm`nuwgld cnat ugt

cojal ne nnj vrnadar al hotar ta fotaraloorfawarj gl àt vnlfstmncphax oolwazgdgs. Fa vardahgijgld vglft par oorfawarjdrnapphoots.

Drnap O. Gl àt Yugflafarholfsa oorfawarj fot ugt fa Urnada Gizartgif fotaart al

fot wa vnnrlocahgij ugt fa urlalvahfaljallal, lacal cgl ne caar accarvnrcg-da pnttal cat zwojja prneghargld, bascatal bugj al vaahoh varsgarfa rolf, avalohs]m`rfdrolf- ne ]m`rodòhs-clal, aal baholdrgija phoots gl (vdh. Uarwars ?742, p.?26 a.v.: ?74=b, oeb. ?9 ?, 2). Uol fazavnrcal àrjallal wa gl àt vnlfstcotargooh vol fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars `nnd-




stals fa aarsta, gl fa dafoolta vol nlstypa Ghha, fot spoorzooc vartadalwnnrfgdfgs. ]gcpah davnrcfa smòhal al jnccal,

znohs nlza vorgolt Gb\, jncal vaahvuhfgdvnnr gl fa urlalvahfal vol fa UrnadaGizartgif (vdh. nnj Uarwars ?74=b, oeb. ?9= hgljs). Fot ùl nptrafal zgm` lgat tnt faUrnada Gizartgif baparjt, bhgijt baòhvaugt àt vnnrjncal arvol gl hotar ta fotaraljughal vol fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars, tavalsugt fa dadavals vol fa vglfphoots @oral,Lnnrf-Brobolt (Uol Vrgaruc & Uarwarsgl vnnrbaragfgld).

Unnr drnta pnttal cat tram`tarvnrcgdane myhglfrgsmà òhs (egd. 2?, ram`ts) wnrftgl àt ohdacaal daal hotara fotargld fol faUrnada Gizartgif ooldalncal. Unlfstalvol fa vglfphoots Rassal-Fa Tnarf (Bhna-cars & @uhst gl vnnrbaragfgld) cojal am`tar woorsm`gilhgij fot nnj lo faza pargnfazuhja vnrcal lnd vnnrjwocal.

Aal algdszgls prnbhacotgsm` ahacalt vnrcal fa davnlfal bolfnral. Aljaha foorvol zgil gl GIzartgifjughal davnlfal (F 00,

F 2?=, F 2=1). Gl daal aljah davoh gs fugfahgij ool wahja pntvnrc za tnaba`nnrfàbbal. @aljahtossal ne foorugt oedahagfavnrcal hgijal bgllal àt Lafarrgildabgaflnd tnt var gl fa Gizartgif vnnr ta jncalgl lafarzattgldsmnltaxt. Baòhva lnd nldapubhgmaarfa vnlfstal fga ugt fa UrnadaGizartgif jullal stoccal (Nss-Qssal,Dahaal-@oassahfarvahf), gs aal avalaalsnldapubhgmaarf erodcalt bajalf ugt Bac-

cah, woorbgi M?6-fotargldal vol 221; ¿ 11B[ al 2?1; ¿ 1; B[ `nral (Bhnacars &@uhst gl vnnrbaragfgld: Holtgld & Cnnj?744, p. ?67: vdh. nnj Uarwars ?742,Obb. 5? vnnr aal cndahgij hoot axacphoor).Drnta bascatal pnttal cat bolfnral jallal wa avalaals ugt aal davnrfarf stofgucvol fa Gizartgif (vdh. Rnycols ?744, oeb.=9 m).

Ohs aal ahacalt woorvnnr daal hotarafotargld fol @ohhstott M/F jol wnrfalooldadaval, cnat àt cat aal jrugs var

sgarfa bnfacerodcalt vol egd. ?=9 ?4dalnacf wnrfal. ]mòhal (al nnj wah`nda pnttal) cat aal snnrtdahgija (glda-jrosta >) varsgargld jallal wa n.o. ugt àtCgffalrgildabgaf (vdh. Inom`gc ?750, Voe.??9 B =: Corsm oQ a.o. ?716, Obb. 1=9 0).Aal fotargld gl @o M/F jol baòhva vnnrfaza vnnrbaahfal nnj vnnr aal ]m`rodòhs-

url cat aal dahgija bnfacvarsgargld ugt]m`glvahf (Hgcburd) dahfal (Bhnacars?74=, egd. ??9 =). @at varsgaral vol pnt-

bnfacs cat aal jrugs wos am`tar nnjaarfar oh gl zwold (vdh. Fasgttara ?750,faah O p. ?6: faah B egd. =9 =). @at gsfus cndahgij fot nls axacphoor lnd bgi favnlfstal vol fa Hota Brnlstgif oolshugt.

Fa fgjja hoppalsmòoh znlfar varfgjtane ugtdabndal rolf ugt jugh B ?4 (Egd. ?196) jol zaar dnaf aal wot vrnadara fotargldàbbal fol fa nvargda hoppalsmòhal ugtfa lafarzattgld (fga `garlo wnrfal ba

òlfahf). Erodcaltal vol aal vrgiwahgfaltgaj axacphoor ugt Nss-Qssal (nlfarznaj G.[.H.) zgil daossnmgaarf cat oorfawarj fot aal fotargld gl fa Urnada GIzar-tgif suddaraart. @at badahagfalfa oorfawarjugt jugh B ?4 wgist am`tar lgat fugfahgij npaal zn vrnada fotargld.

Urnada varsgargldsvnrcal ohs droegat-basm`ghfargld al `nrgznltoha drnaval (-bulfahs) np fa sm`nufar ne òhs zgil lgat da

mnlstotaarf, avalcgl ohs fahhal np fawolf, wahja vnhdals Uarwars (?742, p.?=0) nnj lnd gl àt badgl vol fa Cgffal-GIzartgif nptrofal. Rahgêevarsgargld, `nawahzajar nnj lo fa Urnada Gizartgif gl Yugf-Lafarholf lnd aal pnpuhogr varsgargldstypa, nltbraajt vraacf dalnad vrgiwah daàah. Oh cat oh jol dastahf wnrfal fot argl àt oorfawarj daal baholdrgija mncpn-




lalt ugt fa Urnada Gizartgif oolwazgd gs.Aal badglfotuc lo àt aglfa vol faUrnada Gizartgif ba`nnrt zahes tnt fa cndahgijàfal.

@at badgl vol fa Cgffal-GIzartgif glYugf-Lafarholf wnrft dacorjaarf fnnr àtnptrafal vol glvhnafal ugt àt ArolsaCorladabgaf, fga vnnrlocahgij tnt ugtgld jncal gl àt oorfawarj (Uarwars?742, p. ?2=). Gl àt oorfawarj volfa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars zgil fga glvhnafal np varsm`ghhalfa pultal ool ta wgizal. Baòhva fa oolwazgdàgf vol ugtLnnrferols dabgaf daîcpnrtaarf oorfawarj carjal wa fa gcgtotga np vol olfara,gl àtzahefa dabgaf varvoorfgdfa vnrcal.Nldatwgieahf dahft fgt vnnr smàrpdargbfa,dashntal smòhal cat vrgiwah rnlfa bnfac(typa Ghho, cat loca egd. ?79 A 7) alpnttal cat smàrp`najgd prnegah, fga wanls gl gafar davoh bgi aal faah vol fa erodcaltal vol egd. 2? (hgljs) cnatal vnnrstahhal. B 5 (ram`ts) àaet woorsm`gilhgij

aal holda tram`tarvnrcgda òhs daòf (vdh.Uarwars ?742, Obb. 02 hgljs). B 5 (hgljs)hoot cndahgij aal rufgcalt zgal vol fapntnpbnuw znohs wa fga bgivnnrbaahfvol Corla-oorfawarj ugt @ops jallal(Uarwars ?742, Obb. 219 06). @najgdavnrcal gl àt ohdacaal `naval lgatstaafs np Lnnrferolsa vnnrbaahfal daîlspgraarf ta zgil. Cal vardahgija bgivnnrbaahfegd. ?79 GGGm' - F04cataalpntugtTgimàl

fga zajar ugt fa Urnada Gizartgif fotaart(Iolssal ?740, oeb. 29 ?1). Nnj vnnr bascatal `najgda vnrcal ohs Ghb' al GGGm'al GGGm\ zgil hnmoha vnnrhnpars ugt faUrnada Gizartgif ool ta wgizal (vdh. Cnffarcol & Hnuwa Jnngicols ?755, egd. ??9 10rasp. 12). Fa dabrajjgda stolf vol jallgsooldoolfa lafarzattgldsoorfawarj ugt faUrnada Gizartgif vol Yugf-Lafarholf ba-

cnahgijt am`tar aal ugtdabragfa vnrcal-àrhagfgld. Fa vglfphoots Uhgitgldal glBahdgsm` Hgcburd (Uolfar`naval ?740),

wahja gl fa Urnada Gizartgif bawnnlfdawaast cnat zgil (vdh. Fa Bna & UolGcpa ?747, p. 25), jol tar oolvuhhgldbalut wnrfal. Vnlvnrcgda pnttal, vardahgijboor cat fgvarsa axacphoral vol nlstypa Gho, lacal `gar aal baholdrgija phootsgl (Oeb. ?0). Foorbgi voht np fot fazalnngt daàah bascatal zgil al vrgi voojvgldartnpglfrujjal np fa rolf bazgttal.Gl fa Yugflafarholfsa al Lnnrfbahdgsmàurlalvahfal gs fgt prnegahtypa fooraltadal

ugtarst zahfzooc (b.v. Fa @ocart9 @nhwar-fo z.i., Obb. 2=9 60 bnval). Gl Uhgitgldalgs gl vardahgijgld cat fa @nngfnljsmàOjjars àt ooltoh frgahafgda (`najgda)vnrcal bgiznlfar dargld, cat loca bgi fahoda pnttal (jnccal, smòhal). @nawahwa fus gl eagta waglgd watal nvar fa mnltgluîtagt gl àt oorfawarj vol fa Urnadaloor fa Cgffal-GIzartgif, cod gl davohvol bnfacs cat jhagla fah (b.v. egd. ?=9

?;: egd. ?59 Gb' - F00) ool Lnnrferolsaglvhnaf dafom`t wnrfal. Bgi `nhha vnatal(egd. ?=9 ??, ?2) gs znwah ool Lnnrferolsaohs ool olfara vnrcal ta faljal (bgi egd.?=9 ?2 ool Agarbamàr).

D. Hacol-Fahargva laact nnj vnnr fahoppalsmòoh cat varfgjta ne ugtdabndalrolf ('porosnh-smòoh') aal Lnnrferolsannrsprnld ool, ugtdoolfa vol aal varspragfgldsbaahf woorgl ohhaal Lnnrferolsa

al Bahdgsmà vglfphootsal (staafs lafarzattgldal) vnnrjncal (Hacol-Fahargva?74=). Ygi àaet oollacahgij dacoojt fotfa foor davnlfal axacphoral gl aal hotaeosa vol fa @ohhstott-pargnfa (Aroljrgij9@o Ghb ne @o egloh) al vnnroh gl fa eosaHo Vàla Go dafotaarf cnatal wnrfal. Facalgld vol C.A. Corgal fot za gl fa eosaHo Vàla GGG tùgs`nral (Corgal ?74;, p.




??2: ?74?, p. 220) jol `nndstals vnnraljaha axacphoral cat algda orducaltalvarfafgdf wnrfal. Urnad (@oF) dafotaarfahoppalsmòhal cat varfgjta ne ugtdabndalrolf zgil am`tar nnj bajalf vol bugtal àtdabgaf fot gl fa Lnnrferolsa glvhnafseaarhod, l.?. àt wastahgija Ru`rdabgaf, woorvnnrhnpars znlfar aal fardahgija rolf avalaals dnaf bajalf zgil (]tocpeuss ?717,p. 65-64 al Voe. ?19 7, ?59 ?7). Ncfot nnjLnnrf-Eroljrgij fgt nufara typa àaet dajalf (Bholmàt & Enurlgar ?740, egd. =9?),hgijt ar sproja ta zgil vol aal avnhutga nvaraal ugtdastrajt dabgaf, znlfar fot ‖ cn

caltaah ohtòls - aal rgm`tgld ool ta davalvoht vol woorugt fa stgcuhus tnt varolfargldoejncstgd cnat zgil. Unnr fa fotargld volfa hoppalsmòhal cat varfgjta ne ugtdabndal rolf vol fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars ‖dahadal ool fa lnnrfdrals vol àt varspragfgldsdabgaf - gs vnnroh fa ossnmgotga volàt gl egd. ?6 oedabaahfa stuj cat fa gl faeosa Ho Vàla Go ta phootsal rnnfbasm`ghfar-fa gcpnrtpnt ugt jugh F 00 woorfavnh.

Unnr àt axacphoor ugt jugh A 1 (egd. ?1 9? )dahft avalaals aal ossnmgotga cat fgtzahefarnnfbasm`ghfarfa oorfawarj (p. 64).

Tollaar gs fa Lnnrferolsa gcpuhs alfoorcaa nnj fa Cgffal-GIzartgif gl zugfahgij Lafarholf badnllal> D.I. Uarwars(?742, p. ?=1) fotaart fgt badgl tussal11; al 61; v. M`r., arvol ugtdoolfa fot àtsmàrp daprneghaarfa Corla-oorfawarjsham`ts vnnrjwoc gl fa fnnr faza ioortoh

hal badralsfa eosa @o Ghb. @at droevahfvol Has Indossas gs vnnr faza eosa aalrgija glenrcotgabrnl (Eovrat ?7=5: @ott &Rnuohat ?745). ]màrp daprneghaarfa pnttal jncal vnnroh gl droval al lafarzattgldal gl fa faportacaltal Corla alOgsla ‖ am`tar nnj rgijahgij vnnr gl fafoornpvnhdalfa eosa Ho Vàla Go (3 Ho VàlaOlmgalla G bgi @ott & Rnuohat ?744),

àt aarsta stofguc vol fa Corla-muhtuur.Fa badglfotuc `garvnnr hgdt vnhdals faramalta npvottgldal caastoh tussal 64;al 61;, fa aglffotuc lgat vnnr 6;; v.M`r. (Fuvoh & Bholmàt ?745, p. 60 :@ott & Rnuohat ?744, p. ?4: Dughogla?745, p. 2?). @at oorfawarj fot cnfahàaet dastool vnnr fa n.o. gl @oral vartadalwnnrfgdfa pnttal cat holda òhs,algdszgls nltwgjjahfa sm`nufar al vhojjabnfac ne vnat (vdh. Uarwars ?742, Obb.02 `ljs al ram`ts) al vnnr fa smòhal volnls typa Ghho, nltbrajal gl àt droevahf-faah vol Has Indossas fot ugt fa eosa @o Ghb

stoct (vdh. @ott & Rnuohat ?745). Ya zgiltyparalf vnnr fa eosa Ho Vàla Go (vdh.Bratz-Co`har ?74?, p. ?== a.v. al pg. ?;0,rasp. p. ?66 al pg. ?2?9 ?, ?=, ?1, ?5:@ott & Rnuohat ?744, pg. GU9 ?2, ?=, pg.UG9 ??, ?1, ?5 rasp. pg. GU9 4, pg. UG9 2).Fa smàrp`najgda rnnfbasm`ghfarfa pnt volfa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars (egd. 259 =) postavalaals gl faza eosa (zga p. 15).

Tatalfa fot fa Lnnrferolsa glvhnafal

gl zugfahgij Lafarholf gl gafar davoh gl fatwaafa àhet vol fa 1a aauw v. M`r. dastohta dajradal òffal, gs àt fa vrood ne,al zn io `nahold, fgt oh aarfar àt davoh wos.Toorsm gilhgij cnatal fa jhagla pnttal catcgl ne caar rnlfa bnfac, louwahgijs ugtdawarjta sm`nufar al holda òhs (vdh.Uarwars ?742, Obb. 219 06, 259 =62) ohsvrnadara colgeastotgas basm`nuwf wnrfal,oh`nawah fgt nnj lnd aal zaar vrnada vnrc

vol Ho Vàla G oorfawarj jol zgil (vdh.@ott & Rnuohat ?744, pg. GG9 ?0: pg. GU9 ??,?0).

Fa tnt lu tna bajalfa M?6-fotargldalhavaral vnnr àt prnbhaac vol fa m`rnlnhndgsmà drals daal nphnssgld (vdh. nnjHoltgld&Cnnj ?744, p. ?60).

Fa badglfotuc vnnr àt drns vol àtGizartgif-oorfawarj vol fa @nngfnljsmà






parmaltodas vol àt tntooh ool glfaahborarolfal: zga nnj p. 4=). Val oolzgal vol fa

pultal o, e al d havaral faza jughal daal

dadavals. Np fa nvargda pultal shugtal fadadavals vol fa jughal F 00, F 07/7; al

A 1 dnaf ool bgi fa sgtuotga gl fa Cgffal-GIzartgif ta @oral. Fa M?6-fotargldal vnnrF 00 al F 07/7; vohhal bgllal fgtzahefatgifvoj. Fa dadavals vol fa jughal B ?6

al B ?0 balofaral caar fa sgtuotga vol fa

gl fa Hota Gizartgif ta fotaral stroto vol

@oral, oedazgal vol pult m. Bugtal fazatwaa jughal jncal fa vnrcal @hf\-\ al

lg e waglgd vnnr. Foorcaa aal hota m`rnlnhndgsmà pnsgtga ool fa jughgl`nufal vol

B ?6 al B ?0 tna ta jallal, gs aal nl

varoltwnnrfa stop. Baòhva fa darglda ob

snhuta ooltohhal woornp àt baahf dabosaarf gs, zgil ar nnj eagtahgija typn-m`rnln-hndgsmà bazworal ool ta vnaral. Aarfar(p. 1;) gs dasuddaraarf fot lgat daàahbascatal tnlvnrcal (@o) nnj ool da

àah bascatal vorgoltal vnnroe jullalzgil dadool. Unnr G@f\, @hf\ al @he

jullal avalaals tadalòldars gl farahotgae vrnada lafarzattgld vol Uhgitgldalooldawazal wnrfal (Uolfar`naval ?740:

vnnr lgf\9 oeb. ?59 =5: vnnr @hf\ al

Ghhe9 oeb. ?19 21, 24, oeb. ?59 64, oeb. ?49

67). Aal vrnadara fotargld vol B ?6 al B

?0 fol vnnr F 00, F 07/7; al A 1 ba

`nnrt fus zajar tnt fa cndahgijàfal.Tot fa wolfvarsgargld batraet, bhgijt gl

@oral jocstraajvarsgargld staafs bahold

rgij ta zgil dawaast. @oor nnrsprnljahgijzaar fncglolta phoots wnrft am`tar oh

slah oedazwojt, gl `nnefzooj fnnr fa gl

eraqualtga tnalacalfa rahgêevarsgargld al

vgldartnp-/lodahglfrujjal. Cat loca fa

jughal B ?6 al B ?0 havaral ta waglgd varsgarfa smàrval vnnr aal vardahgijgld np

fgt pult. @at vrgiwah nltbrajal vol rahgêe

varsgargld np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars

gs znlfar caar npvohhalf.Rolfvarsgargld bastoot gl fa nlfarsta

stroto vol @oral vrgiwah ugtshugtalf ugt

vgldartnpglfrujjal, gl fa `ndara strotolaact fa dnherolfvarsgargld fugfahgij tna.

Gl @ops hgijt fgt typa rolfvarsgargld zahesnvaràarst ta àbbal, avalohs gl fa lafarzattgld ugt fa Hota Gizartgif (al Rncaglsatgif) ta Jagfnlj, np aal tgaltoh jghncatarsvol fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars dahadal(Joc ?75=). Gl àt davoh vol @ops cnatcal zgm` oevrodal ne dnherolfvarsgargldcndahgij gl fa Cgffal-GIzartgif oh pnpuhogrwos (vdh. Uarwars ?742, p. ?=4). Foortadalnvar stoot àt tntooh nltbrajal vol fardahgija varsgargld np fa caar fol 2;;; rolf-smàrval ugt fa Gizartgif vol fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Uarsgargld cat vgldartnpglfrujjal np fa bugtalzgifa vol fa

rolf ‖ c.g. aal rahotgae hoot jalcarj ‖ gs

twaacooh vartadalwnnrfgdf (hnssa vnlfstal).

Oh faza dadavals gl basm`nuwgld dalncal, jol fa mnlmhusga zgil, fot oorfawarjugt fa Hota Gizartgif np fa @nngfnljsmàOjjars lgat fugfahgij oolwgisboor gs al

zajar lgat vaah dawgm`t gl fa smòoh hadttadalnvar àt cotargooh ugt fa Cgffal-GIzartgif. Ar zgi nnj np dawazal fot ‖

vnnr znvar bajalf ‖ daal vol fa dhozalorcbolferodcaltal ugt GIzartgifjughal oe

jncstgd gs. @at oorfawarj ugt fa jughalcod fol gl zgil ohdacaalàgf ohs aal dnafaugtslafa basm`nuwf wnrfal vol àtdaal

ar tgifals fa Cgffal-GIzartgif gl fa lafarzattgld gl dabrugj wos. Fa bawnlgld tgifals fa Hota Gizartgif àaet zgm` vnnrlocahgij bugtal fa npdrovgldstarraglaloedaspaahf.

Vnt bashugt jullal ar lnd aljaha npcarjgldal dacoojt wnrfal nvar varsm`ghhal al

nvaraaljncstal tussal àt oorfawarj vol




fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars al fot vol olfaracgl ne caar dahgijtgifgda lafarzattgldal glfa rugca ncdavgld. Fa caasta nvaraal

jncst bastoot cat oorfawarjmncphaxalfga avalaals nlfar Lnnrferolsa glvhnafàbbal dastool al fga ‖ lgat tnavohhgd ‖hgddal bgllal aal dabgaf fot starj hgijt tanvarhoppal cat fot vol fa Lgafarràglgsmà

Drob`ødahjuhtur, znohs fot fnnr Uarwars(?742, p. ?21) gs ooldadaval. Fa Rgil hgijtaal fugfahgija lnnrfdrals ta vnrcal. Npcarjahgij gs fot fa Lnnrferolsa glvhnafalnp fa vnrcdavgld al varsgargld vol àt

hnmoha oorfawarj starjar hgijal ugtdafrujtgl àt Cgffallafarholfsa rgvgaraldabgaffol np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars, oh`nawahcal `gar gcpnrtoorfawarj basm`gjboor òffot tnt vnnrbaahf jnl fgalal. Cat fa oorfawarjvnrcal vol Rassal-Fa Tnarf (Bhna-cars & @uhst gl vnnrbaragfgld) bastoot aalzaar drnta nvaraaljncst. Ohs olfara dnafvardahgijbora Lafarholfsa mnhhamtgas jullaldalnacf wnrfal9 Baccah (Bhnacars &@uhst gl vnnrbaragfgld: zga nnj [affacnrs?74=, entn ?2), Baulgldal (Iolssal ?741),@ops (Uarwars ?742), @oral (Uol Vrgaruc& Uarwars gl vnnrbaragfgld): gl Lnnrf-Bahdgê9 Rnscaar-]tobard (Rnnsals & Hux?757) al @aeeal (Uol Fnnrsahoar ?751):gl Lnrfràgl-Tasteohal9 Taaza-Booh (Cøh-har-Tghha ?755) al [roast-Bhnusworft(]tocpeuss ?740). Drnta pnttal vol vorgoltøo\ (vdh. egd. ?09 B 2;) hgijal am`tar aalspamgegaj hnmooh prnfujt vol fa @nng

fnljsmà Ojjars dawaast ta zgil, avalohscndahgij smòohtias cat zaar jnrta wolfvol vorgolt Gb' (vdh. egd. ?59 B ?4) al fapnt vol typa @hg. Unnr fa dnaf àrjalbora 'porosnh-smòhal' hgdt nlza vglfphootsool fa lnnrfdrals vol àt varspragfgldsdabgaf (p. 1?). Fa np fa @nngfnljsmàOjjars starj vartadalwnnrfgdfa vorgoltalGf\, Gho"* al @b' zgil np fa aarfar da

lnacfa vglfphootsal vrgiwah staafs vartadalwnnrfgdf, cat loca fa tnlvnrcgda`nda pnttal (@o'*). G.t.t. fa sgtuotga np fa

@nngfnljsmà Ojjars jncal gl fa olfaravglfphootsal nnj wah holda, ram`ta g.p.v.mnlvaxa sm`nufars np faza pnttal vnnr(vdh. ]tocpeuss ?740, Obb. 59 ?). Bgi vardahgijgld cat fa lgat darglda `navaahàgfoorfawarj ugt @oral voht np, fot foor fanp nlza vglfphoots dnaf vartadalwnnrfgdfadrnta (vnnrroof-)pnttal vol fa vorgoltallg` ' "\ lgat vartadalwnnrfgdf zgil. Nefgt nltbrajal aal eulmtgnlaha om`tardrnlf

àaet, ne fot drnta pnttal cat òhs gl@oral aal olfara vnrc jradal (drnta jadahòhzal zgil b.v. gl @oral oolwazgd, np fa@nngfnljsmà Ojjars lgat), gs aal vrood fgannj vnnr olfara vnrcal dastahf jol wnrfal: àt oltwnnrf cnat am`tar gl facaasta davohhal om`tarwada bhgival, n.o.fnnr àt erodcaltogra jorojtar vol facotargêha rastal.

Bgi àt vardahgijal vol fa wolfvarsgargldvoht np fot àt vrgiwah nltbrajal np fa@nngfnljsmà Ojjars vol ra`êevarsgargldstarj oestaajt tadal fa sgtuotga gl vglfphootsal cat vaah varsgarf cotargooh ohs@ops al @oral. Nlza vglfphoots shugt npfgt pult batar ool bgi fa sgtuotga gl zugfahgija rgm`tgld (Lnnrf-Bahdgê). @at hodaparmaltoda varsgarfa wolfal (?,4%) gsaal ohdacaal bajalf varsm`gilsah gl faCgffal-GIzartgif vol Yugf-Lafarholf, avalohs àt bascgital vol àt bugtalnpparvhoj

bgi ruwwad fa àhet vol àt oorfawarj(vdh. Uarwars ?742, p. ?=5).

Drnap B. @at nltbrajal vol fugfahgijavnrcal nlfar àt justoorfawarj vol fa@nngfnljsmà Ojjars coojt fa straajvol àrjncst vol fgt oorfawarj lgat dacojjahgij ta om`taròhal. Np drnlf vol fanvargda ugtarhgija jalcarjal (gl àt bgi-



•'"4="!


znlfar fa varsm`ro`ld cat pholtoorfgdcotargooh) voht ool ta lacal fot vnnrhnpgd cglstals àt àha Bahdgsmà al Lafar

holfsa justdabgaf ohs pntaltgaah àrjncst-dabgaf basm`nuwf cnat wnrfal. @nawahfa fotargld lgat ohtgif dnaf vost ta stahhalgs, jnct oorfawarj cat pholtoorfgd varsm`rohgldscotargooh `gar np caarfara phootsal vnnr (zga b.v. Uol fal Bard & @alfrgj-sa ?740, egd. 7: Uol @aargldal ?747, p. ?;al ?=: Cnffarcol ?75;-?75ho, p. 264:Ro`gr ?7=;, Egd. =;: Totarbnhj ?752, p.6;: Tglf ?74;, p. 267). Aal lofara stufgazoh cnatal ugtcojal gl `navarra àt oorfawarj vol vglfphootsal ool fa just npolfara pultal (fgjta, jhaur, bojsah, oewarjgld) nvaraalstact cat fot vol fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars al vardahgijboor vootwarjvol olfara vglfphootsal gl àt bgllalholf.Loor bojsah, oewarjgld, jhaur al varsm`rohgld cat àt cotargooh vol fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars daàah gfaltgaj vootwarj gs cgibajalf ugt vnnrlocahgij lnd nldapubhgmaarfa ‖ mnhhamtgas vol gl `nnefzooj Cgf

fal-Lafarholfsa vglfphootsal (Tgimàl-@n-halbardsa wad, Tgimàl-Fa [os, Nss-Qssal,Frutal-Rnnfàjjalpos). Nldatwgieahf dootàt `gar avalaals nc justoorfawarj, fot‖ dazgal àt badahagfalfa oorfawarj ‖ glfa Gizartgif tùgs`nnrt.

Aal brolfalfa vrood gs lotuurhgij wahjabatajalgs wa cnatal varbglfal ool àt nptrafal vol aal darglda `navaahàgf justoorfawarj np aal vglfphoots gl àt bgl

lalholf, cat loca wot batraet fa om`tardrnlfal vol àt trolspnrt (wga woral fatrolspnrtaurs >) al fa eulmtga vol àtoorfawarj (wot bavottal fa pnttal, wotdabaurfa arcaa gl fa lafarzattgld >).Unnrhnpgd hgijt àt eulmtga-ospamt vol fazooj àhfarfar ta bahgm`tal fol àt trolspnrt-ospamt. Aal mrumgoha rnh bgi fa gltarpratotga spahal c.g. fa np p. 65 dalnacfa

erodcaltias vol aal `nh myhglfarvnrcgdortaeomt cat fazahefa jalcarjal ohs àt`gar baòlfahfa vootwarj. Drntara erod

caltal (cat dahgija jalcarjal) zgilbajalf vol olfara bgllalholfsa vglfphootsal (zga b.v. Iolssal ?740, oeb. 292?) al nnj waar ugt àt justdabgaf. Lndnldapub`maarfa, cox. 22 mc holda erodcaltal vol fa vglfphoots Cnlstar-'tDaastia (mnhh. I. Accals) tnlal fot àt`gar nc òhva, gl fa haldta fnnrdaslafalmyhglfars doot (bugtalfgocatar mo. 5 mc).Fa algda olfara cgi bajalfa justvglfphootsgs Hagfal-Bnsm`- al Dostùgspnhfar (Cnffarcol ?75;, p. =;: gfac ?75;-?75?o, p.265). Gl fgt hootsta davoh dgldal fa erodcaltal vardazahf vol fgvarsa typal vnnrwarpal vol fazahefa socalstahhgld, wahja- avalohs fa myhglfarerodcaltal - gl varbolf dabrom`t wnrfal cat znutwgllgldugt zaawotar. Bgi fa myhglfarerodcaltal vol't Daastia `nral nnj erodcaltal (cox. ?2mc hold) vol aal olfar typa brgquatoda-

cotargooh, l.?. np fworsfnnrslafa ram`t

`najgda stoval.Loor cgil calgld doot àt bgi fa bgllal

holfsa vnlfstal vol znwah fa myhglfarerodcaltal ohs àt vootwarj cat nrdolgsm`varsm`rohgldscotargooh nc twaa eulmtgnlaahdahgijwoorfgda typal, locahgij znutmnl-toglars. @at sham`t oedawarjta al brnssajorojtar vol àt vootwarj strnnjt dnafcat àt aalcohgda dabrugj fot cal vnnrznutmnltoglars cod varnlfarstahhal: fa

pnrnsgtagt cod avalaals ohs aal pnsgtgavaoolwgizgld wnrfal basm`nuwf (vnm`tnp-loca). Oedoolfa np àt badahagfalfaoorfawarj hgijt ar np fa cgi bajalfa bgllalholfsa vglfphootsal aal oehnssgld volòhva my`lfars fnnr vootwarj zgm`tboor,wahja zgm` rnlf fa nvardold vol Urnadaloor Cgffal-GIzartgif oedaspaahf jol àbbal. Aal stufga woorgl bnvalstoolfa




cotarga ugtvnargdar nlfar fa oolfom`t zohjncal, gs gl vnnrbaragfgld.

Unnr àt justoorfawarj vol fa @nng-

fnljsmà Ojjars laac gj aalzahefa fotargld ool ohs vnnr oorfawarj vol drnap O.Fa jughal cat M?6-fotargldal bavottalstaafs wot vol fgt oorfawarj al wah glnldavaar dahgija cota (=,6% - 4,7%). Fa`nda mnlmaltrotga vol fgt oorfawarj glal lobgi put GU vol tarragl F wgh gj folnnj lgat (zugvar) m`rnlnhndgsm` varjhoorfzgal. Ohs aal vol caarfara cndahgija varjhorgldal wgh gj fa oolwazgdàgf vol aalfgstrgbutgapult np faza hnmotga lnacal.Tollaar aal gl oorfawarj varvnarfa jhncpznut npdafaahf cnat wnrfal, fol gs àtbrajal vol fa pnttal vrgiwah aal varagsta.Dabaurt fgt np aal vosta phoots, fol voht`gar aal `nda mnlmaltrotga smàrval ta varwom`tal. Ynhold am`tar fa wgiza vol npvuhhgld vol fa jughal lgat bajalf gs (zga p. 26)voht faza stahhgld sham`t ta mnltrnharal.

Drnap M. ]ham`ts vnnr fa rnnfbasm`ghfarfa

pnt (egd. 259 =) voht aal oedabojalf raearaltgajofar ool ta daval. @at doot `gar nc aalprnfujt vol fa Corla-muhtuur al vrgiwahzajar batraet àt aal smàrp`najgda pnt{yosa morçlç) cat bgjnlgsm` hgmòoc, holdaòhs al cndahgij `nhha vnat (typa O bgiBratz-Co`har ?74?, p. ?27 a.v. al [G. ?;?-?;1). Jocstraajvarsgargld ne olfara varsgargld cat porohhahha drnaval np sm`nufaral òhs gs bgi fgt pnttypa aal lnrcooh var

sm`gilsah (vdh. Bratz-Co har ?74?, [G. ?4496 al [gddntt a.o. (afs.) ?74=, pg. 46). Farnfa basm`ghfargld np fa daàha sm`nufarhgijt ugtznlfarhgijar. Fgt pnttypa gs jalcarjalf vnnr fa eosa Ho Vàla Go gl faMòcpodla, fnnr Bratz-Co`har dafotaarftussal 64; al ==; v. M`r. (Bratz-Co`har?74?, p. ?60 al 2?7). Gl àt m`rnlnhndgasmàco vol I.-I. @ott al [. Rnuohat

jrgidt fgt typa aal phoots tnadawazal fganvaraaljnct cat aal davnrfarf stofgucvol Ho Vàla Go (l.?. Ho Vàla Olmgalla

Gb), dafotaarf 61;-6;; v. M`r. (@ott &Rnuohat ?744, p. ?2 al ?4). Fa M?6-fotargld vnnr `nutsjnnh ugt jugh F 00(2=21 + =1 B[) shugt `gar dnaf np ool(zga nnj p. 60).

@at hns davnlfal pnterodcalt vol egd.259 ? `nnrt woorsm`gilhgij gl fa Corla-muhtuur tùgs. Gl zgdzodpotrnnl ooldabrom`ta hgilalbulfahs, oedazat cat `nrgznltoha hgilal, jncal ohs varsgargldscntgae gl fa Mòcpodla tgifals fa pargnfaHo Vàla G vaahvuhfgd vnnr (vdh. Bratz-Co`har ?74?, b.v. [G. ?;=9 6, ?;19 =, ?;495). Fa phootsgld np fa bugj gs am`tar ugtznlfarhgij. Glmrustotga cat (n.o.) rnfavarestne al aal algdszgls vardahgijboorvarsgargldscntgae jnct nnj vnnr np fabugj vol aal pnhym`rnnc varsgarfa pntugt Bardagij (L.-Br.), wahja avalaals ohs aalprnfujt vol fa Corla-muhtuur cnat wnrfal basm`nuwf (Cnffarcol ?75;-?75?b).

@at erodcalt vol egd. 259 2 gs ta waglgdjorojtargstgaj nc aal ugtsprooj nvar faàrjncst ta jullal fnal. Ar jol sham`tsdawazal wnrfal np fa dasgdlohaarfa nvaraaljncst cat fa rnnfbasm`ghfarfa pnt volegd. 259 =.

Fa lafarzattgld np fa @nngfnljsmàOjjars jol fus dasmòorf wnrfal nlfarfa phootsal wooràal oorfawarj vol faCorla-muhtuur zgil wad àaet davnlfal

(vdh. Fa`l ?71;, spamgooh p. 67-1;).

=.1 Nvargda vnlfstal

]pgljhnsias, waaedawgm`tal, shgldarjndahsal dabrolf haac. Baòhva vootwarj zgilnnj fgvarsa olfara prnfujtal vol dabojjal oorfa bajalf.

Gl tntooh zgil 1? spgljhnsias ne erodcaltal foorvol davnlfal. Bnvalfgal jul-



[.T. vol fal Brnaja - Bawnlgldsspnral np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars ]G

Egd. 24. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Gizartgif, dawgm`tal al spglsm`gieias. ?9=. Obb. 24. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Agsalzagt, Dawgm`ta ulf ]pgllwgrtah. ?9=.

lal frga pntsmàrval cat nlradahcotgdrnlfa vnrc al maltroha fnnrbnrgld ohs spglsm gieias dafgalf àbbal. Aljaha ugt jughaloejncstgda axacphoral zgil oedabaahf glegd. 24 (ram`ts). @at dawgm`t vol fa dovaaxocphoral hnnpt ugtaal vol 5 tnt 20 dr.Fa òrfàgf al jhagsocalstahhgld (pntdrugs-varsm`rohgld) jncal nvaraal cat fga volàt oorfawarj vol drnap O. @at npparvhojgs fnnrdools dhof, fa jhaur wgist gl vaah

davohhal np aal rafumaralf bojcghgau.Fa spgljhnsias vartnlal aal rugca vnrcal-vorgotga, gats wot nnj bajalf gs vol olfaralafarzattgldal ugt fa Gizartgif (vdh. Uar-wars ?742, Obb. 40).

Vavals zgil ?? erodcaltal vol (waae- >)dawgm`tal davnlfal, woorvol 7 gl jughal:@at bojsah hgijt, olfars fol bgi fa spgljhnsias, caar np fot vol dabrolf haac('ùttalhaac') fol np àt bojsah vol voot

warj, aal aljaha ugtznlfargld foordahotal.Tollaar varsm`ro`ldscotargooh zgm`tboorgs, doot àt staafs nc pntdrugs. Fa jhaurool àt - gats ruwa tnt dhoffa - npparvhojvorgaart gl fa caasta davohhal tussal rnnfal daah, fa jarl gs drgis tnt zwort. [hotta,frga`najgda axacphoral (vdh. egd. 249 B ?6,A 1) jncal vnnr loost fga cat aal oeda-jlnt-pyrocgfoha vnrc. Aal aljaha fnnr

bnrgld, znohs bgi egd. 249 B ?6, hgijt lnrcoohdawaast ta zgil. Frga`najgda waaedawgm`-tal, am`tar vnnrlocahgij cat frga fnnrbnrgldal, jallal bgllal Lnnrfwast-Aurnpo aal rugca varspragfgld (vdh. Tghàhcg?744, Obb. ?).

]hgldarjndahs zgil np fa @nngfnljsmàOjjars zaar cotgd vartadalwnnrfgdf, l.?.fnnr lgat caar fol twaa erodcaltal,woorvol ççl axacphoor ugt aal jugh (F

2?1). Fa varsm`rohgld bastoot ugt pntdrugs.Nvar àt àha nlfarznm`ta oraooh zgil,

caastoh dahgd tnt rnnf dajhaurfa, brnjjal zwoj dabrolf haac ooldatrneeal. Bgitgaltohhal stujjal jnct aal ooldastrajalvhoj vnnr. Jugh F 225 havarfa aal rugca`navaahàgf vol zuhja brnjjal np, cat aalcoxgcoha fgjta vol 6,7 mc. Aal wgttaoolshod fga np aljaha vol fa vhojjalvnnrjnct, gs lo cgmrnsmnpgsmà olohysa

al rõltdalfgeeromtga-olohysa fnnr M.I. Nvar-waah (G.[.H.) daîltarprataarf ohs aal zaaregil jwortspnafar (cat wot vahfspoot).@at doot `gar cndahgij nc shgipsah vol b.v.zolfstalal coohstalal. Fa brnjjal haacjullal gl fgt davoh vhnarfahal zgil. Brnjjal dabrolf haac ugt olfara vnlfstluc-cars vartnlal sncs ççl ne caar myhgl-frgsmà oefrujjal cat aal fnnrslafa vol





[.T. vol fal Brnaja - Bawnlgldsspnral np fa @nngfnljsm a Ojjars 17

\MF07/7; ?

õ-n

-F-

• • -

F 00 =

Egd. 27. @nngfnljsm a Ojjars. Gizartgif, brnls (? , 2)al gizar (=, 6). ?92.

Obb. 27. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Agsalzagt, Brnlza (?, 2)ulf Agsal (=, 6). ?:2.

Brnls. Gl aljaha jughal ugt fa Gizartgifgs brnls davnlfal. Jugh F 07/7; havarfaaal erodcaltia fot cndahgij vol àt vnatdafaahta vol aal Ho Vàla egbuho oejncstgdgs (egd. 279 ?). Jugh M 75 bavotta aal drnnterodcalt vol aal jnlgsm` davnrcf sm gieia,cat aal fnnrslafa vol =,2 mc (egd. 279 2).Ool fa bnvalzgifa zgil frga mnlmaltrgsmàdrnaeias zgm`tboor. Ool fa bgllalzgifa gsaal hgm`tdrgiza substoltga ‖ cndahgij hnnf

‖ vostdajgt. Ohs vardahgijgldsstujjal frgldal zgm` jhagla pòharoa np, woorbgi vaahohool nlfarfahal vol àt poorfatugd ne oolsm`ghfbashod wnrft dafom`t (vdh. Iomnbg?746, p. ?71 al Voe. 1?9 475: Inom`gc?74=, p. =6 al Voe. ?29 ?-4). Fa fnnrslafa vol nls axacphoor gs am`tar dargldar.Aal nnj loor oecatgldal vardahgijboorstuj gs davnlfal np àt tarragl vol fa

lafarzattgld ugt fa Hota Gizartgif al cndahgij lnd fa Rncaglsa tgif ta Jagfnlj.Fgt axacphoor vartnnlt ool fa nlfarzgifa

aal nndia (Joc ?75=, [G. G9 ?;). Qgt jughA 6, wahja woorsm`gilhgij ramaltahgij varstnnrf gs, jnct aal cglusmuuh erodcaltiabrnlsbhgj cat aal fgjta vol ;,? mc.

GIzar. Gl fa Gizartgif ta fotaral vnnrwarpal ne erodcaltal foorvol, zgil glaljaha jughal ooldatrneeal. Jugh F 00havarfa aal erodcalt vol aal rgldvnrcgdvnnrwarpia np (egd. 279 =). @at gl egd.279 6 oedabaahfa vnnrwarp warf davnlfalnp fa bnfac vol jugh F 07/7;. Fa ram`t`najgda vnrc np fworsfnnrslafa coojtàt nbiamt daàah vardahgijboor cat vhoj-vgihal cat oldah znohs fga gl àt Yugffugtsanppgfuc Colm`gld davnlfal zgil (Iomnbg?746, p. ?5 al Voe. 1). Holdwarpgda erodcaltal cat waglgd jorojtargstgaja vnrcalzgil oejncstgd ugt fa jughal F 00, F ?;?,F 226, F 24; al A 1. Bgi àt vnlfstcotargooh ugt fa jughal B ?2 al M 74 bavglft zgm` gl bagfa davohhal aal lodah

erodcalt. Dazgal fa lgat gfaoha vnlfst-ncstolfgdàfal vol àt nlfarznaj vol?754 cnat lgat ugtdashntal wnrfal fot àtnc ramalta lodaherodcaltal doot.

@nawah gl lgat-dashntal mnltaxt vaahvuhfgd spnral vol gizarprnfujtga vnnrjncal gl fa vnrc vol ruw gizar al gizar-shojjal, bavottal nldastnnrfa jughal ugt faGizartgif waglgd vol fgt cotargooh. Jughalcat aal rgija gl`nuf ool olfar vnlfst

cotargooh (F 00, A 1 b.v.) havarfal lgatcaar fol aljaha tgaltohhal droccal np.]taal.'\ Nesm`nnl gl varsm`ghhalfa drnlf-

spnral ugt fa Gizartgif bawarjt vuurstaalgs davnlfal, cod cal oollacal fot àt(vnnrlocahgij) cotargooh ugt vnnroedoolfapargnfal batraet, fot bgi fa npvuhhgld volfa jughal voloe àt npparvhoj gl fa jughalgs daroojt (zga p. ?2). Ta cndal nnj vnnr




àt nvargda staalcotargooh ugt fa drnlfspnral algda varnltraglgdgld cat nufarastujjal varnlfarstahhal.

Baòhva rnhstaaltias, erodcaltal voldrntara rnhstalal al brnjjal staalcotargooh znlfar spnral vol calsahgij dabrugj,havarfal drnlfspnral ugt fa Gizartgif 1?stujjal np fga fnnr àt bazgt vol ççl necaar julstcotgd davnrcfa vhojjal ohs(vlh. erodcaltal vol) shgipstalal, wrgie-

stalal, coohstalal a.f. basm`nuwf cnatalwnrfal. Gl `nnefzooj gs `garvnnr jwortsgatal zolfstaal dabrugjt, spoorzooc nnj mnldhncaroot. Aalcooh gs fugfahgij sproja volaal shodstaal ne jhnpstaal vol zolfstaal(F 00). Fa vaha davnlfal brnjjal bosohthovo zgil nldatwgieahf coohstaalerodcaltal.Ohs davnhd vol starja varwargld gs fa nnrsprnljahgija vnrc am`tar lgat caar taom`taròhal. Fa prnfujtga vol faza coohstalal àaet, avalohs fot vnnr axacphoralugt olfara Lafarholfsa vglfphootsal dahft,vrgi zajar phootsdavnlfal gl àt Ageahda-bgaf, lobgi Coyal (vdh. Brnldars & Tnh

targld ?740, p. 64). @at lgat gl dashntalmnltaxt ooldatrneeal staalcotargooh ba`nnrt nldatwgieahf vnnr àt drnntsta faahavalaals bgi fa bawnlgld gl fa Gizartgif.

Nrdolgsm` cotargooh. Gl caarfara jughalal poohjughal zgil `nutsjnnherodcaltalooldatrneeal. Gl frga davohhal gs àt `nutsjnnh foorugt dabrugjt vnnr M?6-fotargldal(zga p. 60).

Fa gl aljaha jughal ooldatrneeal var

jnnhfa zofal al fgarhgija sjahaterodcaltalwnrfal `garlo baòlfahf (Bojahs & Uolfar @oc ?70;, rasp. Uol Calsm` ?70;).

=.5 Fa fotargld vol fa lafarzattgld

Qgt fa fotargld vol àt oorfawarj jol oedahagf wnrfal fot fa bawnlgld np fatarraglal B t/c E zgm` `nnefzojahgij àaetoedaspaahf gl fa Cgffal-GIzartgif. Aljaha

M?6-fotargldal bavastgdal faza glfruj (p.60). Erodcaltal vol dhozal orcbolfalsuddararal fot fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars

nnj gl fa foornp vnhdalfa eosa, fa HotaGizartgif, bawnnlf wos. Qgt fa gl`nufvol fa drnlfspnral jol am`tar lgat oedahagf wnrfal fot fa jughal al mnlstrumtgasgl faza hotara pargnfa gl dabrugj dawaastzgil. Fa drnlfspnral vol fa Hota GIzar-tgif cnatal cndahgij (vnnrlocahgij) bugtalfa dralzal vol fa bnvaldalnacfa npdrovgldstarraglal daznm`t wnrfal.

Np fgt pult ooldajncal, jol cal zgmòevrodal, ne ar cndahgij (nnj) bgllal àtnlfarznm`ta oraooh aal varhaddgld vol falafarzattgld àaet phootsdavnlfal. Aal varsm`ghhalfa rugctahgija varspragfgld volbapoohfa jalcarjal znu np aal `nrgznltoha strotgdroega jullal fugfal.

Lo vardahgijgld vol fa drnlfspnral alvnlfstal vol àt lnnrfahgija tarragl B catfga vol fa varfar zugfahgij dahadal tarraglalM, F al jughalsarga A, bhgijal ar waglgdvarsm`ghhal ool ta wgizal. Bgi fa varsprag

fgld vol fa pntvnrcal gs sham`ts àt nltbrajal vol vorgolt Gb' gl àt ool oorfawarj rgija zugfahgija faah npcarjahgij,ncfot faza gl àt cglfar rgija lnnrfahgijafaah vgarcooh vnnrjnct (B ?6, B ?4,B ?0 (2 x)). @ahoos bhgiet fa m`rnlnhndgsmà phoots vol faza vorgolt vnnrhnpgdnlnpdaàhfarf. Fa rgija jughal B ?6 al B?0 zgil aarfar raafs npdavohhal fnnr oewgijgldal vol rgija jughal gl àt zugfahgija

faah, znlfar fot fa m`rnlnhndgsmà mnlsaqualtgas lu fugfahgij zgil (p. 1=). Totbatraet fa varsgargld gs jocstraajvarsgargld,olfars fol gl àt zugfahgija faah, gl àtlnnrfahgija faah starj nvaràarsalf. Favar`nufgldal tussal fa varsgargldstypalugt fa lnnrfahgija drnlfspnral (tarraglB: 10 varsgarfa erodcaltal) al fga ugtfa drnlfspnral vol àt zugfahgija faah




(M, F, A: 0; varsgarfa erodcaltal) zgil9B M/F/A

vgldartnp-/lodah-

glfrujjal 24,5% =1,;%jocstraaj 66,0% =?,=%hgilal 26,?% 24,1%rast =,6% 5,=%

Jocstraajvarsgargld hgijt gl Yugf-Lafarholf gl àt ohdacaal àt caast pnpuhogravarsgargldstypa vol fa Urnada Gizartgifal cndahgij vol àt badgl vol fa Cgffal-GIzartgif dawaast ta zgil (zga b.v. droe-vahf @ops9 Uarwars ?742, vdh. nnj àtdaal aarfar (p. 1=) c.b.t. @oral gs dazadf). ]ocal cat fa `ndara eraqualtgavol myhglfar- al tram`taròhzal al faoolwazgdàgf vol aal ohs aal rahotgaevrnad ta basm`nuwal hoppalsmòoh (egd. ?196) gl àt lnnrfahgija faah, jol fgt dadavalarnp fugfal fot gl aal vrnad stofguc volfa lafarzattgld ohhaal ne vnnroh gl àtlnnrfahgija faah jughal gl dabrugj woral.Vnm` gs àt lgat oollacahgij fot fgt sto

fguc (vaah) vrnadar hgdt fol fa fotargldfga vnnr jugh F 04 gs varjradal, ta watal265; ¿ =; B[. Olfarzgifs cnat fa cndahgijàgf lgat ugtdashntal wnrfal fot nnj facaast nnstahgija al zugfahgija jughal bgllal fa dralzal vol tarragl F vrnad dafotaarf cnatal wnrfal, oedoolfa np ùlrahotgava vnlfstorcnafa (vdh. p. 21).

6. FA [ARGNFA LO FA GIYARVGIF: RA]VARALFA

DADAUAL]Fa fotargld vol aljaha stujjal tarrosgdghhoto gl fa Ga aauw l. M`r. al fa oolwazgdàgf vol dhozal orcbolferodcaltal ugtfa Ga aauw v. M`r. np àt tarragl jullalohs oolwgizgldal basm`nuwf wnrfal vnnraal nlnlfarbrnjal bawnlgld vol fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars vol fa Gizartgif tnt gl faRncaglsa tgif.

6.? Rncaglsa tgif\\6.?.? Glhagfgld

Datugdal vol bawnlgld gl fa Rncaglsa

tgif jallal wa `nnefzojahgij gl fa vnrcvol hnssa vnlfstal vol bugtal fa tarraglalO t/c E. Fa algda drnlfspnral ugt fazapargnfa fga zgil vostdahadf (B 1\ al A 5),jullal gl aal rolfznla vol àt tnaltartgifbawnnlfa oraooh dahadal àbbal. Vgifalsnltzolfgldal zgil fnnr D. Baax mnlmaltrotgas vnlfstal ugt faza tgif woordalncal npmo. ?1; c LT vol tarragl B al np mo. =;;c LLN vol fgtzahefa tarragl (zga nnjBaax ?754o al ?754b). Aal farfa mnlmal

trotga cnat fgramt oolshugtalf ool falnnrfzgifa vol tarragl B wnrfal dafom`t.@gar zgil vaha oorfawarjerodcaltal gljughal davnlfal (cnlf. caf. H.O. Uar`naval, Lgilsah).'** @at gs lgat fugfahgijne fa daradgstraarfa mnlmaltrotgas catRncagls vnlfstcotargooh oeznlfarhgija ba-wnlgldsjarlal vartadalwnnrfgdal fga tadahgijartgif àbbal bastool, ne fot àt nc aalvarsmùgvgld vol àt bawnnlfa oraooh fnnr

fa tgif àal doot.

6.?.2 Drnlfspnral

Uol fa gl tajalgld dabrom`ta drnlfspnraljullal ar twaa gl fa Rncaglsa tgif wnrfaldafotaarf, l.?. jugh B 1\ al wotarput A 5.

Jugh B 1\ bavotta loost 2? oorfawarjerodcaltal vol glàacs eobrgjoot aal rolf-erodcalt vol aal Rncaglsa jrugj ]tuort?75=, typa ?;7 O, ta fotaral gl fa aarsta

àhet vol fa 2a aauw l. M`r. (egd. =;,ram`ts bnval). Aal olfara oolwgizgldvnnr aal fotargld gl fa Rncaglsa tgif gs,fot daal vol fa glàacsa smàrval aalbascatal npparvhoj àaet. Bgi ççl vol farolfsmàrval gs fa rolf cat fugc al wgisvgldar dajlapal, aal varsgargldswgiza fgawa lgat bgi àt GIzartgif-oorfawarj vol favglfphoots àbbal woordalncal. Aal olfa-




c\

Egd. =;. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Rncagls oorfawarj. Uarsgargld ?92, prnegahal ?9=. Obb. =;. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Rõcgsmà Jarocgj. Uarzgaruld ?92, [rnegha ?9=.

ra vnlfst ugt faza jugh gs aal dhozal jrooh,hgm`tdrnal vol jhaur cat wgtta frofal.Fa bugtalfnnrslafa bafroodt mo. 2,2 mc,fa bgllalfnnrslafa ;,5 mc, fa fgjta ?,1mc, bgi aal np fworsfnnrslafa rnlfa vnrcvol àt dhoshgmòoc.\ Fardahgija jrohaljullal znwah ugt fa Ho Vàla pargnfa ohs

ugt fa Rncaglsa tgif stoccal (cnlf. caf.O. [affacnrs, R.C.v.;.). Uol fa nvargdavnlfstal ugt faza jugh zgil ta lnacal9 aalbrnjia ruw gizar, aal brnjia bosohthovo alstujias `nutsjnnh.

Jugh A 5 bhaaj np aal fgapta vol 2,5; cnlfar àt coogvahf fa rastal vol aal vgarjolta `nutal wotarput ta bavottal, damnlstruaarf vnhdals fa tam`lgaj vol fa òhe-

`nutsa hgpvarbglfgld. Aal ugtvnargda basm`rgivgld vol faza wotarput gs raafs aarfardapubhgmaarf (Uol far ]olfal ?74=).Fa agdalhgija putvuhhgld havarfa ool oorfawarj aal wolferodcalt vol aal Yugf-doh`smà tarro sgdghhoto jnc vol àt typaFrodalfnree 27 (egd. =;9 bnval).!\ \Gsfotargld vnnr fa jnc jol fa Mhoufgsmàpargnfa ooldalncal wnrfal (6?-16 OF).Fa glstaaj vol fa put havarfa ool Rncagls

oorfawarj np9 aal rolferodcalt vol aalfnhguc, aal wnrstnnr vol aal ocennr alaal tarro lgdro-om`tgd bnfacerodcalt,woorvol àt bojsah algdszgls glàacs oolfnat. Ool glàacs oorfawarj bavnlfalzgm` `garbgi 25 erodcaltal, woorvol sham`tstwaa cat bascatal npparvhoj. Ool vnlf

stal ugt fa glstaaj zgil varfar ta lnacal9aal erodcalt vol aal twaargbbgda dhozalorcbolf ne rgldatia, fot woorsm`gilhgijgl fa hootsta aauw vnnr àt badgl vol fa

ioortahhgld dafotaarf cnat wnrfal (p. 10),rugc aal jd ruw gizar ne gizarshoj, aal lodaherodcalt, aljaha brnjjal bosohthovo alvarcnafahgij aal erodcalt vol aal hnparstaal vol jwortsgat. Unnr fa fatarcglotgavol aljaha fgarhgija sjahaterodcaltal zgacal Uol Calsm` ?70;.

6.?.= Hnssa vnlfstal

Uol àt tarragl bugtal faza drnlfspnralzgil vaha hnssa vnlfstal bajalf, vnnrlocahgij bastoolfa ugt oorfawarj. Ar zgil 1;6vootwarjerodcaltal vol Rncagls eobrgjoot datahf. Fa dafatarcglaarfa stujjalzgil gl tobah 6 ooldadaval. Npvohhalf zgil




Vobah 6. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Fatarcglotgas vol Rncagls oorfawarj.

snnrt ooltoh vnrc

tarro ? ber. jnc

sgdghhoto

? prne. jnc

2 rer. bnrf

? wer. jnc

? wer. bnrf

tarro ? rer. bnrf

lgdro

= rer. bajar

typa: npcarjgldal fotargld egduur

tarro 25 rer. jnc

lgdro-

om`tgd = rer. pnt

2 rer. jnc

2 rer. jnc

? rer. jnc

? rer. pnt

davarlgst ? rer.

2 rer.

bajar

bajar

Frodalfnree 24: nlhaas

boor stacpah

Frodalfnree 27: cat ra

porotgadot: varsgarf '

Frodalfnree =?

Frodalfnree =4: cat nlfa-

tarcglaarbora varsgargld

cat rnuhattargld

Brulstgld ?7=4, typa =

Brulstgld ?7=4, typa 1'\:

Bahdgsmà woor, bagda

varwolt ool ]tuort ?75=,

typa 2?;O

]tuort ?75=, typa 2;?O,

pg. ?79275

]tuort ?75=, typa 2?;O

]tuort ?75=, typa 2?;B

Brulstgld ?7=4, typa 7

Nahcoll ?7?6, typa 07

Brulstgld ?7=4, typa 2,

tam`l. b

Brulstgld ?7=4, typa 1,tam`l. b

cgffal G -

aglf GG

vnnr-Ehovgsm`/

badgl Ehovgsm`

Ghb-f

aglf G-GGf (vdh.

@oohabns ?744,

p.4;)

cgffal GG-GGG

=;(?.

Vgbargus - =?:9?

- badgl GG

Gf-GGO (vdh. Uol

fal @urj ?74=,

p.2;4)

=?:92

G-GGGB =?:9=

G-GGm =?:96

G-GGm =?:91

GG-GGGO

cgffal GG-GGG

=?95

=?94

dhof- 2 rer. jrugj-

wolfgd ocennr

= rer. jrugj-

ocennr

fgj- 6 rer. wrgie-

wolfgd smòoh

26 rer. wrg ie-

smòoh

?? rer. fnhguc

? rer. ocennr

ruw- 2 rer. pnt

wolfgd 4 rer. pnt

= rer. jnc

2 rer. jnc

2 prne. bnrf

]tuort ?75=, typa ?27B,

pg. 79?67

]tuort ?75=, typa ?=2O,

vdh. pg. ??9?42 al

?29?46

cat vartgjoha rolf

cat `nrgznltoha rolf

vdh. @nhwarfo ?72 =,

oeb. 749=5;

]tuort ?75=, typa 2;?B

Nahcoll ?7?6, typa 07

Brulstgld ?7=4, typa 7

]tuort ?75=, typa 2?;O

Brulstgld ?7=4, typa 22:

Bhnacars ?740, Obb. ??79

A.=.?,4; al A.=.2,47?/

1012

Gf-GGGO (vdh.

Bhnacars ?740,

p.202)

Gf-GGGO

vnnroh GG (vdh.

Bhnacars ?740,

p. 27=-76)

=?90

=?97

=?9?;

=?9??

=?9?2=?9?==?9?6

=?9?1




\

4 ~I

O

n 5

h,\

<?2 ?6

\?=

?1

Egd. =?. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Rncagls oorfawarj, hnssa vnlfstal. ?9=. Obb. =?. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Rõcgsm a Jarocgj, ]traueulfa. ?9=.




fa gl drnnt ooltoh vnnrjncalfa tarrolgdro-om`tgda jnccal fga varwolt zgil ool]toort ?75=, typa 2?; O al àt `nda ooltoh

wrgiesmòhal. @at gl fa caasta davohhalwaglgd jorojtargstgaja cotargooh bavot vnnrlocahgij vnrcal cat aal holda hnnptgif. Args fugfahgij cotargooh ugt fa Ga aauwoolwazgd (vdh. nnj fa aarfar dalnacfavnlfst ugt wotarput A 5). Fa lofruj hgdtam`tar np fa 2a aauw ‖ cndahgij np faaarsta àhet foorvol cat aal ugthnnp glfa =a aauw.

Nldatwgieahf bavglfal zgm` nnj erodcaltal vol glàacs oorfawarj ugt faRncaglsa tgif nlfar àt hns davnlfalcotargooh. Ya hotal zgm` am`tar lgat dnafnlfarsmàgfal vol àt cotargooh ugt faGizartgif.

Vnt fa hnssa vnlfstal ba`nral tavalstwaa fojpolerodcaltal vol Rncagls eobrgjoot.

Bgi fa glvaltorgs `nral nnj aljahabrnlzal nbiamtal. Np aal oestolf vol mo.=;; c LLN vol tarragl B warf aal lgat

lofar ta fatarcglaral Rncaglsa cult davnlfal (Baax ?757o al b). Aal twaafacult gs aal starj oedashatal sastartgus catool fa vnnrzgifa woorsm`gilhgij Oltnlgus[gus ne Cormus Ouraùs. Np fa jaarzgifahgijt aal òrfhnpalfa egduur oedabaahf.Aal fotargld gl fa 2a aauw gs woorsm`gilhgij (fat. Jnlgljhgij [allgldjobglat, 's-Drovalòda). Valshntta jol aal fullafroofegbuho dalnacf wnrfal, woorvnnr

aal photta froof dabrugjt gs. Faza egbuhogs ta fotaral gl fa 2a ne =a aauw (fat. M.Gsglds, Orm`. Glst. R.Q. Qtram`t).

6.2 Cgffahaauwal '\Ar zgil daal fugfahgija oolwgizgldal vnnrcalsahgija oolwazgdàgf gl fa aauwal tussal fa Rncaglsa tgif al fa Jornhgldgsmàtgif. Gl àt bastufaarfa oorfawarj jnl

sham`ts ççl erodcalt ooldawazal wnrfalfot ugt fa tussalhgddalfa pargnfa jolstoccal (Coyal-oorfawarj > vlr. F 25).

Ool fa iugstàgf vol fa fatarcglotga volaal smàre cat rnhstacpahvarsgargld ohs ba`nralf tnt aal Carnvgldgsmà pnt (Baax?757o al b) cod datwgieahf wnrfal (cnlf.

\

/

e

I I

U.\º V tn

Egd. =2. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Oorfawarj ugt fa Urnadaal Hota Cgffahaauwal. ?9=.

O`b. =2. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Jarocgj ous fmc Erø`mlulf ]potml Cgttahohtar. ?9=.




caf. D. Baax al vglfar I. vol Uhgat, Aglf`nval). Qgt fa Jornhgldgsmà tgif zgil favnhdalfa erodcaltal bajalf (typal vnhdals Uol As & Uarwars ?70;)9

? rer. typa TGGFb-? (egd. =29 6)2 rer. typa TGGGO-?2 (egd. =29 ?)? rer. typaTGGGB-5(egd. =29 2)? rer. rahgêebolfocennr, typa T-=

26 wer. nlvarsgarf, typa Th-?20 wer. cat rofstacpahvarsgargld, typa

Th-2? rer. cat rofstacpahvarsgargld, typa

T-?6(egd. =29 =).Fa fotargld vol fgt oorfawarj hgdt tussalmo. 41; al 7;; l. M`r. Uol hotara fotuczgil erodcaltal vol [gldsfnre- al fooroolvarwolt oorfawarj (egd. =29 1, 5), Olfal-la-oorfawarj (egd. =29 4-7) al [oeerot`-oor-fawarj (egd. =29 ?;). Nlfar fa pnterodcal-tal ugt fa Cgffahaauwal bavglft zgm` nnjaal wolferodcalt vol zdl. @ullasmòls-oorfawarj. ]ocal cat varsm`ghhalfa typalstaaldnaf al dadhozuurf oorfawarj bastrgijal bnvaldalnacfa vnlfstal fa Hota

Cgffahaauwal al fa ramalta tgif tnt oolàfal. @at vnlfstcotargooh ugt fa baòlfahfa pargnfa gs `nnefzojahgij oejncstgdvol àt npparvhoj al ugt àt nufa bnuwholf.

6.= Drnlfspnral al vnlfstal cat nlfugfahgija

fotargld

6.=.? DrnlfspnralUaha poohjughal al aljaha drntara jughal

cnatal nldafotaarf bhgival fnnr dabrajool (fotaarboor) vnlfstcotargooh. Ta baparjal nls tnt àt baòlfahal vol spnralvol mnlstrumtgas.

Gl àt cgffal vol fa lnnrfahgija àhetvol put F GU gs aal mnlegdurotga vol vgarpoohjughal gl aal vgarjolt woordalncal,dahadal gl ne nlfar aal jugh vol nlbajalfa

fgapta. Fa nlfarhglda oestolf tussal fapoohjughal bafroodt lgat caar fol 1; mc,ta waglgd nc `gargl fa spnral vol aalspgajar ta cndal zgal. Açl ne caar phottadrnlfal vol vgarpohgda spgajars jullalavaltuaah ooldawazal wnrfal gl àt wastahgija faah vol put F GU al gl àt wastahgijafaah vol tarragl B. Qgt daal vol fa vnnrlnacfa drnlfspnral gs vnlfstcotargoohbajalf. Ool spgajars tnadasm`raval phottadrnlfal ugt Lnnrfwast-Aurnpo jallalwa sglfs fa Brnlstgif (vdh. Cøhhar-Tghha?744, p. ?55 a.v.).

Badgl ?750 warfal iugst tal lnnrfal voltarragl B fa rastal vol aal `nutal wotarput davnlfal. Faza wotarput wos dasgtuaarf gl fa raafs aarfar (p. ?2) dalnacfadauh ne drom`t (cnlf. caf. D. Baax).Fa put bastnlf ugt bohjal ne pholjal fgacat `nutal pallal ool `najpohal bavastgdf woral al òf aal vgarjolta vnrccat oecatgldal ool fa bgllalzgifa vol ??;x ??; mc (Baax ?750). Unhdals cafafahgldal vol D. Baax al H.O. Uar`naval gs

gl faza wotarput tavals vham`twarj ooldatrneeal. Unlfstal ugt faza wotarput fgaaal fotargld gl fa Gizartgif znufal jullal bavastgdal (vdh. Baax ?750), nltbrajal am`tar. Totarputtal cat vgarjolta`nutal basm`naggld jallal wa sglfs faGizartgif (@ops9 Uarwars ?742, p. 76):ugt fa Rncaglsa tgif zgil ar tohrgija bajalf(vdh. Jlgppalbard ?751). Vwaa olfara lgatfotaarbora wotarputtal warfal nltfajt

ool fa wastzgifa vol fa wad Lafarwattal-Braudah, np mo. 21; c LT al np mo. ?1; cT vol tarragl B. Açl foorvol wos aalbnncstocput, dacoojt vol aal ugtda`nhfaagjastoc cat aal fnnrslafa vol mo. 7; mc,vol fa olfara zgil daal varfara dadavalsvnnròlfal (Baax ?754o al brgavalorm`gaeR.N.B.).



'., g9\\.\,'-''>'\''*"''


O-_-

F 07/7; 1

-F-

- n -

Egd. ==. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Unlfstal vol brnls (?-=) al gizar (6-4) cat nlfugfahgija fotargld . ?: Obb. ==. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Eulfa vnl Brnlza (?-=) ulf Agsal (6-4) cgt ulfauthgmàr Fot garuld. ?92.

6.=.2 UnlfstalNpcarjahgij vnlfstcotargooh znlfar dnafa

fotargld bastoot vnnroh ugt catohal vnnrwarpal.

Brnls. Qgt fa gl fa Gizartgif dafotaarfajugh M 75 gs aal òhe bnhvnrcgd nbiamt bajalf cat dotal np twaa tadalnvar ahjoordahadal pultal lobgi fa rolf (egd. ==9 ?).@at vnnrwarp wnrft varcgst al gs sham`tsbajalf vol aal ooltajalgld vol fa àarD. Baax. Ygil foorool tnadavnadfa lntgtga

fot àt cndahgij aal cnfarl vnnrwarpbatraet al àt nltbrajal vol dnafa vardahgi

jgldsstujjal, cojal aal fotargld gl faGizartgif lgat zajar. Fa ooltajalgld fot arool àt stuj daal oolàm`tgld vnnr aaljhapah zgm`tboor wos, coojt àt cglfarwoorsm`gilhgij fot àt `gar nc aal bahhatiadoot, nnj oh daaet fa vnrc oolhagfgld tntaal fardahgija varnlfarstahhgld. Egd. ==9 2tnnlt woorsm`gilhgij aal cat aal tnuw-cntgae varsgarf nnr vol aal stuj brnlzal




vootwarj. Aal fardahgij stuj jol np zgilvrnadst gl fa Rncaglsa tgif dafotaarfwnrfal, aal vaah hotara fotargld gs am`taravalaals cndahgij (cnlf. caf. M. Gsglds,Orm`. Glst. R.Q. Qtram`t al I. Wpay,R.N.B., Ocarsennrt). Unnr àt gl egd. ==9 =oedabaahfa ortaeomterodcalt, woorvol àtnnd cat gizar gs davuhf, gs lnm` aal eulmtga,lnm` aal fotargld ta lnacal. Unlfstluc-car F ?14 talshntta, bavot aal jhagl brnlserodcalt cat waglgd jorojtargstgaja vnrc.

GIzar. Fa gl egd. ==9 6 oedabaahfa nnd-jroc gs oejncstgd ugt àt ramaltahgij varstnnrfa faah vol fa GIzartgifjugh F ??;/

???. Ncfot aal fardahgij vnnrwarp, fotohs nlfarfaah vol aal vardralfahgld dafgalf jol àbbal, znwah ugt ramalta tgifohs ugt fa Gizartgif bajalf gs (Colm`gld9Iomnbg ?746, p. 227 a.v. al Voe. 52-5=),bhgiet fa fotargld vol àt stuj nlfugfahgij. Uol àt gl egd. ==9 1 oedabaahfaortaeomt-erodcalt gs lgat bajalf ne àtoejncstgd gs ugt àt ramaltahgij varstnnrfa ne àt nldastnnrfa faah vol fa GIzar

tgifjugh F 07/7;. Ool àt brafa aglfabavglfal zgm` `nutrastal. @at pultgddavnrjta aglfa gs woorsm`gilhgij lgat àtnnrsprnljahgija aglfa. Fa eulmtga gs nlfugfahgij. Uol fa hnssa vnlfstal cnatalaal pgihpult (egd. ==9 5) al aal erodcaltvol aal spaar- ne holspult (egd. ==9 4)dalnacf wnrfal. @nawah bgi daal volbagfa aal fotargld ta daval voht, cod npdacarjt wnrfal fot aal lgat daàah dashntal smòm`tjnjar (vdh. egd. ==9 5) vaahvuhfgd vnnrjnct bgi wopals ugt fa Carn-vgldgsmà pargnfa. Fa sholja vnrc volfa pgihpult shugt am`tar lgat ool bgi fa vnrcvol fardahgija wopals ugt fa dalnacfapargnfa.

]taal.'\ Uol àt staalcotargooh cat nlfugfahgija fotargld voht ohs aarsta aal erodcalt vol aal pgihsmòm`tsmùurfar ta

• F?2;

Egd. =6. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Erodcalt vol stalalpgihsmòm`tsmùurfar. ?92.

Obb. =6. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Erodcalt aglas staglar-

lal [eaøstramjmrs. ?92.

lnacal (egd. =6). @at doot nc zolfstaalfot vnnrlocahgij bastoot ugt dnaf oedarnlfa jwortsjnrrahs cat oecatgldal tussal;,;? al ;,;1 mc. [gihsmòm`tsmùurfarsjwocal oh gl àt Casn@t`gmuc vnnr alwarfal zajar lnd gl fa Cgffal-Brnlstgifdabrugjt (vdh. Dhosbardal ?716o, egd. 62\).

Ugar lgat gl ossnmgotga davnlfal dholzalfavuurstalal rnhstaaltias cat phootsahgijaporohhahha jrosias jullal ohs pnhgiststaaltiasvnnr àt dhofcojal vol oorfawarj basm`nuwf wnrfal. Ooldazgal frga axacphoral vol tarragl F oejncstgd zgil, gs aalfotargld gl fa Brnlstgif ne Gizartgif woorsm`gilhgij. Aljaha holdwarpgda shgipstalalcat nvoha al halsvnrcgda fworsfnnrslafa jallal wa sham`ts ugt hnssa vnlfstalvol bugtal tarragl F. Ohs staalsnnrt gs n.o.m`hnrgatsm`gst dabrugjt. Aal fotargld gl faRncaglsa tgif ne hotar gs àt caast woorsm`gilhgij (vdh. Bhnacars ?740, Obb. ?=490=2/1722 vnnr fa Rncaglsa tgif).



[.T. vol fal Brnaja - Bawnlgldsspnral np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars

YQ]OCCALEO]]QLD

57

Ywgsmàl ?754 ulf ?746 òbal ca`rara

ormònhndgsmà Qltarsumùldal stottdaeul-fal oue aglac furm` ]olfdawglluld ol-datostatal Famjsolfrømjal, far vnl facOmjarjncphax cgt fac Local '@nngfnljsmà Ojjars', gl far Dacaglfa ]nlal Braudah, øbarfamjt wgrf. Ca`rara]tahhal jnlltal, ulfar Yagtfrumj, hagfarlur prnvgsnrgsm` vnl Eragwghhgdal ultar-sum`t warfal. Ehomà F fodadal jnlltavnl fac 'Glstgtuut vnnr [ra`gstnrga' glHagfal systacotgsm` ultarsum`t warfal(Obb. 2 ulf Baghoda ?).

Fga Hoda fas Daholfas ol atwos ar`õ`-tar ]tahha, gl ulcgttahborar Loà vnllotørhgmàl Tossarhoueal (Obb. ?) òtgl varsm`gafalal [argnfal Dacaglsmòe-tal zur ]gafhuld oldazndal! Furm` fga]olfdawglluld sglf iafnm` snvgaha ]puralulf Eulfa varhnraldadoldal, foeg fga Ql-tarsumhcldsardablgssa uls lgm`t ca`r ohsagl lur ulvnhhstolfgdas Bghf vnl fal

]gafhuldsstrujtural ulf far ]gafhulds-dasm`gm`ta fas Daholfas ohs Dolzas var-cgttahl jõllal.

Fga erøàstal Yaudlgssa calsm`hgmàrOlwasalàgt stoccal ous fac Casnhg-t`gjuc ulf fac Lanhgt`gjuc (Obb. =).Ous fac Casnhgt`gjuc jallal wgr ]tømjaTnccarsnc-_uorzgt ulf ]ghax-Ortaeojtavnl dargldarac Qceold. Fgasa hatztaraljõlltal iafnm` oum` lnm` lan`t`gsmàl

Ohtars sagl (vdh. Uol @ooral & Cnffarcol?74=). Aglgda wagtara ]ghax-Dadalstolfa,u.o. Obsm`hoda vnl dasm`hgeealal Raghalulf agla [eaghspgtza, sglf gl fos (]pot-)Lan`t`gjuc nfar avaltuahh gl fal Ol-eold far Brnlzazagt zu fotgaral. Jarocgjous far batraeealfal [argnfa gst lgm`t cgt]gmàràgt lom`zuwagsal.

Fga erøàstal Bnfalspural, fga agl-

fautgd vnl aglar ]gafhuld stoccal, fotgaral ous far Cgttharal Brnlzazagt. Fgawalgdal Drubal (Obb. 6) ulf [enstal-drubal, fga oussm`hgaeg`m` Cotargoh ousfgasar [argnfa altòhtal, arbrom`tal Jarocgj, fga agla rouà Ouegalsagta òt ulfcagstals cgt vgah _uorzdrus ulf eaglacJgas dacodart gst, ouegarfac cgt ]olf ulf]màrbaldrus. Fga Eorba far Ouegalwolfgst gl far Radah raffgs` yahhnw bgs pglj.Fgasa Jarocgj, fga vnr ohhac ous tnllal-eõrcgdal bgs agcareõrcgdal Daeoegal ba-sta`t, gst oum` ouegaròhb far Drubal ulf[enstaldrubal ous far Cgttharal Brnlzazagtdaeulfal wnrfal, u.o. gl Drubal ous farAgsalzagt (Obb. 1 ulf 5). As òlfaht sgm``gar uc Frojalstagl/Horal-Jarocgj vnlfar @ghvarsuc-Juhtur, fga zwgsmàl mo ?1;;ulf ?;;; U. M`r. zu fotgaral gst. As gstcõdhgm`, foeg fga Basgafhuld sgm` ul-ultarbrnmàl bgs gl fga ]pota Brnlzazagt

nfar sndor fga Erøà Agsalzagt enrtdasatztòt, oum` wall wgr ous fgasar [argnfa luraglgda walgda Eulfa jallal, fga gl far@ouptsomà ous fac søfhgmàl Vagh vnlEhomà F stoccal (Obb. 4 ulf 0). Ba-carjalswart gst agl Erodcalt, fos var-cuthgm` vnl aglac Vrgm`taròhsbamàr cgt]tacpahvarzgaruld stocct (Obb. 4), farzwageahsn`la agl Gcpnrtaxacphor far Qr-laleahfarjuhtur dawasal sagl cueg.

Fga cagstal Bnfalspural ulf Eulfada`õral zu aglar ]gafhuld ous aglar enrt-dasm`rgttalal [òsa far Agsalzagt, wnvnlobar lur agl @ous (Vypus @ops, vdh. Uar-wars ?742) gfaltgegzgart warfal jnllta(Obb. 7). Unl aglac zwagtal, jhaglaralDaboufa gst far Mòrojtar uljhor. Yu faloueeohhgdstal ]gafhuldsspural ous far Agsal-




zagt da`õral drnega Drubal, cagstalscgt ehomàc Bnfal ulf aglar darofal,staghal Tolf (Obb. ?? ulf ?2). Fgasa

Drubal alt`gahtal ]gafhuldsobeohha, colm`-coh gl drnegal Caldal. As hoeõt sgm` sa`rwn`h faljal, foeg zucglfast agla Olzo`hfgasar Drubal ohs Unrrotsdrubal gc Da-broum` dawasal gst, glfac forgl Lo`rulds-cgttah neeal nfar gl Baòhtarl (Daeoegal)ouebawo`rt wurfal. Druba A 1 òt @gl-wagsa oue agla Eham`twolf ardabal. Duta[orohhaheohha eør snhmà Drubal eglfal wgreør fga Agsalzagt gl õsthgmàr ulf søf@màr

Rgm`tuld (Lnrfràgl-Tasteohal, Lnrfbah-dgal). Agla sa`r gltarassolta Eroda gst, glwahmàc Uaròhtlgs fgasa Drubal zu falohs Unrrotsdaboufa (]pagmàr) gltarpratgar-tal ]trujtural staàl: fgasa hatztaral sglfoue fal '@nngfnljsmà Ojjars' lgm`taglfautgd lom`wagsbor, obar as dgbt sga ololfaral Eulfnrtal wn`h aglcoh cgt Drubal, fga cõdhgmàrwagsa ohs Unrrotssghnszu gltarpra tgaral sglf.

Qltar fal Eulfal, fga zu far ]gafhuldous far Agsalzagt da`õral, baeglfal sgmÈrodcalta vnl Vousalfal vnl Daeoegal.Fga øbarwohtgdalfa Ca`ràgt (74,4%) far]màrbal stocct vnl gl far agdalalQcdabuld àrdastahhtar Jarocgj (DruppaO). ]ga gst loàzu oussm`Qaeg`m` cgt ]màr-baldrus dacodart. Qbar fga @oheta far]màrbal (16,4%) òt agla dasm``mjtaNbarehomà. Rolfvarzgaruld dgbt as oue1,1% far Rolfar, gl far @ouptsomà bag

dasm``mjtar ulf rnàr Jarocgj. Tolf-varzgaruld dgbt as oue ?,4% far dazo`htalErodcalta, wnbag Egldar- ulf Lodahagl-frømja, Joccstrgm`varzgaruld ulf Hglgal-varzgaruld øbarwgadal (Obb. 2=). Qltarfal varsm`gafalal Daeoegtypal (Obb. ?6-22) eohht agla Olzo`h vnl Hoppalsmòhaloue (Obb. ?6, ?1), forultar aglgda cgtvarfgmjtac nfar oushofalfac Rolf ('[oro-

snhsmòha' bag Corgal ?74;, ]. 251). Fgasazuhatztdalollta Uorgolta gst ous Lnrf-eroljragm` ulf Bahdgal wn`hbajollt (Ha-

col-Fahargva ?74=), jncct obar oum`lnm` gc Ru`rdabgat vnr (]tocpeueg ?717).Fga cagstal Axacphora fgasar Uorgoltasglf uc fal Øbardold vnl far @ohhstott-zagt zu far Hotàlazagt zu fotgaral ulfcussal ous fal Hoppalsmòhal, falalfar varfgmjta nfar oushofalfa Rolf ea`ht,altwgmjaht wnrfal sagl, n`la foeg far@arf fgasar Altwgmjhuld bazagm`lat warfal jõllta. Eør fga øbrgdal Daeoegenrcal

far Druppa O joll jagla smòrea Fotgarulddadabal warfal, wn`h obar joll eastda-stahht warfal, foeg fga Ca`ràgt gl fgaCgtthara Agsalzagt far søfhgmàl Lgafarhol-fa aglzunrflal gst (mo. 11;/61;-21; v.M`r.: vdh. Uarwars ?742). Dutas Uar-dhagm`scotargoh eglfat sgm gl far ulcgttah-boral Qcdabuld, ol Eulfstahhal, gl faralVnlwora sgm`, abalsn wga oue fal '@nngfnljsmà Ojjars', Aglehøssa ous Lnrf-eroljragm` arjallal hossal. Basnlfars foscgttahlgafarholfgsmà Ehuegdabgat, ulf folllocalthgm` fga Eulfstahha Rassal-FaTnarf (Bhnacars & @uhst gl Unrbaragtuld)gst `gar zu lallal.

Agla Druppa vnl ]màrbal, fga =,=% farDasoctzo`h vnl Agsalzagt-]màrbal ous-com`t, stocct vnl Jarocgj, fga ousCaarasdabgat, zwageahsn`la vnl far Lnrf-saajøsta, zu fal '@nngfnljsmà Ojjars'trolspnrtgart wnrfal gst (vdh. Iolsco

?70;). Fgasa Jarocgj (Druppa B) gst cgtwghfal Drosarl (ulf colm`coh ouegarfaccgt ]màrbaldrus) dacodart, wos lom`fac Brallal agla pnrõsa Daeoegwolfardabal òt (Obb. 26). Fga Nbarehomàgst eost gccar sm`ham`t furm`daorbagtat,ulvarzgart ulf òt agla àhha (dahbhgmàbgs rnso) Eorba. Fga Jarocgj gst sm`wom`dabrollt, zgachgm` føll ulf zarbram`-




hgm`, wnfurm` øbar fga Enrcal walgd ba-jollt gst (Obb. 21). Oum` basgtzal aglgdaErodcalta aglas zyhglfareõrcgdal Nbiajtas

fgasal Mòrojtar. Oc wo`rsmàglhgm`stalgst, foeg gl fgasar Vnlwora, fga oum` olaglgdal olfaral lgafarholfgsmàl Eulfstah-hal gc Glholf lom`zuwagsal gst, Caaras-sohz trolspnrtgart wurfa. Fga Fotgaruldfgasar Vnlwora hoegt sgm` lgm`t smòrearagldralzal ohs fga vnl Druppa O. Fga`nàl Jnlzaltrotgnlal ol ]màrbal farDruppa B (bgs zu =0% far Olzo`h Agsal-zagt-]màrbal) gl aglgdal Drubal gl ulfbag ]m`lgtt GU gl Ehomà F bhagbal lnm`n`la Arjhoruld.

Aglgda Erodcalta vnl Daeoegal òbalzu gcpnrtgartar _uohgtotsjarocgj da`nrt(Druppa M). Ohs agl faut`m` arjallboras]tømj ous far Corla-Juhtur joll agltaghwagsa rntbacohtas Daeoeg dalollt warfal, fos gl fga arsta [òsa vnl Hotala Gzu fotgaral gst (Obb. 259 =). Agl cgt rntacEorbstnee gljrustgartas Daeoeg (Obb. 259 ?)stocct wo`rsmàglQm` ous facsahbal

juhturahhal Jnltaxt.Ol øbrgdal Eulfal vnl dabrolltac Vnl

sglf zu lallal (Erodcalta vnl) enhdalfalDadalstolfal9 1? ]pgllwgrtah, ?? Da-wgm`ta (Obb. 24), 2 ]m`haufarjudahl ulfvgaha Brnajal Rntha`c, forultar ]tømjacgt Ywagdobfrømjal. Ous far ]potalAgsalzagt fotgaral sgabal Erodcalta vnlDhosorcrgldal, fga ‖ bgs oue agl Erodcaltous aglac Tossarbrullal ous far Rõcar-

zagt - lgm`t gl dasm`hnssalal Eulfdruppalouedaeulfal wurfal (Obb. 20). Unl falwalgdal Catohheulfal sglf agla [òhara-o`lhgmà Brnlzasmàgba (Obb. 279 2) ulfcõdhgmàrwagsa agla agsarla Ehomèagha(Obb. 279 6) ohs oueeohhgda Axacphora zuarwo`lal. Agsal wurfa wo`rsmàglhgm`gl far ]gafhuldsahbarvarorbagtat(]m`homjalulf Rnàgsal). Eør Co`hstagla ulf ]m`hage-

stagla wurfal vnr ohhac ]olfstagl, _uorzgtulf Bosohthovo (Co`hstagla) varwalfat.As gst lgm`t jhor, nb ]ghax lnm` gl far

Agsalzagt eør fos @arstahhal vnl Tarj-zaudal balutzt wurfa.Agla Aglnrfluld far Ca`rzo`h far

Jarocgj gl fga Cgtthara Agsalzagt wgrffurm` M?6-Fotgaruldal vnl @nhzjn`haous frag Drubal gl Ehomà F ultarstøtzt,fga drnb dasprnmàl fos eøleta ulf vgartaIo`rùlfart v. M`r. ardabal òbal (]. 60).To`rsmàglQm` sglf fga ]pural ulf Eulfafar ]gafhuld ous far Agsalzagt lgm`t (vgah)ohtar ohs far Oleold fas eøletal Io`r-ùlfarts, wos far Yagtpuljt aglar Lau-basgafhuld far '@nngfnljsmà Ojjars'sagl jõllta. Agla @nrgznltohstrotgdrop`gagst lgm`t fauthgm` lom`wagsbor. Lur fgaErodcalta vnl Dhosorcrgldal fautal cgt]gmàràgt oue enrtdasatzta Basgafhuld lom`far Cgttharal Agsalzagt, faral ]puralcõdhgmàrwagsa òuptsom`hgm` ouegaròhbfas ultarsum`tal Oraohs dahadal òbal.

Tall wgr fga Fatarcglgaruld vnl Vgarrastal (Uol Calsm` ?70;) ulf ]ocal(Bojahs & Uol far @oc ?70;) gl fosaltstolfala Bghf aglbazgaàl, sn da`tous fac nbalstaàlfal Cotargoh àrvnr,foeg oue fal '@nngfnljsmà Ojjars' aglgdaIo`rùlfarta hold agla Bouarldacaglsmòetdahabt òt, fga - gl Olbatrom`t far Caldavnl Jarocgj ‖ vgah uceoldragmàr dawasalgst, ohs fga walgdal ouedaeulfalal Da-boufaspural varcutal hossal. Fos gl fgasal

Io`rùlfartal baorbagtata ]gafhuldsoraohgst sgmàrhgm` vgah drõegar dawasal ohs fgaatwo 7,1 ò, fga gl fal Ehomàl B bgs Eultarsum`t wnrfal sglf. Hafgdhgm` fgaNstdralza fas ]gafhuldsdabgatas smàgltlom`dawgasal zu sagl (gl Ehomà F). OueDrulf vnl Banbom`tuldal, furm`daeø`rtgc Io`ra ?754, gst fauthgm` dawnrfal,foeg olfara Vagha far '@nngfnljsmà Oj-




jars' zu far dhagmàl Yagt nfar gl olfaralYagtobsm`lgttal gl far Agsalzagt basgafahtdawasal sglf. Foeg fga Bawn`lar lgm`t

juhturahh gsnhgart habtal, dahgt ous farUarwolftsmòet àrvnr, fga basnlfars glfar Jarocgj far Druppa O cgt farialgdalfar ucdabalfal Radgn zu eglfal gst, ulfouegarfac ous fac Unròlfalsagl vnlGcpnrtdøtarl, fga fgrajta nfar glfgrajtaJnltojta cgt varsm`gafalal wagtar alt-earltal Dabgatal wgfarspgadahl, wga atwofga _uohgtotsjarocgj (Lnrferoljragm`), fgaJøstaljarocgj (Lnrfsaajøsta), Bosohthovo(Coyal) ulf Dhosorcrglda (Yaltrohaurnpo

>).As gst dut cõdhgm`, foeg fga Eulfstahha

agla ulultarbrnmàla Basgafhuld bgs gl fgaRõcarzagt `glagl dajollt òt. Fos Uar-bglfuldsdhgaf wgrf dabghfat vnl Eulfalvnl Dhosorcrglderodcaltal ous fac hatz-tal Io`rùlfart v. M`r. (Hotala F) ulfErodcaltal vnl Varro sgdghhoto ous fac

arstal Io`rùlfart l. M`r. (Obb. =;),wnvnl aglas gl aglac Tossarbrullal cgtvgaramjgdar @nhzvarsmòhuld ous far Rõcar

zagt daeulfal wnrfal gst (vdh. Uol far]olfal ?74=). Oum` wall col olfaraJarocgjeulfa ous fgasar [argnfa barømj-sgm`tgdt (Obb. =?), fouarta fga Basgafhuldcglfastals bgs gl fos 2. nfar =. Io`rùlfart l. M`r. Eulfa ous far Rõcarzagtsglf ol varsm`gafalal ]tahhal oue fal'@nngfnljsmà Ojjars' dacom`t wnrfal.

Fga erøàstal Eulfa ous far Yagt lom`far dalolltal [argnfa stoccal ous farJornhgldarzagt (Obb. =29 ?-6). Cgt [glds-fnre-Jarocgj satzt agla Ragà vnl Jaro-cgjtypal agl, fga sgm` bgs gl fga Dadalwortenrtsatzt (Obb. =29 1-?;). Ol far Bosgsfar gc Houea far hatztal Io`rùlfarta oue-da`õ`tal Omjar sglf holda [orohhahdrobaldaeulfal wnrfal, fga ohs zur Qrborcom`-uld da`nralfa ]pural gltarpratgart warfalcussal.




Jughgl`nufal

Gl àt vnhdalfa dafaahta zgil fa baholdrgijsta vnlfstaldadavals npdalncal vol fa caas

ta jughal ugt fa Gizartgif, lh. ohha cat aal fnnrslafa vol cglgcooh ? c, al aljaha

olfara woorgl twaa ne caar àrjalbora oorfawarjtypal ne -vorgoltal vnnrjncalh\) Bgi

znlfara vnlfstal (b.v. catohal vnnrwarpal) zgil gl fa tajst baòlfahf.

? 3 vnlfstluccar

2 3 jughgl`nuf nlfar npdrovgldsvhoj (c )

= 3 tntooh ooltoh GIzartgif-oorfawarjerodcaltal (drnap O + B + m)

6 3 ooltoh (al % vol O + B + M) justoorfawarjerodcaltal (drnap B)

1 3 oolwazgda typal al vorgoltal vol drnap O

5 3 ooltoh oorfawarjerodcaltal ugt olfara pargnfal

L 3 lgat fotaarboor

[ 3 pra`gstnrgsm` (nldaspamgegmaarf) . " ,

CB 3 Cgffal-Brnlstgif

H@ 3 Hota Brnlstgif (/Urnada Gizartgif)

R 3 Rncaglsa tgif (Rncagls eobrgjoot)

CA 3 Cgffahaauws4 3 ooltoh (erodcaltal vol) spglsm`gieias (])

0 3 dabrolf haac (droc)

7 3 ruw gizar al gizarshojjal (droc)

?; 3 staal (droc)

al dawgm`tal (D)

? 2 = 6 1 5 4 0 7 ?;

B ? ?,;-?,1 =6; = (;,7%) GGo'*(2x) , GGG`2 GL ?;2 ?;5?

B 2 •p ??= ? (;,7%) - GCA ^ 17 ^ 4?7

B = ?,;-?,1 4? - Gf2 - ^ ?7? ^ 44

B 6 -< 22 - - GR/CA - - - =?

B 1 3 '< 5 - - - - = ?0 -B 5 =,;-=,1 607 5 (?,2%) Gb=(2x) ,Gf2(2x) ,GGbh(2x),

GGGm2,GGGfh,GGGf2,hhgd2,

Ghh`h

?CB,=CA G] ?=?

‖57;

B 4 4 6 - ^ ^ ^ 41 ^ ??

B 0 -p 75 - Gb1,ggo6 ^ ^ ^ ^ 0

B ?2 p 1;; 1 (?,;%) Gb2,gb=,gf2 GCA - ?4= - =?;B ?= 4 2? - - GR/CA - - - -B ?6 4 210 ? (;,6%) Gbh,Gb=,Gb5,gm(2x) ,Gfh,

Gho2,hgo=,ggo6,ggbh,hhhb

(2x),GGGf2,ggge,gggdh

(2x) ,GGG`h

01

B ?1 -p 5 - Gb1,ggo6 - - - - -B ?5 4 65 - - - - - - 22

B ?4 •p 672 6 (;,0%) Go,hbh,hb=,gb5,hm,hfh,

GGbh,GGGb

GCA GD 25? - 6=?

B ?0 4 =6= 2 (;,5%) Gbh(2x) ,Gb2,gb5(2x) ,Gm

(2x),Gfh,Gf2(6x),GGo=,

Gho6(6x),GGbh,GGGf2,ggge

hhhdh(2x)

2L 2D ?;1 12

B ?7 4 ?1? ?; (5,5%) -, - - ??0 - -B 2; 4 2;= ~ Gho=,ggbh(=x),GGGb,GGGmh

(2x),GGGd2,ggg`2 " "626

'?175

B 22 4 2=1 ?? (6,4%) Gm,GGGo,GGGb,GGGm2,ggge,

GGG`=

GR/CA'

2?6 7

M 1 ;,1-?,; ?54 2 (?,2%) Gf2,GGGb GR/CA G] =5= 1; ?1

M 71 4 0; - Ghbh GCA - 0? - 11 ,




? 2 = 6 1 5 4 0 7 ?;

M 75 •p =6 - Ghhb = CB G] = ^ 11=

M 74 p 21 - - - - == ^ -M 70 n ?27 ? (;,0%) Gho'* (2x) ,GGb\,GGG`\ - G] ?6= - =25F 6= =,;-=,1 == - - 6[ - - - - ?=1

F 61 ?,1-2,; ?1 - - ^ G] - - -F 67 2,;-2,1 25 - - - - 21 - ?1

F 05 p == - - ^ - ?4; - ?1

F 04 ?,1-2,; =47 ?= (=,6%) Gf\ (=x) ,GGb-'-,GGGb,GGGm\

Ghhdh- =] ?;4; - 240

F 00 2,1-=,; 470 5= (4,7%) Go,Gb2,hb\,Gm,Gf\,Gf2

(=x) Ghoh(2x) ,??-mp- ,??]H\ ,

GGo'1(=x) ,GGbh(2x) ,GGGb,

GGGm\,GGGm\,GGGf\,GGG`-'-

(=x)

=],

GD

?1;0 6 5??

F 07/7; 2,1-=,; 55= =; (6,1%) F 079Gb=,hb'*,Gm,Gf2 (=x) 6CA(F7;) - 0=; ?4; 66=

GGoh,GGo'*(=x) ,GGb\,GGGb

(=x),GGGm2,GGGf}

F 7;9Gb-\,GGo-'\,GGGd\

F 72 2,;-2,1 ?0 - - - - 22 - 11

F 7= 4< = - - - - - - -F 76 ?,;-?,1 2 - - - - 2 - -F 71 7 ?1 - - - - - - -F 75 =,;-=,1> 24 - Go - - 6?; - 6;7

F 74 ;,1-?,; ?5 - - : - - ?6 - 0

F 70 ?,;-?,1 2? - - - - - ?1= 50

F 77 ;,1-?,; = - . GCA - - - -F ?;; 8;,1 = - - - - - - 4;1

F ?;? ;,1-?,; 6 - - - - - - -F ??;/??? 4 7; - Gho= - - =1 - 0

F ??6 4 1 - - GCA - - - 41F 2?= ;,1-?,; 200 =2 (??,?%) Go,Gm(=x),Gf2,hhhfh,

GGG`h,GGG`2

- 2] ?55; 1 ??4

F 2?1 ;,1-?,; =06 5? (?1,7%) Go,Gb=(2x),GGoh,GGo= - 6] 7=5 - 4;1

F 2?5 ;,1-?,; 5 - (2x),GGo\,GGb\,GGGm2,

GGGfh,GGG`h

F 2?4 8;,1 60 - Ghbh - - 75 - -F 226 8;,1 5; ?= (2?,4%) Gf2,ggo6,GGGb - GD ?;0 - ?54

F 225 ;,1-?,; 2;5 47 (=0,=%) - ?CB G] 2724 - 14

F 224 ?,1-2,; 2=? ?4 (4,6%) Gb2,gf2,ggga,GGh`-'- ?CB GD 1;; - 652

F 2=?/2== -p ?4; ?; (1,7%) Gf\,GGo\ ?CB - 521 - 10

F 2=2 •p 66 - - 7CB - ?7 - 5

F 2=6 l 14 ?= (22,0%) Ga,Ghbh - - ?55 - ?15

F 2=1 ?,;-?,1 6?= 56 (?1,1%) Gm,Gf2,hgo={2x) ,GGo6,

GGbh(=x) ,GGGb(=x) ,GGGm2,

GGG`h,GGh2 (2x)

GL, ?CB G] ?6;1 762

F 21= 8;,1 0 - - - - - - -F 214 7 5 - Gho6 ?CB - - - -F 254 4 7 - - - - - - -F 24; 2,1-=,; 254 ?4 (5,6%) Go,GGo'',GGGf\ - - 64= - 5;

F 242 7 4 - - - - - - -F 246 6,1-1,; 7? - GGbh,GGGf\ 2CB,GCA 65 620

F 241 ;,1-?,; 24 - - - - ?5 - 7

F 245 ;,1-?,; 12 - Ghhg 2 CA G] 22 ?1

F 244 =,1-6,; 65 - - - - ?0 - 14

F 200 8;,1 20 - ~ ?- ?2 - 6=




? 2 = 6 1 5 4 0 7 ?;

F 275 7 =2 - GGGm'\ G[ - - - -

F 270 p ?

- - - - - - -F 277 p 56 - Ghb\ - G] ??? 276 25=

F =;; -p 67 ? (2,;%) - ?CB - ?2 - 241

F =;? ?,;-?,1 ??? - - - - - - ?4

A ? 4 0; - GGo2,gghf\,GGG`h 2CB GD - - 62

A = ;,1-?,; 20 2 (4.?%) Gb= - G] - - -A 1 =,1-6.; ??02 6= (=,5%) Go,Gb\,Gf2(=x),GGo2,ggo\

GGo\,GGb-'-,GGGb(=x) ,

GGGm2,ggg`\

2[,=CB,

GHB

=],

GD

041 66 56?

A 0 8;,1 4; ?5 (22,7%) GGo-'-,GGGm\ - - ?16 - 4

A 7 r- 5= - Ghho - - 1 - ?6

A ?; ?,;-?,1 ?;4 ? (;,7%) . ?CB - =0 ?1 -A ?? ;,1-?,; ?= - " • ?[,=CB - 41 - ?=

A ?2 ;,1-?,; ?4 ? (1,7%) - ?CB - - - 1

A ?= ;,1-?,; =? - - - GD - - -A ?6 7; 1 (1,5%) Gf2,gggb GL, G[,

2 R/CA

- 71 50 26

Y ? 7 =7 - @o h , ghhdh GR/CA - - - -Y 2 p 2;7 ? (;,1%) Go,Gb\ G[ - 15 - -

]gtuargld vol vnlfstluccars gl tarragl F?0)

Bnvaldrnlf 3 voloe coogvahf tnt iugst nlfar fnljara

ùcauza aljaarfhood

Vussalhood 3 tussal bnvaldrnlf al datajalf vhoj

vlr. ncsm`rgivgld put putàhet vlr. ncsm`rgivgld put putàhet

? bnvaldrnlf G 05 jugh G zugf

2 bnvaldrnlf G 04 jugh GG lnnrf

= tussalhood G zugf 00 jugh GG lnnrf

1 bnvaldrnlf GGG 07 jughfaah G lnnrf

5 tussalhood G zugf (nldastnnrf)

7 tussalhood G lnnrf 7; jughfaah G lnnrf

?2 bnvaldrnlf G (varstnnrf)

?1 tussalhood G lnnrf 72 jugh G zugf

?4 tussalhood G zugf 7= jugh G zugf

2? tussalhood G zugf 76 jugh zugf

2= tussalhood G zugf 71 jugh G zugf

21 tussalhood G zugf 75 jugh GG zugf25 tussalhood GG lnnrf 74 jugh GG zugf

== Y-prnegah G zugf 70 jughfaah G lnnrf

=5 tussalhood G zugf (nldastnnrf)

6= jugh G zugf 77 jugh GG zugf

61 jugh G zugf ?;; jugh GG zugf

67 jugh G zugf ?;? jugh GG zugf

1? tussalhood GGG lnnrf ?;1 jughfaah G lnnrf

12 poohjugh G zugf ??; jughfaah G lnnrf

16 poohjugh G zugf (nldastnnrf)

11 poohjugh G zugf ??? jughfaah G lnnrf

15 poohjugh G zugf (varstnnrf)

06 tussalhood GGG zugf ??6 jugh G lnnrf




vlr. ncsm`rgivgld put putàhet vlr. ncsm`rgivgld put putàhet

??0 bnvaldrnlf U 224 jugh GU nnst

??7 bnvaldrnlf UG 2=? jughfaah GU nnst

?2; tussalhood UG lnnrf (nldastnnrf)?24 tussalhood UG lnnrf 2=2 jugh GU nnst

?62 tussalhood UG lnnrf 2== jughfaah GU nnst

?66 tussalhood UG zugf (varstnnrf)

?61 tussalhood UG zugf 2=6 jugh GU nnst

?14 tussalhood U zugf 2=1 jugh U lnnrf

?5? 4;-0; mc nlfar UGG 2=4 poohjugh U lnnrf

bnuwvnnr 21= jugh U lnnrf

?47 tussalhood GU nnst 214 jugh U lnnrf

?02 tussalhood GU nnst 254 jugh UG zugf

?04 jughfaah UG lnnrf 24; jugh U lnnrf

?72 jugh UG lnnrf 24? jugh UG zugf

?7= jugh + Uî zugf 242 jugh UG zugf

jorraspnnr 246 jug ? GU wast

?71 jughtia UG lnnrf 241 jugh GU nnst2;= poohjugh U lnnrf 245 jugh U zugf

2?= jugh GU nnst 244 jugh U zugf

2?6 jugh GU nnst 200 jugh U zugf

2?1 jugh GU nnst 275 jugh + GU nnst

2?5 jugh GU nnst varstnrgld

2?4 jugh GU nnst 274 hnssa vnlfst

222 jugh GU nnst 270 (pooh)jugh U zugf

22= poohjugh UG zugf 277 jugh U zugf

226 jugh GU nnst =;; jugh U zugf

225 jugh GU nnst =;? jugh U zugf

LNVAL

' @at caralfaah vol fa bastufaarfa vnlfstal wnrft bawoorf gl àt Lnnrfbrobolts Cusauc ta 's-@artndalbnsm`.Uol fa nvargda bastufaarfa vnlfstal bavglft zgm` aalfaah gl fa mnhhamtga vol H.O. Uar`naval (Lgilsah) al gl famnhhamtga vol Cusauc 't Nufa ]hnt ta Yaahst. @at fnmucaltotgacotargooh bavglft zgm` gl àt Glstgtuut vnnr [ra`gstnrga ta Hagfal. Fa oedabaahfa tajalgldal zgil vol faòlf vol I.[. Bnndmrf (G.[.H.), cat ugtznlfargld vol egd.=;9 N (R.N.B.). Fa entn's zgil dacoojt fnnr [email protected] (G.[.H.), cat ugtznlfargld vol egd. =; (R.N.B.).Fa tajst gs datypt fnnr M.C. Bnccazgil (G.[.H.), fasocalvottgld gs vartoohf fnnr I.T. Nlfarfahglfal.Np faza phoots wgh gj tavals cgil folj batugdal vnnr favrgalfahgija cafawarjgld fga gj bgi fa vnnrbaragfgld volfgt ortgjah cnm`t nlfarvglfal vol9 D. Baax (Dahfrnp),[email protected]. Bhnacars (Ocarsennrt), potar T. @aastars (]t.-Nafalrnfa), R.]. @uhst (Ocarsennrt), O. [affacnrs(Hagfal), O. [rgls-@nalsahoors (Rnttarfoc), T. vol far]olfal (Dahfrnp), C.M. vol Vrgaruc (Hagfal), H.O.Uar`naval (Lgilsah), D.I. Uarwars (Hagfal), I. Wpay(Ocarsennrt) al ohha hotar ta lnacal parsnlal fga cgicat fatarcglotgas àbbal da`nhpal.

\ Uol aal tajalgld zgil aal spgljhnsim al aal sgcpahdavnrcfa rolfsmàre ugt drnlfspnral bajalf.= Cat ùhp vol D.R. Voj (tajaloor H[.H.), O. [rgls--@nalsahoors al fa outaur (stufaltal H[.H.), tavalsvol vgie orbagfars vol fa Jnlgljhgija Lafarholfsa @agfacootsmòppgi. Vgifals fa hootsta twaa wajal warf tavalsool fa npdrovgldal faahdalncal fnnr hafal vol faOrmànhndgsmà Tarjdacaalsmòp Lafarholf, gl àtjofar vol aal stufga- al warjjocp.* @at batraet fa gl àt vahf ugtdadaval vnlfstluccars.Ncwghha vol fa fugfahgijàgf zgil am`tar fa gl tarragl Mdavnlfal jughal cat fa nnrsprnljahgija oolfugfgld Ot/c E varolfarf gl 76 t/c 77. Aal nnrsprnljahgij lgatdaluccarfa jugh gl fa sarga A àaet àt luccar ?6dajradal. Uol aal ooltoh jughal cat vnlfstal gs fa axomtahgddgld lgat bajalf. @at doot cat loca nc fa jughalY ? t/c Y 5, B 21 al B ?;?, wahja gl ?754 nltfajt zgilal gl ne bgi tarragl B dahnmohgsaarf cnatal wnrfal. Npfa nvarzgm`tstajalgldal gl egd. 2 al bgihoda ? zgil sham`tsvnlfstluccars ooldadaval bgi drnlfspnral woorvolvnlfstal zgil oedabaahf ne fga olfarszgls nlfar fa oolfom`t dabrom`t wnrfal. Unnr fa phootsbapohgld vol




vnlfstluccars vol tarragl F roofphada cal p. 41.1 Fgt nbiamt gs sham`ts bajalf vol aal tajalgld vol faàar D. Baax al bavnlf zgm` lgat nlfar àt bastufaarfa cotargooh.

* Faza - gl ?754 ne ?750 davnlfal mnhhamtga - warf,znlfar oolfugfgld vol vnlfstsgtuotga, oeznlfarhgij varpojt ooldatrneeal tussal àt nvargda vnlfstcotargooh volfa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Fnnr fa `ncndala socalstahhgld (daal dapnhgist ne bascatal oorfawarj oolwazgd) hgijtàt nc aal dashntal vnlfstdrnap ta dool. Ooldazgal famnhhamtga sham`ts wolfsmàrval ncvot, woorbgi vgar erodcaltal cat vgldartnpglfrujjal np stoebolf (bhgijbooraal sahamtga ugt àt nnrsprnljahgij oolwazgda cotargooh),gs nvar fa vartadalwnnrfgdfa pntvnrcal daal ugtsproojta fnal.

'' Aljaha olfara (lgat oedabaahfa) oorfawarjvnlfstalfga woorsm`gilhgij gl fa baòlfahfa pargnfa tùgs`nral,zgil vnnrlocahgij oejncstgd ugt àt zugfahgija faah volput G vol tarragl F (vlrs. F 21 al F 11).0 Jugh F ?72, mo. 2; mc fgap cat nlradahcotgd davnrcfprnegah bavotta sham`ts zofal (zga nnj Bojahs & Uol far@oc ?70;). Aal fotargld gs vnnr faza jugh am`tar lgatta daval.' Fa nnrsprnljahgija fgapta vol fa fgapsta jughal cnatnp lgat caar fol ?,1; c dasmòt wnrfal. Fa nlfardralsvol fa wotarput zoh caar fol 2,=; c nlfar àt vrnadaranpparvhoj dahadal àbbal. @at varsm`gh tussal fa `nndtavol fa drnlfwotarstolf gl fa zncar al fga gl fa wgltarzoh lnrco`tar lgat caar fol aljaha famgcatars bafrodalàbbal: avalcgl zoh fa ùgfgda drnlfwotarspgadah vaahvarsm`ghhal vol fa vrnadara (cnlf. caf. f`r. ]cgts,

V.L.N., Fahet). Qgt olohysa vol drnlfcnlstars ugt aalbnfacprnegah gs dabhajal fot fa drnlfwotarspgadahpargnfgaj tnt mo. ? c nlfar àt ùgfgda coogvahf jnlstgidal (fat. I.L.B. [nahcol). Cndahgij zgil axtraac`nda wotarstolfal vol fa Fnccah `garvol fa nnrzoojdawaast.

*" Fgt dahft `nnefzojahgij vnnr vnlfstal vol bugtaltarragl F. Fgt tarragl havarfa sham`ts aal twgltgdtoh smàrval vol oorfawarj vol Rncagls eobrgjoot np. Bgi fa tahhgld vol pnterodcaltal zgil ohhaal erodcaltal cat aalnpparvhoj drntar fol ? mc\ glbadrapal. Erodcaltal fga,oh ne lgat possalf, fugfahgij vol aalzahefa pnt oejncstgdzgil, zgil vnnr ççl smàre datahf wollaar zgi àtzahefa

vnlfstluccar frodal. Aal ooltoh jaral zgil possalfasmàrval vol aalzahefa pnt gl varsm`ghhalfa jughal ooldatrneeal. @at doot nc fa vnhdalfa juQal: B 2 +F 224:

B 5 -@B ? 2 : F0 4 • \ A ? 6 : F 0 4 - e F 0 0 : F 0 0 - ` F 7 5 : F 0 0-@ F 2?= -@ F 2?1 -@ F 24; : F 00 + A ?: F 2?= + A ?:F 2 ? = • \ A 0 : F 2 ? 1 + F 246. Fa coxgcoha oestolf tussal twaa np fardahgija wgiza varbnlfal jughal bafroodt

mo. 6 ; c ( B 2 - F 224)." Qgt fa jughal F 04 al F 00 jncal bnvalfgal lndool ahjoor possalfa erodcaltal vol aal hnmooh varvoorfgdfstuj vootwarj.?\ Fa fatarcglotga vol fa staalsnnrtal folj gj ool M.I.Nvarwaah (G.[.H.).?= Fa fatarcglotga al fotargld vol àt oorfawarj foljgj ool T.I.@. Uarwars (R.N.B.).g** Ooldazgal faza vnlfstal lgat par jugh daofcglgstraarf zgil, àb gj faza ohs hnssa vnlfstal znlfar vglfphootsoolfugfgld basm`nuwf. Fa gl egd. =? oedabaahfastujjal cat fa oolfugfgld N zgil woorsm`gilhgij ohhavol fgt faah vol fa vglfphoots oejncstgd, avalohs facaasta nvargda dafatarcglaarfa stujjal ugt faza pargnfa

(zga p. 5=). Ygi bavglfal zgm` gl fa mnhhamtga vol fa àarUar`naval.'\ [orohhahhal vnnr fa oedabaahfa vndah9 Cory ?754, Voe.=9 26: Fa ]mòatzal & Uolfar`naval ?711, pg. 19 ?6:Jlnrr ?7?7, Voe. 2; E. Unnr fa bndal9 vdh. Jlnrr ?712,Voe. =5 M al 60.?\ Unnr fa varsgargld zgil fa vnhdalfa porohhahhal talnacal9 `nlf9 Nswohf ?7=5-=4, ln. ?721 al ln. 2;=1:jnlgil9 Nswohf ?7=5-=4, ln . 2;7 5: vndah9 Nswohf ?7=5-=4, ln. 22=2 O: bhof9 Jlnrr ?7?7, Voe. 519 0. Udh.Cory ?754, pg. 2?9 24.?'' Jughal gl fa putt al ? al GG vol tarragl F fga tgifalsàt nlfarznaj vol ?74= waglgd cotargooh nphavarfal,

zgil lo àt cojal vol aal vartgjoha fnnrslafa lgatvarfar ugtdadroval: àt gs am`tar lgat caar bajalf ncwahja jughal àt `gar doot. Cal cod oollacal fot faobsnhuta ooltohhal vnlfstal vol fa jughal F 6=, F 61, F67 al F 76 t/c F ?;? varfubbahf jullal wnrfal.Fa oolwazgdàgf vol wot Rncagls ne Cgffahaauwscotargooh gl nvargdals cat vaah pra`gstnrgsm` cotargoohdavuhfa jughal gs ool fgarwarjgld, calsahgija varstnrglda.f. tna ta sm`rgival. Oedazgal vol jughal cat lgat-pra-`gstnrgsmà oorfawarjerodcaltal, zgil ar, np drnlf vololfar ramalt hgijalf vnlfstcotargooh (bojstaalerodcaltal b.v.), oolwgizgldal vnnr varnltraglgdgld gl favnhdalfa juøgl`nufal9 B ?2, B 2;, M 1, M 74, F 2?1,

Y 2.?0 @at batraet `gar fa vnlfstluccars wahja gl fa tajs tne fa oebaahfgldal dalnacf wnrfal.

HGVAROVQQR

Ormòntndgsmà Faljcohar gl Daeo`r - Rattuldsdro-

buldal far Bnfalfaljcohpehada gl Tasteohal ?74=-

474º (?747), Draval.

Bojahs, M.M. & R.T.I.C. vol far @oc (?70;), Uarjnnhfoevoh ugt aal Cgffal-Brnlstgif al aal Cgffal-GIzartgiflafarzattgld np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars, dac. ]nl




al Braudah, prnv. Lnnrf-Btobolt, Olohamto [roa

`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG, p. 0?-7?.Baax, D. (?754o), Braudah, dac. ]nl al Braudah, CaCwx-

buhhatgl J.L.N.B., p. *56-*51.

Baax, D. (?754b), ]nl al Braudah, LgauwsbuhhatglJ.L.N.B.,p. *??7-*?2;.

Baax, D. (?750), Braudah, dac. ]nl al Braudah, Cawws-buhhatgl J.L.N.B., p. *66-*61.

Baax, D. (?757o), ]nl al Braudah, Lgauwsbuhhatgl

J.L.N.B.,p. *60-*67.Baax, D. (?757b), ]nl al Braudah, Brobolts @aac PPG,

p. 45-44.Baax, D. (?746), ]nl al Braudah, Buhhatgl J.L.N.B., p.

?01.Baax, D. & R.]. @uhst (?750), O @ghvarsuc-Muhtura

]atthacalt laor Lgilsah, Culgmgpohgty ne ]t. Nafal-rnfa, Lnrt` Brobolt, Bargm`tal R.N.B. ?0, p. ??4-?27.

Bard, I. vol fal & T. @alfrgjsa (?740), GIzartgifbawn-lgld ta Orlacugfal, Tastaràac PPUGG, p. ?24-?=1.

Barsu, D. (?76;), Axmovotgnls ot Hgttha Tnnfbury,Tghts`gra. G: Và satthacalt os ravaohaf by axmovotgnl,[rnmaafglds ne tà [ra`gstnrga ]nmgaty 5, p. =;-???.

Bholmàt, I.-M, M, I., I. & M. Enurlgar (?740), Qlafçmnuvarta fu [racgar Oda fu ear o Ocgals (]ncca),'ho Cofahagla-ou-Hogt', Mo`gars Orm`çnhndgquas fa

[gmorfga 1, p. 247-20=.Bhnacars, [email protected]. (?74=), Ormànhndgsmà jrnlgaj vol

Hgcburd nvar fa ioral ?74?-?742, [ubhgmotgnls fa

ho ]nmgçtç @gstnrgqua at Orm`çnhndgqua fols Ga Hgc-

bnurd ?;7, p. 4-11.Bhnacars, [email protected]. (?740), Rgiswgij ([email protected], 'Fa Buht' -

Agla ]gafhuld far Mololaeotal, Ocarsennrt (Lafarholfsa Nufàfal 0: frga fahal).

Bna, D. fa & H. vol Gcpa (?747), Lafarzattgld ugt fa

Gizartgif al Rncaglsa vghho ta Rnscaar, Brussah (Or-mòanhndgo Bahdgmo 2?5).

Bnwal, @.M. & [.F. Tnaf (?750), Axpargcaltoh stnrodane mnrl ulfardnulf olf gts gcphgmotgnls enr GrnlOda satthacalts. Buhhatgl ne tà Glstgtuta ne Ormòa-

nhndy 4 (?754), p. ?-?6.Bratz-Co`har, F. (?74?), Ho mgvghgsotgnl fa Ho Vàla G al

Mòcpodla. Ha eomgas corlgal. [orgs (PPGGGa supphçcalt o Dohhgo).

Brnldars, I.O. & [.I. Tnhtargld (?740), Fa pra`gstnrga vol

Lafarholf. Amnlncgsm`-tam`lnhndgsm`, Bussuc.Brulstgld, @. (?7=4), @at droevahf nlfar @aas bgi Lgi

cadal, Ocstarfoc.Bursm`, E.M. (?727), Aal darcoolsmà lafarzattgld bgi

Jnttal, Nufàgfjulfgda Cafafahgldal ugt àt Rgijs

cusauc vol Nufàfal ta Hagfal, Lgauwa Raajs ?;,p. 6=-67.

Fa`l, T. (?71;), Ohtar-hotàlazagtQmà Corlajarocgj gcRàgldabgat. Gl9 D. Ba`rals & I. Tarlar (@rsd.),

Raglamja Eastsm`rget, Coglz, p. ==-1;.Fasgttara, C. (?750), Fa Qrlalvahfaljuhtuur gl àt

dabgaf tussal Lafar-Rgil al Lnnrfzaa (pargnfas @o

O al B), Brudda (Fgssartotgnlas Ormòanhndgmoa Dol-falsas PGO al B).

Fnnrsahoar, O. vol (?751), Lafarzattgldsspnral ugt fa Ho

Vàlatgif ta @aeeal (Oltwarpal), Brussah (Ormòanhn-

dgo Bahdgmo 06).Fnnrsahoar, O. vol (?742), Aal lafarzattgld ugt fa gizartgif ta @ugsa-Hnzar, Juhturaah Ioorbnaj Nnst-Uhool-

faral, p. =??-=55.

Fuvoh, O. & I.Mh. Bholmàt (?745), Ha fauxgàca oda fuEar, NQ çpnqua fa Ho Vàla al [gmorfga, Ravua Or

m`çnhndgqua fa h'Ngsa ?, p. 60-10.Fgij, V`. D. vol (?74=), @at O.T.L.-warjjocp np fa

@nnyfnljsa Ojjars vol =; iulg t/c ?1 iu` ?74=,Tastaràac PPGG, p. ?4?-?44.

Fgij, V`.D. vol (z.i.). Uarshod stufga- al warjjocp np

fa @nnyfnljsa Ojjars gl fa dacaalta ]nl al Braudah.

As, T.O. vol (?751 (?754) ), Tgistar - o lotgva vghhodabaynlf tà gcpargoh ernltgar ?1;-621 O.F., [ohoan-

`gstnrgo PG.As, T.O. vol & T.I.@. Uarwars (?70;), Axmovotgnls ot

Fnrastof G ~ Và òrbnur9 @nndstroot G, Ocarsennrt(Lafarholfsa Nufàfal 7).

Avols, I.D. & ]. Hgcbray (?746), Và AxpargcaltohAort`wnrj nl Cnrfal Bnd, Toraòc, Fnrsat, Ald-holf9 ?75= tn ?742, [rnmaafglds ne tà [ra`gstnrga

]nmgaty 6;, p. ?4;-2;2.Eovrat, [.-C. (?7=5), Has lamrnpnhas fas Indossas o

M`nugTy, [rç`gstngra U, p. 26-??7.Dohh, T. (?741), Rnstal ulf Forral gl Qrdasm`gm`t-

hgmàr Yagt, Oht-V`ørgldal PGGG, p. ?75-2;6.Dhosbardal, T. (?716o), Borrnw Axmovotgnls gl tà

Agd`t Baotgtufas. Và Brnlza Oda Macatary batwaalVnta renut & @ohva Cgih, Lnrt` Brobolt. G. Và Axmovotgnls, [o/oan/@senlo G G, p. ?-?=6.

Dhosbardal, T. (?716b), Borrnw Axmovotgnls gl tàAgd`t Baotgtufas. Và Brnlza Oda Macatary batwaalVntarenut & @ohva Cgih, Lnrt` Brobolt. GG. Và Gcphgmotgnls, [o/oan/!(s>nlo GGG, p. ?-2;6.

Dhosbardal, T. (?757), Lndcoohs @U]/FJ], @oorhacsa

Unnrfrom`tal PPUGGG.Dughogla, I. (?745), ]ystacas m`rnlnhndgquas at saqualmas

muhturahhas fas mgvghgsotgnls lçnhgt`gquas at prntn-`gstnrgquas fa ho Erolma. Gl9 Ho [rç`gstngra Erol\ogsa,GG9 Has mgvghgsotgnls lçnhgt`gquas at prntn`gstnrgquas fa

ho Erolma, [orgs, p. ?4-2=.@oohabns, I.J. (?744), Ywoccarfoc - Lgdruc [uhhuc,

Agl Ouxghgorjostahh oc Lgafardarcolgsmàl Hgcas,

Ocstarfoc (Mglduho GGG).@ooral, @.C.A. vol & [.I.R. Cnffarcol (?74=), Agl

cgttahlanhgt`gsmàr Eulfnrt ultar Jnlgldsbnsm`,[rnv. Hgcburd, Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo UG,p. ?-67.

@oavarlgmj, V`.A. (?75;), Fga Dhosorcrglda ulf Rgld-

parhal far Cgttah- ulf ]pothotàlazagt oue fac aurn-

pfgsmàl Eastholf, Bnll.@ott, I.-I. & [. Rnuohat (?745), Ha mgcatgàra fas Indossas




al Mòcpodla at has nrgdglas fa ho mgvøgsotgnl fa HoVàla, Ravua Orm`çnhndgqua fa h'Ast at fu Maltra-Ast

PPUGG, p. 62?-1;=.@ott, I.-I. & [. Rnuohat (?744), Ho m`rnlnhndga fa Ho

Vàla al Mòcpodla, Ravua Orm`çnhndgqua fa h'Astat fu Maltra-Ast PPUGGG, p. 0-=5.@aargldal, R.C. vol (?747), Ugar oorfawarjmncphaxal

ugt fa Gizartgif gl àt cnlfgldsdabgaf vol Coos al

Nufa Rgil (twaa fahal: typasmrgpt).@nhwarfo, I.@. (?72=), Oraltsburd, aal Rncaglsm`

cghgtogr vhnntstotgnl bgi Unnrburd, Hagfal.@nhwarfo, I.@. (z.i.), Fos Drobareahf vnl 'fa @ocart'

Tahh bag Ualhn, Hagfal.@urj, H.I.O.C. vol fal (?74=), Và Vucuhg ernc tà

Rncol [argnf ne Asm`, [rnvglma ne Lnrt` Brobolt,G, Bargm`tal R.N.B. 2=, p. ?07-2=5.

Iomnbg, D. (?746), Tarjzaud ulf Darot ous fac Nppgfuc

vnl Colm`gld, Tgasbofal (Fga Ousdrobuldal glCola`gld 1).

Iolsco, C.I. (?70;), Fgotncaaêlolohysa vol aal ooltohoorfawarjsmàrval ugt aljaha jughal np fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars, dac. ]nl al Braudah, prnv. Lnnrf--Brobolt, Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG, p.7=-75.

Iolssal, O.I. (?741), Aal Cgffal Gizartgif lafarzattgldta Baulgldml (Dahfarholf), Tastaràac PPGU, p. 62-1;.

Iolssal, O.I. (?740), Lafarzattgldsjarocgaj ugt faQrlmlvahfaltgif ta Tgimàl, Tastaràac PPUGG, p.2=;-2=4.

Inom`gc, @.-A. (?750), Fga @ulsrømj-Ageah-Juhtur oc

Cgttahràgl. Jõhl (Bagàeta far Bnllar Io`rbømàr27).

Inom`gc, @.-A. (?74=), Agl ragm` oudsdastottatms Todal-drob far ]pothotàlazagt ous Lauwgaf, ]toftagh @agc-bom`-U/mJ, Bnllar Io`rbømàr ?4= , p. ?-66.

Inom`gc, @.-A. (?745), Qrlaleahfarzagthgmà Drobar glRàglbom`-Eharzàgc, R`mgl-]gad-Jrags. Gl9 Bagtroda

zur Qrdasm`gm`ta fas Ràglholfas GG, Jõhl (Ràglg-smà Ousdrobuldal, Bolf ?4), p. 54-0;.

Joc, T.@. (?75=), Aal glàacsa lafarzattgld ta Jagfnlj, dacaalta Arp (L.B.), Brobolts @aac PU, p.1;-55.

Jlgppalbard, [email protected]`. (?751), Totarputtal ugt fa Rn

caglsa tgif ta ]t. Cgm`gahsdastah al ahfars, Brobolts @aac PUGG, p. 41-72.

Jlnrr, R. (?7?7), Võpear ulf Eobrgjal varzgartar Varro-

sgdghhoto fas arstal Io`rùlfarts, ]tuttdort.Jlnrr, R. (?712), Varro-sgdghhoto-Daefssa fas arstal

Io`rùlfarts cgt Võpeacocal, ]tuttdort.Jnng, [.B. (?74?/42), Aal urlalvahf al bajardroval np

fa Jnlgldsjocp ta @ovahta, dac. @ovahta, Lgauwa

Fraltsa Unhjsohcoloj 07, p. ?==-?61.Jnng, [.B. (?746), Fa nrjool vol ?= lnvacbar ?742 al

àt nltstool vol '`naegizarvnrcgda' drnlfspnral, @ahglguc PGU, p. 14-51.

Jnng, [.B. (?747), [ra-Rncol Qcegahfs gl tà Lnrt`

ne tà Latàrholfs, Drnlgldal.Holtgld, I.L. & T.D. Cnnj (?744), Và [ra- olf [rntn-

`gstnry ne tà Latàrholfs gl Varcs ne Rofgnmorbnl

Fotas, Drnlgldal.Hacol-Fmhargvm, D. (?74=), Ho mnupa o bnrfs nurgçs,m`rnlnhndga, utghgsotgnl at rçportgtgnl o Vçpnqum faHo Vàla, h'Oltgqugtç Mhossgqua PHGG, p. 6;5-625.

Hnuwm Jnngicols, H.[. (?746), Và R`gla/Causa Fahto

- Enur ]tufgas nl gts [ra`gstnrga Nmmupotgnl olf

@nhnmala Danhndy, Hagfal (Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo

Hagfalsgo UGG al fgss.).Corgal, C.A. (?74;), Ha Vrnu fa h'Ocbra ou Bngs fa

Tçrgcnlt, Aprova, Bruxahhas (Cnlndrop`gas f'Or-m`çnhndga Lotgnloha 6).

Corgal, C.A. (?74?), Vrgbas olf Ormòmnhndgmoh Drnup-glds ne tà Ho Vàla pargnf gl Bahdguc9 sncm nbsarvo-tgnls. Gl9 Và Aurnpaol Mncculgty gl Hotar [ra-

`gstnry - ]tufgas gl `nlnur ne M.E.M. @owjas, Hnl-fnl, p. 2??-26?.

Corsmòhh, O., J.I. Lorr & R. vnl Qshor (?716), Fga vnr-

ulf erø`dasm`gm`thgmà Basgafhuld fas Bardgsmàl

Holfas, Laustoft ol far Ogsm` (Bagàeta far BnllarIo`rbømàr =).

Cory, D.V. (?754), Lnvoasguc H Fga søfdohhgsmà Varro

sgdghhoto ous Lauss, Barhgl.Calsm`, [.I.O. vol (?70;), Fgarhgij sjahatcotargooh vol

fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars, dac. ]nl al Braudah, prnv.Lnnrf-Brobolt, Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG,p. 74-77.

Cnffarcol, [.I.R. (?75;), Fa bnaral al znutzgafars

gl àt justdabgaf 6;;-;. Gl9 [olnroco far [ra`gstnrga,Hagfal (taltnnlstahhgldsdgfs R.C.v.;.), p. =;-=?.

Cnffarcol, [.I.R. (?75;-5?o), Fa ]polioorfsbard:vnnr- al vrnad`gstnrgsmà bnaralbafrgival ta ]oltpnnrt. Bargm`tal R.N.B. ?;-??, p. 2?;-21?.

Cnffarcol, [.I.R. (?75;-5?b), Aal pnhym`rnnc varsgarfa pnt ugt Bardagij, Lnnrf-Brobolt, Bargm`tal R.N.B.

?;-??, p. 160-11?.Cnffarcol, [.I.R. & H.[. Hnuwa Jnngicols (?755),

Và @agbhnac, o macatary ernc tà Hota BrnlzaOda olf tà Aorhy Grnl Oda batwaal Uahf`nval olf]taalsah, prnv. Lnnrf-Brobolt, Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo

Hagfalsgo GG, p. 7-25.

Cnnj, T.D. (?740), @at varbolf tussal M?6 al warjahgija nufarfnccal. ]pgadah @gstnrgoah ?=, p. =;1-=;4.

Cøhhar-TQha, C. (?755), Agla lgafarràglgsmà ]gafhuldfar vnrrõcgsmàl Agsalzagt bag Taaza-Booh, JragsDahfagl, Bnllar Io`rbømàr ?55, p. =47-6=2.

CøQar-Tghha, C. (?744), Bouarhgmà ]gafhuldal far Brnl-za- ulf Agsalzagt gl fal Lnrfsaadabgatal. Gl9 @.Iolju`l a.o. (@rsd.), Fos Fnre far Agsalzagt ulf fas

erøàl Cgttahohtars, Dõttgldal (Obòlfhuldal farOjofacga far Tgssalsmòetal gl Dõtt gldal, [`ghn-hndgsm`-@gstnrgsmà Jhossa, Frgtta Enhda Lr. ?;?),



0; Olohamto [rna`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG

p. ?1=-2?0.Nahcoll, E. (?7?6), Fga Jarocgj fas Jostahhs Lgafar-

bgabar, Eroljeurt oc Cogl.Nswohf, E. (?7=5-=4), Glfax ne Egdura-Vypas nl Varro

]gdghhoto, Afglburd`.[affmcnrs, O. (?74=), @at Holf vol Coos al Tooh al àtRgij vol Lgicadal gl fa Gizartgif. Gl9 Droval loor

Botoval > (tmltnnlstahhgldsdgfs Rgijscusauc Joc),p. ?6-?7.

[affmcnrs, O. (?741), Hotàladhosorcrglda gl fal Lgafar-holfal, Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo UGGG, p. 7=-?61.

[gddntt, ]., D. Folgah & M. CmBurlay (afs.) (?74=),Erolma baenra tà Rncols, Hnlfnl.

Ro`gr, A. (?7=;), H'Oda fu Ear o Ho [olla, Buhhatgl fa

ho ]nmgçtç f'Olt`rnpnhndga fa Bruxahhas 61 , p. =5-02.Ragm`coll, M. (?747), Agl cgttahhotàlazagthgmàs Da`õet

bag Dravalbrngm` - Dustnre, Jrags Lauss, Bagtroda zur

Qrdasm`gm`ta fas Ràglholfas GGG, Jõhl (RàglgsmàOusdrobuldal Bolf ?7), p. 15?-177.

Raylnhfs, [.I. (?746), Axpmrgcaltoh Grnl Oda ]tnroda[gts9 Ol Gltargc Rapnrt, [rnmaafglds ne tà [ra

`gstnrga ]nmgaty 6;, p. ??0-?=?.Rnnsals, @. & D.U. Hux (?757), Aal lafarzattgld ugt fa

Gizartgif np fa ]tobard ta Rnscaar, Brussah (Ormòan-hndgoBahdgmo ?;7).

Rnsalstnmj, F. (?747), Fga ]gafhuldsstahhal gl Dagscorulf fga Basgafhuld gc nbaral Haglatoh sagt far iøldaral vnrrõcgsmàl Agsmlzagt, Laua Ousdrobuldal ulf

Enrsmùldal gl Lgafarsom`sal ?=, p. ?14-=??.Rnycols, L. (?744), GIzartgifmarocgmj gl aal fapýt-

vnlfst ta Bhofah (L.-Br.). Gl9 Broboltsa Nufàfal,Aglf`nval (Bgifrodal tnt fa stufga vol àt Broboltsa@aac PUG), p. 4?-0;.

]olfal, T. vol far (?74=), Aal `nutal wotarput ugt faRncaglsa tgif gl ]nl al Braudah, Brobolts @aac

PPU, p. ??7-?2?.]olfal, T. vol far (z.i.), Lnnfnpdrovgld @nngfnljsmà

Ojjars, dac. ]nl al Braudah oud. ?74=, crt. ?746

(typasmrgpt).]mòatzal, [`. fa & C. Uolfar`naval (?711), Ho Varro

sgdghhoto o Vnldras, Hgàda.]m`cgft, B., I. ]mùhtza-Cntah & I. Jrusa (?751), Erø`-

agsalzagthgmà Unrrotsdruba oue far Bõsalburd, Jr.

Agshabal, Ousdrobuldal ulf Eulfa ?;, p. 27-=?.

]m`woppom`, E. (?744), Fga stacpahvarzgarta Hotàla--Jarocgj ous fal Drobarl vnl Broubom`, Bnllar

Io`rbømàr ?4?, p. ??7-?0=.]tocpeuss, R. (?717), ]gafhuldseulfa far Iøldaral

Brnlza- ulf ohtaral Agsalzagt gc wasthgmàl Ru`r-dabgat, Bnll (_uahhalsm`rgetal zur wastfautsmàlUnr- ulf Erø`dasm`gm`ta 4).

]tocpeuss, R. (?740), Fga Bhnusworft gl [roast, aglalgafarràgl gsmà Turt - Unrbar gm`t øbmr fga Dro-buldal ?741/45, Bnllar Io`rbømàr ?40, p. 1=-4=.

]tõmj`, T.A. (?747), Fga Drnb- ulf Gcpnrtjarocgj

vnl Colm`gld, Tgasbofal (Fga Ousdrobuldal glColm`gld 0).

]tuort, [.I.I. (?75=), Dawnnl oorfawarj ugt fa Rncaglsa

hadarphoots al fa bgiba`nralfa droevahfal ta Lgicadal,

Hagfal.Uolfar`naval, C. (?740), ]pnral vol aal lafarzattgld

ugt fa gizartgif np fa Joybard ta Uhgitgldal, Vnldaral([ubhgjotgas vol àt [rnvglmgooh Dohhn-Rncagls Cusauc ta Vnldaral 26).

Uarwars, D.I. (?74?), Và Badgllgld ne tà Hota BrnlzaOda gl tà Hnwar R`gla Orao, Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo

Hagfalsgo GU, p. 14-54.Uarwars, D.I. (?742), Fos Jocps Uahf gl @ops gl Lan-

Qt`gjuc, Brnlzazagt ulf Agsalzagt, Olohamto [roa

`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo U.Uarwars, D.I. (?74=o), ]nl al Braudah, @nngfnljsa

Ojjags,Lgauwsbuhhatgl J.L.N.B., p. *?==.Uarwars, D.I. (?74=b) , Nvar fa rolf vol fa Gizartgif -

Aal stujia nufarwatsa ormànhndga. Tastaràac

PPGG, p. ?;-?1.

Uarwars, D.I. (?741), Qrlalvahf al lafarzattgld ta Hood]puh, dac. @ghvoralbaaj, prnv. Lnnrf-Brobolt, Olo

hamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo UGGG, p. 2=-6=.Totarbnhj, @.V. (?752), @ouptzøda far agsalzagthgmàl

Basgafhuld far lõrfhgmàl Lgafarholfa, Neeo ?7, p.7-65.

Tghàhcg, J. (?74=), Agla ]gafhuld far vnrrõcgsmàlAgsalzagt bag ]øllgldòusal, Jrags Bamjuc (Tast-eohal), Bnfalohtartøcar Tasteohals PGGG, p. 44-??;.

Tghàhcg, J. (?744), Yur Euljtgnl ulf Uarbragtuldfragamjgdar Vnldawgm`ta far Agsalzagt, Darcolgo 11,p. ?0;-?06.

Tglf, M. (?74;), Aal lafarzattgld ugt fa Unnr-rncaglsa

Gizartgif ta Rnmjolia, Tastaràac PGP, p. 262-25?.



UARJNNHF OEUOH QGV AAL CGFFAL-BRNL]VGIF AL AAL

CGFFAL-GIYARVGIF LAFARYAVVGLD N[ FA @NNGFNLJ]M@A

OJJAR], DAC. ]NL AL BRAQDAH, [RNU. LNNRF-BROBOLV

M.M. BOJAH] AL R.T.I.C. UOL FAR @OC

@at nlfarznaj batraet varjnnhfa vrum`tal al zofal ugt fa vuhhgld vol om`t jughal. Açl

jugh fotaart ugt fa Cgffal-Brnlstgif: fa nvargda zaval ba`nral tnt fa Cgffal-GIzartgif.

@at ooldatrneeal cotargooh wnrft ohs varjnnhf oevoh daîltarprataarf. Fgt oevoh gs ugt tal

cglsta vgar mncpnlaltal socaldastahf, locahgij ugt muhtuurdawossal, gl àt wghf varzocah

fa pholtal, nljrugfal vol ojjar al are, al snnrtal ugt drosholfal. Nlfarfa muhtuurdawossal

vol fa Gizartgif bavglfal zgm` spaht al arwtal.

Fa àrjncst vol àt cotargooh

@at tarragl, fot fa looc "@nngfnljsmà

Ojjars" froodt, gs vol nnrsprnld aal faj-

zolfrud, wahja hotar fnnr phoddalba-

castgld lnd aals warf npda`nndf. @at

dabgaf gs nldavaar 7;; bgi 11; c drnnt.

@at wnrft ool frga zgifal badralsf fnnr

bajal al wah fnnr fa Braudahsmà Baaj

gl àt lnnrfal, fnnr fa Fnccah gl àt

wastal al fnnr fa @nngfnljsmà Baaj

gl àt zugfal.Bgi nltzolfgldal bhaaj, fot zgm` nlfar

fa =; tnt ??; mc fgjja as pra`gstnrgsmà

bawnlgldsspnral bavnlfal. Ygi woral fa

oolhagfgld tnt ormànhndgsm` nlfarznaj,

woorvol ahfars varshod wnrft ugtdabrom`t

(Uol fal Brnaja ?70;).

@at `gar ta basprajal cotargooh warf bgi

twaa baznajal ool fa npdrovgld vol ?74=,

tarragl F, varzocahf. @at gs oejncstgd ugt

jughal, fga jallahgij cat lafarzattglds-oevoh woral vnhdastnrt ne vnhdaroojt (Uol

fal Brnaja ?70;, p. 2=). Uol fa vuhhgld

warf tgal hgtar, ne aal caarvnuf foorvol,

gl wotar ugtdazaaef. Fa cooswgifta vol fa

dabrugjta zaval gs ;,1 cc.

Gl tntooh warfal om`t jughal bacnl

starf. Açl gs aal jugh cat jncvnrcgda

bnfac, fga gl fa Cgffal-Brnlstgif dafo

taarf wnrft (F 222). Ugo fa smàrval

jol fa gl`nuf cat fa @ghvarsuc-muhtuur

gl varbolf dabrom`t wnrfal (?1;; - ?;;;

U. M`r.). Fa nvargda zaval zgil zndaloocfa

sghn's, fot wgh zaddal rnlfa jughal cat

vhojja bnfac. Ygi wnrfal ool fa Cgffal-

GIzartgif tnadasm`raval. Frga vol àl havar

fal vnhfnalfa `nutsjnnh np vnnr aal

M?6-fotargld. @at zgil fa luccars F 04,

F 00 al F 07 cat raspamtgavahgij 1?;

¿ =; U. M`r. (DrL-72?=), =41 ¿ =1 v. M`r.(DrL-72?6) al =;1 ¿ 11 v. M`r. (DrL-

72?1).

Fa zaaerasgfu's warfal fnnr fa twaafa

outaur bastufaarf. Fa ooldatrneeal snnr

tal zgil ta vglfal gl tobah ?. Ooldazgal

jugh F 04 frga fugfahgij dasmàgfal hodal

bavotta, zgil faza oeznlfarhgij nlfar fa

luccars 04-?, 04-2 al 04-= npdalncal.

Hood ? gs fa bnvalsta. Fa tobah varcahft

bnvalfgal twaa vnlfstal fga fnnr olfaralzgil dafool. F ?04 gs aal jugh ugt fa Cgf

fal-Brnlstgif, woorugt aljaha agjahs warfal

varzocahf. F ?62 batraet aal jhncp spur-

rgazofal: faza vuhfa aal jhagl jughtia, fot

àhoos lgat dafotaarf jnl wnrfal.

Ohha zofal zgil varjnnhf. Fgt gs fa algda

tnastolf woorgl pholtalrastal nlfar fa

frnda mnlfgtgas vol àt tarragl bawoorf




02 Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo

Vobah ?. Uarjnnhfa vrum`tal al zofal vol fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars.Morbnlgzaf erugts olf saafs ernc tà @nngfnljsmà Ojjars.

pargnfa Cgffal- Cgffal- Gizartgif

Brnlstgif

222 6= 61 67 04-? 04-2 04-= 00 07 2?=

cnlstardrnntta/fc= 2; =; =; =; ?; ?; ?; 6; =; =;

ooltoh rastal/fc= 60,6 4,2 ?,6 6,? 5,2 4,4 1,0 7,; 5,4 ?1,0

wghfa pholtal/fc= =,? 2,5 ;,2 2,1 =,5 5,1 6,6 1,1 6,7 ?;,1

muhtuurdawossal

Mocahglo sotgvo (H.) Mroltz - ?= ? - ? - - 5 ?; 0

@nrfauc vuhdora H. 045 2 2 6 ? ? - 1 2 5

@nrfauc vuhdora H. - - - - 2 ? - 2 ? 2

rom`gs gltarlnfguc

Hgluc usgtotgssgcuc H. - - - - ? - - - - -[olgmuc cghgomauc H. ? 1 5 = 1 - ? == 1 0

[gsuc sotgvuc H. - - - - 2 - - - - -Vrhtgmuc fhmnmmuc ]m`øbh. 1 - ? - - - - - - -Vrgtgmuc fgmnmmuc ]m`øbh. - 6 - - - - - = - 6

bosas jahjjoeias

Vrgtgmuc spahto H. - 1? - ? 2 2 - ?2 ? 4

bosas jahjjoeias

Vrgtgmuc fgmnmmuc/spahto 2 6= 1 1 0 - 0 16 2= ?;;

dabrnjal bosas jahj

joeias

Vrgtgmuc spam. - 1 2 ?= 2 ? = ?2 = ?;

Vrgtgmuc spam. - ? - - - - - - - -rom`gs gltarlnfguc

varzocahfa pholtal

Màlnpnfguc ohbuc H. ?0 61 - =1 ?2 26 2= 0; 4? 77

Mnryhus ovahholo H., smòoh - - - - - - - - - ?

Fgdgtorgo gsmòacuc - = ? 2 - 2 = ? = 2

(]m`rab.) Cø`halb.

Am`glnm`hno mrus-dohhg - - - 2 - 1 = 1 = =

(H.) [.B.

[nhydnluc mnlvnhvuhus H. = 6 ? ? = 2 ? 5 = 1

[nhydnluc `yfrnpgpar H. - ? ? = 6 6 6 ?? ?2 ?6

[nhydnluc hopot`genhguc H. 6 = - 5 2 5 - 22 ?2 ?6

[nhydnluc parsgmorgo H. - ? - ? = - - = 6 0

_uarmus patroao ? - - - ? = 6 1 2 =

(Cottusm`jo) Hgabhagl/

rnbur H., mntyhal

_uarmus patroao/rnbur, ? - - - - ? - 6 - -`ghuc

Rucax omatnsahho H. = 2 - 5 2 6 - 22 0 =4

]ocbumus lgdro H./ - - - - - - - ? ? -romacnso H.

]parduho orvalsgs H. - 1 - 7 ? 2 6 20 ?? 6;

nvargda pholtal

Olodohhgs/Hysgcom`go - - - - ? - - - - -Otrgphax òstoto H./ - - - - - - - - - ?

potugo H.



M.M. Bojahs al R.T.I.C. vol far @oc - Uarjnnhf oevoh 0=

Vobah ?. varvnhd / mnltgluaf

222 6= 61 67 04-? 04-2 04-= 00 07 2?=

nvargda pholtal, varvnhd

Ovalo spam. - - - - ? ? - ? - -Ovalo spam, joeloohf - - - - ? - - 2 - -Brncus cnhhgs H./ - ? - ? - ? - ? - ?

samohglus H.

Morax spam. - - - - - ? ? ? - -Morynp`yhhomaoa spam. - - - - ? - - - - -Ahanmòrgs pohustrgs (H.) = - - 6 - - • - - - 22

R. at ]m`.

Aqugsatuc spam., staldah - - - - - - - ? - -Eastumo me rubro H. - - - - - - - - - G

Darolguc pyralogmuc - 2 - - - - - - -Burc. e.

Dham`nco àfaromao H.- - - -

? ?

- - - -Drocglaoa spam. - ? - - - ? - = = -Caltò oquotgmo H./ - - - ? ? = - - ? 0

orvalsgs H.

[opovar fubguc H./ - - ? - •• - - - - - -r`naos H.

[`hauc spam. - ? - - - - • - ? - - •

[holtodn holmanhoto H. ? - - - ? - - 2 - 5

[holtodn coinr H. - - - - - ? - - - -[ntaltghho spam. - - - - - - - - 2 -Rolulmuhus ehoccuho H. - - - - - - - - ? -Rucax spam. - - - - - - - - ? -Rucax spam., ? - - - - - - - - -vrum`tjhappal

]mgrpus satomaus H. - - - - - - - - - =2]mgrpus syhvotgmus H. - - - - - ? - - - -]mharoltùs olluus H. - ? - ? - - - = - 2

me ]glopgs orvalsgs H. - - - - - - - - ? -]nholuc lgdruc H. 26 ? - ? - - - - - -]tahhorgo spam. - - - - - - - 2 - -Vrgenhguc spam. - - ? - - - - - ? 5

Uarnlgmo spam. - - - ? - - - - - -Ugmgo me `grsuto (H.) ? ? - - ? - - ? - =

].E.Droy

Ugmgo me sapguc H. - ? - - - 2 - ? - 2

Ugmgo spam. 2 ? ? - T - ? ?? 5 1

Malnmnmmuc 2? ?= ?; ?; 2 - - ?2 6 -

Bnvalfgal9 jugh F ?04, Cgffal-Brnlstgif, Nuarmus patroao/rnbur, mntyhal 1

jugh F ?62, nldafotaarf , ]parduho orvalsgs =21;;




jnlfal bhgival.

Fa vrum`tal al zofal ugt fa Cgffal-GIzartgif

Ooldazgal fa caasta jughal ugt fa Cgffal-GIzartgif stoccal, wnrft fa basprajgld, gl

oewgijgld vol fa dabrugjahgija vnhdnrfa,

cat àt inldara cotargooh badnllal.

Qgt tobah ? bhgijt, fot fa ugtdazaaefa

jughvuhhgldal wah aal batrajjahgij drnnt

ooltoh snnrtal àbbal npdahavarf, coor

fot ar daal mnlmaltrotgas vol ççl bapoohfa

pholtalsnnrt vnnròlfal zgil. Tollaar fa

jughal glfarfoof nngt ohs sghn's, fot wgh zad

dal ohs npshodphootsal vnnr vnafsahdawos

sal, daeulmtgnlaarf àbbal, fol zgil vol

àt npdashodal dawos daal rastal caar

oolwazgd. Fa varjnnhfa vrum`tal al zofal

cndal zajar lgat daîltarprataarf wnrfal

ohs rastal vol aal vnnrroof, fga bgivnnr

baahf lo àt ugtbrolfal vol fa sghn's tal

ba`nava vol aal twaafa dabrugj, ohs jnnh

np fa bnfac zgil om`tardabhaval. Fa vrood

hugft, wot fa oorf vol fa varjnnhfa rastal

fol wàh gs.

Loor nlza calgld doot àt `gar nc oevoh

al wah nc aal bapoohfa motadnrga, fga gl

lafarzattgldal àah dawnnl gs. Fgt oevoh

baholft nloeòljahgij vol àt drnvara

ùgsvugh, znohs smàrval al ùttalhaac,

gl jughal. Mnrrahotga cat fgt snnrt vugh

nltbraajt locahgij. Tollaar wa àt

ooltoh smàrval par aalàgf jughvuhhgld

cat fa fgm`tàgf vol fa `gar basm`raval

varjnnhfa rastal vgo fa tnats vol ]paorcol

vardahgijal, havart fgt aal R_ vol 26,; np.Bgi l-? gs fa hgljar jrgtgaja woorfa ?5

(F 04 wnrft `gar ohs ççl daàah basm`nuwf).

Var vardahgijgld jol npdacarjt wnrfal,

fot bgivnnrbaahf smàrval al ùttalhaac

wah aal pnsgtgava mnrrahotga vartnlal (R_

3 5,1).

@at varjnnhfa oevoh cnat wahhgm`t da

îltarprataarf wnrfal ohs vugh, fot nvaroh

gl fa lafarzattgld nltstnlf al nnj nvaroh,

oh ne lgat npzattahgij, gl faprassgas znohs

jughal taram`tjwoc. Fardahgija jnnhfaah

tias, fga ohs aal snnrt om`tardrnlfvarvughgldgl jughvuhhgldal ooldatrneeal wnrfal, jn

cal lgat ohhaal gl Gizartgif lafarzattgl

dal vnnr. Ygi zgil aal ohdacaal varsm`gilsah

al warfal fnnr fa aarsta outaur bgivnnr

baahf vnnr fa Bolfjarocgaj basm`raval

(Bojahs ?747).

@at vugh gs `nndstwoorsm`gilhgij vol

àtarndala àrjncst. Ohs aarsta mncpn

lalt cnatal rastal vol muhtuurdawossal

dalnacf wnrfal. Ar zgil zaval snnrtal

vartadalwnnrfgdf.

Ugar muhtuurdawossal zgil drolal. @at

zgil bafajta darst (@nrfauc vuhdora H.),

accar (Vrgtgmuc fgmnmmuc ]m`øbh.), spaht

(Vrgtgmuc spahto H.) al dgarst ([olgmuc

cghgomauc H.). Unnr spaht gs fgt fa aarsta

výýr-Rncaglsa vnlfst gl Lafarholf. Ohhaal

bosas vol jahjjoeias jnlfal cat zajaràgf

ool faza torwasnnrt wnrfal tnadawazal.

Ygi zgil dadrnaef al brafar fol fa bosas

vol accar. Fa braafta (B vnhdals @ah-boaj) vol =1 axacphoral ugt F 6= bafroodt

?,24 (?,; - ?,4) cc. Fa bgiba`nralfa

jnrrahs zgil nldatwgieahf gl fa motadnrga

Vrgtgmuc spam. npdalncal. Ygi zgil gl nls

cotargooh lgat dnaf ta àrjallal. Oolda

zgal spaht vnnr fa Gizartgif vol Cgffal-

-Aurnpo basm`raval gs, gs àt lgat varwnl

farhgij, fot àt dawos lu nnj gl Lafarholf

gs ooldatrneeal. Fa olfara droolsnnrtal

zgil oh aarfar ugt fa Gizartgif dacahf.Avalaals lgauw gs fa vnlfst vol fa arwt

([gsuc sotgvuc H.). @at doot nc twaa bnh

vnrcgda axacphoral ugt jugh F 04 cat

fgocatars vol =,1 al =,0 cc. Fa pholt wos

tnt lu tna ohhaal gl Cgffahaauwsa mnltaxt

ooldatrneeal (vol Yagst ?750, p. ?51).

Fa oolwazgdàgf vol hgilzoof (Hgluc

usgtotgssgcuc H.) gs aal oolwgizgld, fot vhos



M.M. Bojahs al R.T.I.C. vol far @oc - Uarjnnhf oevoh 01

gl fa Gizartgif nnj np fa `ndara drnlfal

bajalf wos. Ncfot fa rastal vol faza

pholt vaah dacojjahgijar bawoorf bhgival

nlfar lotta ncstolfgdàfal, woral zgitnt np àfal ohhaal ooldatrneeal gl lafar

zattgldal ugt àt justdabgaf (Buurcol al

[ogs ?746). @at zoofia ugt jugh F 04 wos

àhoos ta basmòfgdf nc dacatal ta jul

lal wnrfal.

Tot dazadf gs nvar hgilzoof dahft nnj

vnnr ùttaltut ne fafarzoof (Mocahglo

sotgvo H.), aal nhga`nufalf zoof, woorvol

gl zas jughal varjnnhfa zofal zgil davnl

fal. Aal porohhah fga lgat ugt àt justdabgaf

jnct gs fa ùttaltut vol Arcahn9 twaa

varjnnhfa axacphoral, fga ugt fa Urnada

Gizartgif stoccal. Ar `nnrt aal M?6-

-fotargld vol 1?; ¿ 51 v. M`r. bgi (DrL-

26;2) (vol Yagst ?750, p. 04). Unnrts

gs ar aal glfruj vol aal zoofia gl aal

stuj urlalvahfal-jarocgaj vol Uhaffar,

dafatarcglaarf fnnr @ahboaj (vol Dgeeal

?7=0). Vgal ùttaltutzofal ugt jugh F 6=

catal ?,1 (?,= - ?,5) x ;,7 (;,0 - ?,?) cc

al vgie zofal ugt F 00 ?,6 (?,= - ?,1) x ;,7(;,0 - ?,;) cc. Ygi zgil foorcaa vol

fazahefa nrfa vol drnntta ne cndahgij

gats drntar fol fa nlvarjnnhfa zofal ugt

fa aval nufa lafarzattgld Uhoorfgldal-

Brnajpnhfar, =4; ¿ 4; v. M`r. (DrL-?71?),

woorvnnr vol Yagst fa cotal ?,66 (?,? -

?,0) P ;,7? (;,5 - ?,2) cc npdaaet. Cal

cnat bgi àt bannrfahal vol fa drnntta

rajalgld `nufal cat àt eagt, fot zofal

bgi àt varjnhal phadal ta jrgcpal.Fa twaafa mncpnlalt vol àt var

jnnhfa vugh vnrcal pholtal woorvol cal

ool cod lacal, fot za nnrsprnljahgij

nnj vnnr calsahgija mnlsucptga bastacf

woral. Ygi zgil am`tar lgat varbnuwf, coor

gl àt wghf varzocahf. @gartna ba`nral gl

ahj davoh fa òzahlnnt (Mnryhus ovahholo

H.), fa agjahs (_uarmus patroao (Cottusm`-

jo) Hgabhagl ne _. rnbur H.) al fa vhgarpgt

ias (]ocbumus lgdro H. ne ]. romacnso H.).

Agjahs warfal tnt gl `gstnrgsmà tgif varzo

cahf nc loost ne ohs varvoldgld vol drooldabrugjt ta wnrfal. Ygi jullal, lo da

rnnstarf ta zgil, tnt caah varwarjt wnrfal.

Nlfar fa zofal oejncstgd vol jrugf

om`tgda pholtal, bavglfal zgm` avalaals

aljaha snnrtal fga varzocahf warfal nc

dadatal ta wnrfal. Uol cahdolzavnat

(Màlnpnfguc ohbuc H.), fa fugzalf-

jlnnpsnnrtal ([nhydnluc spamgas) al fa

wghfa dgarstsnnrtal (bgivnnrbaahf Fgdgtorgo

al Am`glnm`hno) gs bajalf fot zgi, ohtòls

gl fa Cgffahaauwal, tnt drgascaah al drnva

bhnac warfal varcohal (Facbglsjo ?745,

p. 70). Fugzalfjlnpal woral nnj aal

`nnefbastolffaah vol fa hootsta coohtgif

vol fa calsal fga ta Vnhhulf, Bnrracnsa

al Droubohha ohs vaalhgij zgil tarudda

vnlfal. Fa hootsta twaa òffal bnvalfgal

vaah spurrga (]parduho orvalsgs H.) al smò-

pazurgld (Rucax omatnsahho H.) dadatal.

Aal olfar vnnrbaahf vol aal vnafsahrast

woorgl faza snnrtal vnnrjncal, gs favarbrolfa gl`nuf vol aal pntia ugt fa

výýr-Rncaglsa Gizartgif, davnlfal ta

Dnrfgld, Falacorjal (@ahboaj ?716).

@at gs npvohhalf, fot `garcaa tavals

fga pholtal dalnacf zgil fga cat fa

`nndsta eraqualtga gl àt vugh vnnrjncal.

Fa fugzalfjlnpal [nhydnluc mnlvnh-

vuhus H. al [. `yfrnpgpar H. jncal gl ohha

ladal Gizartgif cnlstars vnnr. Om`tcooh

zgil cahdolzavnat, dhof vgldardros (Fgdgtorgo gsmòacuc (]m`rab.) Cø`halb., aal

dgarst) al spurrga ooldatrneeal. Foorlo

vnhdal cat zavalcooh fa fugzalfjlnnp

([nhydnluc hopot`genhguc H.) al fa

smòpazurgld. Jallahgij òffal faza snnr

tal aal drnta jols nc cat vuur gl ool

rojgld ta jncal. Tgi wghhal suddararal,

fot fgt gl fa jaujal dabaurfa, avaltuaah




tgifals àt rnnstaral znohs fot bgi agjahs

zajar àt davoh zoh zgil dawaast. Gl fgt

varbolf wnrft [hglgus vooj ooldaòohf,

ncfot `gi àt vnafsah vol fa dawnla Drgajsa al Rncaglsa bnar basm`rgiet ohs aal pop

vol drolal al zofal, fga tazocal da

rnnstarf, dacohal al dajnnjt warfal

([`lgus ]., @gstnrgo Loturohgs Hgbar PUGGG,

4=). @at atal vol fa calsal ugt fa Lnnrf-

wastaurnpasa Gizartgif znu np aal snnrtda

hgija wgiza baragf jullal zgil. @ahboaj

carjt avalwah np, fot àt rnnstaral vol fa

zofal vnnr fa Lnnrfwastaurnpasa dasm`ga

falgs daal bawazal zooj gs. Fa zofal ugt

àt cood-forcjolooh vol fa vaalhgijal

vartnnlfal talcglsta daal spnnr vol

varbrolfgld (@ahboaj ?71;). Toornc fa

zofal vol vnafsahdawossal, dajwaajt ne

lgat dajwaajt, varjnnhf roojtal, gs lnd

daal ugtdacoojta zooj. @at gs trnuwals

ioccar, fot fa vnlfst vol ugtshugtalf

spurrga lgat dafotaarf gs. Fa jhncp oolaal-

dajnnhfa zofal, znlfar zolf artussal, gs

aal oolwgizgld, fot spurrga nngt oport

varzocahf al bawoorf warf.Tollaar wgi npcarjal, fot ohha phol

talsnnrtal fga zavalcooh ne caar gl fa

nlfarznm`ta jughal vnnrjncal, ohhacooh

vnnr calsahgija mnlsucptga varzocahfa

pholtal zgil, wgh fgt lgat zaddal, fot zgm`

nlfar fa rastal, fga cglfar eraqualt vnnr

jncal, dççl aatbora al dadatal pholtal

bavglfal. Valshntta jncal fa rastal vol

snccgda muhtuurdawossal ýýj lgat zn vooj

vnnr. Ygi cnatal am`tar, zajar vnnr àtdrnntsta faah, tnm` darajalf wnrfal tnt

fa farfa al vgarfa mncpnlalt vol àt var

jnnhfa vugh.

Fa farfa mncpnlalt bastoot ugt snnrtal

vol npal al frnda tarraglal. @garnlfar

vohhal znwah fa pholtal vol àt are al àt

lafarzattgldstarragl zahe ohs fa ojjarnl

jrugfal. Ygi zgil lgat ohtgif dnaf ta smàg

fal. Unnrbaahfal zgil fa cahfa (Otrgphax

òstoto H. ne O. potugo H.), fa zworta

lom`tsmòfa (]nholuc lgdruc H.), fa

jhoprnns ([opovar fubguc H. ne [. r`naosH.) al fa aaliorgda òrfbhnac (]mharoltùs

olluus H.). Ygi jullal avaltuaah varjnnhf

zgil daroojt bgi àt varbrolfal vol joe,

nljrugf ne olfar odrorgsm` oevoh.

Fa vgarfa mncpnlalt gs oejncstgd vol

vnm`tgda tnt lotta drosholfal al wotar

joltal. Va lnacal zgil fa scohbhofgda

waadbraa ([holtodn holmanhoto H.), àt

fnffadros ([`hauc spam), fa twaa bgazal

(]mgrpus satomaus H. al ]. syhvotgmus H.) al

fa wotarbgas (Ahanmòrgs pohustrgs (H.) R.

at ]m`.). Fa nnrsprnljahgija stolfphootsal

vol faza snnrtal zgil nldatwgieahf gl fa

baajfohal ta znajal. Fa pholtal zgil

cndahgij cat `nng ne strnngsah fa lafar

zattgld bgllaldabrom`t.

Qgtaroorf zgil ar snnrtal, fga lgat var da

lnad dafatarcglaarf jnlfal wnrfal nc

gldafaahf ta wnrfal. Nc faza rafal zgil

gl tobah ? fa farfa al vgarfa mncpnlalt

lgat dasmàgfal. Fatoghs nvar aljaha snnrtal zgil ta vglfal gl fa oppalfgx.

]ocalvottalf jol dazadf wnrfal, fot

wgi gl àt varjnnhfa vugh fa spnral faljal

tarud ta zgal vol caar fol ççl omtgvgtagt

al pholtal vol caar fol ççl àrjncst.

Fa vrum`tal al zofal ugt fa Cgffal-Brnlstgif

Jugh F 222 ugt fa Cgffal-Brnlstgif bavot

gl `nnefzooj bafajta darst (@nrfauc

vuhdora H.). Fa jnrrahs hodal varspragf fnnrfa jugh, coor cnatal tgifals àt varjnhal

np ahjoor dapojt àbbal dazatal. Ygi var

tnlal locahgij glfrujjal vol loburgda

drooljnrrahs. Fa portgi drool gs fus lgat

gl fa jugh coor ahfars varjnnhf. Fnnr fa

varvnrcgldal gs àt nlcndahgij nc cotal

np ta lacal.

Loost fa darst zgil twaa olfara drool-



M.M. Bojahs al R.T.I.C. vol far @oc - Uarjnnhf oevoh 04

snnrtal vartadalwnnrfgdf, ta watal accar

(Vrgtgmuc fgmnmmuc ]m`øbh.) al dgarst

([olgmuc cghgomauc H.). @at doot nc ras

pamtgavahgij vgie al ççl axacphoor. Farda

hgija jhagla bgicaldgldal jullal daîltar

prataarf wnrfal ohs jnrrahs oejncstgd vol

pholtal fga np fa ojjar spnltool npda

sm`ntal woral ugt ugtdavohhal jnrrahs vol

fa oral vol fa vnrgda nndst. Cal zgat

zuhja rastoltal vol vnrgda dawossal wah

vojar gl droolojjars. Ygi wnrfal cat àt

npzattahgij dazoogfa dawos caadanndst.

@at znu batajalal, fot np fa Brnlstgif

ojjar àt ioor foorvnnr accar ne dgarst

varbnuwf wos. Faza gltarpratotga gs gl nlsdavoh am`tar ta spamuhotgae, ncfot fa var

jnnhfa jnrrahs hns dastnrt zgil davnlfal.

Fa accar al dgarst `naval lgat oh sglfs

àt nndstal tussal fa darst dazatal ta

àbbal. Ygi jullal ar hotar bgi dajncal

zgil.

Bafajta darst, accar al dgarst zgil ba

jalfa muhtuurdawossal ugt fa Cgffal-

-Brnlstgif. Fa bafajta darst badglt zgil

npcors iugst gl fçza pargnfa (vol Yagst?750, p. ?17). Unnr dgarst zgil fa @nng-

fnljsmà Ojjars, vnnr znvar dapubhg

maarf, fa twaafa Brnlstgif vglfphoots

ugt Lafarholf. Uol Yagst vnlf àt dawos

aarfar gl Ahp 70, fot mo. ??1; v. M`r.

gs dafotaarf (vol Yagst ?750, p. ?5?).

Bugtal fa drolal zgil rastal vol olfara

pholtal davnlfal. @at zgil aal agjah al

varsm`ghhalfa jrugfal. Fa jrugfal zgil

lgat par faeglgtga ojjarnljrugfal. Ygi

jullal pos gl fa lafarzattgld ne bgi àt

npvuhhal vol fa jugh tussal àt drool da

roojt zgil. Fgt dahft zajar vnnr fa agjah.

Ooldazgal fa ooltohhal wghfa pholtal,

ncdarajalf np aal @tar jughvuhhgld, vol

fazahefa nrfa vol drnntta zgil ohs gl fa

Cgffal-GIzartgif jughal, daval wgi ar fa

vnnrjaur ool nc àl nnj `gar tnt àtlafarzattgldsvugh ta rajalal. @at doot

zahes nc fazahefa snnrtal.

Fa vnlfst vol F 222 jol nls glzgals

daîltarprataarf wnrfal ohs fa nptahsnc

vol aal varbrolf rastia vol aal vnnrroof

darst, woor tnavohhgd aal agjah vol aal

olfara vnnrroof tussal zgt, al olfar

pholtoorfgd oevoh.

Fa vgie agjahs ugt fa twaafa jugh, fga

gl fa Cgffal-Brnlstgif gs dafotaarf, bavastgdt fot fa agjah nnj gl faza pargnfa

ohdacaal varzocahf al balut warf.

]QCCORW

Gl t`gs ortgmha morbnlgzaf wosta, enulf gl

agd`t pgts, gs fgsmussaf. Và pgts wara fud

gltn tà solfy subsngh ne tà satthacaltorao "@nngfnljsmà Ojjars", dac. ]nl

al Braudah, prnv. ne Lnnrf-Brobolt, tà

Latàrholfs, olf tàgr mnltalts wara

socphaf furgld axmovotgnls. ]aval ne tàc

ora sn-mohhaf sghn's. Vày bahnld tn tà

Cgffha Grnl Oda. Cotargoh ernc tà luc-

bars F 04, F 00, olf F 07 dova tà enhhnw-

gld M?6 fotas9 265; ¿ =; B.[. (DrL-72?=),

2=21 ¿ =1 B.[. (DrL-72?6) olf 2211 ¿

11 B.[. (DrL-72?1). Và agd`t` pgt, F 222,

gs lnt o typgmoh sghn olf fotas ernc tàCgffha Brnlza Oda. hts mnltalts ora ossn-

mgotaf wgt` tà @ghvarsuc Muhtura.

Và Grnl Oda pgts ravaohaf tà prasalma

ne ot haost saval muhtgvotaf pholts (tobha ?,

tà lucbars 04-?, 04-2 olf 04-= raear tn

hoyars gl tà eghh ne pgt 04). Và arnp

pholts ora @nrfauc vuhdora, Vrgtgmuc

fgmnmmuc, Vrgtgmuc spahto, [olgmuc cghgo-



Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG

mauc, [gsuc sotgvuc, Hgluc usgtotgssgcuc

olf Mocahglo sotgvo. Và spamgcals ne spaht

olf pao ora tà aoràst nlas enulf gl tà

Latàrholfs up tghh lnw. Và pholt racoglsora tnn eaw olf tnn fgsparsaf gl tà solfy

eghh tn ba mnlsgfaraf os rasts ne mrnps

stnraf gl tà sghn's. Vày cust bahnld tn

tà nrfglory morbnlgzaf wosta tòt saacs

tn òva nrgdglotaf gl ohcnst avary pra

`gstnrga odrgmuhturoh satthacalt. Gt holfaf

glfapalfalt ernc tà ntàr jglfs ne wosta

gl tà pgts. Gl tà cotargoh ernc tà @nng-

fnljsmà Ojjars axmovotgnls ln mnrraho-

tgnl mnuhf ba enulf batwaal sàrfs nr

burlaf foub nl tà nla òlf olf morbnlgzaf erugt olf saaf racogls nl tà ntàr.

Và erugts olf saafs bahnld tn enur

motadnrgas ne pholts. Và egrst gs tà `st ne

muhtgvotaf pholts ohraofy caltgnlaf. Và

samnlf motadnry mncprgsas tà spamgas

mnhhamtaf by col gl tà wghf. Laxt tn nb-

vgnus mnhhamtaf erugts os ahfarbarrgas, òzah-

luts olf omnrls tàra ora spamgas jlnwl

ernc Grnl Oda caohs. Vày nmmur wgt` `gd`

eraqualmy. Vn tà t`grf motadnry bahnldtà egahf waafs olf rufarohs sum` os [o

povar, ]nholuc lgdruc olf ]mharoltùs

olluus. Và enurt` olf host nla mncprgsas

pholts ernc caofnws olf watholfs, [holto-

dn holmanhoto, olf ]mgrpus spamgas enr gl-

stolma. Bamousa snca fgeegmuhty gs cat gl

ossgdlgld avary àrb tn motadnry t`raa nrenur, tà twn òva baal mncbglaf gl tobha

?. Gt gs mhaor tòt tà enur motadnrgas mollnt

òva baal morbnlgzaf gl nla olf tà soca

avalt. Và egrst twn cgd`t òva baal gl

mnltomt wgt` egra furgld tà praporotgnl

ne caohs. Và t`grf gs paròps tà burlt

racoglfar ne wosta ernc egahfs nr dorfals.

Và enurt` cgd`t òva òf gts nrgdgl gl òy,

baffgld cotargoh nr tòtm`.

Và Cgffha Brnlza Oda pgt F 222 mnl-

toglaf coglhy @nrfauc vuhdora. Và drogls

wara enulf fgsparsaf gl tà solfy eghh

but cust òva baal tgd`thy pomjaf furgld

morbnlgzotgnl, os ohh drogls s`nw gcpras-

sgnls ne lagd`bnurs. Morbnlgzotgnl cust

tàraenra òva tojal phoma ahsawàra.

Và falsgty ne tà waafs (wghfa pholtal /

fc\ gl tobha ?) gs ne tà soca nrfar ne

codlgtufa os gl tà Grnl Oda pgts. Enr tòt

raosnl tày fn lnt lamassorghy raprasalt

tà waaf ehnro gl tà borhay egahfs. Tamnlsgfar tàc os glfapalfalt wosta, mnc-

porobha tn tòt enulf gl tà Cgffha Grnl

Oda fasmrgbaf obnva.

FA]MRG[VGNL NE ]NCA ERQGV] OLF ]AAF]

Vrgtgmuc spahto H. (egd. ?,?)

Nlhy dhuca erodcalts mnuhf ba gfaltgegaf wgt` martoglty.

Vày fgeear ernc t`nsa ne V. fgmnmmuc gl òvgld mnl-

spgmgnus larvas olf o drmotmr wgft`. Và wgft` ne =1spamgcals ernc pgt 6= gs ?,24 (?.; - ?.4) cc. Gltomt

spgjahat bosas wara lnt prasalt.

Fgdgtolo gsmòacuc (]m`rab.) Cgg`halb. (egd. ?,5)

Và morynpsas ora rahotgvahy shalfar. Egva spamgcals

caosurm ?.2 x ;.4 x ;.1 , ?.2 x ;.5 x ;.1, ?.2 x ;.4 x ;.1 ,

?.2 x ;.4 x ;.1 olf ?.? x ;.4 x ;.1 cc. Và H/B glfaxas

ora obnva ?.1 olf bmhnw 2.;. Và smor ne tà smutmhhuc

mnvars hass tòl nla òhe ne tà tntoh haldt`. Ommnrfgld tn

Jlõrzar (?74?) tàsa eaoturas ora mòromtargstgm ne F.

gsmòacuc, cnranvar, tà morbnlgzaf morynpsas ora

gfaltgmoh wgt` ramalt spamgcals ne t`gs spamgas.

[nhydnluc hopot`genhguc H. olf [. parsgmorgo H. (egd. 2,

= olf 6)Tahh prasarvaf twn-sgfaf erugts ne [. parsgmorgo òva tàgr

draotast braoft` gl tà hnwar òhe olf topar tnworfs tà

opax. [. hopot`genhguc erugts ora fgstgldugsàf by o cnra

mgrmuhor nuthgla olf ol obrupt trolsgtgnl ernc bnfy tn

opax. Ge tà erugts ora cnra nr hass fgstnrtaf by morbnlgzo

tgnl tà trolsgtgnl ernc bnfy tn opax gs tà nlhy rahgobha

mrgtargnl. V`gs gs bast saal gl hotaroh vgaw. Lgla spamgcals

ne [. hopot`genhguc ernc pgt 00 caosurm ?.4= (?.1 - 2.?)

P ?.62 (?.? - ?.0) P ;.75 (;.4 - ?.2) cc. V`raa erugts

ne [. parsgmorgo ernc pgt 04-? caosura ?.0 x ?.5 x ?.2,

?.0 P ?.6 P ?.? olf ?.7 P ?.6 P ?.2 cc. g



M.M. Bojahs al R.T.I.C. vol far @oc ~ Uarjnnhf oevoh 07

\g993\ \ \ ,

UJ

Egd. ?. Uarjnnhfa pholtalrastal, cootstnjia ? cc. / Morbnlgzaf pholt racogls, smoha ulgt ? cc.

?. Vrgtgmuc spahto, 2. ]parduho orvalsgs, =. Darolguc pyralogmuc, 6. Dham nco àfaromao, 1. ]mhagoltùs olluus,5. Fgdgtorgo gsmòacuc.




Egd. 2. Uarjnnhfa pholtalras tal, cootstnjia ? cc. / Morbnlgzaf pholt racogls, smoha ulgt ? cc.?. ]mgrpus satomaus, 2. ]mgrpus syhvotgmus, =. [nhydnluc parsgmorgo, 6. [nhydnluc hopot`genhguc.

]parduho orvalsgs H. (egd. ?,2)

Và saafs òva sureomas mnvaraf wgt` scohh worts. Mnl-

saqualthy tàra gs ln quastgnl ne tàc raprasaltgld tà

muhtgvor sotgvo. Val spamgcals ernc pgt 00 caosura ;.7;

(;.0 - ?.?) P ;.06 (;.4 - ;.7) x ;.4? (;.5 - ?.;) cc. Và

saafs ernc tà ulfotaf mnlmaltrotgnl ?62 ora shgd`thy

hordar. Vàgr fgcalsgnls ora ?.?; (?.; - ?.2) x ?.;2

(?.; - ?.?) P ;.07 (;.0 - ?.;) cc. (L 3 ?;).

Darolguc pyralogmuc Burc. e. (egd. ?,=)

Và saafs ora ohcnst myQlfrgmoh wgt` rnulfaf alfs. Và

sureoma gs scnnt`. Nla spamgcal caosuras 2.? x ?.; x

¿?.; cc. Và ntàr gs tnn focodaf enr caosurgld. Nlhy

Darolguc spamgas wgt` scnnt` saafs òva tn ba mnl-

sgfaraf os tà rahotaf Arnfguc mgmutorguc olf A. dhutg-

lnsuc òva hnldar saafs. Và saafs ne D. cnhha ora tnn

scohh. Và racoglgld spamgas, D. pyralogmuc olf D.



M.M. Bohmahs al R.T.I.C. vol far @oc - Uarjnnhf oevoh 7?

rnbart goluc, fgeemr ernc aom` ntà r gl nuth gla. Và hottar

gs rahotgvahy s`nrtar olf phucpar. Cnranvmr gl D. rnbar

tgoluc tà alf laor tà `ghuc gs vary cum` rnulfaf

w`gha tà alf ne D. pyralogmuc òs o talfalmy tn ba

pngltaf. V`mra gs o dnnf odraacalt batwaal tà ramaltsaafs ne D. pyralogmuc olf tà morbnlgzaf spamgcals.

Và Gfaltgegmotgnl pnsas o prnbhac. Causah at oh.

(?740) radorf tà pholt os o lanp`yt. Ge nur gfaltgegmo

tgnl gs rgd`t tà pholt òs o cum` nhfar `gstnry gl tà

Latàrholfs tòl wos pravgnushy t`nud`t. Và morbnlgzaf

spamgcals cgd`t raprasalt o typa ne Arnfguc mgmutorguc

wgt` s`nrt saafs, but sum` vorgatgas ora uljlnwl tn us.

but Dham`nco gs cnra shalfar.

]mgrpus satomaus H. olf ]. syhvotgmus H. (egd. 2,? olf 2)

Và ]mgrpus satomaus erugts ernc pgt 2?= ora vary sgcghor.

Val spamgcals caosura ;.40 (;.4 - ;.0) x ;.50 (;.5 - ;.4)P ;.1; cc. Vàgr sureoma baors o vary mòromtargstgm

pottarl ne hnldgtufgloh rgfdas olf trolsvarsa strgotgnls.

Vgga ]mgrpus erugt ernc pgt 04 gs nl tà mnltrory scnnt`

olf cust bahnld tn olntàr spamgas. Gt gs t`raa-sgfaf wgt`

tà fgcalsgnls ?.; x ;.0 x ;.6 cc. Ge wa mnlsgfar tà

glfgdglnus spamgas t`gs mncbglotgnl ne mòromtargstgms

nmmurs gl ]. syhvotgmus nlhy.

Dham`nco àfaromao H. (egd. ?,6)

Và fglgalsgnls ne t`gs Hobgotoa erugt ora 2.; x ?.2 x ?.;

cc. Gt gs mòromtargzaf by ol nvota nuthgla, o fncaf

fnrsoh sgfa olf o valtroh sgfa tòt gs rnne-sòpaf ot tà

hnwar alf. Vàra gs snca rasacbholma tn ]tom`ys spamgas

]mharoltùs olluus H. (egd. ?,1)

Và gfaltgegmotgnl ne tà spamgas fapalfs upnl tà

gltarpratotgnl ne tà racoglgld sapoh bosas. @ara tày ora

mnlsgfaraf tn ba fgvardalt àlma tà loca ]. olluus.

HGVAROVQQR

Bojahs, M.M. (?747), Hglaorbolfjarocgsmà Erøm`ta ulf

]ocal ous fal Lgafarholfal, Ormòan-[`ysgjo 0, ].

?-?;.

Brnaja, [.T. vol fal (?70;), Bawnlgldsspnral ugt fa

Gizartgif al olfara pargnfal np fa @nngfnljsmà

Ojjars, dac. ]nl al Braudah, prnv. Lnnrf-Brobolt,

Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG, p. 4-0;.

Buurcol, I. & I.[. [ogs (?746), ]nca Racorjs nl [ra

`gstnrga Ehox gl tà Latàrholfs, Bargm`tal vol fa

Rgijsfgalst vnnr àt Nufàgfjulfgd Bnfacnlfarznaj26. p. ?;4-???.

Facbglsjo, C. (?745), Tghf mnrl pholts dotàraf gl tà

7t` - ?=t` malturgms gl tà hgd`t ne pohanbntolgmoh

cotargohs, Enhgo _uotacorgo 64, p. 74-?;= .

@ahboaj, @. (?71;), Vnhhulf-Colfals ]gfsta Coohtgf,

Oorb6dar enr lnrfgsj Nhfjylfgdàf nd @gstnrga

?71;, p. =??-=6?.

@ahboaj, @. (?716), [ra`gstnrga Ennf [holts olf Taafs

gl Falcorj, Folcorjs Danhndgsja Qlfars\dahsa GG

rj. 0;, p. 21;-25;.

Jlõrzar, J.-@. (?74?), Agsalzagthgmà [eholzaleulfa gc

R`mgl`lç, Bnllar Io`rbømàr ?4?, ]. 6;-10.

Causah, @., A. Iodar & A. Taglart (?740), Uardhagmàlfa

M`nrnhndga far zaltrohaurnpogsmàl Ehnro 2.

[hglgus ]., @gstnrgo Loturohgs Agbar PUGGG, Aldhgs` Vrolshotgnl by @. Romjòc (?71;), Hnlfnl.

Yagst, T. vol (?750), [ra`gstnrga olf Aorhy @gstnrga Ennf

[holts gl Và Latàrholfs, [ohoan`gstnrgo PGU, p. 6? -

?4=.





FGOVNCAAALOLOHW]A UOL AAL OOLVOH OORFATARJ]M@ARUAL

QGV ALJAHA JQGHAL N[ FA @NNGFNLJ]M@A OJJAR],

DAC. ]NL AL BRAQDAH, [RNU. LNNRF-BROBOLV

C.I. IOL]CO

Glhagfgld

Npzat vol àt nlfarznaj wos nc cat ba

ùhp vol fgotncaaêlolohysa vol aal ladal

toh oorfawarjsmàrval lo ta dool, ne oorfa

warj, woortna faza smàrval ba`nral, fota

ralf ugt fa Gizartgif al davnlfal np fa

@nngfnljsmà Ojjars, jol zgil daîcpnr

taarf ugt àt justdabgaf. Bapoohfa varcnafals `garnctralt woral wah darazal, coor

cndahgij znu aal nlfarznaj np fgotncaaêl

`garnvar caar zajaràgf jullal varsmòe-

eal.

Fa nlfarznm`ta smàrval zgil oejncstgd

ugt fa jughal F 04, F 00 al F 2?1, tarwgih

tavals raafs aal nlfarsmàgf jnl wnrfal

dacoojt gl smàrval znlfar spnral vol

pholtoorfgd varsm`rohgldscotargooh (fa luc

cars G.[.[.]. 47-0 t/c -?2, drnap O) al

smàrval càt spnral vol pholtoorfgd var

sm`rohgldscotargooh (fa luccars G.[.[.].

47-?= t/c-?5, drnap B).

Cat`nfgaj

Gl àt ohdacaal bhajal fa nlfarznm`ta

smàrval rgij ool fgotncaaêl ta zgil, `na

wah vooj dabrnjal. Dahat np fa prnbhaac-

stah`ld warf bgi ohha smàrval vnhstool cat

aal jwohgtotgava olohysa, woorbgi par smàre

àt ooltoh snnrtal warf datahf, am`tar catvarcahfgld vol avaltuaah fncglolta snnr

tal. Uol àt tntoha ooltoh snnrtal warf

vnnr ahja smàre aal Corgal-Broj-Ynat-var-

`nufgld npdastahf (`garnlfar oedajnrt tnt

C-B-Y-var`nufgld), ugtdafrujt gl parmal

todas.

Var varfugfahgijgld vol fa wgiza, woornp

faza C-B-Y-var`nufgld warf barajalf.

cnda àt vnhdalfa vnnrbaahf fgalal. Aal

smàre daaet fa vnhdalfa snnrtalsocalstah

hgld ta zgal9

Corgal ?

Corgal-broj ' ?

Broj-corgal 2

Broj 2

Broj-znat 2

Ynat-broj 0

Ynat i6

Vntooh 2;

Dool wgi ar varfar vol ugt fot 'corgal-broj'

batajalt9 caar corgal fol broj, woorbgi

'corgal' fa prgcogra al 'broj' fa samulfogra

eomtnr gs, fot avalzn 'broj-corgal' batajalt9

caar broj fol corgal, al fot àtzahefa

dahft vnnr fa snnrtal, dahadal tussal 'broj'al 'znat', oeòljahgij vol fa znuttnharoltga

vol fa batrnjjal snnrtal, fol jnct fa ba

rajalgld vol fa C-B-Y-var`nufgld ohfus tnt

stolf9 fa eomtnr 'corgal' bgi fa corgala

snnrt gl nls vnnrbaahf wnrft varcalgdvuh

fgdf cat =, bgi fa corgal-brojja snnrt

wnrft fa eomtnr 'corgal' varcalgdvuhfgdf

cat 2 al fa eomtnr 'broj' cat ?, alz. Ta

jrgidal fol fa vnhdalfa tntoha woorfa vnnr

'corgal'9 (= x ?) + (2 x ?) + (? x 2) 3 4.Avalzn jrgidt fa brojja eomtnr fa woorfa

2= al fa znata eomtnr fa woorfa =;, tntooh

5;. Ncdarajalf gl àha parmaltodas daaet

fgt aal C-B-Y-var`nufgld vol ?29=091;.

Unnr starj auryòhgala snnrtal, fus snnr

tal, wahja aal starja oewgssa`ld vol àt

znutdaòhta vol àt wotar, woorgl za haval,

dnaf jullal varfrodal, cnda faza cat`n-





fa waglgd zglvnh zgil, coor vnnr cglfar

starja auryòàla, glfgeearalta al stalnò-

hgala snnrtal, vnnr znvar dahadal tussal

'corgal' al 'broj' alarzgifs al 'broj' al'znat' olfarzgifs, gs àt tnm` vol bahold nc

nnj fa samulfogra cghgaueomtnr gl fa bara

jalgld vol fa C-B-Y-var`nufgld ta batraj

jal. Ooldazgal wgi àbbal ta cojal cat

enssgaha snnrtal wahja bnvalfgal `nnefzo

jahgij dabrnjal zgil, jullal faza daal gl

enrcotga daval nctralt àt cghgau tar phoot

sa vol fa safgcaltotga, coor wah daaet fa

C-B-Y-var`nufgld glenrcotga nctralt àt

znutdaòhta vol àt tar phootsa ooldavnarfawotar. Qgtaroorf fgalt foorbgi àt vnnrjn

cal vol cndahgij fncglolta snnrtal lgat

ugt àt nnd ta wnrfal varhnral.

Corgal 2Corgal-Broj ?Ynat-Broj 7

Ynat ?Vntooh ?=

C-B-Y-var`nufgld9 2;925916

Fa fgotncaaêlgl`nuf vol faza smàre var

sm`ght waglgd cat fga vol fa vnrgda.

]màre G.[.[.]. 47-?; (ugt jugh F 00)

Ooltoh snnrtal9

Corgal 2

Broj ?Ynat-Broj ?4

Ynat 5Vntooh 25

Jnrta basm`rgivgld par cnlstar

]màre G.[.[.]. 47-0 (ugt jugh F 2?1)

Ooltoh snnrtal9

Corgal 6Corgal-Broj ?Broj-Corgal ?Broj ?Ynat-Broj 6Ynat =Vntooh ?6

C-B-Y-var`nufgld9 =592696;

Fncglolt gs fa gl znat al stghstoolf wotar

vnnrjncalfa snnrt Dncp`nlaco oldusto

tuc. Aljaha olfara snnrtal daval oolwgi

zgldal vnnr aal safgcaltotga vol fa jhag,

woorvol faza smàre gs dabojjal, gl aalcgl ne caar bosgsm` cghgau. @garloost jn

cal aljaha corgala snnrtal vnnr, am`tar

cat sham`ts waglgd axacphoral.

]màre G.[.[.]. 47-7 (ugt jugh F 2?1)

Faza smàre bhaaj tnt fazahefa pnt ta ba`n

ral ohs smàre G.[.[.]. 47-0. @at ooltoh snnr

tal hugft ohs vnhdt9

C-B-Y-var`nufgld9 0921954

Fncglolt zgil fa bagfa znatwotarsnnrtal

Erodghorgo mnlstruals al Dncp`nlaco ol

dustotuc. @garfnnr wnrft àt ommalt, fot

raafs gs dahadal np aal oezattgld vol fa jhag

gl faza smàre gl aal znatwotarcghgau, lnd

caar varstarjt. Uarfar jncal wafarnc al

jaha corgala snnrtal cat sham`ts waglgd

axacphoral vnnr.

]màre G.[.[.]. 47-?? (ugt jugh F 00)

Ooltoh snnrtal9

Corgal ?Broj ?

Broj-Ynat ?

Ynat-Broj 26

Ynat 7Vntooh =5

C-B-Y-var`nufgld9 =92494;

Fncglolt zgil nnj gl faza smàre waar fa

snnrtal Erodghorgo mnlstruals al Dncp`n

laco oldustotuc. Foorloost jnct waar

aal jhagl ooltoh corgala snnrtal cat wag

lgd axacphoral vnnr.



C.I. Iolsco - Fgotncaaêlolohysa 71

]màre G.[.[.]. 47-?2 (ugt jugh F 04)

Ooltoh snnrtal9

Corgal ?

Ynat-Broj ?1Ynat ^1^

Vntooh 2?

C-B-Y-var`nufgld9 192694?

Gl tadalstahhgld tnt fa vgar vnrgda smàrval

bavot faza smàre vrgi waglgd fgotncaaêl.

Daal vol fa davnlfal snnrtal vartnnlt aal

fugfahgija fncgloltga. Fa jhag vol faza

smàre wos am`tar starjar ùcaus fol fga

vol fa nvargda smàrval.

]màre G.[.[.]. 47-?= (ugt jugh F 00)

Ooltoh snnrtal9

Corgal ?6

Corgal-Broj 4

Broj 6

Broj-Ynat ?

Ynat-Broj 5

Ynat ' ^HVntooh == .

C-B-Y-var`nufgld9 149249?5

Uol fa corgala snnrtal fncglaral Cahn-

sgro suhmoto, C. Tastgg al [nfnsgro stahhgdar,

tarwgih vol fa brojja snnrtal Mymhntahho

strgoto àt caast vnnrjnct. Fa gl znat wo

tar havalfa snnrtal zgil gl àt ohdacaal

sham`ts cat ? axacphoor par snnrt vartadal

wnnrfgdf.

C-B-Y-var`nufgld9 1;9=?9?7

Gl àt ohdacaal bavot faza smàre gats caar

axacphoral fol fa vnrgda, coor fa snnrtal

zgil nldavaar fazahefa. Loost fncgloltgavol fa snnrtal, dalnacf bgi fa vnrgda smàre,

jncal gl faza smàrval fa corgal-brojja

snnrtal Ròp`nlags ocp`gmarns al R. surg-

rahho nnj tocahgij vaah vnnr. Fa znatwotar

snnrtal zgil wafarnc dargld gl ooltoh axac

phoral oolwazgd.

]màre G.[.[.]. 47-?1 (ugt jugh F 04)

Ooltoh snnrtal9

Corgal ?5

Corgal-Broj 4

Broj 6

Broj-Ynat \ 2

Ynat-Broj 7\

Vntooh =0

C-B-Y-var`nufgld9 169209?0

Fa fgotncaaêlgl`nuf vol faza smàre gs gl

drnta hgilal dahgij cat fga vol fa vnrgda.

]màre G.[.[.]. 47-?5 (ugt jugh F 00)Ooltoh snnrtal9

Corgal ?=Corgal-Broj 5Broj-Corgal ?Broj 6Broj-Ynat ?Ynat-Broj =

Vntooh 20

]màre G.[.[.]. 47-?6 (ugt jugh F 2?1)Ooltoh snnrtal9

Corgal ?6Corgal-Broj 4

Broj-Corgal =

Broj 6

Broj-Ynat ?

Ynat-Broj 7

Ynat ?

Vntooh =7

C-B-Y-var`nufgld9 529=;90Nnj vol faza smàre wgijt fa fgotncaaêlgl

`nuf waglgd oe vol fa frga vnrgda.

Var ghhustrotga vol fa rasuhtotal vol àt nl

farznaj zgil \ talaglfa bagfa drnapal

smàrval batar nlfarhgld ta jullal vardahgi

jal ‖ fa C-B-Y-var`nufgldal vnnr ahja

smàre waardadaval gl egd. ?, cat varcahfgld

vol àt tntoha ooltoh snnrtal par smàre.




G[[ ].47-0

47-7

47-?;

47-?2

47-?=

Drnap O

47-?5

Drnap B

25

=5

==

=7

=0

20

broj

Egd. ?. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. [armaltuaha varfahgld vol

fgotncaaêlsnnrtal gl aljaha pntsmàrval.

Obb. ?. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. [rnzaltuohvartaghuld vnl

Fgotncaalortal gl aglgdal Daeoegsmàrbal.

Mnlmhusga

Qgt àt nlfarznaj bhgijt, fot fa smàrval

vol drnap O jhag bavottal wahja gs oedazat

gl znat wotar, tarwgih fa smàrval vol drnap

B zgil dabojjal vol jhag wahja gl zaawotar

ne justwotar gs dasafgcaltaarf. Fa caast

vnnr fa òlf hgddalfa varjhorgld vnnr àt

vnnrjncal vol corgala al corgal-brojja

fgotncaaêl gl àt oorfawarj vol drnap O

gs, fot oorfawarj vol drnap O warf varsm`roohf cat (n.o.) pntdrugs vol oorfa

warj vol drnap B. Fa znatwotarfgotncaaêl

gl fa smàrval vol drnap B zgil woorsm`gil

hgij cat fa drnta rgvgaral caadavnarf loor

àt justdabgaf al foor socal cat fa corga

la al corgal-brojja fgotncaaêl dasafg

caltaarf. @at eagt, fot fa caasta snnrtal

gl bagfa drnapal vol smàrval `nnefzoja

hgij cat dabrnjal axacphoral vnnrjncal,

jol batajalal, fot znwah bgi fa safgcalto

tga vol fa znatwotarjhag ohs vol fa znutwo-tarjhag trolspnrt vol fgotncaaêl výýr fa

safgcaltotga woorsm`gilhgij gs dawaast. Gl

àt davoh vol fa smàrval vol drnap O znu

fa Fnccah `garvnnr varoltwnnrfahgij jul

lal zgil, gl àt davoh vol drnap B fa brol

fgld al fa datgifastrncal. @at gs woor

sm`gilhgijar fot àt oorfawarj vol drnap B

gl àt justdabgaf warf dacoojt fol fot

jhag ugt àt justdabgaf datrolspnrtaarf

warf loor fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Aalvrood bhgiet avalwah ugt wahj faah vol àt

justdabgaf fgt oorfawarj fol jol zgil daîc

pnrtaarf. Aal oltwnnrf `garnp gs cnaghgij

ta daval, ncfot ohha corgala al corgal-

brojja snnrtal gl znvarra jnscnpnhgtgsm`

zgil, fot za holds àt daàha justdabgaf vol

fa Lnnrfzaa vaahvuhfgd vnnrjncal.

YQ]OCCALEO]]QLD

]màrbal vnl zwag Jarocgjdruppal (O ulf

B), fotgart gl fga Agsalzagt, wurfal oue g`ral

Fgotncaalglòht `gl ultarsum`t (Olzo`h

Ortal prn ]màrba). As stahhta sgm` àrous,

foeg far Vnl vnl Jarocgjdruppa O gl aglac

]øegwossarcghgau obdahodart wor, wo`ralf

far Vnl vnl Jarocgjdruppa B gl aglal

]ohzwossarcgàu obdahodart wor. Gl Olba-

trom`t far Eulfucstolfa cueg fga ]m`hueg-

enhdaruld houtal, foeg fga Jarocgj vnl

Druppa O ol Nrt ulf ]tahha àrdastahht sagl

cueg, wo`ralf fga Jarocgj vnl Druppa B

ous fac Jøstaldabgat gcpnrtgart wnrfal

gst.



FGARHGIJ ]JAHAVCOVARGOOH UOL FA @NNGFNLJ]M@A OJJAR]

DAC. ]NL AL BRAQDAH, [RNU. LNNRF-BROBOLV

[.I.O. UOL CAL]M@

@at ugt jughal al poohjughal varzocahfa

bntcotargooh vol fa @nngfnljsmà Ojjars

gs np fgarsnnrt dafatarcglaarf. Cat ugtznl

fargld vol àt gl fa Rncaglsa tgif ta fota

ral cotargooh cat fa vnlfstluccars B 1\

al A 5 al àt lgat ta fotaral cotargooh ugt

poohjugh F 22=, batraet àt staafs vnlfstal

cat aal fotargld gl fa Gizartgif. @at bnt

cotargooh gs nvar àt ohdacaal starj daerod

caltaarf al fnnr fa zolfgda bnfac starj

nltjohjt. Ohhaal vnlfstluccar B ?0 bavot

aal loor var`nufgld drnnt ooltoh bnttal gl

Vobah ?. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Fatarcglotga vol sjahatfahal par vnlfstluccar.

l r . g l f a t . r u lf s m ` o o p / d a g t vorjal

B 2

B

B

=

1\

B 5

B ?2

B 22

M 1

M 71

M 74

F 04

F 00

F 07/7;

F 2?=

F 2?1

F 2?4F 22=F 226

F 225F 2=1F 200F 277A ?A =

A 1

A 5

+ faltas - -+ - - -+ faltas - -- faltas -+ smàfah

tlolfgbuho

faltas

catopnfguc

- catotorsus - -+ faltas - faltas

- faltas - -- ùcarus -- - - colfgbuho

-faltas

- -+ faltas - -smàfah

colfgbuho

faltas

+ rgb smàfah smàfah

catomorpus colfgbuho faltas

faltas rofgus

tgbgo

X egbuho

catopnfguc

+ faltas . , ' - -- colfgbuho - -- faltas - -

- - rofgus + uhlo -+ - colfgbuho -- - - faltas

- faltas - -- faltas . -- `nnrlpgt faltas -

faltas

- faltas - -- faltas - -

Olohamto PGGG, G]BL 7;-5;2?60=-0

©?70?, Hagfal Qlgvarsgty [gass, prgltaf gl tà Latàrholfs




aal dnafa mnlsarvargldstnastolf.

@at drnntsta faah vol àt nlfarznm`ta

cotargooh bastnlf ugt jhagla erodcaltal fga

lgat np fgarsnnrt fatarcglaarboor woral.

]tarj daerodcaltaarf, coor fugfahgij àr

jalboor woral erodcaltal vol jgazal. Fa

caasta `garvol zgil oejncstgd vol rulfaral,

aljaha vol smòpal al/ne dagtal al vol vor

jals. Fa àrjalbora nargda bnterodcaltal

woral avalaals oejncstgd vol rulf (vaah),

smòop al/ne dagt (waglgd) al vorjal (wag

lgd). Dazgal fa starja erodcaltotga wos àt

waglgd zglvnh fa nlfar`lda var`nufgld tus

sal fa varsm`ghhalfa fgarsnnrtal ta jwoltg

egmaral. Fa caasta fatarcglotgarasuhtotalzgil varwarjt gl tobah ?.

Unlfstluccar B ?0 bavotta rahotgae vaah

al dnaf ta fatarcglaral cotargooh. Gl tobah

Vobah 2. @nngfnljsmà Ojjars. Fatarcglotga vol sjahat

fahal ugt vnlfstluccar B ?0.

rulf smòop/dagt vorjal

smàfah

`yngafcolfgbuho

faltas

marvgmoha

warvahs

t`nromoha

warvahs

hucboha

warvahs

somruc

fgvarsa

warvahs

ùcarus

uhlo

eacurpotahho

tgbgo

ehbuho

maltrn-

torsoha

catotorsus

pòholx GGG

tntooh

?

??

==

?

2

?

(?)

(?)

=

?

?

?

?

?7

2 gs àt np-snnrt-fatarcglaarbora cotargooh

foorugt ooldadaval. @at lgat np snnrt fatar-

cglaarbora cotargooh gs lgat dajwoltgeg

maarf.

@at cglgcuc ooltoh glfgvgfual bafroodt

vnnr vnlfstluccar B ?09 rulf ?, smòop/

dagt 2, vorjal ?. Dazgal àt darglda ooltoh

erodcaltal jullal waglgd jnlmhusgas ool

fa davnlfal ooltohhal varbnlfal wnrfal.

Aal jhagl ooltoh erodcaltal bhaaj caat

boor. Uardahgijgld cat olfara npdrovgldal

gs `garfnnr cndahgij.

rulf9

(?) coxghho,

(2) colfgbuho,

(=) colfgbuho,

(6) eacur,

(1) potahho,

(5) pòholx GGG,

smòop/dagt9

(?) colfgbuho,

(2) ùcarus,(=) ùcarus,

(6) tgbgo.

haldta C?-C=

haldta [2-C=

haldta C?-C=

haldta C=

haldta C=

braafta prnx. (dasmòt)

haldta

haldta (dasmòt)

braafta znnh

haldta C=

braafta fgst.braafta fgst.

braafta fgst.

( 4;,4) cc

(?25 )

vorjal9

(?) colfgbuho, haldta C=

(2) coxghhora, haldta C=

(=) uhlo, braafta dawrgm`tsvhoj

0;,1)

=5 )

=2,7

01 )

1;,4)

52 )

?0,;

25,?

21,?=;,?

22,2

=1,1)

27,?

?7,;

Fa davnlfal oecatgldal warfal vardahajal

cat fga wahja davnlfal warfal vnnr àt

cotargooh vol fa Fugtsa Gizartgiflafarzattgld ta Colm`gld (Bnasslamj at o`g ?74?)

al àt Rncaglsa mostahhuc bgi Uahsal (Uol

Calsm`, lgat dapubhgmaarf). @at bntcotarg-

ooh vol Uahsal vartnnlt vnnr wot fa oeca

tgldal batraet vrgiwah daal Rncaglsa gl

vhnafal.

Fa oecatgldal vol fa bagfa colfgbuho-



[.I.O. vol Calsm - Fgarhgij sjahatcotargooh 77

erodcaltal vol àt rulf vohhal bgllal fa

vorgotga vol znwah fa nlfarjojal vol Col-

m`gld ohs fga vol Uahsal. @atzahefa dahft

vnnr fa oecatgldal vol fa potahho al fa

pòholx GGG. Ta àbbal gl ]nl al Braudah

varcnafahgij ta cojal cat (vnnr fa GIzar-

tgif) cgffahdrnta fgaral cat aal sm`net

`nndta vol loor smòttgld ??;-??1 mc.

Fa haldta vol fa farfa jgas vol smòop/

dagt gs drntar fol àt coxgcuc wot davnl

fal warf vnnr àt cotargooh vol Colm`gld,

coor voht bgllal fa vorgotga vol àt cotarg

ooh vol Uahsal. Fa davnlfal woorfal vol

fa fgstoha braafta vol fa ùcarus hgddal

bgllal fa vorgotga vol Colm`gld. Fa jhaglsta davnlfal woorfa hgdt balafal àt cglg

cuc vol Uahsal. Fa drnntsta davnlfal

woorfa hgdt gl fa buurt vol àt dacgffahfa

vol Colm`gld al fgm`t bgi àt coxgcuc

vol Uahsal. Fa fgstoha braafta vol fa tgbgo

gs ool fa jhagla jolt. @at batraet `gar smò

pal/dagtal gl fa nrfa vol drnntta vol 5;-51

mc sm`net`nndta.

Fa oecatgldal vol fa vorjalserodcaltal

talshntta zgil vol dacgffahfa drnntta. Fa

sm`net`nndta vol fa dashom`ta vorjals ta

]nl al Braudah zoh rnlf fa 4; mc dahadal

àbbal.

@at darglda ooltoh caatbora erodcaltal

coojt àt nlcndahgij fa hnjoha ùgsfgarpn-

puhotgas gl fatogh ta vardahgijal cat fga holds

fa just vol Lafarholf. Npvohhalfa varsm`gh

hal tussal àt cotargooh vol ]nl al Braudah

al fot vol Uahsal al Colm`gld trafal lgatool àt @m`t. Fa davnlfal woorfal possal

gl àt dhnboha baahf vol fa ùgsfgarpnpuho-

tgas gl Lnnrfwast-Aurnpo dafuralfa fa Gi

zartgif al fa vrnad-Rncaglsa tgif.

YQ]OCCALEO]]QLD

Fos lom` saglar @arjulet fatarcglgarbora

]jahattcotargoh stocct vnc Rglf, vnl]mòe nfar Ygada ulf vnc ]m`wagl. Olfara

Ortal sglf lgm`t daeulfal wnrfal.

Fos Jlnmàlcotargoh gst storj erodcal-

torgsgart. Far ohhdacagla Jnlsarvgaruldszu-

stolf gst sm`ham`t. Lur Eulfluccar B ?0

altòht rahotgv vgah ulf dut fatarcglgarboras

Cotargoh. Fga Cglfastzo`h ol Glfgvgfual ba-trodt eør fgasa Eulfluccar9 Rglf ?, ]mòe/

Ygada 2, ]m`wagl ?. Agla jhagla Olzo`h vnl

Erodcaltal arwgas sgm ohs caegbor. Fga

Drõega stgcct cgt fac Cotargoh vnl Col

m`gld øbaragl.

HGVAROVQQR

Bnmsslmmj, I. at ohgg (?74?), Fga Vgarjlnmàleulfa ousfac Nppgfuc vnl Colm`gld, Tgasbofal.





AAL RGIJ DAUQHFA JQGH CAV LAFARYAVVGLD]COVARGOOH QGV

FA GIYARVGIF, DAUNLFAL VA DAHAAL, [RNU. HGCBQRD

[T. UOL FAL BRNAJA

Bgi warjzoocàfal vnnr fa lgauwbnuwwgij @oassahfarvahf-Tast gl Dahaal, warf gl ?744

aal zaar drnta jugh ooldaslafal cat caralfaahs lafarzattgldscotargooh ugt fa Urnada GIzar-

tgif. @at oorfawarj jol dnaf vardahajal wnrfal cat fot ugt fa urlalvahfal vol fa Lgafar-

ràglgsmà Drob`ødahjuhtur, woornp lnd vrgiwah ohha jallgs vol fa Urnada Gizartgif gl Yugf-

Lafarholf barust. Aljaha olfara vnlfstal ugt fa jugh fotaral ugt at Lanhgt`gmuc.

GLHAGFGLD

Fa `gar ta baòlfahal jugh vnrct fnnr zgil

rgija gl`nuf ool n.o. oorfawarj ugt fa

Urnada Gizartgif, aal wahjnca oolvuh`ldnp àt lnd sham`t bajalfa lafarzattgldsco

targooh vol fa Lgafarràglgsmà Drob`ødah

juhtur. Fa bafnahfa jugh warf gl oudustus

?744 woordalncal nlfar fa ùgfgda stroot

cat fa looc ']hugsbaaj', gl aal rgnnhshaue

wahja dadroval warf vnnr fa lgauwbnuw

wgij @oassahfarvahf-Tast, gl àt LN-faah

vol Dahaal. Fa mnõrfglotal fga bgi fa jugh

`nral, zgil ?05.71/==?.74, ta vglfal np

bhof 5; M vol fa Vnpndroegsmà Joort volLafarholf. Holfsmòppahgij dazgal hgdt fa

vglfphoots np àt hõssphotaou tussal fa

Coos al fa Dahaalbaaj, np cglfar fol ?

jc oestolf vol àt hootstdalnacfa strnnc

pia (egd. ?).

Lofot fnnr I.O. ]hugis ugt Dahaal aljaha

vnlfstal woral dabnrdal, warf fa caar

faràgf vol àt cotargooh varzocahf fnnr

A.O. vol Daah (Dahaal), fga nnj aljaha ln

tgtgas al entn's vol fa vnlfstsgtuotga jnlcojal. Baòhva faza jugh (lr. 0) warfal

fnnr varsmàgfala vrgiwghhgdars ugt Dahaal

al ncdavgld np àt bnuwtarragl vnnr fa

lgauwa wgij lnd tgaltohhal olfara pra`gstn

rgsmà drnlfspnral nltfajt, fa caasta ba

`nralf tnt fa Hglaogra Bolfjarocgaj (vdh.

]huys, Urncal & Uol Daah ?740). Jugh 0

Egd. ?. Dahaal-@oassahfarvahf-Tast. Fa hgddgld vol fa

vglfphoots. ?91;.;;;.

Obb. ?. Dahaal-@oassahfarvahf-Tast. Fga Hoda far Eulf-

stahhm. ?91;.;;;.

gs, vnnr znvar bajalf, fa algda jugh cat aalfotargld lo àt Lan@t`gmuc al hgdt np al

jaha tgaltohhal catars oestolf vol olfara

daradgstraarfa jughal.

Fa vnlfstal al glenrcotga vol fa àral

Uol Daah al ]hugis vnrcal àt nlfarwarp

vol àt vnhdalfa faah vol faza varòlfa

hgld' .

Olohamto PGGG, G]BL 7;-5;2?-60=-0

©?70?, Hagfal Qlgvmrsgty [rass, prgltaf gl tà Latàrholfs



?;2 Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG

FA JQGH

Nlfoljs varstnrgldal gl àt vhoj jnl vost

dastahf wnrfal fot jugh 0, dacatal np mgrmo

aal òhva catar nlfar àt coogvahf, nldavaar fa vnrc vol aal 0 daòf cnat àbbal,

cat aal cglgcoha haldta vol mo. 4 c (L-Y)

al aal coxgcoha braafta vol mo. 6 c. Bgi

àt ugtdroval vol fa jugh warfal twaa fnl

jar dajhaurfa fgapa dafaahtas damnlstotaarf,

fga cat ahjoor varbnlfal woral vgo aal

scohhar al nlfgapar dafaahta. Fgt tussalda-

faahta tnnlfa daal fugfahgija varjhaurgld

t.n.v. fa ncdavalfa hnss, coor ar bavnlfal

zgm` `gar wàh smàrval. Aal fworsfnnrslafagl àt lnnrfahgija fgapa dafaahta tnnlfa

aal bgilo rnlfa bnfac, woornp fa fnljar

sta hood ugt fa vuhhgld rustta. Fa jughfgapta

bafrnad `gar caarfara famgcatars. Dazgal

fa gl`nuf cnat àt `gar nc aal jugh cat

lafarzattgldsoevoh dool, coor àt gs lgat

fugfahgij ne nnj fa nnrsprnljahgija eulmtgafga vol oevohjugh wos.

NQFAR UNLF]VCOVARGOOH

Dazgal fa oolwazgdàgf np àtzahefa tar

ragl vol bawnlgldsspnral ugt aal vrnadara

pargnfa fol fa Gizartgif, gs àt nptrafal

vol nufar vnlfstcotargooh gl jugh 0 lgat np

carjahgij. @nawah wa cnatal dgssal loor

fa cndahgijàgf vol vuurstaalbawarjgld

tnt gl fa Gizartgif, cndal wa oollacal fotnp zgil cglst fa caarfaràgf vol àt ool

datrneeal vuurstaalcotargooh gl àt Lanhg-

t`gmuc gs varwarjt. Fa vnhdalfa motadnrgaêl

\\YYYYYYYYP'

Egd. 2. Dahaal-@oassahfarvahf-Tast. Bawarjt vuurstaal. ?9?.

Ob`. 2. Dahaal-@oassahfmrvahf-Tast. Baorbagtatag ]ghax. ?9?.



[.T. vol fal Brn(:j:a -

zgil vartadalwnnrfgdf9

gmarlstugmgmal ?famnrtgmotgaoeshodal 2

praporotga- ne varbatargldsoeshodal 1oeshodal al oeshoderodcaltal, nlda

ratnumàarf =2jhgldal al jhglderodcaltal, nlda

ratnumàarf 1

sphgltars al brnjias =?

daratnumàarfa stujjal9 4

? spgts (dabrnjal: egd. 29 6)

2 aglfjrobbars (egd. 29 2)

? ]pgtzjhglda (egd. 29 ?)

? j`lderodcalt cat zgiratnumà(egd. 29=)? oeshod cat stagha ratnumà (egd. 291)

? oeshod cat `nhha ratnumà

Aal jugh ugt fa Gizartgif ?;=

Fa caarfaràgf vol fa gl tntooh 0= stujjal

vuurstaal gs vol àt Rgimj`nht-typa (ahuvg-

ucvuurstaal), olfara stujjal zgil ugt oe

wgijalfa vuurstaaltypal varvoorfgdf, vnnr

locahgij gl fa vnrc vol Coosdrglf (fat.

M.M. Bojahs, G.[.H.). Fa dafom`ta ool vuur-

staalcotargooh vol fa Bolfjarocgsmà muhtuur, fga lo àt hazal vol fa glhagfgld ta

ram`t npjnct, cnat cal am`tar bgi fa

]pgtzjhglda (egd. 29 ?) al àt gl egduur 29 1

oedabaahfa ortaeomt hotal voral (cnlf. caf.

C.A.V`, fa Drnnt`, Bnllaeoltalcusauc,

Coostrgm`t). Bgi fa ]pgtzjhglda gs aal fota

rgld gl àt Cgffal- ne Hoot-Lan`t`gmuc, ne

zahes fa Urnada Brnlstgif, woorsm`gilhgijar

(vdh. Egafhar ?747, p. ???: Uarhglfa ?74?,

egd. 0 al p. ==).Nlfar àt oorfawarj ugt jugh 0 zgil nnj

aljaha smàrval fga nufar zgil fol àt vaha

Gizartgif-oorfawarj. Vwaa wolferodcaltal

(aal varsgarf al aal nlvarsgarf) zgil vrgi za

jar Bolfjarocgsm`. Frga olfara, nlvarsgar

fa wolferodcaltal bavottal vrgi egil jworts-

drugs, socal cat pntdrugs. Unnr fgt, gl

twaa davohhal zaar starj varsm`roohfa, oorfa

warj cnat aal fotargld gl àt Cgffal-Lan-

hgt`gmuc ne gl aal hotara pargnfa ooldaln

cal wnrfal.

FA UNLF]VAL QGV FA GIYARVGIF

Oorfawarj

Fa jugh àaet ?255 erodcaltal vol cat fa

òlf varvoorfgdf oorfawarj ugt fa Gizartgif

npdahavarf, lh. ?12 erodcaltal vol rolfal,

1; vol bnfacs, ?;5; vol wolfal al 6 vol

bolfnral\. @at doot nldatwgieahf nc gl fa

agdal radgn varvoorfgdf vootwarj.

[ntdrugs gs àt doldbora varsm`rohgldsco

targooh dawaast: bgi aal dargld faah vol faerodcaltal (81%) jnct tavals aal waglgd

drne zolf, drglf ne jwortsdrugs vnnr. Nnj

egil zolf gs zahfzooc.

Fa oewarjgld vol fa bugtalwolf gs ohs

vnhdt9

dhof (n.o. dapnhgist) 1?,=%

ruw 6,=%

bascatal (daàah ne dafaahtahgij) 6?,=%

lgat ta bapohal =,;%

77,7%

Np =; erodcaltal (2,6%) jnct tavals

wolfvarsgargld vnnr. @at `nda parmaltoda

dhoffa erodcaltal gs cafa àt davnhd vol

àt dabrugj nc pnttal cat sm`nufar (al

òhs) lnngt daàah ta bascgital. Fa var`nu

fgld tussal àt ooltoh dhoffa rolfsmàrval

al àt ooltoh bascatal rolfsmàrval, lh.

?=097 , frujt fgt lnd fugfahgijar ugt.

Fa jhaur vol àt dhoffa oorfawarj gsfnnrdools drgis tnt zwort: bgi àt nvargda

oorfawarj zgil hgm`tara (vlh. dahara al rn

fara) tgltal lnrcooh, cat loca woor àt

fa bugtalwolf batraet.

Fa fgjta vol fa pntwolf bafroodt zah

fal caar fol ?,; mc. Nlfar fa dhofwol-

fgda frgahafgda smòhal al jnccal bavgl

fal zgm` varsmàgfala axacphoral cat aal




%9

; * hNmc

?2

;t22mc

?6

?1

'2;

22

24 (

925 T

Egd. =. Dahaal-@oassahfarvahf-Tast. Gizartg if-oorfawarj. ?96.

Obb. =. Dahaal-@oassahfarvahf-Tast. Agsalzagthgmà Jarocgj. ?96.



[.T. vol fal Brnaja - Aal jugh ugt fa Gizartgif hN]

fulla wolf, rnlf ;,1 mc (vdh. egd. =9 ?5,

?7).

[ntvnrc. Gl prglmgpa jullal ohha varta

dalwnnrfgdfa pnttal tnt ççl vol fa vnhdalfa, np pntnpbnuw dabosaarfa drnapal dara

jalf wnrfal. Uol fa ?12 rolferodcaltal

daval ar 7? dalnad glenrcotga nc zgm` `gar

gl nlfar ta hotal braldal\.

G. Npal pnttal ?5 (?0%)

GG. Dashntal pnttal cat loor

bgllal dargm`ta rolf 2 ( 2%)

GGGDashntal pnttal cat np

stoolfa ne loor bugtal da

rgm`ta rolf 4= (0;%)Fa gl`nuf vol fa drnapal zoh lu lofar nc

sm`raval wnrfal.

Drnap G (egd. =9 ?-?2: egd. 19?). Gl faza

drnap nvaràarsal aalvnufgd davnrcfa

smòhal vol ugtaalhnpalfa oecatgldal cat

ram`ta tnt mnlvaxa bugj (egd. =9 ?-?;). Al

jaha àbbal aal starja jrnccgld, woor

fnnr fa wolf vartgjooh aglfgdt (egd. =9 ?,4,

?;). Fa smòhal zgil vrgiwah staafs dhof. Oh

haal np àt algda bascatal axacphoor (lr.

?;) jnct rolfvarsgargld vnnr.

Qgtznlfarhgijar davnrcf gs aal hoppal-

smòoh {Hoppalsmòha) cat Johalfarbard-

varsgargld (egd. 19 ?). @at nnrsprnljahgija

ooltoh pultal gs lgat caar vost ta stahhal.

Fa jhaur gs pcO9 (4.1 WR 1/6).

Fa rolferodcaltal vol egduur =9 ??, ?2

àbbal vrgi zajar ool jnccatias cat nnr

tnaba`nnrf.

Fnnr fa nlzajara stolf vol àt gl egduur

=9 ?= oedabaahfa stuj, gs lgat ta bapohal neàt nc aal smòoh ugt drnap G ne nc aal

jnc ne `nda pnt ugt drnap GG doot.

Drnap GG (egd. =9 ?6, ?1). Ar voht waglgd

ta zaddal nvar fa vnrcal gl faza sham`t var

tadalwnnrfgdfa drnap. Egduur =9 ?1 tnnlt

varcnafahgij aal jnccatia cat bgjnlgsm`

prnegah.

Drnap GGG (egd. =9 ?5-24: egd. 69 ?-?=). Fa

caarfaràgf vol faza pnttal cat sm`nufar

al òhs gs ta vottal gl twaa nlfardrnapal9

o. [nttal cat caralfaahs `najgda vnr

cal, fga dnaf dadhof zgil al daal rolfvarsgargld àbbal (egd. =9 ?5-24). Fa smòhal

al jnccal `gartussal (lrs. ?5-22) àbbal

fnnrdools aal sm`nufar fga lat zn hold gs

ohs fa òhs, oedazgal vol lr. ?0, woorbgi lou

wahgijs vol aal sm`nufar dasprnjal jol

wnrfal. Bgi fa rolfsmàrval cat fa luc

cars 2=-24 cod cal zgm`, oedoolfa np fa

holdara al sncs fgjjara òhs, `nda pnttal

vnnrstahhal, bgi fa luccars 2=-25 cat lo

ca ]m`rfdòhs-pnttal.

b. @nda pnttal cat vnnrlocahgij aal

shop ]-vnrcgd prnegah, fot vartgmooh ne loor

bugtal dargm`t aglfgdt al woornp staafs

rolfvarsgargld gs ooldabrom`t. Toorsm`gil

hgij vohhal ohha gl egduur 69 ?-?= datnnlfa

stujjal gl faza nlfardrnap. @at bascatal

npparvhoj fot tnt ool ne tnt np fa sm`nufar

vol aljaha pnttal hnnpt, fnat varcnafal

fot fa caarfaràgf vol faza pnttal basca

tal gs dawaast. Ar zgil axacphoral cat zaar

wgifa òhs bgi (lrs. ??-?=). Fnnr fa bascatal bugj al fa varsgarfa rolf jol àt drns

vol fa pnttal ugt faza nlfardrnap daty

paarf wnrfal ohs pnttal gl '@orpstaftar

]tgh'.

Bugtal fa rolferodcaltal zgil ar waglgd

smàrval fga glzgm`t daval gl fa pntvnrcal.

Gl egduur 69 ?6, ?1 zgil vnnrbaahfal da

tnnlf vol np fworsfnnrslafa ram`t`najgda

rasp. sgjjahvnrcgda bolfnral, fga znwah ool

jnccatias ohs ool drnta pnttal bavastgdfjullal zgil dawaast.

Uol fa =4 bnfacs cat wolffaah (vdh.

egd. 69 0-26) gs ar sham`ts ççl (lr. 2;) fga oe

wgijt vol àt doldbora cnfah cat aal phot

stolfvhoj fot cgl ne caar obrupt gl fa

wolf nvardoot: lr. 2; àaet aal ncpòhns-

bnfac. Fa bnfac vol egduur =9 ?5 jol

rnlf dawaast zgil.




- ! ? - ; £ I H 9

] \

g\N“

Egd. 6. Dahaal-@oassahfarvahf-Tast. Gizartgif-oorfawarj. ?96.

Obb. 6. Dahaal-@oassahfarvahf-Tast. Agsalzagthgmà Jarocgj. ?96.



[.T. vol fal Brnmja - Aal jugh ugt fa Gizartgif ?;4

Tot rolfvnrc batraet gs fgt vnlfstmnc

phax zaar ulgenrc. Ta zgal bgilo staafs rnl

fa tnt vhojja ne gats loor bgllal oedasmùgl-

fa ugtaglfal znlfar fugfahgija varfgjjgldal. Egduur =9 ?= tnnlt bgi ugtznlfargld

aal varfgjjgld, nltstool fnnr aal loor bgl

lal ncdashodal rolf. Fa rolf vol fa hop-

palsmòoh (egd. 19?) varolfart vol fa hodara

fahal loor fa pultal.

Rolfvarsgargld jnct vnnr bgi =2% (60/

?12) vol fa rolfsmàrval. Uarsgarfa smàr

val cnatal gl `nnefzooj ool bascatal pnt

tal àbbal tnaba`nnrf. Unnrznvar àrjal

boor bastoot fa varsgargld staafs ugt vgldartnpglfrujjal bnval np fa rolf. Gl aljaha

davohhal gs fa varsgargld waar bgilo wadda

strajal (vdh. egd. 69 ??).

Tolfvarsgargld gs np erodcaltal vol tal

`nndsta =; pnttal ooldatrneeal, woorbgi ra-

hgêevarsgargld, hgilvarsgargld, vgldartnpglfrujjal gl aal rgi al fahhal nvaràarsal.

Rahgêevarsgargld (0x). Cat fa vgldartnp,

ne avaltuaah aal aljahtolfgda spotah, warf

aal zwoor rahgêe gl fa wolf ooldabrom`t. Gl

zas davohhal zgil sargas glfrujjal gl oewgssa

halfa rgm`tgld zgm`tboor, znfot wa `gar var

cnafahgij cat Johalfarbard-varsgargld ta

cojal àbbal (egd. 69 0: egd. 19 ?,=).

Ugldartnpglfrujjal (0x). Gl tal cglsta

vgie davohhal corjaart aal `nrgznltoha rgivgldartnpglfrujjal fa nvardold vol aal

bascatal loor aal dhof pntfaah, woorbgi fa

Egd. 1. Dmgmml-@omssahfmrvahf-Tast. Gizartgif: varsgarf oorfawarj (?-4), spglsm`gieia (0). ?92.

Obb. 1. Dahaal-@oassahfarvahf-Tast. Agsalzagt: varzgarta Jarocgj (?-4), ]pgllwgr tah (0). ?92.




varsgargld sncs np aal hgist gs ooldabrom`t

(egd. 69 ?=:egd. 191).

Hgilvarsgargld (1x). Faza drnap ncvot

erodcaltal cat egila porohhahha drnaval alaal aljah vnnrbaahf vol ahjoor jrugsalfa

drnaval. Egduur 19 6 hoot aal ulgaj stuj

zgal, fot - loost aal hgilalpotrnnl np fa

bugtalwolf - twaa (datrnjjal>) mgrjahs np

fa bgllalwolf bazgt.

Fahhal (4x). Nvoha tnt rnlfa fahhal jul

lal staafs gl drnapias zgil ooldabrom`t, zn

ohs egduur 194 fugfahgij tnnlt al wot nnj

fa nnrsprnljahgija varsgargld bgi egduur =9

2? jol zgil dawaast.

Jocstraajvarsgargld (egd. 19 5) al aal

mncbglotga vol hgilvarsgargld cat - axtro

varfgapta ‖ fahhal (egd. 19 2) zgil gl bagfa

davohhal vnnr sham`ts ççl pnt daradgstraarf.

Nvargda vnlfstal

Gl fa Gizartgif zgil varfar ta fotaral aal

spglsm`gieia vol dabojjal jhag (egd. 19 0) al

aal shoj, fga - dazgal zgil `nda EaN daòhta

‖ vrgi zajar aal gizarshoj gs (rõltdalndroeg-

smà al cgmrnsmnpgsmà fatarcglotga M.I.Nvarwaah, G.[.H.). Foorcaa àbbal wa aal

oolwgizgld fot gl Yugf-Lafarholf oh gl aal

vrnad stofguc vol fa Gizartgif gizar warf

varwarjt. Uarfar gs nnj aal starj damnrrn-

faarf erodcalt vol aal lodahom`tgd gizaral

vnnrwarp varcnafahgij ugt faza jugh oejnc

stgd.

Lat ohs vnnr àt vuurstaalcotargooh dahft,

jol nnj nlfar fa vnhdalfa vnlfstal mnlto

cglotga cat nufar cotargooh varwom`t wnrfal9

‖ Aljaha brnjias dabrolf haac (2?5 droc).

‖ Vgaltohhal brnjjal staal (vlh. jwortsgtg-

smà zolfstaal), woorvol vaha fnnr glwar

jgld vol vuur wnrfal dajalcarjt (4=2;

droc). ]ham`ts twaa erodcaltal `garvol

jullal avaltuaah ool shgipstalal ne cooh

stalal wnrfal tnadasm`raval.

Oorfawarjvardahgijgld al fotargld

Fa rugca `navaahàgf gl dashntal mnltaxt

davnlfal oorfawarj bgaft gl prglmgpa fa

cndahgijàgf nc tnt aal vrgi smàrpa fotargld vol àt vnlfstcotargooh al vol fa np

vuhhgld vol fa jugh ta jncal. Aal fotargld

drnewad gl fa Gizartgif gs oh cndahgij np

drnlf vol àt `nda ooltoh bascatal smàr

val.

Hoppalsmòhal cat aal vardahgijbora var

sgargld ohs àt axacphoor vol egduur 19? wo

ral gl nlza strajal oh doldboor gl fa Hota

Brnlstgif (Uarwars ?742, p. ?6;). Fa vrna

da hoppalsmòhal, nnj fga bugtal Lafarholf

(vdh. Mhous ?712), jallal am`tar ohhaal aal

sgcpah oedawarjta rolf. Hotar, ool àt aglf

vol fa @ohhstott- pargnfa al gl fa Ho Vàla-

pargnfa, jncal (nnj>) varfgjta al ugtdabn

dal rolfal vnnr (vdh. Uol fal Brnaja ?70;,

p. 1;). Nls axacphoor, cat fa gats dafgeea

raltgaarfa rolf, znu dnaf gl fa Urnada Gi

zartgif jullal possal, nnj oh jnct Johal-

farbard-varsgargld lofgal lnd vnnr (Uar

wars ?746, p. ?7).

Fa nvargda dalnacfa vnrcal ugt drnap G,znwah fa aalvnufgd davnrcfa smòhal ohs

fa jnccatias cat nnr, àbbal varcnafa

hgij aal holdfurgd bastool bgllal fa GIzar-

tgif daòf (vdh. Uol fal Brnaja ?70;, p. 67).

Npcarjahgij gs fot smòhal cat aal ool fa

bgllalzgifa aljahvnufgd dargbbahf ne datropt

prnegah ('òojrolf', vdh. Iolssal ?740, p.

2=?) lgat ooldatrneeal zgil. Gl olfara, var

cnafahgij dahgijtgifgda mnhhamtgas lafarzat

tgldsvnlfstal ugt Yugf-Hgcburd al foorbugtal jnct fgt typa vaahvuhfgd vnnr*. Gl nlza

urlalvahfal gs àt, vraacf dalnad, zahf

zooc.

Aal pnttypa fot wa tnt lu tna ohhaal ugt

fa Urnada Gizartgif jallal al fot varcna

fahgij nnj gl Dahaal oolwazgd gs (egd. =9 2=-

25), gs fa ]m`rfdrolf- ne ]m`rfdòhs-pnt

(Uarwars ?742, p. ?21 a.v.). Uol fa frgaha-



[.T. vol fal Brnaja - Aal jugh ugt fa Gizartgif ?;7

fgda smòhal al jnccal ohs fga vol egduur

=9 ?5, ?4, ?7-22 wnrft gl àt ohdacaal ool

dalncal fot za ugt fa ]m`rfdòhs-pnt nlt

wgjjahf zgil al gl fa Cgffal-GIzartgif dafotaarf cnatal wnrfal (Uarwars, ?742, p.

?25). Fa smàrpa prneghargld daaet snccg

dal oolhagfgld nc ool glvhnafal ugt àt

Corladabgaf ta faljal (vdh. Rnycols

?744, p. 45: Uarsmòral ?740, p. 225).

Gl àt droevahf vol Uaal, gl àt Fugtsa

Lafarrgildabgaf, jncal gfaltgaja `najgda

smòhal am`tar vnnr ohs fajsmòhal np

]mhgrfdòhs-urlal, fga @oM dafotaarf wnr

fal, aal fotargld fga fnnr fa `nrgznltooh-

strotgdroegsmà pnsgtga vol faza urlal dastaulf wnrft (@glz ?746, p. =?= al Bghf

1;). @at zgat ar loor ugt, fot faza (al nnj

cglfar daprneghaarfa) jnccal al smòhal,

cat aal sm`nufar al òhs fga nldavaar aval

hold zgil, vol caat oe ool loost fa ]m`rfd-

/îeh/s-pnttal àbbal bastool al faza àbbal

nvarhaaef. Gl fa Cgffal-GIzartgif gs cat

loca fa òhs tnt nlbafugfalfa haldta

taruddabrom`t (vdh. Iolssal ?741, oeb. =9

?-1). Fgt hootsta jol, avalohs àt nptrafalvol aal jhagl vnatia, ool Lnnrferolsa

glvhnafal wnrfal tnadasm`raval (vdh. Bratz-

Co`har ?74?, [G. ?;7).

Fa dafaahtahgij bascatal pnttal cat nl

davaar ]-vnrcgd prnegah fga wa nls bgi fa

caasta rolfal vol egduur 6 cnatal vnnr

stahhal, jncal znwah gl Lnnrf- ohs gl Yugf-

Lafarholf ohs baholdrgijsta bascatal pnt-

vnrc socal cat ]m`rfdòhs-ucal vnnr gl

urlalvahfal cat vrnada GIzartgif-droval.Ygi vnrcal aal vorgolt vol oorfawarj gl

'@orpstaftar ]tgU fga gl Yugf-Lafarholf

lo fa Urnada Gizartgif waglgd caar vnnr

jnct (Uarwars ?742, p. ?=?)'. Aal cgl ne

caar tnlvnrcgda vorgolt, cat daàah ne

dafaahtahgija bascatal npparvhoj, àaet fol

zgil fncglolta pnsgtga nvardalncal, tar

wgih foorloost nnj lnd olfara bascatal

vnrcal vnnrjncal (vdh. Uol fal Brnaja

?70;). Rolfvarsgargld hgijt lo fa Urnada

Gizartgif cglfar tnadapost ta wnrfal. Fa

dasmàtsta nltwgjjaøld gs nnj vol tnapossgld np Yugf-Hgcburd al àt ooldral-

zalfal Bahdgsmà dabgaf. @at gs fus oolla

cahgij fot wa gl Dahaal cat bascatal

oorfawarj ugt fa Urnada Gizartgif ta cojal

àbbal. @at tgifsvarsm`gh tussal fa `gar ba

sprnjal jughgl`nuf al hotar lafarzattglds

oorfawarj ohs fot vol fa @nngfnljsmà

Ojjars waarspgadaht zgm` fol nnj gl fa

daàah olfara datohsvar`nufgldal tussal fa

drnapal GG al GGG gl bagfa vglfphootsal.

Uol sham`ts ççl vnrc jol varcnaf wnr

fal fot `gi vol lo fa Urnada Gizartgif fo

taart, locahgij fga vol egduur =9?0. @nawah

gl nlza strajal daal dnafa porohhah vnnr fgt

jnccatia gs ool ta wgizal, gs loor cgil wa

tal fa zaar jnrta sm`nufar aal ahacalt fot

ohhaal gs tarud ta vnaral np gcgtotga vol

oorfawarj ugt Lnnrf-Eroljrgij. @at prnegah

vol fgt stuj vootwarj post dnaf bgllal fa

vorgotgabraafta vol àt oorfawarj gl fa dro

val ugt àt hootsta faah vol fa @ohhstott-pargnfa gl Has Indossas (vdh. @ott & Rnuo-

hat ?745). Oedoolfa np fa fnnr vnnrlnac

fa outaurs npdastahfa typnm`rnlnhndga vnnr

fa Mòcpodla, `nnrt faza vnrc np zgil

vrnadst tùgs gl àt badgl vol fa 1a aauw

U.M. (@ott & Rnuohat ?744, [G. GG al p. ?4).

Dazgal fa starja dahgijalgs cat fa olfara

frgahafgda vnrcal ugt jugh 0, cod am`tar fa

cndahgijàgf fot wa cat aal hnmooh nltwgj

jahf prnfujt ta cojal àbbal, lgat àhacooh ugtdashntal wnrfal.

Tot vartadalwnnrfgdfa wolfvarsgargld

batraet, gs ohhaal àt oolbraldal vol drnap

ias fahhal aal rahotgae smàrp ta fotaral

cnfavarsm`gilsah: za jncal vnnrlocahgij

np ]m`rfdòhs-pnttal vnnr, woorvnnr aarfar

oh aal fotargld gl fa Urnada Gizartgif gs ool

dalncal. @at nltbrajal arvol gl ool oorfa-



??; Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG

warjvnlfstal rgija Lnnrfbroboltsa lafar

zattgldal ohs fga ta @ops (Uarwars ?742),

@oral (Uol Vrgaruc & Uarwars gl vnnrba

ragfgld) al ]nl al Braudah (Uol fal Brnaja?70;), hoot fnnrsmàcaral fot faza varsga-

rgldswgiza lo fa Urnada Gizartgif lgat caar

doldboor wos, vnnr znvar àt Yugf-Lafar

holf ooldoot. Drnapal fahhal gl mncbglotga

cat aal zgdzodcntgae (egd. 19 2) jncal

vnnroh vnnr np fa ram`tar Rgilnavar gl àt

Fugtsa faah vol àt Lafarrgildabgaf, al wah

gl fa @ohhstott-pargnfa (Corsmòhh, Lorr &

Unl Qshor ?716, Obb. 219 0: =59 =: =79 ?:

119 ?).

Ynohs raafs dazadf gs Johalfarbard-var-

sgargld (al rahgêevarsgargld gl àt ohdacaal)

holdfurgd gl zwold dawaast. Unnr fa pnt

cat varcnafahgij Johalfarbard-varsgargld

vol egduur 69 0 jullal am`tar ohhaal poroh

hahhal ugt fa Urnada Gizartgif ooldaòohf

wnrfal, fga oejncstgd zgil ugt Yugflafar-

holfsa urlalvahfal (vdh. Brulstgld & Uar

wars ?741, p. 54 al egd. 49 H 11, H 52, H =;).

@at corjaral vol fa drals tussal aal ba

scatal al aal nlbascatal pntfaah gs aval

aals àròohfahgij tnadapost np pnttal ugt

fa urlalvahfal. Fgt dabrugj hgijt lo fa

Urnada Gizartgif varwotarf ta zgil. Yahfzo

car zgil vgldartnpglfrujjal np hgistal. Fa

lafarzattgld Rnscaar-Fgapastroot gl Bah

dgsm` Hgcburd, wahja np fa nvardold vol

Urnada loor Cgffal-GIzartgif dafotaarf

wnrft, àaet ar aljaha npdahavarf (Fa Bna

& Uol Gcpa ?747, [G. GG9 ?7, 2;). @gar post

aal varwgizgld loor àt Cgffalrgildabgaf,woor fa hgist cat glfrujjal ohs sm`nufar-

varsgargld np n.o. bascatal vootwarj vol

drnta oecatgldal tgifals @oF dnaf var

tadalwnnrfgdf gs (vdh. Inom`gc ?750, p. 52:

Laueear ?7=0-=7, p. =4). Npvohhalf dalnad

jnct fgt varsgargldsahacalt nnj lnd gl àt

lnnrfwastal vol nls holf vnnr, b.v. gl fa

lafarzattgld ugt fa Urnada Gizartgif ta

Ossalfahet (@ohhawos ?74?, egd. ?29 ?7, 2;).

Jocstraajvarsgargld, aal woorsm`gilhgij

dafuralfa fa àha Gizartgif doldboor varsga

rgldstypa, bhgijt npcarjahgij sham`t varta

dalwnnrfgdf wollaar wa àt oolfaah vardahgijal cat fot gl cgl ne caar dahgijtgifgda

mnhhamtgas, znwah ugt Yugf-Hgcburd (vnnr

mnhhamtgas zga lnnt 6: Mobard lnd lgat ba

jalf), ohs ugt fa lobgidahadal vglfphootsal

Rnscaar-Fgapastroot al Rnscaar-]tobard

gl Bahdgsm` Hgcburd (Fa Bna & Uol Gcpa

?747 rasp. Rnnsals & Hux ?757). Joc

straajvarsgargld gs `gar staafs fncglolt. Fa

rahotgae vrnad ta fotaral vglfphoots np fa

Joybard ta Uhgitgldal, np mo. = jc oestolf

vol fa vglfphootsal ta Rnscaar àaet foor

altadal avalaals aal rahotgae dargld ooltoh

smàrval cat faza varsgargld (Uolfar`na-

val ?740).

Fa mgrjahvarsgargld talshntta (egd. 19 6)

stoot daàah ohhaal gl àt vnlfstcotargooh

ugt fa Gizartgif vol nlza strajal. Ncfot

àt `gar aal jhagl erodcalt batraet, cnat

aal ugtsprooj nvar aal avaltuaha varoedaha

dal glspgrotgabrnl om`tarwada bhgival.

Fa mnlmhusga fga cal ugt àt bnvalstoolfa

cod trajjal, gs fot àt vnlfstcotargooh ugt

jugh 0 gl caarfaràgf ugt fa Urnada Gizartgif

fotaart. ]ham`ts àt jnccatia vol egduur =9

?0 post cndahgij gl àt badgl vol fa Cgf

fal-GIzartgif, woorcaa tavals fa ugtarsta

oeshugtfotuc vnnr fa jugh gs dadaval. Gl aal

datoh ugtdafrujt, zoh àt caasta cotargooh

ruwwad gl fa 5a aauw v. M`r. tùgs`nral.

Qgt fa ooldavnarfa vardahgijgldsstujjalwarf raafs fugfahgij, fot àt `gar baòlfah-

lafarzattgldsoorfawarj àt dabrugjahgija

oorfawarj ugt àt bgizattgldsrgtuaah gl àt

dabgaf vol fa Lgafarràglgsmà Drob`ødah-

juhtur wos. Dahaal hgdt ool fa zugfeholj

foorvol (vdh. Uarwars ?742, p. ?21). Fa oe

znlfarhgija pntvnrcal al varsgargldstypal

zgil am`tar lgat ool fgt varspragfgldsdabgaf

dabnlfal.



[.T. vol fal Brnaja - Aal jugh ugt fa Gizartgif

YQ]OCCALEO]]QLD

???

hc Ioà ?744 eolfal Ocotaurormònhndal

gl fac Laubouvgartah @oassahfarvahf-Tastgl Dahaal, [rnvglz Hgcburd, agla sa`rdrnega,

atwo om`t-eõrcgda Druba, ulf forgl agla

drnega Calda vnl ]gafhuldsobeohhal. Fga

Eulfstahha hgadt oue fac Hõegphotaou zwg-

smàl far Coos ulf fac Dahaal-Bom` (Obb.

?).

Ous far Drubaleøhhuld wurfa, labal

aglar drneaal Calda vnl Eulfal ous far Ag

salzagt, oum` varcuthgm` lanhgtgsmà Jaro-

cgj ulf Eauarstaglcotargoh sgmàrdastahht

(Obb. 2). Foeg as forultar Cotargoh ous fac

Erø`lanhgt`gjuc dgbt, gst lgm`t wagtar var-

wulfarhgm`, wall col wageg, foeg oue fgasac

sahbal Dahorgfa agla ]gafhuld far Hglaor-

bolfjarocgj dastolfal òt. Fga ]pgtzjhglda

ous Obbghfuld 29 ? ulf fos gl Obbghfuld

29 1 wgafardadabala Ortaeojt cussal ia-

fnm` spotaral Fotucs sagl.

Far Drnegtagh far Eulfa basta`t ousagsal-

zagthgmàr Jarocgj. Fga øbar ?2;; Erod-

calta sglf sahtal olfars ohs cgt ]màrbal-drus dacodart. Unl fal Daeoegenrcal wgrf

gl fal Obbghfuldal = ulf 6 agla Ouswo`h

dazagdt. Fga Ca`ràgt far Enrcal basta`t

ous9

‖ Agldhgafrgdal ]mòhal, fga cagstals dhott

sglf (Obb. =9 ?-?;). Gl Obb. 19 ? sglf Erod-

calta aglar Hoppalsmòha cgt Johalfarbard-

varzgaruld obdabghfat.

- Fragdhgafrgdal Enrcal, fga dut dadhottat

sglf, jagla Rolfvarzgaruld trodal ulf wnr-ultar varsm`gafala amjgda [rnegha eastzustah-

hal sglf (Obb. =9 ?4-24). Uarcuthgm` dgbt

as forultar oum` ]m rodòhsdaeoega (2=-25).

- Ca`r nfar walgdar ]-eõrcgdal Võpeal,

fga stats Rolfvarzgaruld òbal (Obb. 69

?-?=). Fga cagstal `garvnl warfal wn`h

dasm``mjta `nà Võpea vnc @orpstaftar

]tgh dawasal sagl.

Agla drnega Olzo`h far daeulfalal Rolf-

smàrbal (60/?12) gst varzgart. Tolfvarzga-

ruld dgbt as lur sahtal (2,6% far Erodcal-

ta). Rahgaevarzgaruld (gl far @ouptsomà

wo`rsmàglhgm` Johalfarbard-Uarzgaruld),

Egldaraglfrømja gl aglar Ragà ulf Fahhal

øbarwgadal. Bacarjalswart sglf (daznda-la>) Jragsa oue far Gllalsagta aglas Daeoeaas

(Obb. 19 6).

Nbwn`h lur ]m`rodòhsdaeoega ulf Uar-

zgaruld cgt Fahhaldruppal ohs Arsmàglul-

dal batrom`tat warfal jõllal, fga sgm` gl

fal søfQmàl Lgafarholfal oue fga Erøà

Agsalzagt basm`roljal, cueg fga Ca`ràgt

far Vnlwora fgasas Ohtar basgtzal. Lur far

Jucpe ous Obb. =9 ?0 fotgart cõd`màr-

wagsa ous far Cgttharal Agsalzagt: fga sa`rjurza ]mùhtar jõllta oue lnrferolzõsgsmà

Aglehøssa zurømjzueø`ral sagl. Fga Ca`r

àgt fas Eulfcotargohs, wnzu oum` lnm`

agl ]pgllwgrtah (Obb. 19 0), atwos Agsalco-

targoh, Rntha`c ulf vgaha ]taglbrnmjal da-

ram`lat warfal cussal, gst pousmòh gl fos

sam`sta Io`rùlfart v.M`r. zu fotgaral.

Fga Vnlwora sm`àegt dut ol fgaialgda ous

fal Qrlaleahfarl gl fac Dabgat far lgafar-

ràglgsmàl Drob`ødahjuhtur ol, fga bgsàrfga cagstal Arjalltlgssa øbar fga Erøà Ag

salzagt gl fgasac Dabgat varcgttaht òbal.

LNVAL

Fa basm`raval vnlfstal zgil gl àt bazgt vol fa da

lnacfa parsnlal, fga gj drood folj zad vnnr àt vnnr pu

bhgmotga basm`gjboor stahhal vol ùl cotargooh. Unnr fa

cafawarjgld fga gj bgi àt tnt stolf jncal vol faza pubhg

motga cnm`t nlfarvglfal vol spamgooh M.M. Bojahs (G.[.H.),

C.A.V`, fa Drnnt` (Coostrgm`t) al M.I. Nvarwaah (G.[.H.)



??2 Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG

bal gj àl zaar arjaltahgij. Uarfar folj gj M.C. Bncca-

zgil (G.[.H.) vnnr àt typal vol fa tajst, I.[. Bnndmrf

(G.[.H.) vnnr àt cojal vol fa tajalgldal al I. [ouptgt

(G.[.H.) vnnr àt vnnrbaragfalfa entnwarj. Fa socalvot

tgld warf vartoohf fnnr I.T. Nlfarfahglfal.\ Erodcaltal fga fugfahgij ool fazahefa pnt tnaba`nral,

zgil ohs ççl erodcalt datahf. Fa cglgcucoecatgld vol

aal erodcalt bafroodt ? mc\.

= Unnr aal ncsm`rgivgld vol aljaha vol fa vnhdalfa ba

drgppal zga cal Uol fal Brnaja ?70;, p. =;.

'• Gl Yugf-Hgcburd b.v. Rgimj`nht (mnhh. Bnllmeoltal-

cusauc Coostrgm`t, glv. lr. ??7=: vdh. Bursm` ?76;, oeb.

? ? 9 5 , 4), fa Mobard bgi Coostrgm`t (Fa Drnnt` gl vnnrba

ragfgld) al vglfphootsal np fa Droatàgfm bgi Dahaal (mnhh.

I.D. ]mòop, Dahmml): zga nnj Fa Bna & Uol Gcpa ?747,

[G. GG9 ?2, ?=, 25:[?. U9 00.

' Olfars fol bgi nnrsprnljahgija ncsm`rgivgldal vol

'@orpstaftar Rou`tõpea' ne pntt al gl '@orpstaftar ]tgh'

àt davoh gs, wnrft fa gl`nuf vol faza tarcal nnj wah ba

parjt tnt faza vorgolt (vdh. Uarwars ?742, p. ?=; a.v.:[a-

rgznlgus ?745, p. 7=). Gl oolshugtgld np fa vrnadara faeglg

tgas (vdh. Vomjalbard ?7=6, p . 1? a.v.: ]tocpeuss ?717, p.2?), wgh gj nnj fa `garlo ta basm`rgival vorgolt tnt fa pnt

tal gl '@orpstaftar ]tgh' rajalal. Fa varsgarfa rolf cnat

nvargdals ohs aal julstcotgd nlfarfaah vol fa faeglgtga

basm`nuwf wnrfal, ncfot gfaltgaja, coor lgat np fa

rolf varsgarfa axacphoral àtzahefa varspragfgldsdabgaf

al fazahefa fotargld àbbal ohs fa varsgarfa (vdh. Vomjal

bard ?7=6, p. 57, 44). Fgt lgat ohdacaal bajalfa dadaval

nltlaact aal orducalt ool fadalal fga, cafa np bosgs

vol aal nliugsta varnlfarstahhgld, fa `ypntàsa vol aal

hnmoha nltwgjjahgld vol Lafarrgilsa axacphoral vol fgt

oorfawarj vnnrstool (vdh. Uarwars ?742, p. ?=2: zga nnj

fa Fgsmussga gl [argznlgus ?745, spmm. p. 74).

HGVAROVQQR

Bna, D. fa & H. vol Gcpa (?747), Lafarzattgld ugt fa Gi

zartgif al Rncaglsa vghho taRnscaar, Brussah (Ormòan-

hndgo Bahdgmo 2?5).

Bratz-Co`har, F. (?74?), ho mgvghgsotgnl fa Ho Vàla G al

Mòcpodla. Ha eomgas corlgal. [orgs (PPGGGa supphç

calt o Dohhgo).

Brnaja, [.T. vol fal (?70;), Bawnlgldsspnral ugt fa Gi

zartgif al olfara pargnfal np fa @nngfnljsmà Oj

jars, dac. ]nl al Braudah, prnv. Lnnrf-Brobolt,/h«eh-

hamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG, p. 4-0;.

Brulstgld, @. & D.I. Uarwars (?741), @at urlalvahf bgi

Uohjalswoorf, prnv. Lnnrf-Brobolt,/hleh/ameo/"/-oa/ø's-

tnrgmo Hagfalsgo UGGG, p. 1=-44.

Bursm`, E.M. (?76;), Tnnlspnral ugt fa aarsta aauw lo

M`r. ta Rgimj`nht, Nufàgfjulfgda Cafafaahgldal

L.R. PPG, p. 22-26.

Mhous, C. (?712), Fga Hoppalsmòhal far igildaral Brnlza-

zagt gl Lgafarsom`sal, Lom`rgm`tal ous Lgafarsom`sals

Qrdasm`gm`ta 2? , p. =-16.

Egafhar, H. (?747), Enrcal ulf Vam`lgjal lanøt`gsmàr

]tagldarota ous fac Ràglgolf. Gl: Bagtroda zur Qrda

sm`gm`ta fas Ràglholfas GGG, Jõhl (Ràglgsmà Ousdro

buldal ?7), p. 1=-?7;.@ohhawos, F.[. (?74?), Aal ùgs ugt fa Urnada Gizar tgif ta

Ossalfahet (L.@.), Tastaràac PP, p. ?7-=1,

@ott, I.-I. & [. Rnuohat (?745), Ha mgcatgàra fas Indossas

al Mòcpodla at has nrgdglas fa ho mgvghgsotgnl fa Ho

Vàla, Ravua Orm`çnhndgqua fa h'Ast at fu Maltra-Ast

PPUGG, p. 62?-1;=.

@ott, I.-I. & [. Rnuohat (?744), Ho m`rnlnhndga fa Ho

Vàla al Mòcpodla, Ravua Orm`çnhndgqua fa h'Ast at

fu Maltra-Ast PPUGGG, p. 0-=5.

@glz, @. (?746), Fga Ousdrobuldal oue fac Ergaf`ne far

vnrrõcgsmàl Agsalzagt vnl Uaal, Jrags Cnars. Gl9

Bagtroda zur Qrdasm`gm`ta fas Ràglholfas G, Jõhl

(Ràglgsmà Ousdrobuldal ?1), p. 26=-=61.

Iolssal, O.I. (?741), Aal Cgffal Gizartgif lafarzattgld ta

Baulgldal (Dahfarholf), Tastaràac PPGU, p. 62-1; .

Iolssal, O.I. (?740), Lafarzmttglds jarocgaj ugt fa Qr-

lalvahfaltgif ta Tgimàl, Tastaràac PPUGG, p. 2=;-

2=6.

Inom`gc, @.-A. (?750), Fga @ulsrømj-Ageah-Juhtur oc Cgt-

tahràgl, Jõhl (Bagàeta far Bnllar Io`rbømàr 27).

Corsmòhh, O., J.I. Lorr & R. vnl Qshor (?716), Fga Unr-

ulf Erø`dasm`gm`thgmà Basgafhuld fas Bardgsmàl

Holfas, Laustoft ol far Ogsm` (Bagàeta far Bnllar

Io`rbømàr =).

Laueear, A. (?7=0-=7), ]gafhuldsjarocgj far @ulsrømj-

Ageah-Juhtur, Bn«/!a/-y(4\ràøm/!mr ?6=-?66, p. ?-65.

[argznlgus, T.R.J. (?745), Agarbamàr gl Lafarholf,/G@M-

hamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo GP, p. 01-?;=.

Rnnsals, @. & D.U. Hux (?757), Aal lafarzattgld ugt fa

Gizartgif np fa ]tobard ta Rnscaar, Brussah (Ormòmn-

hndgo Bahdgmo ?;7).

Rnycols, L. (?744), GIzartgifmarocgajgl aal fapntvnlfst

ta Bhofah (L.-Br.). Gl9 Broboltsa Nufàfal, Aglf`nval(Bgifrodal tnt fa stufga vol àt Broboltsa @aac PUG),

p. 4?-0;,

]huys, I., @. Urncal & A. vol Daah (?740), Lgauwa `laogr-

bolfjarocgsmà vnlfstal gl Dahaml, Ormànhndga gl

Hgcburd 6, p. 7-?;.

]tocpeuss, R. (?717), ]gafhuldseulfafariøldaral Brnlza-

ulf ohtaral Agsalzagt gc wasthgmàl Ru`rdabgat, Bnll

(_uahhalsm`rgetal zur wastfautsmàl Unr- ulf Erø`da-

sm`gm`ta 4).

Vomjalbard, J. (?7=6), Fga Juhtur far Erøàl Agsalzagt



[.T. vol fal Brnaja - Aal jugh ugt fa Gizartgif ??=

gl Cgttah- ulf Tastòllnvar, @ghfasàgc/Hagpzgd.

Uolfar`naval, C. (?740), ]pnral vol aal lafarzattgld

ugt fa gizartgif np fa Joybard ta Uhgitgldal, Vnldaral

([ubhgjotgas vol àt Dohhn-Rncagls Cusauc ta Vnlda

ral 26).Uarhglfa, O.F. (?74?). ]potlanhgt`gsmà ulf erø`brnlza-

zagthgmà ]gafhuldsspural oue far Camrhn-ar @agfa, Dac.

Caarhn, [rnv. Hgcburd, ulf g`ra ]tahhuld, Olohamto

[roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo GU, p. 25-65.

Uarsaòral, @.C. (?740), Aal "ùtjnc" ugt fa Gizartgif

gl Cghsbaaj, Tastaràac PPUGG, p. 22?-224.

Uarwars, D.I. (?742), Fos Jocps Uahf gl @ops gl Lanhg-

t`gjuc, Brnlzazagt ulf Agsalzagt, Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo U.

Uarwars, D.I. (?746), Johalfarbard, Tastaràac PPGGG,

p. ?1-?7.





FA BATNLGLD]DA]M@GAFALG] UOL FA COO]JOLV G9[HOLVALRA]VAL QGV FA BRNL]VGIF AL RNCAGL]A VGIF

DAUNLFAL VA N]]-GI]]AH]VROOV, [RNU. LNNRF-BROBOLV

M.M. BOJAH]

Fa pholtalrastal ncvottal vnnrlocahgij vrum`tal, zofal al pnhhal ugt fa vuhhgld vol wotar-

puttal. Ygi wgizal arnp. fot fa puttal cat cotargooh vol varsm`ghhalfa àrjncst zgil vnh-

daroojt. ]nccgda snnrtal `nral np ojjars al arval tùgs, fa stolfphoots vol olfara cnat

gl àt foh vol fa Coos daznm`t wnrfal. Foljzgi fa `nda drnlfwotarstolf zgil bnvalfgal

rastal vol `nutal mnlstrumtgas al `nutal vnnrwarpal bawoorf dabhaval. @at caast dahgaefa

tgccar`nut bhgijt agjal ta zgil dawaast.

GLHAGFGLD

Dafuralfa fa ioral ?74=, ?746 al ?741warf aal tarragl ool fa GIssahstroot ta Nssormànhndgsm` bajajal. @at nlfarznaj gsfnnr fa @aacjulfgda Jrgld Coosholfbadnllal al warf gl aal hotar stofgucfnnr àt Glstgtuut vnnr [ra`gstnrga ugtdabragf.

@at tarragl coojt faah ugt vol aal drnntzolfdabgaf fot gl àt Lnnrfal badralsfwnrft fnnr àt hodar dahadal al cat rgvgar

jhagal npdavuhfa foh vol fa Coos. @at hgdtnldavaar ?1;; c vol fa drals tussal zolfal jhag. Fa nlfardrnlf tar phootsa gs aal

inld fajzolf (egd. ?). @at stuj drnlf gs glfa Cgffahaauwal al hotar npda`nndf, woorbgi aal zndaloocf brugl nuf bnuwholf volnldavaar 4; mc fgjta nltstnlf. Fa pra`gstnrgsmà nvarbhgiesahal hodal `garnlfarbadroval.

Fa baholdrgijsta rastal vol mnlstrumtgas

al vnnrwarpal zgil oejncstgd vol aal lafarzattgld, fga gl fa aarsta aauwal volnlza ioortahhgld daphootst wnrft. Vnt fazapargnfa ba`nral ùgsphottadrnlfal alwotarputtal. Aal aljaha vnlfst gs volnufara fotuc: gl fgt varbolf cnat aalwotarput ugt fa Cgffal-Brnlstgif dalnacfwnrfal.

Vgifals fa npdrovgldal warf fugfahgij,

Olohamto PGGG, G]BL 7;-5;2?-60=-0© ?70?, Hagfal Qlgvarsgty [rass, prgltaf gl t a Lat arholfs

Egd. ?. Fa hgddgld vol Nss-GIssahstroot. ?. zolf, 2. zolfcat jhagfaj vol ?1-6; mc, =. zolf cat jhagfaj vol6;-?2; mc, 6. jhag. Dadavals nlthaalf ool fa Bnfacjoortvol Lafarholf. ? 9 1;.;;; bhof =7 Nnst al 61 Nnst.Và sattgld ne Nss-GIssahstroot. ?. solf, 2. solf nvarhoglby ?1-6; mc ne mhoy, =. solf nvarhogl by 6;-?2; mc nemhoy, 6. mhoy.



??5 Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG

fot fa bnfac vol fa wotarputtal lnngt ne`nndst zahfal bnval àt drnlfwotarlgvaoutaram`t dajncal gs. Fa puttal bhajal

nlfargl lnd vnnrzgal ta zgil vol aal `nutmnlstrumtga al woral dafaahtahgij npdavuhfcat dnaf damnlsarvaarfa pholtalrastal.Ygi havarfal fol nnj àt caasta cotargoohvnnr faza pubhgmotga. @at ugtzaval voldrnlfcnlstars ugt fa frnda stolfdrappahsal poohjughal vol fa ùgzal brom`t sham`tstahaurstahQldal. Ar warfal daal fatarcg-laarbora rastal davnlfal, zahes daal varjnnhfa. Tah warf ççl glfruj vol aaldrooljnrrah gl àt oorfawarj dazgal.

Gl àt vnhdalfa zuhhal aarst fa pholtalrastal ugt fa vuhhgld vol fa wotarputtal basprnjal wnrfal, foorlo fa glfruj gl àtoorfawarj al varvnhdals àt `nut vol famnlstrumtgas al vnnrwarpal, fga foljzgifa vrgia `nda drnlfwotarstolf bawoorfzgil dabhaval.

Fa gl`nuf vol fa wotarputtal

@at drnlfwotar, fot ar ool fa ala joltvnnr daznrdf àaet, fot fa pholtalrastallnd gltomt zgil, coojta ool fa olfarajolt, fot fa gl`nuf vol fa puttal cnaghgij ta bacnlstaral wos. Ar warf tgifalsfa npdrovgld lgat dapncpt. Aal cnlstar-loca ugt aal prnegahwolf wos sham`ts glççl put, lr. 60, cndahgij, woorbgi fa dahadalàgf warf ooldadrapal nc gl fawolf aal dnnt ta shool tal ba`nava vol

pnhhalolohysa. Unnr fa zofalolohysa jnlfal fa npdrovars lgat caar fnal fol aalsocalòldalf bhnj safgcalt ugt fa putòhal. Fgt dabaurfa zn fgm`t cndahgijbnval fa bnfac, nc talcglsta aal cnlstar ta varjrgidal fot fotaart ugt àt badglvol fa npvuhhgld al foorcaa ugt fa tgifvol fa bawnlgld zahe ne fa pargnfa vhojfoorlo. Ohfus warfal vgar puttal bacnl

starf. @garnlfar vnhdt aal jnrta basm`rgivgld.h.[ut cat vnlfstluccar =?5. Ohs var

zocahphoots vol àt wotar faaf aal ugtda`nhfa bnncstoc fgalst. Gl fa vuhhgldhodal smàrval, fga tnt fa @ghvarsuc-muhtuur darajalf wnrfal. @at `nut vol fastoc doe aal M?6-fotargld vol ?21; ¿ =;U. M`r. (DrL 0=;1). Fa put stoct fus ugtfa Cgffal-Brnlstgif. Ugie hgtar vol fazolfgda vuhhgld vol fa bnncstoc warf catfa òlf ugtdazaaef. Fa jhaglsta cooswgifta,fga foorbgi dabrugjt warf, bafrnad ;,21cc. @at zaval dabaurfa gl àt hobnro

tnrguc. Bgi fa olfara puttal gs fazahefaprnmafura tnadapost.

2. [ut cat vnlfstluccar 65. Fa wolf volfa gldrovgld bastnlf ugt aal vham`twarjcat foorbugtal aal stopahgld vol jhagznfal(Uarwars, gl vnnrbaragfgld). Fa vnlfstaldaval ool, fot fa put lgat vnhhafgd gl nlbrugj jol zgil daroojt výýr ?1; OF. @giba`nnrt tnt fa glàacs-Rncaglsa lafarzattgld. Aal jhncp vol ççl `tar zolfgd-

jhagîd safgcalt warf ugtdazaaef. @gi wosoejncstgd vol fa nlfarsta 2; mc vol favuh`ld.=. [ut cat vnlfstluccar 60. Fa wolfbastnlf ugt aal `nutal bajgstgld. Brnjjaljhag bugtal fa bajgstgld wgizal cndahgij npaal bugtalcoltah vol jhagznfal. Fa npvuhhgld gs waardadaval gl àt prnegah volegd. 2. Fa woorlacgldal ragjal lgat varfarfol àt ùgfgda drnlfwotarlgvaou. Aal

coxgcooh =; mc fgjja hood vhoj bnvalfgt lgvaou wos bgiznlfar rgij ool pholtalrastal al warf ohs vaal daîltarprataarf.Fa put znu `garcaa vnhdadrnagf zgil glaal pargnfa vol `nda drnlfwotarstolfal,dafuralfa wahja `gi bugtal dabrugj wos.Np faza gltarpratotga wnrft varfarnptaruddajncal. Fa hood warf bacnlstarfvnnr pnhhalolohysa.



M.M. Bojahs - [holtalrastal ta Nss-GIssahstroot ??4

?;-

2;

<?6

<?7

<2=

<25

<65 ZGÎÎGVS= ?c? \

Egd. 2. Fnnrslafa fnnr wotarput 60: gl zwort fa jnhnc woorugt fa pnhhalcnlstars zgil dalncal. Hgljs gs fn jnhncgl fatogh waardadaval. ?. jhagîd zolf, 2. zolf, =. vaal, 6. `nutsjnnh.]amtgnl ne wahh 60: tà bhomj bor raprasalts tà mnhucl ernc w`gm` tà pnhhal socphas wara tojal. Vn tà haet tàmnhucl gs dgval gl fatogh. ?. mhoyay solf, 2. solf, =. paot, 6. mòrmnoh.

Cnlstars vnnr zofalnlfarznaj warfaldalncal ugt fa vuhhgld bnval fa vaalhood,fga znu mnrraspnlfaral cat aal twaafadabrugj vol fa put al ugt fa vuhhgld nlfarfa vaalhood. @at aarsta cnlstar havarfalgats np: gl àt safgcalt, fot bnval fadrnlfwotarspgadah hgdt, zgil jallahgij daalzofal bawoorf dabhaval. Fa zolfgd-jhagîdavuhhgld vol fa nnrsprnljahgija put havarfawah pholtalrastal np. Fa oolhad wnrft dafotaarf fnnr aal jrugjòhs fga tussal 4;al ?;; OF daphootst cnat wnrfal.6. [ut cat vnlfstluccar =16 (fa put ohs

daàah àaet vnlfstluccar =;=). Fa wolf-mnlstrumtga bastnlf ugt aal pholjal bajgstgld. Np fa bnfac hod aal oorfawarjaljnc np zgil jolt. Fa gl`nuf vol fazajnc, ;,1 hgtar zolf cat pholtalrastal,warf caadalncal vnnr bntolgsm` nlfarznaj. Fa put gs glàacs-Rncagls al wosgl ahj davoh gl fa pargnfa lo ?1; OF mncphaat npdavuhf.

Yofal al vrum`tal vol fa Bnfac@at rasuhtoot vol fa olohysa vol fa vgarcnlstars, fga ncwghha vol fa zofal alvrum`tal bgi àt hobnrotnrguc vol àtGlstgtuut vnnr [ra`gstnrga gldahavarf warfal, vglft cal gl tobah ?. @at caralfaahgs nlvarjnnhf. Uarjnnhfa axacphoral zgiloport ooldadaval. Aljaha fatarcglotgasvarfgalal aal tna`m`tgld, wahja ohs oolòldsah bgi fgt ortgjah dadaval wnrft.

@at npsnccal vol pholtal gl aal tobahohs tobah ? wajt fa glfruj ohsne fa dalnacfa snnrtal bgi ahjoor par put ççl vnlfst

vnnrstahhal. Fgt gs am`tar `nndstwoorsm`gilhgij lgat àt davoh. Dafuralfa warjzoocàfal np aal olfara npdrovgld taNss, àt tarragl Nss-Qssal, jnl damnlstotaarf wnrfal, fot fa vuhhgld vol snnrtdahgija wotarputtal iugst bnval fa bnfacaal zaar egila dahoodfàgf vartnnlt. Facnlstars vol Nss-GIssahstroot cnatal socaldastahf zgil ugt tgaltohhal vol fardahgija





M.M. Bojahs - [holtalrastal ta Nss-GIssa`troot ??7

Vobah ?. Urum`tal al zofal ugt fa wotarputtal. / Erugts olf saafs ernc tà wahhs.

Bt

=?5

Glàacs-Rnca gl.s

65 60 =16

Cnlstardrnntta, fc ;,1

Ohgscotomaoa

Ohgsco pholtodn-oquotgmo H.

Bnrodglomaoa

Cynsntgs spam.

Moprgenhgomaoa

]ocbumus lgdro H.

Morynp`yhhomaoa

me Marostguc spam.

Hym`lgs ehns-mumuhg H.

]odglo spam.

]parduho orvalsgs H.

]tahhorgo drocglao H.

]tahhorgo cafgo (H.)Ughh.

Màlnpnfgomaoa •

Otrgphax òstoto H./potugo H.

Màlnpnfguc ohbuc H.

Màlnpnfguc ohbuc H.

Màlnpnfguc egmgenhguc ]c.

Màlnpnfguc pnhysparcuc H.

Mncpnsgtoa

Ormtguc cglus (@ghh)Barl ./pubals Bob.

Bgfals trgportgtus H.

Maltourao spam.

M`rysoltàcuc haumoltàcuc H.

Mgrsguc spam.

Argdarnl omar H.Hopsolo mncculgs H.

Hanltnfnl outuclohgs H.

]nlmùs ospar (H.)@ghh. ' •

Mrumgearoa

Mopsahho burso-postnrgs {H.)Caf.

Ropòlus ropòlgstruc H.

Rnrgppo gsholfgmo (Nafar)Bnrbos

Myparomaoa

Morax ehommo ]m`rab.

Morax ùfsnlgg O.Ball./lgdro (H.)Ragmòrf

Morax psaufnmyparus H.

Morax racnto H.

Morax vasgmorgo H.

Ahanmòrgs me cuhtgmouhgs (]c.)]c.Ahanmòrgs pohustrgs (H.)R. at ]m`.

]mgrpus satomaus H.

Argmomaoa

Mohhulo vuhdorgs (H.)@uhh

Argmo tatrohgx H., bhof

Aup`nrbgomaoa

Aup`nrbgo àhgnsmnpgo H.

Drocglaoa

me Odrnstgs spam.

Ohnpamurus dalgmuhotus H.

Maraohgo glfat. -

24

?55

- ? - -- 6 ? 1 n

- - - 6

- ? ?; 5 +

- -5

- 24 10 =? +

? 5 21 ? +

5 ?56 57 ?;= +

varjnnhf - - ? -- 6 - - +

- - - 2 +

º ? ^ - +

- ? 1 ? n

- • - ? -- ? - ?2

- 1 2 -

- 5 - -? - - --, - 2 0

- - 51 ? +

^ 2 24 1 +

- 0 ? - +

- 0 - - n

º 2 ^ ?

? 1 - = n

- 2 - - n

.?? ?; ? 6 n

h 4 - - n

- ' •

- ? -• ? ?1 ? ?= n

- 2 - 2 n

. ^ ^ 2

- - - ?

varjnnhf

?5

?



?2; Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG

Vobah ?. Uarvnhd / Mnltgluaf.

=?eg 65 60 =16

- - ?= - +0 - ? - n

? 6 - -- - 2 ?

- - ? - +

- ? - -- ? - -- 1 - 27

- 5= ?? =5 +

5

?

" =1 2

- ? 2;

?

=

^ ^ 6 ?1 n? 0 2; =; n

6 - 2; ?1 n

Am`glnm`hno mrus-dohhg (H.)[.B.Dhymargo coxgco (@ortc.)@nhcb.

@nrfauc vuhdora H. varjnnhf

@nrfauc vuhdora H. , rom`gs gltarlnfgo varjnnhf

Hnhguc tacuhaltuc H. ,

Hnhguc tacuhaltuc H. varjnnhf

[olgmuc cghgomauc H. varjnnhf

[olgmuc cghgomauc H., joe

[no olluo H.

[no spam.

[no spam. varjnnhf

Vrgtgmuc fgmnmmuc ]m`øbh. varjnnhf

Glfatarcglotoa

Iulmomaoa

Iulmus ortgmuhotus H.Iulmus buenlgus H.

Iulmus me aeeusus H. ,,

Iulmus squorrnsus H. - ? - -

Iulmus glfat. ? - 0 vaah

Huzuho mocpastrgs (H.)FM/cuhtgehnro 5 ^ ^ ^

(Ratz.)Hai.

Hobgotoa

Dohanpsgs bgegfo Bnallgld`./spamgnso : - - 6 =

Cghh./tatro`gt H.

Hocguc ohbuc H./comuhotuc H. ^ d ^ ^

Hymnpus aurnpoaus H. 6 5 - 1 n

Caltò oquotgmo H./orvalsgs H. = ?2 - 5 n

[rulahho vuhdorgs H. - - 6 ?;

]mutahhorgo dohargmuhoto H. - ? - - n

]tom`ys orvalsgs (H.)H. , - 6 - - +

]tom`ys pohustrgs ?,. . ' - 2 - - n

Hyt`romaoa

Hyt`ruc sohgmorgo H. :. - - - ? n

Cohvomaoa

Cohvo syhvastrgs H. ' , . - - - 2 +

[opovaromaoa

Eucorgo neegmglohgs H. - - = - - +

[opghgnlomaoa

Ugmgo spam. , , varjnnhf - 2 - -

[holtodglomaoa

[holtodn holmanhoto H. ' -

[holtodn coinr H. - ',' . 2[nhydnlomaoa

[nhydnluc ovgmuhora H. - 4

[nhydnluc mnlvnhvuhus H. -

[nhydnluc mnlvnhvuhus H. ' varjnnhf

[nhydnluc `yfrnpgpar H. .

[nhydnluc hopot`genhguc H. •

[nhydnluc parsgmorgo H. =5

Rucax omatnsahho H.

Rucax omatnsahho H. varjnnhf

Rucax nbtusgenhgus subsp.syhvastrgs

(Tohhr.)Ram`

- - ?

6; ? 4 +

00 =2 276 +

? - - +

? - -222 ?2 6 n

?7 ?7 == +

- - ? +

?1 - ?6

? - -0; ?14 17



25 ? ?6

4 ? 4

=4 1 2

^ ? ^

6 ? 1

= ^ ^

- - ?

2 - ?

5 2 =

M.M. Bojahs - [holtalrastal ta Nss-GIssahstroot ?2?

Voeta/ S. Uarvnhd / Mnltgluaf.

=?5 65 60 =16

Rucax nbtusgenhgus sgnbsp. syhvastrgs varjnnhf - 6 - ?

Rucax spam. º - 2 -

[nrtuhomomaoa

Cnltgo enltolo H. subsp.enltolo - ? - ? n

vor.m`nlfrnsparco Ealzh

[rgcuhomaoa

Hysgcom`go vuhdorgs H. , , - - - ? n

Rolulmuhomaoa

Rolulmuhus ehoccuho H. 2

Rolulmuhus me rapals H.

Rolulmuhus sorfnus Mroltz -

Rnsomaoa

Eghgpalfuho uhcorgo (H.)Coxgc.

[ntaltghho oldhgmo Hogm`./aramto (H.) 66Rousmàh/tobarloacnltolg Osm`rs. , ^

[ntaltghho olsarglo H. , -

[rulus glsgtgtgo H. . ?

[rulus spglnso H. • ' . -

Rubus subdal.Rubus (lnl R.moasgus H.) - =-

Rubgomaoa

Dohguc oporgla H. • ? - -

]ohgmomaoa

]ohgx spam. - - 7= -

]mrnpùhorgomaoa

Aup`rosgo spam./Nfnltgtas spam. - ? = 1

Uarnlgmo bammobuldo-typa - ? 2 ?

]nholomaoa

]nholuc lgdruc H. 2 11 12 25

]pordolgomaoa

]pordolguc acarsuc Ra`c. ? ^ ^ ^

Vypòmaoa

Vypò oldustgenhgo H./hotgenhgo H. - - - 6

Qcbahhgearoa

Mnlguc comuhotuc H. ,-

Foumus mornto H. 2

Naloltà oquotgmo (H.)[ngr.

Naloltà egstuhnso H. -

Qrtgmomaoa

Qrtgmo fgngmo H. ?5

Qrtgmo urals H. . -

Uohargolomaoa

Uohargolo neegmglohgs H. .? , ' 6

Ugnhomaoa

Ugnho spam. - 2

Glfatarcglotoa ~ 2

n 9 pholtal vol lotta stolfphoots

+ 9 pholtal vol ojjars, tuglal al arval

2 5 2 +

? 2 ?

= - - n

- - ? n

47 4 ?0

26 ?= =7 +




zgil fga tnt fa wolfmnlstrumtga vol fa puttal ba`nnrf àbbal. Faza znfal cnatalgl àt Coosfoh dastnjal zgil, foor fa

bnfac vol àt lafarzattgldstarragl zolfgdgs. Fa àrjncst vol fa motadnrga ,,lottapholtal" jol àah dnaf àtarndaal zgil.

Aal twaafa mncpnlalt vnrct fa motadnrga vol pholtal vol ojjars al frndarugdtal, gl fa tobah ooldadaval cat +.@garnlfar vohhal ojjarnljrugfal, cast-voohtpholtal al pholtal vol pofal. Vntfa motadnrga ba`nral talcglsta 5 snnrtalvol fa Brnlstgif put, locahgij zworta

lom`tsmòfa, parzgjjrugf, cahdolzavnat,cahfa, vorjalsdros al drnta waadbraa(]nholuc lgdruc, [nhydnluc parsgmorgo,Màlnpnfguc ohbuc, Otrgphax òstoto/potugo, [nhydnluc ovgmuhora al [holtodncoinr). Gl fa Rncaglsa tgif zgil àt arcglstals 21. Aal drnnt faah vol fazamotadnrga jol, gl tadalstahhgld tnt fapholtal vol lotta stolfphoots, wàh vol àtlafarzattgldstarragl oejncstgd zgil. Valnacal voht gl fgt varbolf àt cuur,àt vorjalsdros, fa drnta waadbraa, àtàrfarstosia al àt strootdros (]tahhorgocafgo, [nhydnluc ovgmuhora, [holtodncoinr, Mopsahho burso-postnrgs al [noolluo), fga fgramt rnlf fa put dastooljullal àbbal. Fa olfara pholtal zgilznlfar cnagta ta sgtuaral np oevoh`npalne ohs nljrugf gl avaltuaah oolwazgdacnastugltias. @at gs cglfar woorsm`gilhgij,fot àt nc am`ta ojjarnljrugfal doot,

fga cat fa (drool-)nndst fa lafarzattgldbgllaljwocal. Cal znu gl fot davoh varwom`tal, fot za daossnmgaarf znufal zgilcat oevoh vol muhtuurdawossal, znohs strnal joe al fot gs lgat àt davoh. Fa muhtuur-dawossal zgil iugst spoorzooc vartadalwnnrfgdf.

[holtal vol lotta tarraglal al nljrugfalvol àt are zgil fa algda drnta motadnrgaêl.

fga tacgffal vol fa wghfa pholtal ool tawgizal zgil. Uarfar zgil ar wot wagfa-pholtal znohs fa cordrgat (M`rysoltàcuc

haumoltàcuc), aljaha pholtal vol bnsrolfal znohs fa brooc (Rubus spam.) alzahes aljaha àgfamncpnlaltal. ]nccgdasnnrtal zgil cgssm`gal, znohs bnval raafsdasuddaraarf warf, ohs strnngsah, `nng alfardahgija fa lafarzattgld bgllaldaòohf.Olfara zgil nldatwgieahf fnnr fa calsdadatal. Fgt dahft zajar vnnr fa broocal fa shaaprugc ([rulus spglnso). Ool aaldabrugj fnnr fa cals zahe jol cal nnj

faljal bgi fa rgffarzurgld (Rucax nbtusg-enhgus subsp. syhvastrgs), nnrsprnljahgijoejncstgd ugt bnsrolfal. Faza pholt gsbajalf ohs ortsalgipholt. Aal ooltoh volfa pholtal, fga bgllal fa motadnrga ,,are-

nljrugfal" vohhal gs trnuwals varcnafahgijnnj damnlsucaarf. Va faljal voht foorbgiool fa [nhydnluc-snnrtal, ool fa cahdolzavnat (Màlnpnfguc ohbuc) al ool faspurrga (]parduho orvalsgs). Uol fazasnnrtal gs bajalf, fot za gl fa Gizartgifdadatal warfal.

Bgiznlfara oolfom`t varfgalt fa vhgar(]ocbumus lgdro). @at rahotgae drnta ooltohzofal ugt put 60 gs ta gltarprataral ohs rastal vol fnnr fa cals varzocahfa bassal.Gl fa `ndardahadal vaalhood ugt fazahefaput zgttal am`tar nnj vaah vhgarpnQaljnr-rahs. @at hgijt arnp, ohsne gl fa buurt volfa put aal vhgarstrugj dastool àaet. Favhgar wnrft nnj àfal tal foda fgjwgihs

np arval ooldatrneeal. Gl fa lobgiàgf volaal wotarput ba`nnrt gl snccgda strajalzahes aal vhgar ta stool nc fa wotarjwohgtagt ta ba`nafal. Yn àat àt gl fa Jacpalfot ,,vol vhgar fa àjsal vgas zgil" (Tayls?75? pd 47). Ool gats fardahgijs jol calnnj gl Nss faljal.

@nawah fa wghfa pholtal varra gl facaarfaràgf zgil, jncal tnm` nnj muhtuur-






fatarcglaarfa glàacs-Rncaglsa pholtalrastal fnnr rgvgarwotar gl fa puttal daspnahf zgil al wah gl fa ioral vhoj lo àt

varhotal vol fa bgiba`nralfa ùgzal. Fadafom`ta fnat am`tar wot daenrmaarf ool:ohha puttal znufal tnt fot tgifstgp npal dabhaval cnatal zgil. Ar wnrft `gar fol nnjfa vnnrjaur dadaval ool fa gltarpratotga,fot fa bawnlars oh ne lgat par nldahujpholtalrastal gl fa puttal àbbal dadnngf ne argl àbbal hotal woogal.

Fa vaalhood gl put 60

[ut 60 znu twaa cooh gl dabrugj zgil dawaast. Fa vahfgltarpratotga vol fa npvuhhgldhugffa ohtòls, fot fa nnrsprnljahgija putalgda tgif gl nlbrugj gs dawaast dafuralfawahja pargnfa `gi vnhdrnagfa cat vaal-vnrcalfa pholtal. Foorlo warf `gi waardafaahtahgij ugtdadroval nc nplgauw balutta wnrfal. Fa npdrovars local aal jnhncvol 64 mc putvuQgld caa loor àt Glstgtuut vnnr aal bntolgsmà olohysa. Fa phootsvol fa jnhnc al fa jnhnc zahe zgil waardadaval gl egd. 2. @gi ragjt vol àt vaal tntgl fa vuhhgld vol fa twaafa dabrugjspargnfa.

@at vaal gs fugfahgij oejncstgd vol voot-pholtal, znlfar fot faza ta àrjallal zgil.]ham`ts zofal zgil lnd fatarcglaarboor.Ygi ba`nral vrgiwah ohhacooh tnt twaaIulmus-spamgas, fa pgtrus (Iulmus aeeusus)al fa drappahrus (Iulmus buenlgus), fganldavaar avalvaah vnnrjncal. Fa olfarawoordalncal pholtalsnnrtal zgil vndah-

cuur, drnta waadbraa, zworta lom`tsmòfa,smòpazurgld, drnta brolflatah, fugzalf-jlnnp, brnssa cahjfgstah, vhgar, ojjar- newotarcult, wnhespnnt, aal aljah droszoofia, wotarbgas al aal zadda (]tahhorgocafgo, [holtodn coinr, ]nholuc lgdruc,Rucax omatnsahho, Qrtgmo fgngmo, [nhydn-luc hopot`genhguc, ]nlmùs ospar, ]ocbu-mus lgdro, Caltò orvalsgs/oquotgmo, Hymn-

pus aurnpoaus, Drocglaoa spam, Ahan-mòrgs pohustrgs al Morax spam). Daal volfaza pholtal jnct gl oolcarjgld ohs fa

pholt fga tar phootsa tnt vaalvnrcgldoolhagfgld dadaval znu jullal àbbal.Fa algda twaa snnrtal fga gl rafahgija `navaahàfal gl àt cotargooh nptrafal, zgilfa twaa aarstdalnacfa russnnrtal. @at gsnloollacahgij, fot faza fnnr ahjoor glaal varhotal wotarput drnagfal al fooraal pojjat vaal vol =; mc vnrcfal. Fapgtrus znu avaltuaah gl fa put al fa drappahrus arloost dastool jullal àbbal,

znfot fa pgtrus fa vaalvnrcar znu zgil,wora àt lgat fot àt cgàu vol aal catoevoh vnhdaroojta put vnnr fa pgtrus vaahta autrnne dawaast cnat zgil. Fa drappahrusgs fooraltadal waar nlfaljboor ohs vaal-vnrcar.

Nc ta zgal ne fa àrjncst vol fa vaal-hood batar vgo àt pnhhal npdaspnnrf znujullal wnrfal, zgil bgi wgiza vol prnae zascnlstars vol ? mc fgjta ugt fa vaal- alcglaroohsafgcaltjnhnc daslafal al pohy-lnhndgsm` nlfarznm`t. Fa phoots vol facnlstars gs ooldadaval gl egd. 2. Fa spamtrozgil varcahf gl tobah 2.

Nlfar àt pnhhal bhgijt fot vol fa drossal (Drocglaoa) ta fncglaral. Fa oewazgdàgf vol russal (Iulmus spam.) gs nldatwgieahf ta wgital ool àt eagt, fot Iulmus-pnQal zn taar gs, fot àt lnngt taruddavnlfal wnrft. Uarfar vartnlal frga spamtrotypgsmà ugtsm`gatars, ta watal vol brolf

latah (Qrtgmo spam.) gl cnlstar 2=, volàgfaom`tgdal (Argmohas) gl =5 al vol vhgar(]ocbumus) gl 65. Ohha olfara snnrtalzgil gl vaah dargldara ooltohhal oolwazgd.Fa davnlfal pholtal ba`nral drntalfaahstnt snnrtal ne drnapal vol snnrtal fgagl fa vnrc vol zofal, nnj gl fa `garvnnrbasprnjal fgapara oezattgldal gl fa puttal,oolwazgd zgil. @at daàah coojt fazahefa



M.M. Bojahs - [holtalrastal ta Nss-GIssahstroot ?21

Vobah 2. [nhhalspamtro ugt put 60. / [nhhal spamtro ernc wahh 60.

Cnl st a r l uglgla r s ?6 ?7 2= 25 =5 65

Bncal al strugjalOhlus

Batugo

Mnryhus

Eodus

Eroxglus

[gmao

[glus

_uarmus

]ohgx

]ocbumus

Vghgo

Qhcus

1/4 ?,6 =,4 1,= =,; 1,4

;,7 - ;,6 ;,1 ;,? ;,1

2,1 ;,= ?,? ?,; ;,? ?,2

- + ;,2 - + -- - - - ;,? -- - • - - -- + ;,2 ;,2 - -

;,? - ;,= ;,7 ;,7 ;,7;,2 - - - ;,? ; ,?

- =,; ?,; ;,2 - =6,?

- - - ;,2 - ;,?^ . - + ;,? -

Jrugfal

Ohgscotomaoa

Bnrodglomaoa

Morynp`yhhomaoa

]parduho

]parduhorgo

Màlnpnfgomaoa • '.

Mncpnsgtoa

Ortacgsgo

hgduhgehnroa

tubuhgehnroa

Mrumgearoa

Myparomaoa

Fgpsomomaoa]mobgnso/]ummgso

Argmohas

Drocglaoa

Maraohgo

Hobgotoa

]tom`ys-typa

Hyt`romaoa

Hyt`ruc

Nlodromaoa

Apghnbguc

[opghgnlomaoa

Dalgsto-typa

Hntus

Nlnlgs-typa[holtodglomaoa

[holtodn holmanhoto

[holtoda cafgo/coinr

[nhydnlomaoa

[nhydnluc ovgmuhora

[nhydnluc parsgmorgo-typa

Rucax omatnso-typa

au-Rucax

[rgcuhomaoa

Hysgcom`go

- - - ;,2 - -6,2 ;,= ;,1 ?,; ;,5 ;,2

2.2 6,7 ;,1 ;,= ;,? ;,=

;,4 - - - - -?,; ;,6 ;,? - ?,5 ?,?

. ;,? ^?

;,4 -

?,6 ;,7 ?,4 =,1 ;,4 ?,=

?.6 ?,? ?,5 1, ;" =,= ?,2• - ;,7 ;,5 ?,; ;,= ?,5

;.2 =,4 6,= 2,? ?,= ;,4

;,2 - - ;,2 - -=,1 2,5 5, = 7, 1 21 ,6 " =,1

50 , 4" 55 ,?" 2?,;" 15,2 6=,= =?,6

=,; 2,; 2,1 2,2 2,; ?,0

- ;,= ;,? - - -

- ;,? - - - -

- + - - - -

+ ;,? ^ - - -

- ;,? - ;,= =,5 ;,?

- ;,4 - . - - -

;,? 2,; ;,= ;,7 2,? ?,;

- ;,= - - ;,? ; ,?

^ ;,? ;,= + '• ;,? ;,4

?,2 ;,= ;,2 ;,1 ;,6 ;,=

- - + - ;,= -- - - ;,= - ;,=

. + ;,? = , =" ;,7 -









M.M. Bojahs - [holtalrastal ta Nss-GIssahstroot ?27

drnwt` sglma raoh oquotgm pholts ora obsalternc tà ramnrf.

Cnst ne tà ntàr spamgas ora rufarohs

ernc tà surrnulfglds ne tà satthacaltbughfglds. Vày ora glfgmotaf by +. Erugtssum` os bhomjbarrgas (Rubus spam.) olfshna ([rulus spglnso) wara martoglhy mnh-hamtaf enr ennf. Và soca coy ba trua enrtà ahfarbarrgas (]ocbumus lgdro) but, ost`gs pholt s`nws up obulfolthy gl tàpnhhal ramnrf ne lucbar 60, ol ahfar gst`nud`t tn òva drnwl qugta laor tà wahh.Os o cottar ne eomt hnmoh trofgtgnl gl tàpost malturgas wnuhf òva gt tòt tà ahfar

prntamtaf frgljgld wotar odoglst avgh gl-ehualmas. Và mustnc ne pholtgld ol ahfarlaor wahhs cgd`t tàl òva gts nrgdgl gl tàGrnl Oda.

2. Và samnlf motadnry ne pholt cotargoh gstà pnhhal ernc wahh 60. Và eghh ne t`gss`nwaf o hoyar ne paoty cotargoh w`gm`tà axmovotnrs gltarprataf os o paot enrcafby pholt drnwt` gl tà wahh wàl gt wostacpnrorghy obolfnlaf. Lagtàr tà pnhhal

ramnrf lnr tà saaf mnltalt ne tà "paot"ravaohaf oly pholts w`gm` mnuhf ba àhf

raspnlsgbha enr o hnmoh paot enrcotgnl.Và paoty hoyar wos paròps mousaf by ohorda quoltgty ne fucpaf pholt cotargoh,

enffar dnla tn wosta enr glstolma.=. Và t`grf jglf ne bntolgmoh olohysgs gstà glvastgdotgnl ne gcprglts ne drogls glpnttary. Vàra òppals tn ba nlhy nlasàrf wgt` ol gcprglt w`gm` mnuhf ba gfaltgegaf. Gt gs o drogl ne borhay, @nrfauc vuh-dora, ernc tà Rncol Grnl Oda.6. Và egloh motadnry mncprgsas tà wotar-hnddaf wnnf. V`raa pnsts ne `nusas ernctà Rncol Grnl Oda wara portgohhy pra-sarvaf. Vày wara cofa ne noj. Và`nhhnw traa truljs hglgld tà Cgffha BrnlzaOda wahh olf nla ne tà Rncol Grnl Odawahhs wara ohsn gfaltgegaf os noj. Nojwos odogl usaf enr tà tgcbar mnlstrumtgnl gl Rncol Grnl Oda wahh lucbar=16. O t`grf wahh ne tà soca oda wos hglafwgt` wgmjarwnrj cofa ne ot haost noj olfohfar.

Ocnldst tà ntàr pgamas ne wnnf pra-sarvaf gl tà wahhs o sòet ne os` olf o

ynja ne bgrm` s`nuhf ba caltgnlaf.

FA]MRG[VGNL NE ]NCA ERQGV] OLF ]AAF]

]tahhorgo cafgo (H.) Ughh. 'Và saafs ernc wahh 60 caosura ?.25 (? .? . - ?.6) x ;.4?(;.5 - ;.0) cc (L 3 2;). Gl t`gs ]. cafgo fgeears ernc ].ladhamto w`gm` òs hordar olf ]. pohhgfo w`gm` òs scohharsaafs. Và spamgcals ernc tà ntàr wahhs ora gfaltgmoh.

[olgmuc cghgomauc H. olf Am`glnm`hno mrus-dohhg(H.)[.B.

Và cghhat morynpsas ora, wgt` axmaptgnl ne tà morbnl-gzaf spamgcal, stghh almhnsaf by tàgr pohao olf hacco.Vày mnuhf tàraenra ba gfaltgegaf ommnrfgld tn tàmrgtargo ne Latn`tzjy (?7?6). Cnranvar tà morynpsasernc wahh 60 ora fgstgldugsàf by o ehot valtroh sgfa w`ghat`nsa ne 65 olf =16 ora faeglgtgvahy fncaf ([olgmuc).

Hocguc ohbuc H. / comuhotuc H.Và luthnts ernc wahh 65 caosura 2.2; (2.; - 2.6) x ?.27

(?.? - ?.5) P ?.;; (;.4 - ?.=) cc (L 3 7). Vàgr sureomabaors ahnldotaf, wort-hgja potmàs. H. purpurauc olf H.ocphaxgmouha ora scohhar olf òva gsnfgocatrgm potmàs.Luthats ne H. `ybrgfuc ora fgstgldugsàf by o sureomawgt` lucarnus worts. H. dohanbfnhnl gs scnnt`. Vàramalt spamgcals ne H. comuhotuc ernc nur raearalma

mnQamtgnl òva, ulhgja t`nsa rapnrtaf by Jlõrzar (?741),tà soca jglf ne potmàs os H. ohbuc. Os o cottar ne eomttàra ora hass ne tàc, but tà fgeearalma gs ulegt enr tàGfaltgegmotgnl ne o eaw luthats gl subenssgh cotargo h. Vàracoglgld spamgas, H. cnhumahhgenhguc, mnuhf lnt bamnlsgfaraf, bamousa luthats ne t`gs rora pholt ora lnt

prasalt gl tà raearalma mnQamtgnl.

Rucax nbtusgenQus subsp. syhvastrgs (Tohhr.) Ram`.olf Rucax spam.

Cnst erugts ora stghh almhnsaf by tà vohvas. Vàsa ora



?=; Olohamto [roa`gstnrgmo Hagfalsgo PGGG

Egd. =. Fa [rugcapgt ugt put =16, = x.Và phuc stnla ernc wahh =16.

o sòrp afda. Nlhy [. old`mo, [. aramto olf [. tobarloa-cnltolg ora gfaltgmoh wgt` tà subenssgh erugts. Ramaltspamgcals ne tàsa spamgas ernc nur raearalma mnQamtgnldova ln mhuas os tn tà pnssgbg`ty ne cojgld eurt`mr

gfaltgegmotgnls.

[rulus glsgtgtgo H. (egd. =)Và stnla ernc tà Brnlza Oda wahh =?5 caosurms ? 2 x 0P 6 cc olf tà samnlf, ernc tà Rncol Grnl Oda, ?5 x7 x 1 cc. Bnt` òva o rahotgvahy scnnt` sureoma wgt`scohh olf sòhhnw pgts. Và stnlas egt raosnlobhy wahh gltà drnup ne tà buhhomas, oht`nud` tày ora rotàr ehot.

Rubus subdal. Rubus (lnl R. moasgus H.)Và bhomjbarry saafs, w`gm` ora ohsn jlnwl os R. erutg-mnsus, wara gfaltgegaf by caols ne tà mrgtargo ne Eraf-sjghf olf I\rdalsal (Erafsjghf ?740, I\rdalsal al Eraf-sjghf ?740).

mòromtargzaf by hnld spglas, lnw netal focodaf. Valspamgcals ernc wahh 60 caosura =.7? (=.2 - 1.;) x 2.65(2.; - 2.0) cc wgt`nut spglas. Ohh vohvas baor tubarmhas,but nla tubarmha gs sncatgcas scohhar tòl tà ntàr twn.Và lojaf erugts caosura 2.=4 (?.1 - 2.4) x ?.64 (;.7 -?.0) cc (L 3 =;). Ohh racogls ora mnlsgfaraf tn bahnldtn tà subspamgas syhvastrgs, oht`nud` subspamgas trolsgalsmollnt ba altgrahy axmhufaf.

Vwn sats ne vohvas ernc wahh 65 ora qugta fgeearalt.Vày ora wgt`nut spglas olf baor nlhy nla tubarmha. Vàgr

nuthgla gs trgolduhor. Và fgcalsgnls ne tà vohvas ora =.1P =.; cc. Và spamgas racogls uljlnwl.

Cnltgo enltolo H. subsp. enltolo vor. m`nlfrnsparco

EalzhVà spamgcal ernc wahh 65 caosuras ?.= x ?.2 x ;.0 ccolf tòt ernc wahh =16 ?.2 x ?.? x ;.0 cc. Và sureomane tà saafs gs fuhh olf prnvgfaf wgt` scohh but fgstglmttubarmhas.

[ntaltghho oldhgmo Hagm`. / aramto (H.) Rousmàh /tobarloacnltolg Osm`rs.

Vwn wahh prasarvaf spamgcals caosura ?.6 x ;.0 x ;.4

olf ?.0 x ?.? x ?.; cc. Và nt`mrs òva fgcalsgnls gltà soca rolda. Và erugt òs o rnulfaf afda olf baorso pottarl ne balt porohhah rgfdas. Cnst ne tà glfgdalnusspamgas ora scohhar, nt`mrs òva o fgeearalt pottarl olf/nr

Uarnlgmo bammobuldo H. typaVà twn spamgcals ernc wahh 60 caosura ;.7 x ;.4 x ;.=olf ?.2 x ;.0 x ;.2 cc. Và saafs òva tà enrc ne os`gahf. Vàgr sureoma gs scnnt`. Và `ghuc gs scohh olfphomaf nut ne tà maltra. Và spamgcals ernc tà nt`mrwahhs ora tà soca. Ne mnursa tàra mollnt ba quastgnlne tà spamgas wgt` rgfdaf saafs9 U.trgp`yhhns, U.àfarg-enhgo, U.parsgmo, U.odrastgs, U.pnQto, U.npomo olf U.proamnx. U.orvalsgs, U.varlo, U.taumrguc, U.prnstroto,U.mòcoafrys olf U.cnltolo ora fgstgldugsàf by omaltroh `ghuc. Cnranvar snca ne tàsa òva ln raohscnnt` sureoma olf tà `ghuc ne tà host enur caltgnlaf

gs cum` tnn horda. U.sarpyQgenhgo olf U.neegmglo`s s`nw o`ghuc tòt hgas mhnsar tn tà maltra olf gs shgd`thy hordmrtòl tòt ne tà subenssgh saafs. Và racoglgld spamgas oraU.hnldgenò, U.smutahhoto, U.bammobuldo, U.olodohhgs-oquotgmo olf U.motaloto w`gm` mnrraspnlf wahh wgt` tàspamgcals ernc Nss-hIssahstroot.

Ugnho spam.Và saafs caosura ?.6 x ;.7 olf ?.4 x ?.; cc. Bamousane tàsa fgcalsgnls U.`grto, U.nfnroto olf U.ragmàl-bom`golo mol bm axmhufaf. Vày ora hordmr. U.pohustrgsgs ohsn gcpnssgbha os tà subenssgh saafs homj tà mòromtar-gstgm mahh pottarl. U.orvalsgs olf U.trgmnhnr ora cnsthy

cnra shalfar. U.parsgmorgo wos lnt prasalt gl tà raearalma mnQamtgnl. Và saafs ernc waQ 65 mnuhf bahnld tnU.molglo nr U.rgvglgolo.

HGVAROVQQR

Brnaja, [.T. vol fal & D.I. Uarwars (?744), Aal erodcalt vol aal Glàacs-Rncagls iuj ugt Nss, Broboltsa

Nufàfal, Bg/frodal tnt fa stufga vol àt Broboltsa

@aac PUG, p, ?2=-?20.

Erafsjghf, B. (?745), ]aafs olf G'rugts ernc tà LanQt`gm]atthacalt Tagar, ]wgtzarholf, Bntolgsj Vgfssjrget 42,p. ?07-2;?.









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APL 13 - Collection of Papers